Guide to Wind Load Analytical Procedure of ASCE

7-10
 

ASCE 7-10 provides two methods for wind load calculation: a simplified procedure and an
analytical procedure. The simplified procedure is for building with a simple diaphragm, roof
slope less than 10 degrees, mean roof height less than 30 feet (9 meters), regular shape
rigid building, no expansion joints, flat terrain and not subjected to special wind
condition.  The analytical procedure is for all buildings and non-building structures.  Each
procedure has two categories: wind for the main wind force-resisting system
(MWFRS) and wind for component and claddings (C&C).
Since most of our wind design considerations are for buildings other than the simplified
procedure stated above, let us tackled the Analytical Procedure approach that can be
applied both for buildings and nonbuilding structures.

The objective of this article is to help you decide which wind load criteria is appropriate for
your design as per the analytical procedure; here are the summaries of the wind load
analytical procedure approach as specified in ASCE 7-10. You are going to need a copy of
the ASCE 7-10 code for sections, figures and table references.
Determine the Velocity Pressure, qz:
One of the important aspects of Wind Analysis is the velocity pressure. Regardless of which
analysis approaches we may use, velocity pressure is a requirement.  The velocity pressure
is depending on wind speed and topographic location of a structure as per the code
standard velocity pressure, qz equivalent at height z shall be calculated as
qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2  (lb/ft2) or
qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2  (N/m2); V=m/s
where:  

Kz is velocity pressure exposure coefficient

Kzt is the topographic factor
Kd is wind directionality factor
V is the basic wind speed
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients, Kz are listed Table 27.3-1 of ASCE 7-10 or can be
calculated as
Kz = 2.01 (z/zg)2/α
from which, z is the height above ground and should not be less than 15 feet (4.5 meters)
except that z shall not be less than 30 feet (9 meters) for exposure B for low rise building
and for component and cladding. The parameters, α, and zg are taken as follows:

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Exposure α zg  (ft) zg  (m)

B 7 1200 365.76
 C 9.5 900 274.32

D 11.5 700 213.36

Topographic Factor, Kzt:

Kzt = (1 + K1K2K3)2 
where:

K1, K2, K3 are determined from Figure 26.8-1 of ASCE 7-10 based on ridge, escarpment,
and hill. If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified
in section 26.8.1 then Kzt =1.0
Wind Directionality Factor; Kd shall be determined from Table 26.6-1 and the basic wind
speed, V is according to Figure 26.5-1 of ASCE 7-10.

1. Wind Load for Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)

1.1 Rigid Building of All Height:
The design wind pressure shall be calculated as

P = q G Cp – qi (GCpi) (lb/ft2) (N/m2)      (27.4-1)

where:

q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above ground.

q = qh for Leeward walls, sidewalls, and roof evaluated at mean roof height h above the
ground.
G = 0.85 is gust response factor
Cp is the external pressure coefficient from Figures 27.4-1, 27.4-2 and 27.4-3 of ASCE 7-10.
Figure 27.4-1 is for gable, hip roof, mono-slope roof, and mansard roof

Figure 27.4-2 is for domed roof

Figure 27.4-3 is for the arched roof

GCpi is the internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.11 of ASCE 7-10.
qi is internal pressure evaluated as follows:
Enclosed building:
qi = qh evaluated for windward walls, leeward walls, and sidewalls, and roof.
Partially enclosed building:
qi = qh for negative internal pressure, qi= qz for positive internal pressure at height z at the
level of highest opening.
Note: The internal pressure shall be applied simultaneously on the windward and leeward
walls and both positive and negative pressures need to be considered.  Therefore, it
cancels each other for enclosed building except for the roof.  For partially enclosed building,
internal pressure shall be added to the leeward wall at the height of the opening.
Wall pressure coefficient Cp for Gable, Hip roof (from figures 27.4-1, 27.4-2 and 27.4-3 of
ASCE 7-10):

Surface L/B Cp Use with

Windward Wall All values 0.8 qz

0-1 -0.5

2 -0.3

Leeward Wall ≥4 -0.2 qh

Side Wall All values -0.7 qh

1.2 Low-Rise Building

The design wind pressure for low-rise buildings shall be calculated as

P = qh[ (GCpf ) – (GCpi)] (lb/ft2) (N/m2)           (28.4-1)

where:

qh is velocity pressure at mean roof height h above ground.

