UNIT 5

MILLIMETER-WAVES FOR NEXT GENERATION

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Dr. T. Rama Rao
 S1 S2 S3-
Millimeter Wave Characteristics ,Introduction to Channel Performance at Mm wave communication,
Channel Performance at Mm wave communication, Modulation for Millimeter Wave communication
S4 S5 S6-
Millimeter wave transmitter, Millimeter wave Receiver ,Millimeter wave Antenna, Introduction Mm wave
Communications
S7 S8 S9 –
Emerging applications of Mm wave Communications, Introduction to Millimeter Wave Standards.
Development of Millimeter Wave Standards.
 Contents
 Introduction
 Why we need Millimeter Waves (60 GHz)?

 Applications of 60 GHz

 Standards

 60 GHz Products

3
 Past to Future

4
 Past to Future

802.16m

802.16d/e

 LTE (3.9G) :
3GPP release 8/9
 LTE-Advanced :
3GPP release 10+

5 Evolution of Radio Access Technologies

 5G Communications

Source: Ericsson

'Internet Of Things' Connected

Devices over 38 Billion Units By 2020

6
 5G – One Network – Multiple Uses

7
 Data Rate / Range

8
 Future Mobile Cellular Networks
"Communications, Caching, and Computing (3C) for Content Centric Mobile Networks."

Source:
IEEE
The driving forces behind the exponential growth in mobile cellular network traffic have
been shifting our communications from "connection-centric" to "content-centric;" from
phone calls and text messages to video streaming and content sharing. To cope with the
shift to content-centric mobile cellular networks, the need for a new design paradigm
9 beyond the current connection-centric communication architecture is vital.
Radio Frequency Spectrum
 RF Applications

11
 One story and some records by
Pliny the Elder connect the word to
a hamlet in ancient Rome called
Ante amnem, which was surrounded
by trees. The wood from these trees
was used to make poles for ships.
The poles were called “antemnae”.
In those days, messages were sent
to far off places by ships, which may
have been a reason for “antemnae”
to evolve over the years to
“antennae"

Range, bandwidth and antenna size dependence

on radio frequency
 Prof. J.C. Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in
Calcutta, India at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric
lenses, various polarizers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.

J.C. Bose at the Royal Institution, London, 1897

13
Why is operation at Mm Waves
(>60 GHz) interesting?

 Lots of Bandwidth!
 7 GHz of unlicensed bandwidth @ 60 GHz

 5 GHz in the 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz - licensed bandwidth

 Few regulatory specifications!

 Due to the unprecedented bandwidth available, the 60/70/80 GHz bands are ideal for very high
capacity data distribution. With 5 to 7 GHz of bandwidth availability, gigabit data rates (Gi-Fi)
can easily be accommodated with reasonably simple radio architectures.

14
 Spectrum Allocations

Millimeter Wave Mobile

Communications for 5G
Cellular at 28 / 38 GHz

15
 Atmospheric Attenuation vs. Frequency
oxygen & H2O High Attenuation (>1 dB/km)
Low Attenuation (<1 dB/km)

fog & clouds

IR Visible

rain
W-Band

Ka-Band

0.4- 10 GHz 10-3000 GHz 3000- 1000000 GHz

Microwave mm-wave IR and Visible

16
 Why 60 GHz / Mm Waves?
 High-efficiency of frequency reuse due to high attenuation

17
 Why 60 GHz / Mm Waves ?
 Another benefit is the fundamental relationship between signal wavelength and
antenna size.
 Interference Immunity → a high-gain/narrow-beam antenna will only receive energy
from the same direction in which it is transmitting, thus reducing the probability of
receiving an unwanted signal.

18
 Why 60 GHz / Mm Waves ?
 The combined effects of O2 absorption and narrow beam spread result in high
security, high frequency re-use, and low interference.

