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LESSON 2
PHISHING ATTACKS

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Lesson Objectives:

1. To be aware of phishing attacks

2. To know the different forms of phishing attacks.
3. To know how to prevent phishing attacks
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What is a Phishing Attack?

Phishing is a type of social engineering attack often used to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card
numbers. It occurs when an attacker, masquerading as a trusted entity, dupes a victim into opening an email, instant message,
or text message. The recipient is then tricked into clicking a malicious link, which can lead to the installation of malware, the
freezing of the system as part of a ransomware attack or the revealing of sensitive information.

An attack can have devastating results. For individuals, this includes unauthorized purchases, the stealing of funds, or identify
theft.

Moreover, phishing is often used to gain a foothold in corporate or governmental networks as a part of a larger attack, such as
an advanced persistent threat (APT) event. In this latter scenario, employees are compromised in order to bypass security
perimeters, distribute malware inside a closed environment, or gain privileged access to secured data.

An organization succumbing to such an attack typically sustains severe financial losses in addition to declining market share,
reputation, and consumer trust. Depending on scope, a phishing attempt might escalate into a security incident from which a
business will have a difficult time recovering.

Phishing Attack Examples

The following illustrates a common phishing scam attempt:

• A spoofed email ostensibly from myuniversity.edu is mass-distributed to as many faculty members as possible.

• The email claims that the user’s password is about to expire. Instructions are given to go to myuniversity.edu/renewal to renew
their password within 24 hours.

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Several things can occur by clicking the link. For example:

• The user is redirected to myuniversity.edurenewal.com, a bogus page appearing exactly like the real renewal page, where both
new and existing passwords are requested. The attacker, monitoring the page, hijacks the original password to gain access to
secured areas on the university network.

• The user is sent to the actual password renewal page. However, while being redirected, a malicious script activates in the
background to hijack the user’s session cookie. This results in a reflected XSS attack, giving the perpetrator privileged access
to the university network.

Phishing techniques

1. Email phishing scams

Email phishing is a numbers game. An attacker sending out thousands of fraudulent messages can net significant
information and sums of money, even if only a small percentage of recipients fall for the scam. As seen above, there are some
techniques attackers use to increase their success rates.

For one, they will go to great lengths in designing phishing messages to mimic actual emails from a spoofed organization.
Using the same phrasing, typefaces, logos, and signatures makes the messages appear legitimate.

In addition, attackers will usually try to push users into action by creating a sense of urgency. For example, as previously
shown, an email could threaten account expiration and place the recipient on a timer. Applying such pressure causes the user
to be less diligent and more prone to error.

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Lastly, links inside messages resemble their legitimate counterparts, but typically have a misspelled domain name or extra
subdomains. In the above example, the myuniversity.edu/renewal URL was changed to myuniversity.edurenewal.com.
Similarities between the two addresses offer the impression of a secure link, making the recipient less aware that an attack is
taking place.

2. Spear phishing
Spear phishing targets a specific person or enterprise, as opposed to random application users. It’s a more in-depth version
of phishing that requires special knowledge about an organization, including its power structure.

An attack might play out as follows:

1. A perpetrator researches names of employees within an organization’s marketing department and gains access to the latest
project invoices.

2. Posing as the marketing director, the attacker emails a departmental project manager (PM) using a subject line that reads,
Updated invoice for Q3 campaigns. The text, style, and included logo duplicate the organization’s standard email template.

3. A link in the email redirects to a password-protected internal document, which is in actuality a spoofed version of a stolen
invoice.

4. The PM is requested to log in to view the document. The attacker steals his credentials, gaining full access to sensitive areas
within the organization’s network.

By providing an attacker with valid login credentials, spear phishing is an effective method for executing the first
stage of an APT.

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How to prevent phishing?

Phishing attack protection requires steps be taken by both users and enterprises.

For users, vigilance is key. A spoofed message often contains subtle mistakes that expose its true identity. These can
include spelling mistakes or changes to domain names, as seen in the earlier URL example. Users should also stop and think
about why they’re even receiving such an email.

For enterprises, a number of steps can be taken to mitigate both phishing and spear phishing attacks:

• Two-factor authentication (2FA) is the most effective method for countering phishing attacks, as it adds an extra verification
layer when logging in to sensitive applications. 2FA relies on users having two things: something they know, such as a
password and user name, and something they have, such as their smartphones. Even when employees are compromised, 2FA
prevents the use of their compromised credentials, since these alone are insufficient to gain entry.

• In addition to using 2FA, organizations should enforce strict password management policies. For example, employees should
be required to frequently change their passwords and to not be allowed to reuse a password for multiple applications.

• Educational campaigns can also help diminish the threat of phishing attacks by enforcing secure practices, such as not clicking
on external email links.

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