GCpf is the external pressure coefficient from Figure 28.4-1 of ASCE 7-10.
GCpi is the internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.11-1 of ASCE 7-10.
Note: For wind pressures at edges and corners of walls and roof are higher than interior
zone.  Wind pressure at each zone needs to be calculated separately.

READ ALSO:   6 Basic Procedure of Structural Design

External pressure coefficient GCpf (from Figure 28.4.1 of ASCE 7-10)

Building Surface

Roof Angle 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E

0-5 0.4 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 0.61 -1.07 -0.53 -0.43

20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 0.8 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64

30-45 0.56 0.21 -0.43 -0.37 0.69 0.27 -0.53 -0.48

90 0.56 0.56 -0.37 -0.37 0.69 0.69 -0.48 -0.48

1.3 Parapets
The design wind pressure for the effect of parapets on MWFRS of rigid or flexible buildings
shall be calculated as

Pp = qp GCpn (lb/ft2)        (27.4-4)

where

Pp is the combined net pressure on the parapet due to the combination of net pressure from
front and back surfaces; ± signs signify net pressure toward and away from the exterior side
of the parapet         
qp  is velocity pressure at the top of parapet.
GCpn is combined net pressure coefficient, +1.5 for windward parapet, -1.0 for leeward
parapet.

1.4 Design Wind Load with Eccentricities:

Wind load design cases as defined in Figure 27-4-8 of ASCE 7-10

Case 1: Full wind loads in two perpendicular directions considered separately.

Case 2: 75% wind loads in two perpendicular directions with 15% eccentricity considered
separately.
Case 3: 75% wind loads in two perpendicular directions simultaneously.
Case 4: 56.3% (75%x75%) of wind load in two perpendicular directions with 15%
eccentricity simultaneously.

2. Wind Load for Component and Cladding (C&C)

2.1 Building 60 Feet (18 meter) or Lower (Low-Rise Buildings)

The design wind pressure shall be calculated as

P = qh[ (GCp ) – (GCpi)] (lb/ft2) (N/m2)                          (30-4-1)

where:

qh is velocity pressure at mean roof height h above ground.

GCp is external pressure coefficient given in:
Figure 30.4-1 (walls)

Figures 30.4-2A to 30.4-2C (flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs)

Figure 30.4-3 (stepped roofs)

Figure 4-4 (multi-span gable roofs)

Figures 30.4-5A and 30.4-5B (monoslope roofs)

Figure 30.4-6 (sawtooth roofs)

Figure 27.4-3, footnote 4 (arched roofs)

GCpi is internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.11-1 of ASCE 7-10.

2.2 Building higher than 60 Feet (18 meters)

The design wind pressure shall be calculated as

P = q (GCp) – qi (GCpi) (lb/ft2) (N/m2)          (30.6-1)

where:

q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above ground.

q = qh for Leeward walls, sidewalls, and roof evaluated at mean roof height h above ground.
qi is internal pressure evaluated as follows:
Enclosed building:
qi = qh evaluated at mean roof height for windward, leeward, and sidewalls, and roof.
Partially enclosed building:
qi = qh for negative internal pressure, qi = qz for positive internal pressure at height z at the
level of highest opening.

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GCp is external pressure coefficient in:

Figure 30.6-1 for walls and flat roofs

Figure 27.4-3, footnote 4, for arched roofs

Figure 30.4-7 for domed roofs

Figure 30.6-1 Note 6 for other roof angles and geometries

GCpi is the internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.11-1 of ASCE 7-10.
Note: The internal pressure shall be applied simultaneously on the windward and leeward
walls and both positive and negative pressures need to be considered.  Therefore, it
cancels each other for enclosed buildings except for the roof.  For partially enclosed
building, internal pressure shall be added to the leeward wall at the height of the opening.

2.3 Wind Pressure on Parapets

The design wind pressure for C&C of parapet surfaces for all building types and heights
shall be:

P = qp (GCp) – (GCpi)                  (30.9-1)

where

qp = velocity pressure at the top of parapets.

GCp is external pressure coefficient given in:
Figures 30.4-1, 30.4-2A to 30.4-2C, 30.4-3, 30.4-4, 30.4-5A and 30-5B, 30.4-6, 30.4-7,
30.6-1, 27.4-3 and 27.4-3 (footnote 4).

GCpi is internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.11-1 based on the porosity of the parapet
envelope.
Note: Two load cases shall be considered as per Figure 30.9-1 of ASCE 7-10.