 Potential of wide-band transmission

 Precision in tracking down to low

elevation angles

 Miniaturization of RF section

 No radio spectrum pollution

19
 Evolutional scenarios

20
Material Penetration 60 GHz
60 GHz 2.5 GHz
Pine board – ¾ ” 8 db 1.5dB
Clay Brick 9 dB 2 dB
Glass with wire mesh 10.2 dB 7.7 dB

Asphalt Shingle 1.7 dB 1.5 dB

Plywood – ¾ ” 7 dB 1.5 dB
Clear Glass 6.4 dB 3.6 dB
What about Oxygen absorption?
Atmosphere 1.5 dB 0 dB
per 100m
21
 MmWave propagation characteristics

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 20, NO. 2, SECOND QUARTER 2018
Understanding Multipath
Antenna placement
An informal look at wireless
 Applications of 60 GHz

• High-end wireless solutions for corporate /

office use
• Reliable, very high speed WLAN / WPAN connetions

Corporate / office environment

26
 Applications of 60 GHz

TV

TV
TV

CATV
DV
D
PC
ADSL

Home environment – wireless home video & data link - WLAN / WPAN

27
 Applications of 60 GHz

Fast multimedia
download –
Public places /
Hotspots
Buses/Trains
Cafes

Quick downloads

Digital Kiosk

28
 Applications of 60 GHz
Automotive Radar (60-77 GHz)

Automotive Radar

Intelligent Transport Systems – ITS

Inter-Vehicle Communication System
- Driving support - Collision avoidance – Blind Stop
Detection – Automatic Cruise Control
- Broadcasting of approach of emergency

Transmitter Transmitter
& Receiver & Receiver
29
 Inter-Vehicle Communication

30
 Applications of 60 GHz
Broadcasting Transmission System

Receiver
To Outside
Broadcast Van

Small HDTV
Camera

Transmitter

31
 Applications of 60 GHz
 60 GHz is an excellent choice for satellite-to-satellite
communications / Space Wireless Communications

32
 Commercial Applications

33
 Passive Millimetre Wave Imaging

34
Wireless

Streaming libraries of data to personal devices - Greener

solution with less paper/weight

Wireless Pills

Real-time video capture to monitor digestive system, internal organs

Applying medication to target specific areas with video assistance and remote
control

TRR-SSNCE/HCL-28
Sep'12
 Data Centre Networking

96 x 1 Gbit port Cisco datacenter switch consumes around 15 kW -- approximately 100x a typical dual
processor Google server @ 145 W
High port density drives network element design, but such high power density makes it difficult to tightly pack
them with servers
Alternative distributed processing/communications topology under investigation by various research groups
Optical/Millimeter Wave Communications
2 Signal is converted to millimeter wave,
modulated and transmitted
3 Antenna receives the signal
and a radio interprets and
converts signal to optical

Customer network device

5 Signals transmitted back
1 Optical signal is received using the same
from network equipment (full duplex)

Customer network device

Potential applications
4 Optical signal sent back
• LAN to LAN connections
into network via fiber
• Fiber extension Spatial diversity

37 • Service restoration Wireless backhaul

 Military Applications
 Military Markets (38, 60, 94 GHz)

 Future Combat systems

 Secure communications

 Satellite Communications

 Military phased array markets

 Reconfigurable, software
definable systems

38
39
Implications of mmWaves – New Scenarios
Qualcomm’s QTM527 millimeter wave antenna
 60 GHz Standard

43
60 GHz Standard - IEEE 802.15.3c
 Millimeter-Wave Study Group (SG3c) was organized within IEEE802.15 on July
2003, and Millimeter-Wave Task Group (TG3C) was finally approved on March
2005.
 The IEEE 802.15.3 Task Group 3c (TG3c) was formed in March 2005. TG3c
developed a millimeter-wave-based alternative physical layer (PHY) for the existing
802.15.3 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Standard 802.15.3-2003.
 This mmWave WPAN operates in the new and clear band including 57-64 GHz unlicensed band
defined by FCC 47 CFR 15.255.
 In addition, the millimeter-wave WPAN supports high data rate at least 1 Gbps applications such as
high speed internet access, streaming content download (video on demand, home theater, etc.). Very
high data rates in excess of 2 Gbps in option is provided for simultaneous time dependent applications
such as real time multiple HDTV video stream and wireless data bus for cable replacement.
 Latest News
IEEE 802.15.3c-2009, Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunications and Information Exchange
between systems-Local and Metropolitan networks-Specific requirements-Part 15.3: Wireless Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications for High Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPANs): Millimeter-wave based Alternative Physical Layer Extension Amendment is ratified by Standards
Board of IEEE.

44
 60 GHz Standard - WiGig

The WiGig specification defines Physical

(PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC)
layers and is based on IEEE 802.11. This
enables native support for IP networking over
60 GHz. It also makes it simpler and less
expensive to produce devices that can
communicate over both WiGig and existing
Wi-Fi using tri-band radios
(2.4 GHz,5 GHz and 60 GHz).

