Directorate of Distance Education

Swami Vivekananda Subharti University

I Year

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)

MBA/ASSIGN/I/YEAR/2019-20
Assignments

(For June Academic Batch-2019-20

MBA-01, MBA-02, MBA-03, MBA-04
MBA-05, MBA-06, MBA-07, MBA-08

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION SWAMI

VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY
Subhartipuram, NH-58, Delhi-Haridwar-Meerut
By-Pass Road, Meerut– 250 005

Name : Ruqaiya Bano

Enrollment Number : W1120631360
Course : MBA. 1st Year

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Name : Ruqaiya Bano

Enrollment Number: W1120631360
Course : MBA. 1st Year

Detail of Program

Course
Code SLM Code Name of the subject Page No
MBA-1 M-209 (A) Principles of management 3
M-210 (B) Human Resources Management
MBA-2 M-207 (A) Principles of Economic 4
M-212 (B) Financial Management
MBA-3 M-213 (A) Accounting and Financial Analysis 5
M-214 (B) Business Law
MBA-4 M-215 Organizational Behavior 6
MBA-5 M-216 (A) Operations Research 7
M-217 (B) Research Methodology
MBA-6 M-218 Marketing Management 8
MBA-7 M-203 (A) Business Communication 9
C-115 (B) Computer Fundamental
MBA-8 M-219 (A) Production & Operation Management 10
M-206 (B) Business Statistics

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SLM Code : M-209, M-210

Maximum Marks : 15

Words : 100 words

Attempt all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

Principles of management

Q.1. Define Scientific Management.

A.1- In simple words, scientific management implies the art of knowing exactly what is to be done and
how it is to be done. Under this approach, scientific techniques are applied in the recruitment, selection and
training of workers and are also used in tackling various industrial problems.
“Scientific management means knowing exactly what you want men to do and seeing that they do it in the
best and the cheapest way”. —F.W. Taylor
According to him scientific management implies the application of the following two fold techniques:
1. The discovery of the best method of performing a particular work.
2. The best method or the fruitful method for meeting a given situation. “Scientific management will be
that kind of a process of directing human efforts which employs the scientific method and the management
specialist, hence, could be defined as one which specializes in application of modern scientific method to
the solution of the problems arising in the process of management”,
The person, who popularized scientific management movement and made it universally acceptable, is Dr.
F.W Taylor He is called as “Father of Scientific Management’.

Q.2. Write a short note on off Job Division.

A.2- The Off-the-Job Training is the training method wherein the workers/employees learn their job roles
away from the actual work floor.
Simply, off-the-job training comprises of a place specifically allotted for the training purpose that may be
near to the actual workplace, where the workers are required to learn the skills and get well equipped with
the tools and techniques that are to be used at the actual work floor.
Off-the-Job Training Methods

1. Special lectures: This is also called as classroom training wherein the employees are given
lectures about the job requirements and the necessary skills required for implementing the job.
The main purpose of this training is to make the employees well informed about their job roles
and discussing their queries arising out of the lectures.

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2. Simulation: Under this training, the trainee is required to learn the operations of machines and
equipments, that are reasonably designed to look similar to those installed at the actual work floor.

3. Vestibule Training: This type of training is specifically given to the technical staff, office staff
and the employees who learn the operations of tools and equipment assembled at a place away
from the actual work floor.

4. Case Studies: Under this method, the trainees are given the situation or a problem in the form of a
case study, and are required to solve it as per their learning from the training program.
5. Role playing: This type of training is essential in case of customer services. Under this,
the trainees assume roles and enact as per the given situations. It is also called as socio-
drama or psycho-drama, wherein the employees act as if, they are facing the situation and have to
solve it spontaneously without any guidance.

Q.3. What are the Essential Skills of Managers?

A.3- Every industry, of course, has its specific knowledge. However, in addition to this, the qualities that
make an individual a good manager tend to be fairly similar across industries.
The following are 6 essential skills that managers need to have in order to manage employees effectively
and efficiently to get the best from them.
1. Good communication
Having good communication skill is probably the most important skill of all for managers to have.
In numerous types of management tasks, the most common and first thing that needs to be done
is to communicate your opinions, expectations and needs to others.
2. Good Organization
Probably the second most important skill that you can have as a manager is the ability to organize. You
need to be able to come up with a plan and then schedule, organize and follow it. You must be able to
predict what will happen and at what time.
3. Team Building
Good managers know how to keep their teams intact. The well being of team members does not benefit
from having competition within the team. However, competition between teams can be very stimulating
and healthy. A good manager will notice these irregularities very easily.

4. Leadership
It isn't enough to just listen to the problems of coworkers. A good manager needs to solve these problems
and prove that he or she is committed to the goals of the team. It is also the manager's responsibility to
define goals along with team members and then assign responsibility to various team members clearly.
5. Ability to Deal with Changes Effectively

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Many managers are thoroughly familiar with the entire working process. This allows them to do things in
an almost automatic manner. A good manager is adaptable and flexible. When faced with obstacles, he or
she has the ability to react quickly.
6. Domain Knowledge
Good managers have a thorough understanding of the process he or she is managing, including the type of
tasks that team members are performing and how they are working.

Q.4. Write a short note on M.B.O.

A.4- Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management
to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources.
It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the
organization. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion,
etc. MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives.
Principle:
The principle behind Management by Objectives (MBO) is to make sure that everybody within the
organization has a clear understanding of the aims, or objectives, of that organization, as well as awareness
of their own roles and responsibilities in achieving those aims. The complete MBO system is to
get managers and empowered employees acting to implement and achieve their plans, which
automatically achieve those of the organization.

Q.5. What is Planning?

A.5-Planning is a conscious as well as sub-conscious activity. It is "an anticipatory decision
making process" that helps in coping with complexities. It is deciding future course of action from
amongst alternatives. It is a process that involves making and evaluating each set of interrelated
decisions. It is selection of missions, objectives and "translation of knowledge into action." A
planned performance brings better results compared to an unplanned one. A manager's job is
planning, monitoring and controlling. Planning and goal setting are important traits of an organization. It
is done at all levels of the organization. Planning includes the plan, the thought process, action, and
implementation. Planning gives more power over the future. Planning is deciding in advance what to do,
how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it. This bridges the gap from where the organization
is to where it wants to be. The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them
in logical order. A well planned- organization can achieve faster goals than the ones that don't plan
before implementation.

Human Resources Management

Q.1. What is Job Fair?

