Analysis and Evaluation of Historical Public Spaces in Small Towns in The Polish Region of Warmia

sustainability
Article
Analysis and Evaluation of Historical Public Spaces
in Small Towns in the Polish Region of Warmia
Marek Zagroba , Agnieszka Szczepańska * and Adam Senetra
Department of Socio-Economic Geography, Institute of Spatial Management and Geography,
Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland;
[email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (A.S.)
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Received: 17 September 2020; Accepted: 8 October 2020; Published: 11 October 2020
Abstract: Public spaces play a special role in the social life, culture, and traditions of historical
towns. Public spaces are defined by their urban layout and architectural design and they embody the
unique identity of old towns. They integrate local communities and contribute to the formation of
social bonds. Urban planning and architecture play an important role in this process. The historical
character of public spaces is a prerequisite for social interactions. The aim of this study was to analyze
and evaluate historical urban public spaces (market squares) in three small towns in the region of
Warmia in north-eastern Poland. Architectural features, urban layout, and the composition of urban
and architectural factors, which are largely responsible for synthetic perception of multidimensional
space, were evaluated. These goals were achieved with the use of an interpretive historical research
method based on original evaluation criteria. The results were used to identify public spaces that
require revitalization. Revitalization programs help preserve or revive attractive locations by restoring
the right balance between economic and social factors and cultural heritage. The study demonstrated
that orderly and harmonious planning of public spaces considerably influences perceptions of space.
Keywords: small town; public space; revitalization; historical downtown; perception
1. Introduction
Public spaces have played a special role since the beginning of urban living by manifesting the
identity and function of towns and cities. In this respect, public spaces have a unique and timeless
value. Public spaces have been a constant element in the structure of cities/towns and the lives of
urban communities beginning from ancient times, through the Middle Ages, and in the modern era [1].
European towns founded in the medieval period are particularly interesting in this respect. After the
fall of the Roman Empire, numerous towns were established throughout Europe based on the antique
principles of urban planning and organization [2]. The urban layout was adapted to local conditions,
but many towns had evolved from the existing human settlements and Roman military camps or they
were built in cruda radice (from a “raw root”). Towns were generally erected along or at the crossroads
of major transportation routes and they formed a settlement network in the region. These towns had
a regular network of perpendicular roads that separated densely developed districts, with a market
square in the center [3]. Market squares were the hubs of trading and commerce and they were the
most important public spaces in towns.
A similar urbanization pattern can be observed in Warmia, a historical region in north-eastern
Poland. The region’s settlement network is based on twelve towns that had been granted charters of
incorporation in the Middle Ages [4]. Olsztyn is the only settlement to evolved beyond the category
of a small town [5]. Warmian towns followed a similar pattern of development due to similarities in
location, function, and, above all, spatial attributes. They have a regular urban layout dating back
Sustainability 2020, 12, 8356; doi:10.3390/su12208356 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2020, 12, 8356 2 of 20
to the medieval period, but despite similar planning principles, considerable variations are noted
between towns. The main differences are observed in the layout of transportation routes, the size and
shape of market squares, and the location of public buildings. Historical buildings are the dominant
feature in most towns and they constitute public spaces in downtown areas. The appearance and
quality of these spaces are a testament to the dramatic events that took place in Warmia in the 20th
century. At the end of World War II, Soviet troops embarked on a massive and premeditated campaign,
aiming to destroy the historical architecture of Warmian towns. This political act served no military
purpose, and it was undertaken solely to manifest the communist authorities’ resentment towards the
origins and political status of Warmia. After the war, Warmian towns were rebuilt in line with the
socialist realism doctrine [6]. As a result, many historical town centers were deprived of their unique
identity that had been shaped throughout the centuries. These historical facts set the directions for
research into public spaces in Warmian towns. The functions of public spaces in historical market
squares are evaluated in multicriteria analyses. These functions determine the quality of local life,
which is influenced by the attractiveness of public spaces. The results of research studies are used to
identify public spaces where revitalization measures are most needed to revive the economic, social,
and cultural roles of downtown areas.
The absence of national and international standards for comprehensive evaluations of historical
public spaces in small towns has prompted the authors to fill in this knowledge gap. The existing
incidental reports usually focus on large cities and are adapted to their specific characteristics [7–9];
therefore, they cannot be used as reference material for evaluating public spaces (historical market
squares) in the centers of small towns. The proposed method is dedicated to small historical towns,
and it is adapted to their unique attributes [10,11].
The present study was conducted in three towns in north-eastern Poland where historical
architecture has been preserved to a varied degree. The evaluated towns were Dobre Miasto, Jeziorany,
and Reszel, which are members of the Cittaslow International network. The Cittaslow movement was
founded to improve the quality of urban life by promoting harmonious and sustainable development.
The Cittaslow philosophy advocates the search for a healthy balance between economic growth,
social development, and the protection of local traditions and cultural identity [12–17]. These values
are upheld and popularized by all members of Cittaslow International. The urban fabric plays a very
important role in sustainable development, and public spaces testify to a city’s attractiveness and its
status on the regional scale.
The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate historical public spaces in three towns in the
region of Warmia in north-eastern Poland. The investigated public spaces are old market squares that
are located the center of the studied towns. These historical landmarks shape the distinctive identity
of Warmian towns and integrate members of the local community. Numerous factors determine the
attractiveness of public spaces, their multifunctional character, and ability to satisfy diverse local
needs, both material and spiritual. They include architectural factors (on the microscale), urban factors
(on the macroscale), as well as the overall composition of these elements, which determines the esthetic
and functional attributes of public spaces. The research goals were achieved with the use of a novel
research method. The study involved multicriteria analyses and evaluations to identify factors that
influence architectural design and directly stimulate the human senses. The results were used to
assess the condition of public spaces in downtown areas (market squares) and to identify areas where
revitalization programs are needed to revive community life and improve the functioning of public
facilities. The study demonstrated that spatial order and harmonious urban development strongly
influence perceptions of urban space, strengthen the local identity, and the architectural traditions of
a region.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Public Spaces in Small Towns