45
 60 GHz Standard - WiGig

46
 60 GHz Standard - WiGig

The WiGig specification and PALs enable multi-gigabit wireless implementations of a broad
range of new and existing usage models
47
 Trial Installations

San Diego, Symphony Towers

Overland Park, KS, Sprint HQ

Ipswich, UK, BT Labs

48
 60 GHz Products

49
 60GHz Products

60 GHz miniature transceiver Module

60 GHz Transceiver Module with Integrated Antennas and

156 Mbps DPSK Modem

50
 60 GHz Products http://www.vubiq.com

NEW! 60GHz Wireless Data Backhaul Systems Vubiq Products

GigE HaulPass™ with 1km or 2km range

VuLink Uncompressed Wireless HD SDI video links

VuLink XR Series Weatherized with HD range more
than 1 Kilometer!

VL300 with HD range of 300 meters, SD

Range 500+ meters

51
52
 Japanese Regulation of 60 GHz
Licensed Band

53
54
 60 GHz Products
 Connector Interface 1.85mm for DC - 65GHz and DC - 60GHz, 2.4mm for DC - 50GHz, 2.92mm for DC -
40GHz

Kawashima Manufacturing Co., Ltd

55
IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 20, NO. 2, SECOND QUARTER 2018
 Mm Wave Antennas

57
 60 GHz @ I B M

IBM 60 GHz transceiver made in SiGe (2006)

58
 On-chip Mm Wave Antennas

Babakhani, A.; Guan, X.; Komijani,

A.; Natarajan, A.; Hajimiri, A., (2006)
•California Institute of Technology–
• 4-element array of on-chip dipoles
for 77 GHz using 120nm SiGe
BiCMOS
• Silicon lensing technique to boost gain
•Gain: +2 dBi

Babakhani, A.; Guan, X.; Komijani, A.; Natarajan, A.; Hajimiri, A., "A 77GHz 4-Element Phased
Array Receiver with On-Chip Dipole
Antennas in Silicon," Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2006. ISSCC 2006. Digest of Technical
Papers. IEEE International , vol., no.,pp.629-638, 6-9 Feb. 2006
59
 On-chip Mm Wave Antennas

Gain: -12.5 dBi

•Efficiency: 2%
•CMOS with post-BEOL
process @ 60 GHz
•1.3 mm x .7 mm

Zhang, Y.P.; Sun, M.; Guo, L.H., "On-chip antennas for 60-GHz radios in silicon
technology," Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on , vol.52, no.7, pp. 1664-1668, July
2005

60
 CMOS .18 um technology
• Gain: - 10.6 dBi
• Efficiency: 10% (simulated)
• Chip size: 1.05 mm2

Shun-Sheng Hsu; Kuo-Chih Wei; Cheng-Ying

Hsu; Huey Ru-Chuang, "A 60-GHz Millimeter-
Wave CPW-Fed Yagi Antenna Fabricated by
Using 0.18 um CMOS Technology,"
Electron Device Letters, IEEE , vol.29, no.6,
pp.625-627, June 2008
61
 Gain: -19 dBi
• Efficiency: 1.7%
•CMOS with post-BEOL process @
60 GHz
•2 mm x 0.1 mm

Zhang, Y.P.; Sun, M.; Guo, L.H., "On-chip antennas for 60-GHz radios in silicon
technology," Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on , vol.52, no.7, pp. 1664-1668,
July 2005

62
 Standard 0.18 um CMOS @ 77 GHz
• Simulated Gain: -11 dBi
• Efficiency: 10% (simulated)
• Antenna size: 750 um x 1850 um

Al-Attar, T.; Hassibi, A.; Lee, T.H., "A 77GHz

monolithic IMPATT transmitter in standard CMOS
technology," Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005
IEEE MTT-S International ,
vol., no., pp. 4 pp.-, 12-17 June 2005.

63
 0.18 um CMOS @ 60 GHz
• Gain: - 9.4 dBi
• Simulated Efficiency: 12%
• Chip size: 1.0 x 0.81 mm2

Kuo, P.-C.; Hsu, S.-S.; Lin, C.-C.; Hsu, C.-Y.;

Chuang, H.-R., "A 60-GHz Millimeter-Wave
Triangular Monopole Antenna Fabricated
Using 0.18-m m CMOS Technology,"
Innovative
Computing Information and Control, 2008.
ICICIC '08. 3rd International Conference on ,
vol., no.,pp.237-237, 18-20 June 2008