A.1- A job fair, also referred commonly as a career fair or career expo, is an event in which employers,
recruiters, and school give information to potential employees. Job seekers attend these while trying to
make a good impression to potential coworkers by speaking face-to-face with one another, filling
out
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resumes, and asking questions in attempt to get a good feel on the work needed. Likewise, online job fairs
are held, giving job seekers another way to get in contact with probable employers using internet. Job fair
gives opportunity to contact many potential employers at one place, learn more about the companies you
are interested in, meet and share ideas with fellow job seekers and build professional contacts.

Q.2. What is Knowledge Management?

A.2- Knowledge management process involves the continuous interaction among organization’s
knowledge assets (organization’s human resources and information processing system) , intellectual
capital and leadership.
The term knowledge management is coined by Kael Wiig—a consultant. Knowledge management is, “a
systematic, explicit and deliberate building, renewal and application of knowledge to maximize an
enterprise knowledge-related effectiveness and returns from its knowledge assets.”
Thus, knowledge management is continuously creating and upgrading organizational knowledge in order
to maximize the returns from its knowledge assets.
Knowledge management helps the organization to;
 Improve organizational effectiveness;
 Improve the returns;
 Build competencies/ competitive advantage/ distinctive competencies
 Create greater value for core business
 See the opportunities and exploit them.

Q.3. What is Recruitment?

A.3- Recruitment is the process of identifying the sources of potential employees and encouraging them to
apply for jobs in the organization. According to Dalton E.McFarland, “The term recruitment applies to the
process of attracting potential employees to the company”. The main purpose of recruitment is to create a
pool of candidates from which personnel with required skills to be selected. Every organization
has to recruit personnel though the amount of recruitment may differ from organization to
organization depending upon the size of the organization, nature of job and recruitment policy, etc.
Recruitment sources are of two types. They are internal and external. Internal sources refer to the present
working force of a company. Selecting individuals from amongst the existing employees of the company
may fill vacancies other than at the lowest level.

Q.4. What is Forced Distribution?

A.4- Forced distribution method is one of the method of performance appraisal. Under this
method certain categories (grades) of ability are established and certain percentages of marks are assigned
for each grade. The rather is forced to distribute the ratings fairly among different grades,
Example, poor 10% Below average 20% , Average 40% Above average 20% and Outstanding 10%. The
employee is assigned the grade which best represents his caliber. This method overcomes the limitation of
piling up of rating on

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one side of the scale. It minimizes the bias of the rather. But employees are rated for overall performance
and not for individual traits.

Q.5. What is Training & Development?

A.5- Training and development activities are designed, considerable costs notwithstanding, to
impart specific skills, abilities and knowledge of employees. Distinction is often made between
training and development.
Training means learning skills and knowledge for doing a particular job. It increases job skills.
Development means the growth of an employee in all respect. It shapes attitude of the employees.
Training is confined to shop-floor workers and development is meant for executives. Training is concerned
with maintaining and improving current jib performance, while development seek to develop competence
and skills for future performance,
A program of training and development is important as it lends stability and flexibility to an organization,
besides contribution to its capacity to grow. Accident, scrap, and damage to machinery and equipment can
be avoided or minimized, thanks to the program. Furthermore, future needs of employees will be taken
care by training and development,

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MBA - 2

Course Title : Principles of Economic, Financial Management

Assignment No. : MBA - 2/ M-207, M-212/A-2019-20

SLM Code : M-207, M-212

Maximum Marks : 15

Words : 100 words

Attempt all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

Principles of Economic

Q.1. Write a short note on Positive Economics.

A.1- Classical economists like J.B.Say and Mill,Robbins and Bagehot were of the opinion that economics
is a positive science. According to them , object of economics is to establish a relationship between the
causes and effects of an event and not to suggest the ways to tackle the event.
Economics is a positive science as follows;
1. In Consumption. In the field of consumption, many laws of economics establish that it is a positive
science such as the Law of Dimnishing Marginal Utility, Indifference Curve Analysis etc.

2. In Production. In the field of production, Laws of Returns, Scale of Returns establish

relationship between causes and effects of different situations and stages of production.
3. In Exchange. In the field of exchange, law of demand and law of supply establish economics
as a positive science.

Q.2. Define the functions of Money.

A.2. Money was introduced to overcome the difficulties of the barter system and to help in exchange. The
functions of money can be summarized by the following points;
1. Money is a standard for measuring values.

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2. Money serves as a medium of payment.

3. Money as a means of a transferring value.
4. Money is used as a store of value i.e., it keeps the resources liquid.
5. Money as a medium of exchange.
6. Money serves as a standard for deferred payments.

Q.3. What factors determine the Demand for a Commodity?

A.3-The following factors determine the Demand for a Commodity;
1. Tastes and Preferences of the Consumers. A good for which consumers’ tastes and preferences are
greater, its demand would be large.
2. Income of the People. The greater the incomes of the people, the greater will be their demand for goods
or vice versa.
3. Changes in Prices of the Related Goods. When the price of a substitute for a good falls, the demand for
that good will decline and when the price of the substitute rises, the demand for that good will increase.
4. The Number of Consumers in the Market. The greater the number of consumers of a good, the greater
the market demand for it.

Q.4. Write a short note on Consumer Surplus.

Ans 4.Consumer’s surplus is simply the difference between the price that ‘one is willing to pay’ and ‘the
price one actually pays’ for a particular product. In other words , people generally get more utility from the
consumption of goods than the price they actually pay for them. It has been found that people are prepared
to pay more price for the goods than they actually found for them. This extra satisfaction which
the consumers obtain from buying a good has been called consumer surplus.
The concept of consumer surplus is derived from the law of diminishing marginal utility. As we purchase
more units of a good, its marginal utility goes on diminishing. It is because of the diminishing marginal
utility that consumers’ willingness to pay for additional units of a commodity declines as he has
more units of a commodity.

Q.5. Write a short note on Normative Economics.

A.5- Normative economics is a perspective on economics that reflect normative, or ideologically
prescriptive judgments towards economic development, investment projects, statements, and scenarios.

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Unlike positive economics, which relies on objective data analysis, normative economics heavily concerns
itself with value judgments and statements of “what ought to be” rather than cause-and-effect statements. It
expresses ideological judgments of what may result in economic activity if public policy changes are
made.

Financial Management

Q.1. Write a short note on Wealth Maximization.

Ans 1- The word wealth refers to worth of the firm. Therefore, wealth maximization is also
stated as maximization of net present worth. Net present worth is the difference between gross present
worth and amount of capital investment required to achieve the benefits.
Net present worth = (GPW) Gross present worth
- (RCI) Requirement of capital investment.
The objective of wealth maximization has the advantage of exactness and ambiguity and taken care of
time value and risk factor.

