Echelon Institute of Technology Faridabad

LAB FILE
Computer Fundamental Lab

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

RAHUL GUPTA MR. ASHIF ALI
(ROLL.NO) 79 (PROFESSORCOMPUTER
SCIENCE)

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 INDEX

S.NO PROGRAMS PAGE NO REMARKS

1 Study of input and 03-11

output devices

2 study of storage 12-15

devices and types

3 Study of Ms word 16-20

4 Resume 21-22

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 PROGRAM NO: - 1

INPUT DEVICES

WHAT ARE THE INPUT DEVICES?

An input device is a hardware or peripheral device used to send data to a computer. An input
device allows users to communicate and feed instructions and data to computers for processing,
display, storage and/or transmission.

EXAMPLES OF INPUT DEVICES:

1.KEYBOARD

Fig.1Keyboard

Keyboards are input device that allow the entry of data and commands by simply pressing down
keys on the keyboard. Modern keyboards matching US conventions typically have 104 keys
while the 105 key layout is the norm in the rest of the world

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TYPES OF KEYS:
• Alphabet Keys: 26 alphabet keys are present on a keyboard from A to Z. these keys are not
present in the alphabetical order. These keys are used to type words, sentences or paragraphs.

• Number Keys: These keys are used for typing numbers. These keys are present above the top
row of the alphabet keys and also present on the right side of the keyboard.

• Special Keys: Keyboard has more special keys such as Space bar Key, caps lock key,
backspace key, shift key, enter key, symbol keys and tab key etc.

• Function Keys: 12 function keys are present on a keyboard. They keys are perform specific
tasks. They are present on the topmost row of the keyboard. Label F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8,
F9, F10, F11and F12. These keys have different functions for different programs.

• Navigation Keys: Every keyboard has some special navigation keys such as Cursor control
keys (Arrow Keys), Home key, End key, Ctrl, Alt, Page Up, Page Down, Delete, Insert etc.

2. MOUSE

Fig.2 mouse

Fig.2 Mouse

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A computer mouse is a hand- held pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative
to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which
allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer.

3. JOYSTICK.

Fig.3 Joystick

A joystick  is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its
angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control
column, is the principal control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military
aircraft, either as a centre stick or side-stick. It often has supplementary switches to
control various aspects of the aircraft's flight.

4. TRACKBALL

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 Fig.4 Trackball

FigA trackball is a pointing input device. It consists of a ball held by a socke:t containing sensors
to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes.

5. LIGHT PEN

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 Fig.5 Lightpen

A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light- sensitive wand used in conjunction
with a computer's cathode- ray tube display. It allows the user to point to displayed objects or
draw on the screen in a similar way to a touch screen but with greater positional accuracy.

OUTPUT DEVICES

WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

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An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into
human- readable form.

It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video.

EXAMPLES OF OUTPUT DEVICES:

1.MONITER

Fig:6 monitor

A monitor is an electronic visual computer display that includes a screen, circuitry and the case
in which that circuitry is enclosed.

2. PRINTER

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 Fig:7 printer

A printer is an output device that prints paper documents. This includes text documents, images,
or a combination of both.

3. HEADPHONES

Fig.8 Headphones

Headphones are a pair of small kavit.a1749loudspeaker

drivers worn on or around the head over a user's
ears. They Figare electro acoustic transducers,
which convert an electrical signal to a
corresponding sound.

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4. PROJECTOR

Fig.9 Projector

A projector is a device that is used to project rays of light, especially an apparatus with a system
of lenses for projecting slides or film on to a screen.

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5. GPS

Fig.10 GPS

GPS, or the Global Positioning System, is a global navigation satellite system that provides
location, velocity and time synchronization. . . . GPS helps you get where you are going, from
point A to point B.

PROGRAM NO :- 2

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AIM:- To understand the Memory and its types of a computer.
What is Memory?