Public spaces have been an inseparable element of the urban fabric since the beginning of urban
development [18]. Greek agoras and Roman fora provide clear evidence that public squares were
the centers of community life already in antiquity. Town squares were the focal points in urban
planning in both medieval towns and modern cities [19]. Throughout history, their function continued
to evolve from open areas where market stalls were set up for trading to representative centers of
towns surrounded by the main public buildings. The form and architectural design of town squares
also changed over the centuries. However, regardless of these transformations, town squares have
remained a cornerstone of local identity to this day. Old town squares are the focal points of urban
design, and they are a living record of the towns’ rich history [12]. Public spaces represent specific
historical and cultural values, which are embodied in architectural design, and they emphasize the
significance of historical memory as a nonmaterial asset (the dramatic events at the end of World
War II contributed to the stormy history of the towns evaluated in the present study). Public spaces
play important social and sociological roles in the functioning of historical towns and they should
be protected and preserved to satisfy local needs and promote a sense of local identity, attachment,
and responsibility for one’s place of residence [20,21]. Local communities have diverse needs, including
a need for physical and mental wellbeing, meaningful human relationships, high standards of living,
recreational activities, and a high-quality residential environment [22,23]. These factors contribute to
the establishment and development of human relationships at the level of communities, social groups,
or entire societies. Public spaces play a very important role by regulating sociological aspects in small
towns [24–28].
In small towns, public spaces integrate members of the local community, strengthen human
ties, and testify to the towns’ rich historical past, which is embodied in their architecture and
urban design [29,30]. Well-preserved historical public spaces are user-friendly sites that attract local
residents [31,32].
The quality of public spaces in small towns is significantly influenced by architectural and urban
design that instills visual order and spatial harmony, as well as by their functionality. Spatial order is
linked with esthetic factors, which are directly responsible for the appeal of public spaces, as well as
local development levels [33]. In small towns with a high proportion of senior citizens, interpersonal
relations are more easily established, and the residents feel responsible for their place of residence and
identify with their hometown [34,35].
In urban areas, in particular in small towns, strong interpersonal relations and the attachment to
one’s place of residence contribute to the “homeliness” of urban space [36]. Therefore, public spaces
influence a town’s appeal, popularity, functioning, and development. Revitalization programs
are needed to enhance the attractiveness and promote the growth of small towns in north-eastern
Poland [37].
2.2. Urban Revitalization

Urban revitalization is a complex and long-term process of restoring dilapidated buildings,
mostly historical, in downtown areas [38]. This term does not apply to individual buildings but to
entire districts or city blocks that have been deprived of their original functions or purpose as a result
of economic and social transformations [39]. The objective of revitalization programs is to restore the
functions of city blocks and public spaces by reviving social and economic activity, while protecting
their unique cultural value [40–42]. In small towns, revitalization measures targeting public spaces,
i.e., old towns, aim to:
− prevent further degradation of the urban fabric in the physical, economic, social, as well
cultural dimension, which is referred to as the fourth pillar of sustainable development—an
interdisciplinary approach,
− improve the attractiveness of urban space,