Q.2. Define the Capital Structure.

A.2- The capital structure is the particular combination of debt and equity used by a company to finance its
overall operations and growth. Debt comes in the form of bond issues or loans, while equity may come in
the form of common stock, preferred stock, or retained earnings. Short term debt is also considered to be
part of the capital structure.

Q.3. What is Leverage?

A.3- Leverage analysis is the technique used by business firms to quantify risk-return relationship
of different alternative capital structures.
The term leverage in general refers to a relationship between two interrelated variables. In
financial analysis it represents the influence of one financial variable over some other related
financial variable. These financial variables may be cost, output, sales revenue, earning before tax, earning
per share etc. There are three commonly used measures of leverage in financial analysis. These are;
Operating leverage

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Financial leverage
Combined leverage.

Q.4. What are two main aspects of the Finance Functions?

A.4- There are two views in respect to finance functions.
(a) Traditional view functions
* Primary responsibility of a finance manager is to raise necessary funds to meet operating requirements of
a business.
* Take decisions with respect to the choice of optimum sources from which the funds would have to be
secured.
(b) Modern view functions
* Finance manager has to arrange funds and make sure that firm has sufficient funds to carry out its plan
along with wide application of funds in the productive process.
* Concerned with all financial activities of planning, raising, allocating and controlling etc.

Q.5. Write a short note on Profit Maximization.

A.5- Profitability objective may be stated in terms of profits, return on investment, or profit to sales ratio.
According to this objective, all such actions as increase income and cut down costs should be undertaken
and those that are likely to have adverse impact on profitability of the enterprise should be avoided.
Advocates of the profit maximization objective are of the view that this objective is simple and has the
inbuilt advantage of judging economic performance of the enterprise. Further, it will direct the resources in
those channels that promise maximum result.
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Course Title : Accounting and Financial Analysis, Business Law

Assignment No. : MBA - 3/ M-213, M-214/A-2019-20

SLM Code : M-213, M-214

Maximum Marks : 15

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Words : 100 words

Attempt all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

Accounting and Financial Analysis

Q1. What is Accounting?

A.1-Accounting is an art of identifying, classifying, recording, summarizing and interpreting
business transactions of financial nature. Every business has a profit motive. It has transactions of financial
nature, such as, purchasing goods, incurring expenses, receiving income etc. These transactions are
financial in nature and affect the profit of the business. Transactions are classified as assets, liabilities,
capital, revenue and expenses. Various statements are prepared and ratios are calculated to measure the
performance of the business. Comparison of the actual performance is compared with previous
performance an effective plans for future is made. The objective of accounting is to record, analyze
and interpret the business transactions.

Q.2. Write a short note on Dual Aspect.

Ans2-We record all the business transactions on the basis of dual aspect and call the system as double
entry system.

Every business transaction has double effect. There are two sides of every transaction. This is
evident when we study the accounting term i.e., assets, capital and liabilities.

(a)Assets: These are the valuable articles owned by the business. Special features of assets are that they are
meant for use in the business and will increase the profit earning capacity of the business.

(b)Capital: Capital is that part of wealth which is used for further production.In the context of dual aspect
concept capital supplies necessary funds to the business to purchase certain assets.

(c)Liabilities: If the capital invested by the proprietor falls short the business has to borrow funds. The
amount represented by both loan and assets are equal. These transactions enable us to think about the two
aspects so it is called dual aspect concept or double entry system. All the assets of the business
are

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acquired by the fund contributed by the proprietors and creditors, so it is always correct to conclude as
under:

CAPITAL+LIABILITIES=ASSETS

Q.3. What is Budgets Control

A.3- Budgetary control is the process by which budgets are prepared for the future period and are
compared with the actual performance for finding out variances, if any. The comparison of
budgeted figures with actual figures will help the management to find out variances and take
corrective actions without any delay. Budgetary control has become an important tool of an organization
to control costs and to maximize profits. It defines the goals, plans and policies of the enterprise. In case
the performance is below expectation, budgetary control helps the management in finding up the
responsibility.

Q.4. What is the definition of Accountancy?

A.4-The term ‘Accountancy’ and ‘Accounting’ are often considered as synonymous. However, there are
some fundamental differences between the two.
‘Accountancy’ is a profession while ‘Accounting’ is methodology. The term Accountancy refers to
a systematic knowledge of accounting with the principles and techniques of application in
accounting. It provides rules, principles, methods, concepts and conventions for recording, classifying and
summarizing of financial transactions and accounting information in a systematic manner.
According to Eric L. Kohler “Accountancy is the theory and practice of accounting, its responsibilities,
standards, conventions and activities”.

Q.5. What is net Working Capital?

A.5- Working capital, also known as net working capital, is the difference between a company’s current
assets, such as cash receivables (customers’ unpaid bills) and inventories of raw materials and finished
goods , and its current liabilities, such as accounts payable.

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Working capital is a measure of a company’s liquidity, operational efficiency and its short term financial
health. If a company has substantial positive working capital, then it should have the potential to invest and
grow.

Business Law

Q.1.What is Void Contract?

A.1-A void contract, also known as a void agreement, is not actually a contract. A void contract cannot be
enforced by law. An illegal contract is one which is made for an illegal purpose, and therefore
always void. An agreement to carry out an illegal act is an example of a void contract. For example, a
contract between drug dealers and buyers is a void contract simply because the terms of the contract are
illegal. In such a case, neither party can go to court to enforce the contract.
A void agreement has no legal effect. An agreement which does not satisfy the essential elements
of contract is void. Void contract confers no rights on any person and creates no obligation.

What do you understand by Contract?

A.2-A contract is an agreement reached after sufficient consideration to do, or refrain from doing, some
legal action. A contract is considered valid when two or more parties with capacity make an agreement
involving valid consideration to do or refrain from doing some lawful act. If these elements exist,
the contract is valid.
A contract has following essential elements;
*All parties must have capacity to enter the contract.
*An offer must be made.
*Consideration must be exchanged.
*The contract’s object and purpose must be legal.
*The form of the contract must meet the legal requirements.

Q.2. What is FEMA?

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A. 3-FEMA stands for Foreign Exchange Management Act. In India ,all transactions that include
foreign exchange are regulated by the FEMA,1999.FEMA has been enacted to facilitate
external trade and payments and to promote the orderly development and maintenance of
foreign exchange market. It applies to all branches, offices and agencies outside India,
owned and controlled by a person resident in India. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI)has
been assigned the function of administering the various provisions of FEMA.

