319 Semantic Exm

HET 319 Final Exam answer script
14 February 2022
Universiti Sains Malaysia

School of Humanities
Semester 1 2021/22
HET 319/3 SEMANTICS
Final Exam (40%)
Date of exam: 14 February 2022

Time of exam: 10 am – 12 pm
Student details
Index number (in figures): 76278

Index number (in words): Seven six two seven eight
Questions answered.
Question number For examiner’s use
5
4
2
Total
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1
14 February 2022
Question Number 5
Conceptual meaning or also known as denotation carries a literal meaning of a word. It also
has something to do with the mind, mental thoughts, philosophical or fictitious beliefs, etc.
When you develop an abstract philosophy to describe the existence that cannot be
demonstrated or seen, this is an example of conceptual thinking. Denotation, which refers
to a literal meaning of a word could also be considered as ‘dictionary definition’ and very
objective, emotionless, and the act of employing a word or symbol to convey an explicit
meaning or collection of meanings is also known as denotation, which the particular
meaning of a word or symbol is its denotation. For instance, the boy is blue, and the
denotation for blue is the colour purple, meaning, literally the boy is blue in colour. Another
example, he is a snake, based on the conceptual meaning, snake as we comprehend is a
dangerous, legless, sometimes venomous animal, so that he in the sentence is an animal,
classified as a snake. What can be seen here, are both meanings carried by the word ‘blue
and ‘snake’ are understood from the aspect what comes instantly to mind. Such as, if to say,
she was cold, cold as the temperature with below Celsius degree, so it is her body
temperature we’re talking about.
Meanwhile, in addition to its explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation, a
connotation is a commonly accepted cultural or emotional association that any given word
or phrase carries. At least, the speaker and the listener have a knowledge of the associated
word as something is being referred to. The boy is blue, in connotative meaning could
possibly means the boy is sad, and feeling sad is its connotation. Blue is used as the symbol
of sadness and both the speaker and the listener able to grasp the motive of the sentence.
Connotation deals with indirect meaning, either be positive, negative or even neutral and it
suggests a meaning of a word much differently from its explicit feature. Another example,
that girl is a lion at heart and here, the lion implies courage, strictness and bravery,
positively. If to put it in negative way, lion could probably means cruelty and viciousness. So,
that girl is someone that we can understand, who are either brave or vicious in character.
To conclude, the main difference between denotation (conceptual meaning)
connotation (associative meaning) is the way a meaning of a word is described and
understood from its literal perspective and matters which can be related to a word, not in
its literal meaning.
2
14 February 2022
Question Number 4
In conceptual metaphor theory, metaphor is a more usual reference to a single domain
which is the target, with terminology linked to a different domain which is the source. The
understanding of one notion, or conceptual domain, in terms of another is referred to as
conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics. Metaphor isn't only a "decorative device" that
exists outside of language and thinking. Instead, conceptual metaphors are "essential to
mind, and so to language," according to the theory. Since there is a specified association
between the structure of the source domain and the structure of the target domain, these
metaphors are systematic. In terms of a common understanding, we typically recognise
these items. There are three overlapping categories of conceptual metaphors identified by
the cognitive linguists; an orientational metaphor, an ontological metaphor and a structural
metaphor.
Apart from that, it also deals with cross-domain-mapping, the mapping of cognitive
models or schemas from the source domain to the target domain results in a collection of
correspondences between source and target. A specified set of related points between the
source and target domains is required to understand one domain in terms of another. These
are referred to as "mappings." “Time is Money” is an example of conceptual metaphor in
English that we can find in every day’s use. We can connect this metaphor with other
phrases such as “My time is wasted after waiting for you since morning”, “It costs me two
hours to fix your essay” and “Your dad invested a lot of time helping your school project”.
This theory is stimulated by the metaphor, “Time is Money” since the use of the word
money to refer to time is widespread and systematic. Mappings are the fundamental
understanding of how you went from Point A (the source) to Point B (the destination) in
conceptual linguistics (the target). Each point along the route that leads to your final goal
enriches your journey and also lends significance and nuance to the journey once you've
arrived.
Metaphoric language reveals conceptual relationships. What can be seen here,
based on “Time is Money”, there are two different concepts used, metaphorically; the
concept of time and the concept of money. These concepts are mutual among us, because
both are considered very valuable and important in organizing our every day’s life. Money is
useful, in order to survive and provide needs for ourselves or even others. We always being
reminded to be smart in managing our accounts, save money, and etc. Thus, it’s why time is
seen equivalent to money. If we use and spend money wisely, it goes the same to time as
well.
3
14 February 2022
Question number 2
‘High and low’ is a pair of words with opposite meanings, also known as antonym. An
antonymy is the relationship between lexical elements whose meanings are diametrically
opposed to one another, and it is frequently considered the polar opposite of synonymy.
‘Colour-green’ are words that can be identified in categories.
‘Home-abode’ are words that can be identified as synonyms since they have the similar
meaning and different sounds. Home and abode may refer to a resident or a place for
staying.

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HET 319 Final Exam answer script

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Date of exam: 14 February 2022

Index number (in figures): 76278

Question number For examiner’s use

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