− preserve the unique cultural heritage of urban structures and architectural features,
− enhance the competitive advantage of downtown areas relative to other urban areas,
− transform downtown areas into centers of economic and social activity (new investments) and
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 19
improve transport accessibility,
− – preserve
improve localthe unique cultural
standards heritage of urban structures and architectural features,
of living.
– enhance the competitive advantage of downtown areas relative to other urban areas,
Revitalization
– is often areas
transform downtown mistaken for upgrading,
into centers of economic andmodernization, revaluation,
social activity (new investments)adaptation,
and
conservation,
improve or restoration [43,44]. These measures can be a part of revitalization but they do
transport accessibility,
not replace
– it. Revitalization
improve programs
local standards entail much more than technical repairs or building renovation
of living.
schemes. Revitalization
In addition toisspatial,
often esthetic,
mistakenand for functional
upgrading,concerns,
modernization, revaluation,
revitalization projectsadaptation,
also address
conservation, or restoration [43,44]. These measures can be a part
issues such as convenience of use, improvement in local living standards, and creationof revitalization but they do not
of new
replace it. Revitalization programs entail much more than technical repairs or building renovation
opportunities for economic growth [45,46]. Revitalization programs should establish a framework for
schemes. In addition to spatial, esthetic, and functional concerns, revitalization projects also address
urban planning policies based on sustainable development principles and the protection of cultural
issues such as convenience of use, improvement in local living standards, and creation of new
heritage. In degraded downtown areas, such programs create new opportunities for improving
opportunities for economic growth [45,46]. Revitalization programs should establish a framework for
the functioning
urban planning of public
policiesspaces
based onin sustainable
historical districts.
development Revitalization
principles andisthe
a highly complex
protection process,
of cultural
whichheritage.
aims to Inresolve
degradedurban planning,
downtown economic,
areas, and social
such programs problems.
create Revitalization
new opportunities programsthe
for improving require
an integrated
functioningapproach,
of publicteam
spaceseffort involving
in historical professionals
districts. from isvarious
Revitalization a highlyfields of expertise,
complex including
process, which
aims to
architects, resolve
urban urban planning,
planners, monument economic, and socialsociologists,
conservators, problems. Revitalization
and culturalprograms require
researchers, as an
well as
integrated approach, team effort involving professionals from various fields of expertise,
support from the local authorities. An interdisciplinary approach to revitalization accounts for various including
architects,
factors urban planners,
that influence the qualitymonument
of public conservators, sociologists, and cultural researchers, as well as
spaces [47,48].
support from the local authorities. An interdisciplinary approach to revitalization accounts for
Revitalization programs aiming to improve the functioning of urban areas can also enhance a
various factors that influence the quality of public spaces [47,48].
town’s appeal, increase tourist traffic, and attract new investors [49]. For this reason, these projects
Revitalization programs aiming to improve the functioning of urban areas can also enhance a
play atown’s
very important role in the process of transforming public spaces in urban areas [50].
appeal, increase tourist traffic, and attract new investors [49]. For this reason, these projects
play a very important role in the process of transforming public spaces in urban areas [50].
3. Materials and Methods
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.1. Study
Three Areathe twelve towns in the Region of Warmia in north-eastern Poland were selected for
of out
the study.Three
Warmian
of out towns are characterized
the twelve by similar
towns in the Region environmental
of Warmia conditions,
in north-eastern Poland werelocation factors,
selected
for theand
functions, study. Warmian towns
foundation are Despite
dates. characterized
thesebysimilarities,
similar environmental
historicalconditions,
areas and location
publicfactors,
spaces in
functions,
Warmian townsand foundation
have dates. Despite
been preserved these similarities,
with varying degrees ofhistorical
success.areas andwere
Towns public spaces for
selected in this
Warmian towns have been preserved with varying degrees of success. Towns were selected
study based on the present condition of historical downtown areas, mostly market squares, which were for this
study based on the present condition of historical downtown areas, mostly market squares, which
the central points of chartered towns in the Middle Ages. The analyzed towns were Dobre Miasto,
were the central points of chartered towns in the Middle Ages. The analyzed towns were Dobre
Jeziorany, and Reszel (Figure 1).
Miasto, Jeziorany, and Reszel (Figure 1).
Figure
Figure 1. Historical
1. Historical andand geographic
geographic regions
regions ofofPoland
Poland(left),
(left),and
and the
the location
location of
ofthe
theanalyzed
analyzedtowns
towns in
in Warmia (right). Source: own elaboration based
Warmia (right). Source: own elaboration based on [51,52].on [51,52].
The downtown area in Dobre Miasto is practically devoid of historical features. The town was
founded in the Middle Ages based on a strict grid plan [53], where the castle, the town hall, and the
The downtown area in Dobre Miasto is practically devoid of historical features. The town was
founded in2019,
Sustainability the 11,
Middle
x FOR Ages based on
PEER REVIEW a strict grid plan [53], where the castle, the town hall, and 5 ofthe
19
church (only
church (only the
the church
church building
building has
has survived
survived to to this
this day)
day) were
were the
the dominant
dominant buildings.
buildings. However,
However,
church
the (onlyurban
original the church
layout building
was lost has survived
over the to this
centuries. Theday) were
market the dominant
square was buildings.
replaced by a However,
roundabout,
the original urban layout was lost over the centuries. The market square was replaced by a
the
and original urban layout bear
the existing was nolost over thetocenturies. The urban
market square was 2).
replacedWorld
by a
roundabout, and buildings semblance
the existing buildings the historical
bear no semblance fabric
to the historical (Figure
urban fabricAfter
(Figure 2).
roundabout,
War II,World and the
the reconstructionexisting buildings bear
effort in Dobreeffort
Miastono semblance to the historical urban fabric (Figure 2).
After War II, the reconstruction in broke
Dobrewith pastbroke
Miasto traditions
with because it was subjugated
past traditions because it
After
to the World War
socialist II, the reconstruction
realism effortthe
in Dobre Miasto broke with past intraditions because it
was subjugated to the doctrine. As a result,
socialist realism doctrine.identity of oldthe
As a result, town buildings
identity Dobrebuildings
of old town Miasto wasin
was subjugated
irretrievably to the socialist realism doctrine. As a result, the identity of old town buildings in
Dobre Miastolost.
was irretrievably lost.
Dobre Miasto was irretrievably lost.
Figure
Figure 2.
2. Dobre
DobreMiasto—aerial
Miasto—aerial view
viewofofthe
thehistorical
historicaldowntown
downtown (a);
(a);collegiate
collegiate church
church and
and the
the western
western
Figure 2. Dobre Miasto—aerial view of the historical downtown (a); collegiate church and the western
frontage
frontage of
of the
the market
market square
square (b).
(b). Source:
Source: author.
author.
frontage of the market square (b). Source: author.
A
A different
different situation isisencountered
encountered in Jeziorany.This This townwas was founded onon a hill surrounded
A different situation
situation is encounteredininJeziorany.
Jeziorany. Thistown town was founded
founded a hill
on surrounded
a hill surrounded by
by
thethe Symsarna
Symsarna River
River ononthethe northern
northern andandwestern
westernsides
sides[54].
[54].InInmedieval
medieval times,
times, Jeziorany
Jeziorany featured
featured
by the Symsarna River on the northern and western sides [54]. In medieval times, Jeziorany featured
aa fortified castle that
that protected the the inhabitants against
against enemies. MedievalMedieval towns
towns were
were typically
a fortified
fortified castle
castle that protected
protected the inhabitants
inhabitants against enemies.
enemies. Medieval towns were typically
typically
established
established in in locations where natural barriers (hills, rivers) formed defense lines [55].
established in locations
locations where
where natural
natural barriers
barriers (hills,
(hills, rivers)
rivers) formed
formed defense
defense lines
lines [55].
[55].
The
The old
old town square in Jeziorany is only a remnant of the original urban configuration with
The old town
town square
square in in Jeziorany
Jeziorany isis only
only aa remnant
remnant of of the
the original
original urban
urban configuration
configuration with with
regard
regard to
to its
its spatial
spatial layout,
layout, scale,
scale, division,
division, and
and architectural
architectural style.
style. Jeziorany
Jeziorany does
does not
not have
have aa town
town
regard to its spatial layout, scale, division, and architectural style. Jeziorany does not have a town
hall
hall building,
building, the rectangular
rectangular marketsquaresquare is disproportionatelylarge largerelative
relativetoto the existing scale
hall building, the the rectangularmarket
market squareisisdisproportionately
disproportionately large relative the
to existing
the existingscale of
scale
of development,
development, and
and thearchitectural
the architecturaldesign
designofofsome
somebuildings
buildings hashas no
no historical
historical reference
reference (Figure
(Figure 3).
3).
of development, and the architectural design of some buildings has no historical reference (Figure 3).
Despite
Despite thethe above,
above, thethe old
old town square has aa distinctive ambience or, or, in architectural terms, genius
Despite the above, the old town
town square
square has
has a distinctive
distinctive ambience
ambience or, in
in architectural
architectural terms,
terms, genius
genius
loci
loci [56–59].
[56–59]. Fragments
Fragments of of the
the original
original urban
urban layout
layout andand historical
historical buildings
buildings have
have been
been preserved
preserved in in
loci [56–59]. Fragments of the original urban layout and historical buildings have been preserved in
the
the old
old town
town square
square and
and they
they constitute
constitute protected
protected cultural
cultural heritage.
heritage.
the old town square and they constitute protected cultural heritage.
Figure 3. Jeziorany—aerial view of the historical downtown (a); old town square in Jeziorany (b).
Figure 3. Jeziorany—aerial
Figure 3. Jeziorany—aerial view
view of
of the
the historical
historical downtown
downtown (a);
(a); old
old town
town square
square in
in Jeziorany
Jeziorany (b).
(b).
Source: author.
Source: author.
Source: author.
Reszel is a Warmian town where the urban layout and architectural design of the historical town
Reszel is a Warmian town where the urban layout and architectural design of the historical town
center have been most successfully preserved. The old town has the shape of a nearly regular
center have
havebeen
beenmost
most successfully
successfully preserved.
preserved. The The old town
old town has thehas the of
shape shape of aregular
a nearly nearlyrectangle,
regular
rectangle, and it is nestled within the winding bend of a river [60]. The grid street plan divides the
rectangle, and it is nestled within the winding bend of a river [60]. The grid street plan divides the
old town into blocks composed of historical buildings (Figure 4). The size of the old town and
old town into blocks composed of historical buildings (Figure 4). The size of the old town and
fragments of fortified walls testify to Reszel’s long history. The market square in Reszel constitutes
fragments of fortified walls testify to Reszel’s long history. The market square in Reszel constitutes
the main public space, which is enclosed on all sides by historical buildings characterized by a
the main public space, which is enclosed on all sides by historical buildings characterized by a
uniform architectural style, balanced scale, proportions, rhythm, and level of detail. Reszel is one of
uniform architectural style, balanced scale, proportions, rhythm, and level of detail. Reszel is one of
and it is nestled within the winding bend of a river [60]. The grid street plan divides the old town
into blocks composed of historical buildings (Figure 4). The size of the old town and fragments of
fortified walls testify to Reszel’s long history. The market square in Reszel constitutes the main public
space, which is enclosed on all sides by historical buildings characterized by a uniform architectural
style, balanced scale, proportions, rhythm, and level of detail. Reszel is one of the few Warmian
towns
the fewwhere
Warmianthe three
townsmain types
where ofthree
the publicmain
buildings—the townbuildings—the
types of public hall, the churchtown
and the
hall,castle—have
the church
been preserved to this day. These buildings and the harmonious architectural
and the castle—have been preserved to this day. These buildings and the harmonious design of the old town
architectural
enhance
design ofthe thequality
old town of public
enhancespace in the market
the quality square.
of public spaceThe square
in the is flanked
market square.by protected
The square ishistorical
flanked
buildings on all sides.
by protected historical buildings on all sides.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Reszel—aerial
Reszel—aerial view
view of
of the
the historical
historical downtown
downtown (a);
(a); southern
southern frontage
frontage of the market
of the market square
square
(b). Source: author.
(b). Source: author.
The analyzed towns have undergone numerous changes and developments throughout the
centuries. Their
Their size
size and
and population
population have
have increased
increased significantly, and the boundaries of historical
downtown areas
areas differ
differconsiderably
considerablyfrom
fromthe original
the urban
original layout
urban andand
layout are easily identified.
are easily The
identified.
present-day
The areaarea
present-day and and
population of the
population of studied towns
the studied are presented
towns in Table
are presented 1. 1.
in Table
1. Population and
Table 1.
Table and area
area of
of the
the analyzed
analyzed towns.
towns. Source:
Source: Statistics Poland [61].
No. No. Town