The essential component of the computer is its Memory .It is assembled on the motherboard as it
is a storage device used for storing data and instructions for performing a task on the system

1. A memory issued to store data and instructions .It is the storage space in a
computer ,where data is to be processed and all the instructions are stored that are
required for processing. In simple words, it works just like a human brain where we can
store memories.
2. Storage devices are hardware devices that are capable of storing and fetching data. Hard
drives or optical discs are an example of such storage devices
3. With out memory ,the computer can't perform a single task .Types of computer memory
There are two types of memories:

Fig. 11 Types of memory

1) Primary memory. 2) Secondary memory

Types of Computer Memory

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1)Primary Memory (Main Memory) It is a Main Memory .It is volatile .The reason behind is,
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently
working that is it does not store the data permanently

a. It also stores the operating system and data required to run the computer.
b. It is a limited capacity memory and data or information is lost when power is switched
off. Primary Memory is generally constructed with a semiconductor device.
c. Registers are much faster than these memories but it is faster than secondary memory.
d. It contains all the data and instructions that are required to be processed. It is further
divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

i) RAM (Random Access Memory)

It is Random Access Memory because of the random selection of memory locations .It performs
both read and writes operations on memory .It stores data temporarily.

If power failures happen in the system during memory access then you will lose your data
permanently. So, RAM is a volatile memory. RAM categorized into following types: a. DRAM
b. SRAM

a) SRAM (Static random access memory)

It holds data in a static form, that is ,as long as the memory hast he power as the dynamic RAM,
it is not needed to refresh it again and again.

I. Static RAM provides faster access to data and is more expensive than DRAM as each cell
must contain multiple transistors.
II. SRAM does not use capacitors.
III. SRAM is also highly recommended for use in PCs, peripheral equipment, printers, LCD
screens, hard disk buffers, router buffer sand buffers in CDROM / CDRW drives.

b) Dynamic RAM (Dynamic random access memory)

It is a type of random-access memory used in computing devices .It is made up of capacitors and
transistors.

I. This type of memory uses separate capacitors or transistors to stores each bit of data and
it has two states of value in one bit called 0 and 1.

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 II. As compared with other RAM's it is less expensive.
III. Data were written by DRAM at the byte-level.
IV. In DRAM, data is written at the byte-level and it reads data at the multiple-byte page
level.
V. DRAM requires less power than other RAMs.

ii) ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM offers huge types of standards to save data as it is a permanent memory location. But it
works with the read-only operation. whenever power fail u re occurs during the ROM memory
work in computers then no data lose happens.

● It is Used where the programming requires no change and a embedded systems or.

● It is Used in peripheral devices and calculators. Types of Read Only Memory (ROM) a.
PROM (Programmable read-only memory) b. EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only
memory) c. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory)

a) PROM (Programmable read-only memory)

Developers created a type of ROM known as programmable read-only memory(PROM) because
Creating ROM chips from scratch are time- consuming and very expensive.

I. It can be coded by the user .On coded ,the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.
II. It issued to store permanent data in digital electronic devices.
III. It can be bought at a low cost as compared to other RAMs.

b) EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory)

This is the type of memory that can be re programmed .We can erase data from it and reprogram
it that is erase all the previous data by using high voltage Ultraviolet light.

I. It is required to erase each cell in EPROM.

c)EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory)

The data can be erased and reprogrammed by applying an electric charge. There is no need for
ultraviolet light and we can erase only portions of the chip.

I. It was are placement for PROM and EPROM chips and later it is used for computer's
BIOS.

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 II. Configurations parameters are stored by using EEPROM. In modern computers, they
replaced BIOS CMOS memory.
III. It is required that data to be written or erased by EEPROM one byte at a time.

PROGRAM NO -3

An Introduction to MS Word

One of the most widely used programs of Microsoft Office suite, MS Word is a word
processor developed by Microsoft. 
An introduction to MS Word, its features and its uses, have all been discussed in detail,
in this article. Also, a few sample questions based on this MS Office program have been
given further below for the reference of candidates preparing for competitive exams. 
Since MS Word is one of the most used programs of the Office Suite, some basic
information regarding its creation and development has been given below:

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 a. Charles Simonyi, a developer and Richard Brodie, a software engineer, were the
two creators of MS Word
b. This program was initially named “Multi-Tool Word” but later, was renamed as
MS Word
c. It was introduced in 1983
d. Word for Windows is available standalone or as a part of MS Office suite
e. MS Word for Mac was introduced by Microsoft as Word 1.0 in 1985
f. The extension for any word file is “.doc”

Basics of MS Word
Let us first understand some basic aspects of Microsoft Word.