Q.3. What is Partnership Deed?

A.4-Partnership deed is a document which is signed by all the partners and which contains all
the matters governing the mutual rights, duties and liabilities of the partners in the
conduct and management of the affairs of the partnership. It may also be referred as
“articles of partnership” containing the name , nature of business, capital ,duration of the firm,
etc.
Q.4. What is Voidable Contract?
Ans 5- A voidable contract, unlike a void contract, is a valid contract which may be either
affirmed or rejected at the option of one of the parties. At most, one party to the contract is
bound. The unbound party may reject the contract, at which time the contract becomes void.
Typical grounds for a contract being voidable include coercion, undue influence,
misrepresentation or fraud. When a contract is entered into without the free consent of the party,
it is considered a voidable contract.

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M.B.A-4

Course Title : Organizational Behavior

Assignment No. : M.B.A-4/ M-215/A-2019-20

SLM Code : M-215

Maximum Marks : 15

Words : 100 words

Attempt all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

Q.1. What is Attitude?

A.1- Attitude is the manner, disposition, feeling and position with regard to a person or thing, tendency or
orientation especially in the mind.

According to Gordon Allport, “An attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness, organized through
experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects
and situations with which it is related.”

Attitude can be described as a tendency to react positively or negatively to a person or circumstances.

Thus the two main elements of attitude are this tendency or predisposition and the direction of
this predisposition.

It has been defined as a mental state of readiness; organize to through experience which exerts a directive
or dynamic influence on the responses.

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These can also be explicit and implicit.

Explicit attitudes are those that we are consciously aware of and that clearly influence our behaviors and
beliefs. Implicit attitudes are unconscious, but still, have an effect on our beliefs and behaviors.

Q.2. Write in brief the determinants of Organizational Design with examples.

A.2- Determinants of Organizational Design

1. Nature of the objective: The objectives of an enterprise govern the selection of persons
with appropriate skills and equipment capable of delivering goods. For example, an
organization structure of an industrial concern cannot be the same as that of a religious or
governmental institution.

2. Operative activities: An individual in an enterprise may negotiate a sale to a customer; another

may be engaged in assembling the parts of a motor car; and a third may be collecting market data
or cost information. The operative activities and the interrelations that exist among different tasks
have an important bearing on the structure of the organization.

3. Technology: The organization structure of an enterprise depends upon the type and nature
of technological process adopted for production. For example, if the organization is using a
customized technology, there is a greater need for integration and coordination of the marketing,
designing and manufacturing functions.

Q.3. What is Organizational Culture?

A.3- Organizational culture is defined as the underlying beliefs, assumptions, values and ways of
interacting that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization.

Organizational culture includes an organization’s expectations, experiences, philosophy, as well as

the values that guide member behavior, and is expressed in member self-image, inner workings, interaction
with the outside world, and future expectations. Organizational culture is a set of shared assumptions that
guide what happens in organizations by defining appropriate behavior for various situations.

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Q.4. What is Herzberg’s theory of Motivation?

A.4- Motivation-Hygiene Theory

This theory is proposed by psychologist Fredrick Herzberg. He extended the work of Maslow and
developed a specific content theory of work motivation.

Herzberg investigated the question “what do people want from their jobs”? People feel good or bad about
the job and at times indifferent to the jobs they perform. These responses call for the factors affecting job
attitudes.

Hygiene Theory; Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction while extrinsic factors are associated with
dissatisfaction. Intrinsic factors such as achievement, recognition, the work itself,
responsibility advancement and growth seem to be related to job satisfaction. Extrinsic factors such as
company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relations etc. these are associated with
dissatisfaction. Removing dissatisfaction characteristics from a job does not necessarily make the
job satisfying. The opposite of satisfaction is ‘no satisfaction’ and the opposite of dissatisfaction is ‘no
dissatisfaction’.

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Herzberg’s two-factor theory cast as new light on the content of work
motivation. Even though management pays higher wages/salaries still employees are not willing to work
i.e., not motivated. Herzberg’s theory offers an explanation for this problem. By concentrating on
the hygiene factors, management is not motivating their personnel.

Q.5. What do you mean by Organizational Politics?

A.5- Workplace politics is the process and behavior in human

interactions involving power and authority. It is also a tool to assess the operational capacity and to balance
diverse views of interested parties. It is also known as office politics and organizational politics. It is the
use of power and social networking within an organization to achieve changes that benefit the
organization or individuals within it. Organizational politics are self-serving behaviors that employees use
to increase the probability of obtaining positive outcomes in organizations. Influence by individuals may
serve personal interests without regard to their effect on the organization itself. "Politics is the lubricant
that oils your organization's internal gears."

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Course Title : Operations Research, Research Methodology

Assignment No. : MBA - 5/ M-216, M-217/A-2019-20

SLM Code : M-216, M-217

Maximum Marks : 15

Words : 100 words

Attempt all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

Operations Research

Q.1. What are the Fundamental Aims of Research.

A.1- The ultimate aims of research are to generate measurable and testable data, gradually adding to the
accumulation of human knowledge. Ancient philosophers believed that all answers could be
achieved through deduction and reasoning rather than measurement. Science now uses
established research methods and standard protocols to test theories thoroughly.
No theory or hypothesis can ever be completely proved or disproved, but research enables us to
make valid assumptions about the universe. This gradual accumulation of knowledge dictates the
overall direction of science and philosophy.

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Observation and Description: The first stage of any research is to observe the world around us and to
ask questions about why things are happening.

Every phenomenon in the universe has a reason behind it, and the aims of research are to understand and
evaluate what is happening.

Predict: This stage is where you must make a statement of intent and develop a strong hypothesis. This
must be testable, with aims of research being to prove or disprove this statement. Research is never about
right or wrong but about arriving at an answer, which improves our knowledge of natural processes.

Determination of the Causes

This is often the 'business end' for many areas of scientific research and is where one of the predictions is
tested, usually by manipulating and controlling variables. The idea is to generate numerical data that can
determine the cause with one of the many statistical tests.
Statistical procedures are then utilized to either prove or disprove the hypothesis and prediction.

Explain

After determining the causes, the next layer of the research process is to try to find possible explanations of
'Why?' and 'How?' things are happening. For most areas, this stage involves sifting through and
reviewing earlier studies about similar phenomena. Most research is built upon the work of
previous researchers, so there should be a wealth of literature resources available.The aims of research may
be to establish 'What are the underlying causes and relationships between the different processes fueling
this trend?'

At this stage, personal opinion must be put aside and both sides of the debate must be given
equal credence.

Q.2. How is Research Problem identified?