Town Population
Population[‘000]
[‘000] Area [km
Area2][km2 ]
1. 1. Dobre
Dobre Miasto
Miasto 10.29
10.29 4.86 4.86
2.
2. Jeziorany
Jeziorany
3.26
3.26
3.41 3.41
3. Reszel 4.61 3.82
3. Reszel 4.61 3.82
3.2. Methods
3.2. Methods
A multicriteria evaluation of public spaces in small historical towns requires a series of analyses
A
of urbanmulticriteria evaluation
planning solutions, of public spaces
architectural in small
features, and historical towns
their ability requires
to meet a series
the needs andof aspirations
analyses of
urban
of modern communities. These attributes differed considerably in the analyzed towns due of
planning solutions, architectural features, and their ability to meet the needs and aspirations to
modern
variationscommunities. These
in the condition ofattributes
preserveddiffered considerably
historical in the
buildings and analyzed
urban townsThe
structures. dueconfiguration
to variations
in the condition
of urban of preserved
and architectural historical
elements thatbuildings
influence and urban structures.
the historical townscape The configuration
should of urban
be evaluated with
and architectural elements
the use of multiple criteria. that influence the historical townscape should be evaluated with the use of
multiple criteria. compilation of the existing research methods was used to perform multicriteria
A synthetic
evaluations of thecompilation
A synthetic of theThe
analyzed towns. existing
appliedresearch
methodsmethods
had been was used to perform
previously used, butmulticriteria
most of the
evaluations of the analyzed towns. The applied methods had
assessment criteria were developed by the authors The assessment was an been previously used, but most
expert of the
evaluation
assessment
conducted in criteria were developed
its entirety by the authors The assessment was an expert evaluation conducted
by the authors.
in itsThe
entirety by the authors.
study was conducted in the following stages:
Stage 1—Multicriteria analysis of the spatial structure of small towns.
The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the extent to which urban layout and architectural
solutions meet the needs and aspirations of public space users. An interpretive historical research
method [62] was applied. The method relies on historical and iconographical sources, and it is used
to interpret and systematize the cultural value of spatial planning components. The perceptions and
functionality of public spaces are complex phenomena, and the adopted method offers a holistic
approach to the studied problem by considering both material (historical data) and nonmaterial
(esthetic considerations) aspects, including:
The study was conducted in the following stages:

The aim of this
Sustainability 2019, analysis was REVIEW
11, x FOR PEER to evaluate the extent to which urban layout and architectural 7 of 19
solutions meet the needs and aspirations of public space users. An interpretive historical research
method 1. [62]
Founding
was applied. date—iconographic
The method relies sources and anand
on historical analysis of the literature.
iconographical sources, and German-language
it is used
literature dating back to the 19th century was reviewed [63,64].
to interpret and systematize the cultural value of spatial planning components. The perceptionsUrban planning solutions
and were
functionality analyzed
of publicin view of town
spaces foundingphenomena,
are complex dates to determine
and thethe presence
adopted of correlations
method offers a between
holistic these
two factors [65].
approach to the studied problem by considering both material (historical data) and nonmaterial
2. considerations)
(esthetic Topographic features—iconographic
aspects, including: sources (maps, satellite images, etc.). The location of the
analyzed towns was analyzed in view of the local landform, including the presence of hills, river
1. Foundingbends, date—iconographic
and river banks (Table sources
2). and an analysis of the literature. German-language
literature dating back to the 19th century was reviewed [63,64]. Urban planning solutions were
analyzed in 2.
Table view of town between
Correlations foundinglandform
dates toand
determine the presence
urban planning of correlations
solutions. between these
Source: own elaboration based
two factors
on [66].[65].
2. Topographic features—iconographic sources (maps, satellite images, etc.). The location of the
No. towns was
analyzed Landform
analyzed in view of the local landform, Urban Planning
including Solutions
the presence of hills, river
- grid street plan,
bends, and river banks (Table 2).
1. Hill with steep slopes - dense urban network,
Table 2. Correlations between landform and- urban dense planning