2.4 Wind Load on Open Building and Other Structures

The design wind load shall be calculated as

P = qhG CN              (30.8-1)
where

qh= velocity pressure at mean roof height h using the exposure defined in Section 26.7.3
G= 0.85 as gust effect factor.
CN is net pressure coefficients include from top and bottom surfaces given in
Figure 30.8-1 for mono sloped roof

Figure 30.8-2 for pitched roof

Figure 30.8-3 for troughed roof

ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Calculation

Example
A fully worked example of ASCE 7-10 wind load
calculations
Table 1. Building data needed for our wind calculation.

Location Cordova, Memphis, Tennessee

Occupancy Miscellaneous – Plant Structure

Terrain Flat farmland

64 ft × 104 ft in plan
Eave height of 30 ft
Dimensions
Apex height at elev. 36 ftRoof slope 3:16 (10.62°)
With opening

Cladding Purlins spaced at 2ft

 Wall studs spaced at 2ft

In our ASCE 7-10 wind load example, design wind pressures for a large, three-story plant
structure will be determined. Fig. 1 shows the dimensions and framing of the building. The
building data are shown in Table 1.

Although there are a number of software that have wind load calculation already integrated
into their design and analysis, only a few provide a detailed computation of this specific
type of load. Users would need to conduct manual calculations of this procedure in order to
verify if the results are the same as those obtained from the software.

The formula in determining the design wind pressure are:

For enclosed and partially enclosed buildings:

p=qGCp−qi(GCpi)p=qGCp−qi(GCpi)     (1)

For open buildings: 

p=qGfCp−q(GCpi)p=qGfCp−q(GCpi)     (2)

Where:

GG = gust effect factor

CpCp = external pressure coefficient
(GCpi)(GCpi)= internal pressure coefficient
qq = velocity pressure, in psf, given by the formula:
q=0.00256KzKztKdV2q=0.00256KzKztKdV2     (3)
qq = qhqh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs,evaluated at roof mean height, hh
qq = qzqz for windward walls, evaluated at height, zz
qiqi = qhqh for negative internal pressure, (−GCpi)(−GCpi) evaluation and qzqz for positive
internal pressure evaluation (+GCpi)(+GCpi)  of partially enclosed buildings but can be
taken as qhqh for conservative value.
KzKz = velocity pressure coefficient
KztKzt= topographic factor
KdKd= wind directionality factor
VV = basic wind speed in mph
We will dive deep into the details of each parameter below. Moreover, we will be using the
Directional Procedure (Chapter 30 of ASCE 7-10) in solving the design wind pressures.

Risk Category
The first thing to do in determining the design wind pressures is to classify the risk category
of the structure which is based on the use or occupancy of the structure. For this example,
since this is a plant structure, the structure is classified as Risk Category IV. See Table 1.5-
1 of ASCE 7-10 for more information about risk categories classification.

Basic Wind Speed, VV

The ASCE 7-10 provides a wind map where the corresponding basic wind speed of a
location can be obtained from Figures 26.5-1A to 1C. The Occupancy Category is defined
and classified in the International Building Code.

When viewing the wind maps, take the highest category number of the defined Risk or
Occupancy category. In most cases, including this example, they are the same. From Figure
26.5-1B, Cordova, Memphis, Tennessee is somehow near where the red dot on Figure 3
below, and from there, the basic wind speed, VV, is 120 mph. Take note that for other
locations, you would need to interpolate the basic wind speed value between wind contours.
 Figure 3. Basic wind speed map from ASCE 7-10.

SkyCiv now automates the wind speed calculations with a few parameters. Try our SkyCiv

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SKYCIV WIND LOAD CALCULATOR

Exposure Category
See Section 26.7 of ASCE 7-10 details the procedure in determining the exposure category.

Depending on the wind direction selected, the exposure of the structure shall be determined
from the upwind 45° sector. The exposure to be adopted should be the one that will yield
the highest wind load from the said direction.

The description of each exposure classification is detailed in Section 26.7.2 and 26.7.3 of
ASCE 7-10. To better illustrate each case, examples of each category are shown in the table
below.
 Table 2. Examples of areas classified according to exposure category (Chapter C26 of
ASCE 7-10).

Exposure Example

 Suburban residential area with mostly single-family dwellings – Low-rise structures, less than 30 ft
high, in the center of the photograph have sites designated as exposure b with surface roughness
Category B terrain around the site for a distance greater than 1500 ft in any wind direction.
 An urban area with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family
Exposure dwellings or larger – For all structures shown, terrain representative of surface roughness
B category b extends more than twenty times the height of the structure or 2600 ft, whichever is
greater, in the upwind direction. Structures in the foreground are located in exposure B –
Structures in the center top of the photograph adjacent to the clearing to the left, which is greater
than approximately 656 ft in length, are located in exposure c when the wind comes from the left
over the clearing.