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A.2- The research problem is the heart of a study. It drives the research questions and processes
and provides the framework for understanding the research findings. To begin, you will need to know
where to look for your research problem and how to evaluate when a research problem for success.
Where to Find a Research Problem
Ideas for a research problem tend to come from two sources: real life and the scholarly arena.
First, identifying a research problem can be as simple as observing the complications and issues in your
local workplace.
Alternatively, research problems can be identified by reviewing recent literature, reports, or databases in
your field. Often the section of “recommendations for the future studies” provided at the end of journal
articles or doctoral dissertations suggest potential research problems.
How to Evaluate a Research Problem
Once you find your potential research problem, you will need to evaluate the problem and ensure that it is
appropriate for research. A research problem is deemed appropriate when it is supported by the literature,
and considered significant, timely, novel, specific, and researchable. Stronger research problems are more
likely to succeed in publication, presentation, and application.

Q.3. What is VAM?

A.3- The Vogel’s Approximation Method or VAM is an iterative procedure calculated to find out
the initial feasible solution of the transportation problem. Like Least cost Method, here also the shipping
cost is taken into consideration, but in a relative sense.
The procedure begins by finding the two lowest cost cells for each row and column. Select the largest
Vogel number and make the first assignment to the corresponding lowest cost cell, where the assignment is
the maximum amount that can be sent from the corresponding origin to the corresponding destination.
After each assignment, the Vogel numbers are recomputed based on the remaining rows and columns in
the array. The procedure is repeated until all assignments (shipments) are made. Although VAM tends to
find a good (low cost) first feasible solution, the extra computational work required has proven to be a
detriment to its use in computer-based software for solving transportation problems.

Q.4. Define the Purchasing Model without Shortage.

A.4- Assumptions: Demand is known and uniform, purchasing at equal interval, zero lead time,
no shortages and instantaneous replenishment.

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As one of the first models to deal with inventory associated issues, in case of this model, it is taken that a
number of shortages are present and associated with that a particular shortage cost is incurred.
It is also assumed that Demand associated with the concerned product is known, along with the zero lead
time, as well as shortage and replenishment amounts.
It is expressed as Components that make up cost per period
Cost of order + Holding cost + Cost associated with shortage + Total cost of the item
Here is a sum, solving which can get a better idea of the topic.
1. It is taken that a medical supplier provides 30 bottles on a weekly basis to various shops.
The buying amount is taken as 120 for $1200 on a lot. If the ordering cost is taken at $210 per
order, and incremental cost is taken at $0.60, what would be the multiple and fractional lots that
can be ordered? It is given that holding company is paid 2% on a monthly basis for borrowing
funds.

Q.5.What is the Branch and Bound Algorithm for TSP?

A.5-The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is as follows: Given a list of cities and a table of distances
from each city to the others, find a shortest circuit that visits each city exactly once and returns to
the starting city.
Ingredients of the algorithm
The branch-and-bound algorithm for the traveling salesman problem uses a branch-and-bound tree, like the
branch-and-bound algorithms for the knapsack problem and for solving integer programs.
• The node at the top of the tree is called the root. All edges (arrows) in the tree point downward. If an
edge points from a node P to a node C, then P is called the parent of C, and C is called a child of P.
• Every node in the branch-and-bound tree has – a node number ; – a label, representing the decision made
at that node either to take or not to take a specific link from one city to another (the labels of the terminal
nodes of the tree represent two links); – a bound, giving a lower limit on the possible lengths of circuits
below that node in the tree; – an incoming matrix ; and – an opportunity matrix. (Exceptions: The root
node of the branch-and-bound tree does not need a label, and the terminal [leaf] nodes of the tree do not
have incoming or opportunity matrices.) • Every matrix (both incoming matrices and opportunity
matrices) has an associated “L-value,” which could be called the “deduction total.” As the
algorithm progresses, distances in the matrix are decreased, and the L-value keeps track of the total amount
we have subtracted from distances since the original distance matrix.

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Research Methodology

Q.1. What is the Chi-square test?

A.1- A “chi-square test” is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic has a chi-
square distribution when the null hypothesis is true, or any in which the probability distribution of the test
statistic (assuming the null hypothesis is true) can be made to approximate a chi-square
distribution closely as desired by making the sample size large enough.
One case where the distribution of the test statistic is an exact chi-square distribution is the test
that variance of a normally-distributed population has a given value based on a sample variance. Such a
test is uncommon in practice because values of variances to test against are seldom known exactly.

Q.2. Write a short note on T- test.

A.2- A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic has a student’s t-distribution if the
null hypothesis is true. It is applied when population is assumed to be normally distributed but the sample
sizes are small enough that the statistic on which inference is based is not normally distributed because it
relies on an uncertain estimate of standard deviation rather than on precisely known value.
Today, the t-test is more generally applied to the confidence that can be placed in judgments made from
small samples.
Q.3. What is Central Tendency?
A.3- Central tendency is defined as the central point around which data revolve. There are three measures
of central tendency and each one plays different role in determining where the centre of the distribution or
the average score lies.
First, the mean is often referred to as the statistical average. To determine the mean of distribution, all of
the scores are added together and the sum is then divided by the number of scores. The mean is
the preferred measure of central tendency.
The median is another method for determining central tendency and is the preferred method for highly
skewed distribution. The median is simply the middle most occurring score.
Finally, the mode is least used measure of central tendency. The mode is simply the most
frequently occurring score.

Q.4. What is the Research?

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A.4- In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data,
information and facts for the advancement of knowledge .
The strict definition of scientific research is performing a methodical study in order to prove a hypothesis
or answer a specific question.
Research must be systematic and follow a series of steps and a rigid standard protocol. These rules are
broadly similar but may vary slightly between the different fields of science.
Scientific research must be organized and undergo planning, including performing literature reviews
of past research and evaluating what questions need to be answered.

Q.5, What is the Standard Structure of a Report?

A.5- Research report should contain the following components:
1. Cover Page: The cover page should contain the title, the names of the authors, with their titles and
positions, the institution that is publishing the report, and the year of publication.
2. Summary: The summary should be written only after the first or even the second draft
of the report has been completed. The summary will be the first (and for busy health decision
makers most likely the only) part of your study that will be read.
3. Acknowledgements: It is a good practice to thank those who supported you technically or
financially in the design and implementation of your study. Acknowledgements are usually placed
right after the title page or at the end of the report, before the references.
4. Table of contents: It provides the reader a quick overview of the major sections of report, with
page references, so that (s) he can go through the report in a different order or skip
certain sections.
5. List of tables, figures: If you have many tables or figures it is helpful to list these also, in a ‘table
of contents’ type of format with page numbers.
6. List of abbreviations (optional): If abbreviations or acronyms are used in the report, these should
be stated in full in the text the first time they are mentioned. If there are many, they should be
listed in alphabetical order as well.