development resulting
solutions. from
Source: ownspace constraints.
elaboration
based on [66]. - grid street plan with various degrees of regularity,
No. Landform - uncontrolled
Urbanurban development
Planning Solutions in the direct vicinity of
2. River bend the river,
- grid street plan,
1. Hill with steep slopes - urban
- dense urban expansion in a direction opposite to the river.
network,
- dense development resulting from space constraints.
- grid street plan with various degrees of regularity,
- grid street plan with various degrees of regularity,
Fork atbend
the junction of two - uncontrolled urban development in the direct vicinity of
2. River - uncontrolled urban development in the direct vicinity of the river,
3. the river,
rivers - urban expansion in a direction opposite to the river.
- grid street- plan
constrained urban
with various expansion.
degrees of regularity,
Fork at the junction of
3. - uncontrolled urban development in the direct vicinity of the river,
two rivers
- constrained urban expansion.
Urban layout—iconographic sources (maps, satellite images, etc.). The urban planning solutions
in the studied towns were analyzed in view of typical medieval town patterns.
Urban Size
layout—iconographic sourcessquares—maps
and shape of municipal (maps, satelliteand
images, etc.).images.
satellite The urban
The planning solutions
size and shape of market
in the studied towns were analyzed in view of typical medieval town patterns.
squares was dictated by the urban layout. The size of market squares was proportional to a town’s
Size and
area andshape of municipal
economic status insquares—maps
the region. Theand satellite
studied images.
towns wereThe size and
assessed forshape of market
the size, organization,
squaresand
was dictated
quality by the urban
of market squares layout.
(TableThe
3). size of market squares was proportional to a town’s
area and economic status in the region. The studied towns were assessed for the size, organization,
and qualityTable
of market squares
3. Shape (Table
and size 3).
of market squares in the studied towns. Source: own elaboration based on
[67].
Table 3. Shape and size of market squares in the studied towns. Source: own elaboration based on [67].
Shape of
No. Market
Shape of Size of Market Square
Size of Market Square
No. Size of Market Square
Market Square
Square
The
Theshape
shapeandandrelative surface
relative areaarea
surface of the
ofmarket squaresquare
the market (ratio of market
(ratio of market
1. 1. size to town size at the time of foundation) influence perceptions of urban
square
square size to town size at the time of foundation) influence perceptions of urban
structures. Market squares that are disproportionately large relative to the
structures.
town’s Market
area tend to besquares that
perceived as are disproportionately
neutral largemarkets
and harmonious. Such relative to the
2. town’s area tend
are generally to be perceived
elongated as neutral
and some have and architectural
a dominant harmonious. Such markets
feature.
2. rectangle
rectangle are generally elongated and some have a dominant architectural feature.
Architecture—iconographic sources, field surveys, and analyses of the condition of heritage

buildings (Table 4). Architecture is the key component of urban space that determines the quality and
attractiveness of public spaces. Architecture is largely responsible for the distinctive atmosphere of a
place, which is based on subjective perceptions. The form, layout, scale, detail and architectural style
of historical buildings, the type of building materials, and their texture and color are ambient-forming
elements. Nonmaterial factors, such as founding date and historical events, are also powerful stimuli
that generate positive perceptions of space. Historical buildings considerably influence sensory and
Architecture—iconographic sources, field surveys, and analyses of the condition of heritage

buildings (Table 4). Architecture is the key component of urban space that determines the quality and
attractiveness of public spaces. Architecture is largely responsible for the distinctive atmosphere of a
place, which is based on subjective perceptions. The form, layout, scale, detail and architectural style
of historical buildings, the type of building materials, and their texture and color are ambient-forming
elements. Nonmaterial factors, such as founding date and historical events, are also powerful stimuli
that generate positive perceptions of space. Historical buildings considerably influence sensory and
esthetic perceptions. A town’s architecture stimulates the senses and creates an esthetic experience.
Table 4. The influence of architecture on perceptions of public spaces. Source: own elaboration.
No. Architectural Features Perceptions of Public Spaces

- distinctive atmosphere,
1. Architectural style and time period - sense of identity,
- authentic historical experience.
- esthetic experience,
2. Architectural form, layout, and scale
- presence or absence of genius loci.
Architectural composition, division, - enhanced/reduced esthetic experience,
3.
and rhythm - presence or absence of genius loci.
Building materials, architectural - enhanced/reduced esthetic experience,
4.
detail, texture, and color - presence or absence of genius loci.
Stage 2—urban planning and architecture as the main determinants of the quality of public spaces
in historical towns.
The influence of urban planning solutions and architecture on the quality of public spaces in
historical towns was evaluated in the second stage of research. Attractive urban planning and functional
solutions significantly contribute to the fulfillment of local needs. The material and nonmaterial aspects
of architectural design are timeless carriers of cultural phenomena, construction skills, and esthetic
intuition of medieval designers. Such analyses require a thorough knowledge of the history of
architecture and urban planning. The following components of space were evaluated:
• Market squares as urban structures, historical architecture–cartographic sources, observations,

and field surveys. The aim of this research stage was to evaluate the extent to which the original
urban design (shape and size of market squares, street plan) and architecture had been preserved
in the main public spaces. The analysis required a working knowledge of the history of urban
planning and architecture.
The results were used to estimate the date of construction, identify the architectural style,
and assess the authenticity of the analyzed buildings (Table 5). The authenticity of urban design was
evaluated subjectively on the following scale: 0–35%—not preserved; 36–65%—neutral; 66–85%—partly
preserved; and 86–100%—preserved.
Table 5. The impact of authentic urban design and architecture on the quality of public spaces in
historical towns. Source: own elaboration.
No. Component Assessment

- analysis of cartographic sources,
1. Historical urban design - field survey,
- knowledge of the history of urban planning.
- preservation of the original shape, structure and size,
- degree of cohesion between urban structures and the overall urban
2. Old town market squares fabric of historical towns,
- attributes of urban space.
- analysis of iconographic sources,
3. Historical architecture - field survey,
- knowledge of the history of architecture.
- preservation of historical architectural design,
- preservation of historical buildings flanking market squares (structure,
form, and style),
Evaluation of
4. - preservation of dominant structures and buildings in the immediate
architecture
vicinity of public spaces (church, town hall, tower, and
fortified structure),
- quality of public spaces (architectural design and street furniture).
Preservation of historical components of public spaces. Historical elements play a very important
role in the management of public spaces by contributing to the distinctive atmosphere of a place.
The extent to which historical elements have been preserved in the analyzed towns was evaluated
intuitively (holistically). Individual components of public spaces, including objects, buildings,
town blocks, streets, and urban structures were analyzed in view of their present functions and heritage
value (Table 6). The adopted criteria were evaluated subjectively on the following scale: 0–35%—not
preserved; 36–65%—neutral; 66–85%—partly preserved; and 86–100%—preserved.
Table 6. Preservation of historical components of public spaces. Source: own elaboration.
No. Subjective Evaluation Preservation of Historical Components of Public Spaces