 Flat open grassland with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 30 ft.
 Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 30 ft for most wind
Exposure directions, all 1-story structures with a mean roof height less than 30 ft in the photograph are less
C than 1500 ft or ten times the height of the structure, whichever is greater, from an open field that
prevents the use of exposure B.

 A building at the shoreline (excluding shorelines in hurricane-prone regions) with wind flowing over
Exposure open water for a distance of at least 1 mile. Shorelines in exposure D include inland waterways, the
D great lakes, and coastal areas of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska.

For our example, since the location of the structure is in farmland in Cordova, Memphis,
Tennessee, without any buildings taller than 30 ft, therefore the area is classified
as Exposure C. A helpful tool in determining the exposure category is to view your potential
site through a satellite image (Google Maps for example).

Wind Directionality Factor, KdKd

The wind directionality factors, KdKd, for our structure are both equal to 0.85 since the
building is the main wind force resisting system and also has components and cladding
attached to the structure. This is shown in Table 26.6-1 of ASCE 7-10 as shown below in
Figure 4.
 Figure 4. Wind directionality factor based on structure type (Table 26.6-1 of ASCE 7-10).

Topographic Factor, KztKzt
Since the location of the structure is in flat farmland, we can assume that the topographic
factor, KztKzt, is 1.0. Otherwise, the factor can be solved using Figure 26.8-1 of ASCE 7-10.
To determine if further calculations of the topographic factor are required, see Section
26.8.1, if your site does not meet all of the conditions listed, then the topographic factor can
be taken as 1.0.

Figure 5. Parameters needed in calculation topographic factor, KztKzt (Table 26.8-1 of

ASCE 7-10).

Note: Topography factors can automatically be calculated using SkyCiv Wind Design

Software
Velocity Pressure Coefficient, KzKz
The velocity pressure coefficient, KzKz, can be calculated using Table 27.3-1 of ASCE 7-10.
This parameter depends on the height above ground level of the point where the wind
pressure is considered, and the exposure category. Moreover, the values shown in the table
is based on the following formula:
For 15ft < zz < zgzg: Kz=2.01(z/zg)2/αKz=2.01(z/zg)2/α     (4)
For zz < 15ft: Kz=2.01(15/zg)2/αKz=2.01(15/zg)2/α     (5)

Where:

Table 3. Values of and zgzg from table 26.9-1 of ASCE 7-10.

Exposur
α zgzg(ft)
e

B 7 1200

C 9.5 900

D 11.5 700

Usually, velocity pressure coefficients at the mean roof height, KhKh, and at each floor
level, KziKzi, are the values we would need in order to solve for the design wind pressures.
For this example, since the wind pressure on the windward side is parabolic in nature, we
can simplify this load by assuming that uniform pressure is applied on walls between floor
levels.

The plant structure has three (3) floors, so we will divide the windward pressure into these
levels. Moreover, since the roof is a gable-style roof, the roof mean height can be taken as
the average of roof eaves and apex elevation, which is 33 ft.

Table 4. Calculated values of velocity pressure coefficient for each elevation height.

Elevation
KzKz
(ft)

10 0.85

20 0.90
 30 0.98

1.00 KzhKz
33
h

Velocity Pressure
From Equation (3), we can solve for the velocity pressure, qq in PSF, at each elevation being
considered.

Table 5. Calculated values of velocity pressure at each elevation height.

KzK
Elevation (ft) qq(psf) Remarks
z

10 0.85 26.63 1st floor

20 0.90 28.20 2nd floor

30 0.98 30.71 Roof eave

33 1.00 31.33 Roof mean height, qhqh

Gust Effect Factor, G

The gust effect factor, GG, is set to 0.85 as the structure is assumed rigid (Section 26.9.1 of
ASCE 7-10).

Enclosure Classification and Internal Pressure Coefficient

The plant structure is assumed to have openings that satisfy the definition of a partially
enclosed building in Section 26.2 of ASCE 7-10. Thus, the internal pressure
coefficient, (GCpi)(GCpi), shall be +0.55 and -0.55 based on Table 26.11-1 of ASCE 7-10.
 Figure 6. Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi)(GCpi), from Table 26.11-1of ASCE 7-10.
External Pressure Coefficient, CpCp
For enclosed and partially enclosed buildings, the External Pressure Coefficient, CpCp, is
calculated using the information provided in Figure 27.4-1 through Figure 27.4-3. For a
partially enclosed building with a gable roof, use Figure 27.4-1.