64
 Mm Wave Antennas

Bandwidth: 4.6 GHz @ 60 GHz

• Gain: 8.7 dBi
• Efficiency: 96%
• Patch Size: 2.1 mm x 2.1 mm
•2 x 1 array
• Gain: 9.9 dBi
• Efficiency: 94%

Jeong-Geun Kim; Hyung Suk Lee; Ho-Seon Lee; Jun-Bo Yoon; Hong, S., "60-GHz CPW-fed
post-supported patch antenna using micromachining technology," Microwave and Wireless
Components Letters, IEEE , vol.15, no.10, pp. 635-637, Oct. 2005.
65
 IBM T.J. Watson Research Center (2006) Pfeiffer, U.R.; Grzyb, J.; Duixian Liu;
• SiGe @ 60 GHz Gaucher, B.; Beukema, T.; Floyd, B.A.;
Reynolds, S.K., "A
• 7 mm x 11 mm encapsulation
chip-scale packaging technology for 60-
• a metal cavity with a suspended folded GHz wireless chipsets," Microwave Theory
dipole antenna and
• Gain: 7 dBi gain , Efficiency: over 90%, Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.54,
30% Bandwidth no.8, pp.3387-3397, Aug. 2006.
66
Antenna-in-Package in LTCC Zhang, Y.P.; Sun, M.; Chua, K.M.; Wai, L.L.; Liu,
• 60 GHz LTCC package: 12.5 mm x 8 mm D.; Gaucher, B.P., "Antenna-in-Package in

• WB-Triangle Gain: 5.1 – 7 dBi LTCC for 60-GHz Radio," Antenna Technology:
Small and Smart Antennas Metamaterials and
• Yagi Gain: no result
Applications, 2007. IWAT '07. International
• Efficiency: 93% Workshop on , vol., no., pp.279-282, 21-23
March 2007
67
 Mm Wave Antennas
• 60 GHz high gain active microstrip antenna
array (8-10 antennas)
• Alumina substrate
• Array Gain: 12-13 dBi, Array Size: 5mm x
10mm

Karnfelt, C.; Hallbjorner, P.; Zirath, H.; Alping, A.,

"High gain active microstrip antenna for 60-
GHz WLAN/WPAN applications," Microwave
Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.54, no.6, pp.2593-2603, June 2006.

68
 Mm Wave Antennas

60 and 77 GHz membrane-supported Yagi antenna

on semi-insulating GaAs substrate •2 mm x 3.1 mm
• Gain: 7-11 dBi
Neculoiu, D.; Konstantinidis, G.; Bary, L.; Muller, A.; Vasilache, D.; Stavinidris, A.; Pons, P.;
Plana, R., "Membrane-supported Yagi-Uda MM-Wave antennas," Antennas and Propagation,
2006. EuCAP 2006. First European Conference on , vol., no., pp.1-5, 6-10 Nov. 2006.
69
 Mm Wave Antennas

Antenna with micromachining Hoivik, N.; Liu, D.; Jahnes, C.V.; Cotte, J.M.; Tsang, C.;
techniques • Use of cavity Patel, C.; Pfeiffer, U.; Grzyb, J.;
Knickerbocker, J.; Magerlein, J.H.; Gaucher, B., "High-
• 2.2 mm x 2.2 mm
efficiency 60 GHZ antenna fabricated
• Gain: 4-8 dBi using low-cost silicon micromachining techniques,"
•Efficiency: >90% assumed Antennas and Propagation Society
70 International Symposium, 2007 IEEE , vol., no.,
pp.5043-5046, 9-15 June 2007
 Substrate Integrated Waveguide
 SIWs are integrated waveguide-like structures fabricated by using two rows of
conducting cylinders or slots embedded in a dielectric substrate that electrically
connect two parallel metal plates.

 Relation between the effective width of rectangular waveguide and geometrical

dimension of SIW.

71
 Advantages of SIW
 Smaller size, low cost and easy integration with other mmwave circuits.
 Avoids high radiation loss and parasitic cross-coupling which suits planar integrated
BFNs and multibeam antenna in high frequency.

(a) (b) (c)

Dimensions for (a) Rectangular Waveguide (b) DFW (c) SIW

72
 Tapered Slot Antennas

73
Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna

 Linear Tapering provides more power distribution in the middle of antenna than in
any other type of tapered slot antenna, hence providing high radiating power.

 Antipodal linear antipodal geometry provides better impedance matching than

normal geometrical pattern

 They produce symmetric radiation patterns in the E and H planes. Typically they
have narrower beam widths than other planar antennas.