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M.B.A-6

Course Title : Marketing Management

Assignment No. : M.B.A-6/ M-218/A-2019-20

SLM Code : M-218

Maximum Marks : 15

Words : 100 words

Attempt all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

Q.1 Define the Scope of Marketing.

A.1- Marketing being a part of social science is highly dynamic and complex in nature. Traditionally,
marketing was concerned with buying and selling of goods and services only but now its scope
has widened and it encompasses a range of activities from consumer satisfaction to consumer
delight and management of customer relationship.
The scope of marketing is as follows:
(1) Products and Services:
Products and Service are the basic element of marketing. If there is no product there is no marketing. It is
concerned with the nature and type of products, product quality and design, product planning and
development, product decisions relating to branding, labelling, packaging, trademarks etc.
(2) Marketing Research:

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Though products and services were the starting point under traditional marketing, modern marketing starts
with an analysis of the various aspects of market and related areas. It includes an analysis of nature and
types of customers, size of market, customer attitude, buyer behavior etc.
(3) Channel of Distribution:
The pathway through which the goods move from producer to consumer is the channel of distribution. It
includes a number of intermediaries like wholesaler, retailers, jobbers etc.
(4) Physical Distribution:
It includes transportation, warehousing, inventory control and management, order processing etc.
(5) Promotional Decisions:
Howsoever good a product is, it has no value if it is not properly promoted. Different promotional tools
are there like advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, publicity, public relations etc.

Q.2 What are the advantage of Personal Selling?

A.2- Personal selling can prove to be a used promotional method in several ways including:
 Two-Way Form of Communications – Unlike other promotional methods, personal selling is a
two-way form of communication, which enables a salesperson to adjust the message as
she/he gains feedback from the customers (e.g., adjust message if customer does not fully
understand how the product works).
 Effective in Building Personal Relationships – The interactive nature of personal selling makes
it the most effective promotional method for building relationships with customers, which
is particularly important when purchases take a considerable amount of time to complete
(e.g., business-to-business purchasing).
 Important in International Sales – Building relationships is also a critical part of the personal
selling process when doing business internationally, especially in such area as Asia and
Latin America, where personal relationships between buyer and seller are often more
important than seeking the best business deal.
 Best Promotion for Hard to Reach Customers – Personal selling is the most practical
promotional option for reaching customers who are not easily reached through other
methods (e.g., do not response to advertising, public relations, and sales promotions).

Q.3 What is M.I.S. ?

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A.3- A marketing information system (MIS) is a management information system designed to support
marketing decision making. It brings together many different kinds of data, people, equipment and
procedures to help an organization make better decisions.
American academic Philip Kotler has defined it more broadly as “people, equipment, and procedures to
gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing
decision makers”. Not to be confused for a management information system, marketing information
systems are designed specifically for managing the marketing aspects of the business.
MIS not only indicates how things are going, but also why and where performance is failing to meet the
plan. These reports include near real-time performance of cost centers and projects with detail sufficient
for individual accountability. MISs produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports to middle and operational
level managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision problems.

Q.4 What are the technique of Direct Marketing?

A.4- Direct marketing is a marketing strategy where returning and potential customers are
contacted directly by the brand, instead of having an indirect medium between them.
There is a range of types of direct marketing techniques that you can implement in order to reach your
target audience. Here are some types of direct marketing listed:
1. Face-to-Face Marketing- This is one of the oldest forms of direct marketing. Authorized sales
representatives are employed to meet prospects directly. The goal of each representative is
to reach out to these prospects, convert them into profitable consumers and thus promote the
business of your organization.
2. Door-to-Door Marketing- Door-to-Door sales (D2D) are another form of face-to-face marketing.
It simply means that your sales representative is participating in door-to-door prospective, which
indicates a system of direct contact with your targeted audience.
3. Kiosk Marketing- Public places that get a lot of crowds are always full of opportunities to gain
people’s attention towards your business. Representatives stationed at kiosks in these places such
as shopping malls can directly talk to potential customers by catching their eyes with your
products and services.
4. Telemarketing- The process of contacting your prospects individually and trying to get
them interested in purchasing what your business has to offer has rapidly grown in the past few
years. This technique is often used by AT&T and Vodafone to inform both existing and
potential consumers about the services they offer.

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5. Email Marketing: With the widespread usage of the internet, businesses have inclined towards
sending emails to contact their prospects directly. This technique is called cold emailing and
if used with a proper strategy has a really good conversion rate.
6. Targeted Advertisements: Internet has opened the gates to yet another form of direct marketing –
Targeted Advertisements. Almost every activity a user perform over the internet is recorded in the
form of a cookie or other data. An example of targeted advertisements is remarketing where user
witnesses the advertisements of the products he abandoned while visiting an e-Commerce website.

Q.5 Describe the Product Life Cycle.

A.5- The product life cycle is the process a product goes through from when it is first introduced into the
market until it declines or is removed from the market. The life cycle has four stages -
introduction, growth, maturity and decline.
4 Stages of the Product Life Cycle

Generally, there are four stages to the product life cycle, from the product's development to its decline in
value and eventual retirement from the market.

1. Introduction:
Once a product has been developed, the first stage is its introduction stage. In this stage, the product is
being released into the market. When a new product is released, it is often a high-stakes time in
the product's life cycle - although it does not necessarily make or break the product's eventual success.

2. Growth: By the growth stage, consumers are already taking to the product and increasingly buying it.
The product concept is proven and is becoming more popular - and sales are increasing.

3. Maturity: When a product reaches maturity, its sales tend to slow or even stop - signaling a largely
saturated market. At this point, sales can even start to drop. Pricing at this stage can tend to
get competitive, signaling margin shrinking as prices begin falling due to the weight of outside
pressures like competition or lower demand.

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4. Decline: In the decline stage, product sales drop significantly and consumer behavior changes as there
is less demand for the product. The company's product loses more and more market share,
and competition tends to cause sales to deteriorate. Eventually, the product will be retired out of the
market unless it is able to redesign itself to remain relevant or in-demand. For example,
products like typewriters, telegrams and muskets are deep in their decline stages (and in

fact are almost or completely retired from the market). hat Is the Product Life Cycle? Stages an
Examples

The product life cycle is the course of the life of a product from when the product is in development t
after it has been removed from the market.