External Pressure Coefficients for the walls and roof are calculated separately using the
building parameters L, B, and h, which are defined in Note 7 of Figure 27.4-1.

Thus, we need to calculate the L/B and h/L:

Roof mean height, h = 33′

Building length, L = 64′
Building width, B = 104′
L/B = 0.615
h/L = 0.516
h/B = 0.317

From these values, we can obtain the external pressure coefficients, CpCp, for each surface
using table 27.4-1 of ASCE 7-10. Take note that we can use linear interpolation when roof
angle, θ, L/B, and h/L values are in between those that are in the table. For our example, the
external pressure coefficients of each surface are shown in Tables 6 to 8.

Table 6. Calculated external pressure coefficients for wall surfaces.

CpC
Surface
p

Windward wall 0.8

Leeward wall -0.5

 Side wall -0.7

Table 7. Calculated external pressure coefficients for roof surfaces (wind load along L).

External pressure coefficients for roof CpCp  (along L)

Windward Leeward

h/L
10.62
10° 15° 10° 10.62° 15°
°

-0.9 -0.88 -0.7

0.5 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50
-0.18 -0.18 -0.18

0.51 -0.91 -0.89 -0.71

-0.51 -0.51 -0.50
6 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18

-1.3 -1.26 -1.0

1.0 -0.70 -0.69 -0.60
-0.18 -0.18 -0.18

Table 8. Calculated external pressure coefficients for roof surfaces (wind load along B).

External pressure coefficients for roof CpCp  (along

B)

h/B Location CpCp

0.317 -0.9
0 to h
-0.18

-0.9
h/2 to h
-0.18

-0.5
h to 2h
-0.18

>2h -0.3
 -0.18

External pressure coefficient with two values as shown in Tables 7 and 8 shall be checked
for both cases.

Design Wind Pressures for Main Wind Frame Resisting

System
Using Equation (1), the design wind pressures can be calculated. Results of our calculations
are shown on Tables 8 and 9 below. Take note that there will be four cases acting on the
structure as we will consider pressures solved using (+GCpi)(+GCpi) and (−GCpi)
(−GCpi) , and the +Cp+Cp  and −Cp−Cp  for roof.

Table 9. Design wind pressure for wall surfaces.

Design Pressure, pp, for Walls

Windward Leeward Side wall

Floor
qzqz,
elevatio
psf (+GCpi) (−GCpi) (+GCpi) (−GCpi) (+GCpi) (−GCpi)
n
(+GCpi) (−GCpi) (+GCpi) (−GCpi) (+GCpi) (−GCpi)

26.6
10 0.88 (0.88) 35.35 (35.35)
3

28.2
20 1.94 (1.94) 36.41 (36.41)
0
-30.55 3.92 -35.88 -1.41
(-30.55) (3.92) (-35.88) (-1.41)
30.7
30 3.65 (3.65) 38.12 (38.12)
1

31.3
33 4.07 (4.07) 38.54 (38.54)
3

(SkyCiv Wind Load results)

Table 10. Design wind pressure for roof surfaces.

 Design Roof Pressure, psf (along L) Design Roof Pressure, psf (along B)

(+GCpi) (−GCpi) Location (+GCpi) (−GCpi)

Surface
(+GCpi) (−GCpi) (from windward edge) (+GCpi) (−GCpi)

-40.87 (-40.87) -6.41 (-6.40) 0 to h/2 -41.20(-41.20)

Windwar
d
-22.03 (-22.03) 12.44 (12.44) h/2 to h -41.20(-41.20)
12.44(12.44)
h to 2h -30.55(-30.55)
Leeward -30.71 (-30.71) 3.76 (3.83)
>2h -25.22(-25.22)

(SkyCiv Wind Load results)

To apply these pressures to the structure, we will consider a single frame on the structure.
Sample of applying case 1 and 2 (for both (GCpi)(GCpi)) are shown in  Figures 7 and 8. The
wind direction shown in the aforementioned figures is along the length, L, of the building.

Take note that a positive sign means that the pressure is acting towards the surface while a
negative sign is away from the surface. Bay length is 26 feet.

Figure 7. Design wind pressure applied on one frame – (+GCpi)(+GCpi) and absolute max
roof pressure case.
Figure 8. Design wind pressure applied on one frame – (−GCpi)(−GCpi) and absolute max
roof pressure case.