 They have infinite bandwidth, since the only requirement for radiation is a minimum
taper separation that decreases at higher frequencies.

 Another desirable characteristic of ALTSAs is that for large flare angles (>12°) the
beam width does not vary significantly with frequency.

74
Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna

The S11 of the ALTSA antenna is shown in the figure

K.C. Huang, D. J. Edwards “Millimetre Wave Antennas for Gigabit Wireless

Communications”, Wiley-IEEE Press, Dec. 2008.
75
Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna

Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna

76
 Types of Corrugation
(a)Conical Corrugation, (b) Rectangle corrugation

77 (c)Circular Corrugation, (d)Stepped Edge Corrugation

 ALTAS ARRAY

78
 8 element Vivaldi Array

79
 Array Elements at 60 GHz
N=No of Gain(dB) Directivity(D) HPBW
Elements (dB) (Degree)

1 4.7 3.8 47.7

2 8.6 6.8 19.7

4 11.9 9.8 9.0

8 15.1 12.8 4.3

12 14.5 16.9 2.8

16 18.2 15.8 2.1

80
 Beamforming

Use of the 60 GHz band allows extremely fast communication, but also presents the
challenge that propagation loss is higher than in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.

81
 Beamforming

 Peak beamforming gain (Gb)

increases as the number of antenna
(Na) increases
Gb [dB] = 10log10Na

 16 elements antenna array can

provide approximately 12 dB of peak
beamforming gain.

 If used at Tx and Rx then additional

20 dB loss can be easily
82 compensated.
 Beamforming solutions
 Beam switching antennas
Beam-steering toward predefined directions by
switching between physical antennas.
e.g Butler matrix/ Switched beamformer.

 Phased arrays antennas

Beamforming with power dividers and a phase
shifter for each antenna element.
e.g Phased array beamformer
83
 Switched Beamformer
Output
1L 1R
Crosses
2L
2R

Phase shift

Hybrid coupler

Ports

Fig. 4x4 butler matrix Fig. Radiation pattern

84
 Phased Array Beamformer

Fig. Phased array Fig. Radiation pattern

[Source] www.spectrumsignal.com/publications/beamform_primer.pdf
85
 Butler matrix
The Butler matrix is a type of
beam-forming network. Mostly
used for switched beam antennas.
Characteristics
 Number of beams = Number of antenna
elements
 Low insertion loss
 Uniform antenna array illumination Fig. 14x4 SIW Butler matrix

86
 RF phase shifter

 Phase shift can be achieved

by switching two transmission
lines with different electrical
Fig. 11: Switched line phase shifter
lengths.
Hybrid coupler

 It is a type of directional coupler where

the input power is equally divided
between two output ports.

 A 3 dB, 90° hybrid coupler splits an

input signal with a resultant 90° phase Fig. 12: A 3 dB, 90° hybrid
shift between output ports coupler
 Wilkinson Power Divider
 It splits an input signal into two equal
phase output signals.
Scattering parameters

Fig. Ideal two port Wilkinson power divider

 This ideal Wilkinson power divider
would have perfect matching at all
ports (S11 = 0, S22 = 0, S33=0). SIW
Also, there would be perfect isolation
between ports 2 and 3 (S23 = 0).

Ideal Wilkinson power divider

Fig. 2 port SIW Wilkinson power divider

 60 GHz Transceiver

89
 System Design Challenges
 Special properties of the 60-GHz channel
(frequent fading, multipath propagation, noise)
 Integration of RF front-end and digital signal
processing

 Eventually on-chip integration of antennas

 60-GHz band allows for a large variety of

broadband wireless systems and solutions

 Dependencies between system blocks

(e.g. high-order modulation  linear RF front-
end)

How to get an optimum solution efficiently?

90
 CST MWS offers a broad range of solver
technologies, operating in both the time and
frequency domain and capable using surface
meshes as well as Cartesian and tetrahedral
volume meshes. To complement the general-
purpose solvers, CST MWS also includes an
integral equation solver, an asymptotic
http://www.cst.com solver, an eigenmode solver and a TLM
solver, each well-suited to different
situations.
ANSYS HFSS FDTD – Finite Difference Time Domain
ANSYS HFSS software is the industry-standard
simulation tool for 3-D full-wave electromagnetic
field simulation and is essential for the design of
high-frequency and high-speed component
http://www.ansys.com
design. HFSS offers multiple state-of the-art
solver technologies based on either the proven
finite element method or the well established FEM – Finite Element Method
integral equation method
91
92
93
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95