ANNE SRADERSMAR 4, 2019 5:22 PM EST

Course Code 7
Course Title : Business Communication, Computer Fundamental
Assignment No. : MBA - 7/ M-203, C-215/A-2019-20
SLM Code : M-203, C-215
Maximum Marks : 15
Words : 100 words
Attempt all questions.
All questions carry equal marks.
Business Communication

Q.1 What is Business Communication.

A.1- In their book “ Business Communication Today”C.L.Bovee, J.V.Thill AND B.E. Schatzman write:
“Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages. However, communication is effective

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only when the message is understood and when it stimulates action or encourages the receiver to think in
new ways”.
Communication made among persons to convey their personal information, message or thought are
personal communication; but exchange of information, facts and ideas relating to business may be termed
as “Business Communication”. Business Communication refers to the communication relating to business
activity which means providing goods and services to the consumers with a view of earning profit.
Effective business communication is how employees and management interact to reach
organizational goals. Its purpose is to improve organizational practices and reduce errors.

Q.2 Distinguish between Committee and Conference.

A.2- Committee : A committee is a body of one or more persons that is subordinate to a
deliberative assembly. Usually, the assembly sends matters into a committee as a way to explore them
fully than would be possible if the assembly itself were considering them. Committees may have different
functions and their types of work differ depending on the type of the organization and its needs.
Conference: A conference is generally understood as a meeting of several people to discuss a particular
topic. It is a gathering of delegates representing several groups. At a conference, innovative ideas
are thrown about and new information is exchanged among experts.

Q.3 What is E-mail ?

A.3- Electronic mail (email) is a method of exchanging messages (“mail”) between people using
electronic devices. E-mail is the modern and widely used business communication system that is
supported by Information technologies. The importance and uses of email in business communication are
greater than any other communication tool.

Q.4 Draw the Communication Process.

A.4-There are 8 types of Communication process. The process of communication refers to the show of
information or message from the sender done a selected channel to the receiver overpowering barriers that
affect its pace. Now, see the 8 stages of communication process.

1. Sender
2. Message
3. Encoding

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4. Channel
5. Receiver
6. Decoding
7. Feedback
8. Noise

It is a continuous system which mainly includes three elements like sender, message, and receiver.

Q.5 What is a Oral Report ?

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A.5- Oral reports are the face to face communication from the person who has some information which
has to be given to the other who has to use it for a business purpose. Oral reporting is resorted to when
there is an emergency immediate action required to be taken to correct the situation. The receiver of the
information has to very carefully listen and understand every word of what is being spoken. It may not be
accurate and may leave ambiguity because of the poor communication skill of the person presenting the
oral report. No record can be kept unless it is taped. It is a formal document which can be used legally or
otherwise can be given to someone else.

Computer Fundamental

Q.1 Write a short note on ROM.

A.1- It’s logical then that data stored on read-only memory (ROM) cannot be changed, as its
name implies. ROM also has the added feature of being nonvolatile, which means that it can keep its
contents even without a power source. This makes it ideal for storing the PC’s startup instruction and
system BIOS ( Basic Input/ Output System).While virtually all ROM chips are packed in a DIP (Dual
Inline Packaging) form, there are three types of ROM used in a PC;
# PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
This type of ROM chips is programmed using a special type of programming device called a
PROM
burner which permanently stores machine language code on the PROM chips.
# EPROM ( Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
This type of ROM is erasable and can be programmed unlike a PROM chip that cannot be reused and can
only be thrown out when it becomes obsolete, and EPROM chip can be reprogrammed and reused.
# EEPROM ( Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
Most newer PCs now include an EEPROM that can be reprogrammed like an EPROM, but unlike
the EPROM does not need to be removed from the PC to be reprogrammed. An EEPROM can
be reprogrammed, a process called flashing, using specialized software that runs on your PC.

Q.2 What are Topologies?

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A.2- Network topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes,etc) of a
network , especially the physical(real) and logical(virtual) interconnections between nodes. A local area
network is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical and a logical topology.It is important to
note that the physical and logical topologies might be identical in any particular network but they also may
be different.
The arrangement or mapping of the elements of a network gives rise to certain basic topologies which may
then be combined to form more complex topologies( hybrid topologies). The most common of these basic
types of topologies are;
* Bus (Linear, Linear Bus)
*Star
*Ring
*Mesh
*Tree
*Hybrid

Q.3 What is URL?

A.3- A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier used to locate a resource on the internet. It
is also referred to as a web address. URLs consist of multiple parts- including a protocol and
domain name- that tell a web how and where to retrieve a resource.
The URL contains the name of protocol needed to access a resource, as well as a resource name. The first
part of a URL identifies what protocol to use as the primary access medium. The second part identifies the
IP address or domain name- and possibly subdomain – where the resource is located.
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character- set. URLs cannot contain spaces.

Q.4 Define the various generations of Computers.

A.4- Computer generations can be derived on the basis of the various methods used in the
making of computer.
(1) First Generation Computers
J.P.Eckert and J.W. Muchly developed the first electronic computer known as ENIAC. The other
computers which come into this category are NIVAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC etc.
(2) Second Generation Computers

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Second generation computers were based on transistor (transfer resistor) technology which replaced the
vaccum tubes. Examples of second generation computers are: UNIVAC 1108, IBM 700,1401, CDC-1604,
3600 .
(3) Third Generation Computers
The transistors used in second generation were then replaced with Integrated Circuits (ICs) or
chip. Example: IBM-360, 370, ICL-1900.
(4) Fourth Generation Computers
These computers were based upon the development of Large Scale Integration (LSI). Examples: INTEL
4004Apple Series 1and 2, Spectrum 7.
(5) Fifth Generation Computers
Fifth generation computers focused in connectivity. This method of connecting of computers is
called
Networking.

Q.5. What is an Operating System?

A.5- An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that manage the hardware and software
resources of a computer. It processes raw data which is given to the computer as input. It then allocates
and manages the task of the internal system resources of the computer.
Most operating systems come with an application that provides an interface to the operating
system managed resources. These applications have had command line interpreters as a basic user
interface, but more recently have been implemented as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for ease of
operation.
The operating system forms a platform for other system software and for application software. Windows,
Linux, and Mac operating system are some of the most popular operating systems.
Course Code MBA - 8

Course Title : Production & Operation Management, Business Statistics

Assignment No. : MBA - 8/ M-219, M-206/A-2019-20

SLM Code : M-219, M-206

Maximum Marks : 15

Words : 100 words

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Attempt all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

Production & Operation Management

Q.1 Define Production.