- town blocks preserved in original form,
1. Preserved - historical architecture,
- distinctive atmosphere of a historical town.
- minor modifications of historical components exert a negligible
influence on the overall legibility of urban design,
2. Partly preserved - foreign and modern architectural forms exert a minor effect on
historical urban design,
- the existing urban structure has a predominantly historical character.
- considerable modifications of historical components significantly
compromise the overall legibility of urban design,
3. Neutral - a predominance of foreign architectural forms significantly detracts
from historical urban design,
- the structural layout of historical towns is difficult to identify.
- the legibility of the original urban design has been lost,
- architectural design does not make a reference to
4. Not preserved
historical conventions,
- public spaces do not reflect the town’s history.
4. Results
The results of the study are based on the criteria for evaluating the spatial structure of historical
towns, described in Section 3. The results are presented separately for each stage of the conducted
research, as in Section 3.
The study revealed differences in the spatial structure of the analyzed towns. Because the towns
have similar founding dates (Dobre Miasto—1329, Jeziorany—1338, and Reszel—1337), any correlations
between the date of the town charter and urban design would be difficult to find. The studied towns
have a grid street plan, which was the predominant urban layout in the Middle Ages. In Dobre Miasto
and Jeziorany, an analysis of historical records revealed traces of urban design patterns typical of
Silesia. In Silesian towns, the long sides of the market square were intersected by additional streets
(Figure 5a,b), which could suggest that the first settlers in the evaluated towns had originated from
Silesia. The above pattern was not observed in Reszel (Figure 5c). These findings indicate that the
administrative boundaries of regions and countries did not act as barriers in the development of
architecture and urban areas.
Figure5.5.Town
Figure Townplans
plansfrom 1826–1828:
from (a)—Dobre
1826–1828: Miasto;
(a)—Dobre (b)—Jeziorany;
Miasto; andand
(b)—Jeziorany; (c)—Reszel. Source:
(c)—Reszel. [46].
Source:
[46].
Topographic features exerted a considerable influence on the urban development pattern.
All studied towns were
Topographic builtexerted
features in cruda
a radice (from ainfluence
considerable “raw root”)
onbut
thethey were
urban developed based
development on All
pattern. the
existing settlements or military outposts. The urban layout of the analyzed towns relies on different
studied towns were built in cruda radice (from a “raw root”) but they were developed based on the
natural features:
existing settlements or military outposts. The urban layout of the analyzed towns relies on different
natural features:
• river bend—Reszel (33.3%),
•• river bend—Reszel
fork at the junction of(33.3%),
two rivers—Dobre Miasto (33.3%),
•• fork at the
hill with junction
steep of two rivers—Dobre
slopes—Jeziorany (33.3%). Miasto (33.3%),
• hill with steep slopes—Jeziorany (33.3%).
The urbanization process eradicated all traces of former settlements. In the Middle Ages, towns
wereThe urbanization
established process
in areas witheradicated
favorableall tracescharacteristics,
terrain of former settlements. In the as
which acted Middle Ages,
natural towns
defensive
were established in areas with favorable terrain characteristics, which acted as natural
barriers to protect the inhabitants. Polish medieval towns were characterized by similar size, with the defensive
barriers
exception to of
protect
large the inhabitants.
cities of strategicPolish medieval
importance. towns
The size were characterized
of medieval by similartheir
towns reflected size,economic
with the
exception of large cities of strategic importance. The size of medieval towns reflected their
status and technical capabilities. Considerable effort was required to build fortified walls, organize economic
status
dense and
human technical capabilities.
settlements, Considerable
and fulfill the basic effort
needswas required
of local to build fortified
communities. walls,centuries,
In successive organize
dense human settlements, and fulfill the basic needs of local communities. In successive
economic growth led to the expansion of urban structures outside defensive walls. Despite the above, centuries,
economic
all towns growth led to the
have retained expansion
their historicalof centers.
urban structures outsideexpansion
The territorial defensive of
walls.
the Despite
analyzed the above,
towns is
all towns have retained
presented in Table 7. their historical centers. The territorial expansion of the analyzed towns is
presented in Table 7.
Table 7. Territorial expansion of the studied towns. Source: own elaboration based on cartographic
resources.
No. Parameter Dobre Miasto Jeziorany Reszel