Fig.12 MS WORD

What is MS Word?

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Used to make professional-quality documents, letters, reports, etc., MS Word is a word
processor developed by Microsoft. It has advanced features which allow you to format
and edit your files and documents in the best possible way. 

Where to find MS Word on your personal computer?

Follow these simple steps to open MS Word on your personal computer:

Start → All Programs → MS Office → MS Word.

What are the uses of MS Word?

MS Word enables users to do write-ups, create documents, resumes, contracts, etc.
This is one of the most commonly used

programs under the Office suite. 

How to create an MS Word document?

To create an MS Word doc, follow the steps mentioned above to open Microsoft Word.
Then once the program is open, click on “File” followed by “New”. This opens a new doc
where something new can be created.

Since it is used by people of all age groups, in schools, in colleges and for official
purposes, having proper knowledge of

Microsoft Word is a must. The preview of the MS Doc file once it is opened is given
below:

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 Fig.14 How to create Ms documents

Features of MS Word
Now let us read more about the features and components of an MS Word doc file in
detail.

The image given below shows the different elements and categories which are available
in MS Word doc:

Fig.15 Different elements of Ms word

1. Home

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This has options like font colour, font size, font style, alignment, bullets, line spacing,
etc. All the basic elements which one may need to edit their document is available
under the Home option.

2. Insert
Tables, shapes, images, charts, graphs, header, footer, page number, etc. can all be
entered in the document. They are included in the “Insert” category.

3.Design
The template or the design in which you want your document to be created can be
selected under the Design tab. Choosing an appropriate tab will enhance the
appearance of your document.

4.Page Layout
Under the Page Layout tab comes options like margins, orientation, columns, lines,
indentation, spacing, etc. 

5.References

This tab is the most useful for those who are creating a thesis or writing books or
lengthy documents. Options like citation, footnote, table of contents, caption,
bibliography, etc. can be found under this tab.

6.Review
Spell check, grammar, Thesaurus, word count, language, translation, comments, etc.
can all be tracked under the review tab. This acts as an advantage for those who get
their documents reviewed on MS Word.

Apart from all the above-mentioned features, the page can be set in different views and
layouts, which can be added and optimised using the View tab on the Word document.
Margins and scales are also available for the benefit of the users.

Uses of MS Word

Given below are the different fields in which MS Word is used and simplifies the work of
an individual:

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 i. In Education: It is considered as one of the simplest tools which
can be used by both teachers and students. Creating notes is easier
using MS Word as they can be made more interactive by adding
shapes and images. It is also convenient to make assignments on MS
Word and submitting them online
ii. In Workplace: Submitting letters, bills, creating reports, letterheads,
sample documents, can all easily be done using MS Word
iii. Creating & Updating Resume: One of the best tools to create
your resumes and is easy to edit and make changes in it as per your
experience

iv.  
For Authors: Since separate options are available for bibliography,
table of contents, etc., it is the best tool which can be used by authors
for writing books and adjusting it as per the layout and alignment of
your choice.

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 PROGRAM NO -4

RESUME
Rahul Gupta
Contact address:
JEEVAN NAGAR PART-2 GAUNCHHI BALLABHGARH/FARIDABAD

Mobile:-8287246390

Email.id:- [email protected]

__________________________________________________________
_____
OBJECTIVE
My mission is to be smart work with the best of my ability so that valuable professional
contribution to an organization is the made tan organization and to obtain a challenging
position in my career

ACADMIC QUALIFICATION
 10th passed From CBSE Board
 12th passed From CBSE Board
 Pursuing BBA from YMCA

WORK EXPERIENCE

 Fresher

COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE

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  Basic knowledge of computer

HOBBIES
Listening & reading books.

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Father name : Kamlesh Gupta
Date of birth : 13/10/2003
Gender : Male
Marital status : Unmarried
Language know : English &Hindi
Nationality : Indian
Religion : Hindu

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that all my above information is true and correct to best of my knowledge
and belief.

Date: 13/01/2022 Signature

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