A.1- Production implies the creation of goods services to satisfy human needs. Production involves the
transformation of inputs (resources) in to Goods services using physical resources.
Production is the process of transforming raw materials or purchased components/semi-finished products
for sale. _Carle Heyle
For a long term production has been associated with a factory like situation where goods are produced in
the physical sense.
However by generating the concept of production as the process through which goods and services are
created we can include both manufacturing and sevice organizations within the purview of
production management.
Production is the process of creating utility in products or adding the value of products.

Q.2 What is Plant Layout.

A.2- Plant layout means the disposition of the various facilities (equipment, material, manpower etc.) and
services of the plant within the area of site selected previously. Plant layout begins with the design of the
factory building and goes up to location and movement of work task. All the facilities like equipments, raw
materials, machinery, tools, fixtures, workers etc. are given a proper place.
One of the prime source of cost reduction opportunity is a well planned plant layout, which
means an effective arrangement of work areas in which goods can be economically produced. The
plant layout should be designed in such a way that the manufacturing process can be carried out in the
most efficient manner.
Q.3 Define Ergonomics.
A.3- Ergonomics is the study of efficiency of persons in their working environment. Ergonomics is the
scientific study of work, the people who do it and the ways in which it is done. It is concerned with the
tools people use, the places they work in and the procedures and the practices that they follow.

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Ergonomics sets out to find the best possible match between the physical and mental demand of work and
the capacities of individual members of the work force in order to optimize, both the productivity of the
organization and the health, safety and well being of its people.
Ergonomics is also a useful tool for evaluating the choice of technology, and its implementation. It can
contribute to the safe and productive transfer of technology and reduces the number and scale of accidents
and catastrophes in industrial operations.

Q.4 What is Inventory Control?

A.4- Inventory is simple a stock of physical assets having some economic value, which can be either in
the form of material, money or labor.
This can be in the form of physical resource such as raw materials, semi-finished goods, bought
out products used in the production and assembling operation.
Finished products are ready for delivery to consume human resources such as unutilized labor, financial
resources such as working capital etc.
The present concept of inventories has necessitated the use of scientific techniques in the management of
inventories known as inventory control.
Inventory control is the technique of maintaining stock- items at desired levels.
Inventory control is the means by which material of the correct quality and quantity is made available as
and when it required with due regard to economy in the storage costs, setup costs, manufacturing costs,
purchase price and working capital.

Q.5 What is Method Study?

A.5- Methods Study is the systematic recording and critical examination of the factors and
resources involved in existing and proposed ways of doing work, as means of developing and applying
easier and more effective methods and reducing costs.
Methods Study basically deals with finding better ways of doing work and it helps improve productivity by
eliminating unnecessary work, avoidable delays and other types of waste.
Methods Study consists of the following six steps:
(a) Select the work to be studied
(b) Record all the relevant facts of the present/ proposed method
(c) Examine the facts critically

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(d) Develop the most practical, economic and effective method, with due regards to, all
contingent circumstances
(e) Define the proposed method
(f) Install the developed method as standard practice
(g) Maintain the standard practice by periodic reviews.

Business Statistics

Q.1 Write a short note on Binomial Distribution.

A.1- A binomial distribution is a specific probability distribution. It is used to model the probability of
obtaining one of two outcomes, a certain number of times (k), out of fixed number of trials (N)
of a discrete random event.
A binomial distribution has only two outcomes: the expected outcome is called a success and any other
outcome is a failure. The probability of a successful outcome is p and the probability of a failure is 1 - p.
A successful outcome doesn't mean that it's a favorable outcome, but just the outcome being counted.
Criteria for Using Binomial Distributions
The binomial distribution is used to model the probabilities of occurrences when specific rules are
met.
 Rule #1: There are only two mutually exclusive outcomes for a discrete random variable
(i.e., success or failure).
 Rule #2: There is a fixed number of repeated trials (i.e., successive tests with no outcome
excluded).
 Rule #3: Each trial is an independent event (meaning the result of one trial doesn't affect
the results of subsequent trials).
 Rule #4: The probability of success for each trial is fixed (i.e., the probability of
obtaining a successful outcome is the same for all trials).

Q.2 Write a short note Dispersion?

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Swami Vivekanand Subharti University

I Year

A.2- After getting the idea of central value of the quantitative data, it is observed that in some cases the
values are very close around the central value and in other cases the values are scattered a little
wide around the central value. The measure which gives the idea of the amount of scattering of the data
around the central value is called the measure of dispersion.
There are four commonly used measures of dispersion:
1. Standard Deviation(S.D.)
2. Mean Deviation(M.D.)
3. Quartile Deviation(Q.D.)
4. Range(R).

Q.3 Define the Probability Distributions?

A.3- A probability distribution is a statistical function that describes all the possible values and
likelihoods that a random variable can take within a given range. This range will be bounded between the
minimum and maximum possible values, but precisely where the possible value is likely to be plotted on
the probability distribution depends on a number of factors. These factors include the distribution's mean
(average), standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis.
There are many different classifications of probability distributions. Some of them include the
normal distribution, chi square distribution, binomial distribution, and Poisson distribution.
The most commonly used distribution is the normal distribution, which is used frequently in
finance, investing, science, and engineering.

Q.4 Write a short note on Normal Distribution.

A.4- Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a probability distribution that
is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data
far from the mean. In graph form, normal distribution will appear as a bell curve.
The normal distribution is the most common type of distribution assumed in technical stock
market analysis and in other types of statistical analyses. The standard normal distribution has two
parameters: the mean and the standard deviation.
The normal distribution model is motivated by the Central Limit Theorem. This theory states that averages
calculated from independent, identically distributed random variables have approximately
normal distributions, regardless of the type of distribution from which the variables are sampled (provided
it has finite variance).

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 Directorate of Distance Education
Swami Vivekanand Subharti University
I Year

: MBA -

Q.5 Define the Mean Deviation?

A.5- Average of absolute differences (differences expressed without plus or minus sign) between each
value in a set of values, and the average of all values of that set. For example, the average (arithmetic
mean or mean) of the set of values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is (15 ÷ 5) or 3. The difference between this average (3)
and the values in the set is 2, 1, 0, -1, and -2; the absolute difference being 2, 1, 0, 1, and 2.
The average of these numbers (6 ÷ 5) is 1.2 which is the mean deviation. Also called mean absolute
deviation, it is used as a measure of dispersion where the number of values or quantities is small, otherwise
standard deviation is used.
Mean Deviation is the mean of the absolute values of the numerical differences between the numbers of a
set (such as statistical data) and their mean or median.

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