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SKYCIV WIND LOAD CALCULATOR

Design Wind Pressures for Components and Cladding

(C&C)
Components and claddings are defined in Chapter C26 of ASCE 7-10 as: “Components
receive wind loads directly or from cladding and transfer the load to the MWFRS” while
“cladding receives wind loads directly.” Examples of components include “fasteners,
purlins, studs, roof decking, and roof trusses” and for cladding are “wall coverings, curtain
walls, roof coverings, exterior windows, etc.”

From Chapter 30 of ASCE 7-10, design pressure for components and cladding shall be
computed using the equation (30.4-1), shown below:

p=qh[(GCp)−(GCpi)]p=qh[(GCp)−(GCpi)]     (6)

Where:

qhqh: velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height, h (31.33 psf)

(GCpi(GCpi): internal pressure coefficient
(GCp(GCp): external pressure coefficient
For this example, (GCp(GCp) will be found using Figure 30.4-1 for Zone 4 and 5 (the walls),
and Figure 30.4-2B for Zone 1-3 (the roof). In our case, the correct figure used depends on
the roof slope, θ, which is 7°< θ ≤ 27°. (GCp(GCp) can be determined for a multitude of roof
types depicted in Figure 30.4-1 through Figure 30.4-7 and Figure 27.4-3 in Chapter 30 and
Chapter 27 of ASCE 7-10, respectively.

We shall only calculate the design wind pressures for purlins and wall studs. Zones for
components and cladding pressures are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Location of calculated C&C pressures.

The distance a from the edges can be calculated as the minimum of 10% of least horizontal
dimension or 0.4h but not less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension or 3 ft.

a : 10% of 64ft = 6.4 ft > 3ft

0.4(33ft) = 13.2 ft 4% of 64ft = 2.56 ft
a = 6.4 ft

Wall Studs (C&C Wall Pressure)

Based on Figure 30.4-1, the (GCp(GCp) can be calculated for zones 4 and 5 based on the
effective wind area. Take note that the definition of effective wind area in Chapter C26 of
ASCE 7-10 states that: “To better approximate the actual load distribution in such cases, the
width of the effective wind area used to evaluate (GCp(GCp) need not be taken as less than
one-third the length of the area.” Hence, the effective wind area should be the maximum of:
Effective wind area = 10ft*(2ft) or 10ft*(10/3 ft) = 20 sq.ft. or  33.3 sq ft.
Effective wind area = 33.3 sq ft.

The positive and negative (GCp(GCp) for walls can be approximated using the graph shown
below, as part of Figure 30.4-1:

Figure 10. Approximated (GCp(GCp) values from Figure 30.4-1 of ASCE 7-10.

Table 11. Calculated C&C pressures for wall stud.

C&C Pressures, psf

Zon +(GCp+ −(GCp−
e (GCp) (GCp) +(GCp+ −(GCp−
(GCp) (GCp)

10.97 -48.56
4 0.90 -1.0
45.43 -14.10

10.97 -54.83
5 0.90 -1.2
45.43 -20.36

Purlins (C&C Roof Pressure)

From 30.4-2B, the effective wind pressures for Zones 1, 2, and 3 can be determined. Since
trusses are spaced at 26ft, hence, this will be the length of purlins. The effective wind area
should be the maximum of:

Effective wind area = 26ft*(2ft) or 26ft*(26/3 ft) = 52 ft2 or  225.33 sq.ft.

Effective wind area = 225.33 sq.ft.

The positive and negative (GCp(GCp) for the roof can be approximated using the graph
shown below, as part of Figure 30.4-2B:

Figure 11. (GCp(GCp) values from Figure 30.4-2B of ASCE 7-10.

Table 12. Calculated C&C pressures for purlins.

C&C Pressures, psf

+
Zone -(GCp)
(GCp)
+(GCpi) -(GCpi)

-7.83 -42.30
1 0.30 -0.80
26.63 -7.83

2 0.30 -1.2 -7.83 -54.83

 26.63 -20.36

-7.83 -79.89
3 0.30 -2.0
26.63 -45.43

These calculations can be all be performed using SkyCiv’s Wind Load Software for ASCE 7-

10, 7-16, EN 1991, NBBC 2015, and AS 1170. Users can enter in a site location to get wind
speeds and topography factors, enter in building parameters and generate the wind
pressures. With a Professional Account, users can auto-apply this to a structural model and
run structural analysis all in one software.