Developed area at the time of
1. 6.0 ha 4.5 ha 6.0 ha
foundation (PL)
2. Present area (PO) 25.2 ha 16.2 ha 19.2 ha
5 4.2
Increase in developed area 4 3.6
3.2
• fork at the junction of two rivers—Dobre Miasto (33.3%),
• hill with steep slopes—Jeziorany (33.3%).
The urbanization process eradicated all traces of former settlements. In the Middle Ages, towns
were established in areas with favorable terrain characteristics, which acted as natural defensive
barriers to protect the inhabitants. Polish medieval towns were characterized by similar size, with the
Sustainability 2020, 12, 8356
exception of large cities of strategic importance. The size of medieval towns reflected their economic 11 of 20
status and technical capabilities. Considerable effort was required to build fortified walls, organize
dense human settlements, and fulfill the basic needs of local communities. In successive centuries,
Table 7.economic growthexpansion
Territorial led to the expansion
of the ofstudied
urban structures
towns. outside defensive
Source: own walls. Despite thebased
elaboration above, on
all towns have
cartographic resources. retained their historical centers. The territorial expansion of the analyzed towns is
presented in Table 7.
Table 7. Territorial expansion of the studied towns. Source: own elaboration based on cartographic
Developed area at
resources.
1. the time of 6.0 ha 4.5 ha 6.0 ha
Developed area(PL)
foundation at the time of
1. 6.0 ha 4.5 ha 6.0 ha
2. foundation
Present (PL)
area (PO) 25.2 ha 16.2 ha 19.2 ha
2. Present area (PO) 25.2 ha 16.2 ha 19.2 ha
5 4.2
Increase in developed area 4 3.6
Increase in 3.2
developed area 3
3. 3. 2
1
( =
PO
)
WWPZ = PL 0
Dobre Miasto Jeziorany Reszel
The data in Table 7 point to a considerable increase in the area of the studied towns over the
centuries. The density and type of urban structures changed in line with new trends in urban
The data in Table 7 point to a considerable increase in the area of the studied towns over the
planning and architecture. However, the historical character of downtown areas was preserved, and
centuries. The density
these public and type
spaces of urban
constitute structures
landmarks thatchanged in separated
are clearly line withfrom
newcontemporary
trends in urban
urbanplanning
and architecture. However, the historical character of downtown areas was preserved, and these public
structures.
spaces constituteHistorical urbanthat
landmarks design
areplays an important
clearly separated rolefrom
in public spaces, and it urban
contemporary starkly contrasts with
structures.
contemporary planning solutions in other parts of the town. Medieval towns had a grid pattern with
Historical urban design
Historical urban design plays
plays an
an important role in
important role in public
public spaces,
spaces, and
and it
it starkly
starkly contrasts
contrasts with
with
contemporary
contemporary planning
planningsolutions
solutionsin
inother
otherparts
partsofofthe
thetown.
town.Medieval
Medievaltowns
townshad
hada agrid
gridpattern
patternwith
witha
central market square surrounded by blocks of dense development. The homogeneity
a central market square surrounded by blocks of dense development. The homogeneity of urban of urban design
was additionally
design underscored
was additionally by a regular
underscored by anetwork
regular of roads that
network have survived
of roads that havetosurvived
this day.toThe
thisextent
day.
to which the medieval urban fabric has been preserved in illustrated in Figure 6.
The extent to which the medieval urban fabric has been preserved in illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Figure 6. Preservation
Preservation of
of historical
historical urban fabric in
urban fabric in the
the analyzed towns. Source:
analyzed towns. Source: own
own elaboration
elaboration based
based
on cartographic resources.
on cartographic resources.
Key: 1—grid
1—gridstreet
streetpattern;
pattern;2—transport
2—transport accessibility
accessibilityin public spaces;
in public 3—road
spaces; 3—roadnetwork; 4—
network;
boundaries of historical
4—boundaries market
of historical squares;
market 5—shape
squares; 5—shape and
andsize
sizeofofhistorical
historicalmarket
marketsquares;
squares; 6—dominant
6—dominant
structure (architectural form); 7—scale and proportions of frontage frontage buildings;
buildings; 8—structures and
facilities characteristic
facilities characteristicof downtown
of downtown areasareas
(market(market
squaressquares
as publicas public
spaces); spaces);
9—types 9—types of
of development
development in historical market squares; 10—building materials forming the
in historical market squares; 10—building materials forming the surface of the market squaresurface of the market
and
squareand
roads; and11—green
roads; andinfrastructure
11—green infrastructure (secondary factor).
(secondary factor).
Historical market squares have been preserved as the main public spaces in medieval towns, towns,
regardless of the rate at which
which these
these towns
towns had
had developed
developed or or their
their territorial
territorial reach.
reach. Market squares
were the main trading places that contributed to the economic growth of medieval towns. Their shape
and size had been designed to match the town’s layout at the time of foundation. The market square
in Reszel has the shape of a square (33.3%), whereas Dobre Miasto and Jeziorany have rectangular
market squares (66.6%). The area of the studied towns and market squares relative to the area
enclosed by fortified walls (relative area of the market square) are presented in Table 8.
were the main trading places that contributed to the economic growth of medieval towns. Their shape
and size had been designed to match the town’s layout at the time of foundation. The market square
in Reszel has the shape of a square (33.3%), whereas Dobre Miasto and Jeziorany have rectangular
market squares (66.6%). The area of the studied towns and market squares relative to the area enclosed
by fortified walls (relative area of the market square) are presented in Table 8.
Table 8. Area of historical market squares. Source: own elaboration based on cartographic resources.
Market Square Area Relative Market Square Area

No. Town
[ha] [%]
1. Dobre Miasto 0.58 8.5
2. Jeziorany 0.40 10.5
3. Reszel 0.37 7.5
Key: relative market square area—ratio of market square area to developed area enclosed by fortified walls.
The main public buildings that dominated the townscape, including the church, the town hall
(in the center of the market square), and the fortified castle, were erected directly in the market square
or in its vicinity. Very few of these buildings have survived the region’s turbulent history (wars, fires).
In the group of the studied towns, all three buildings have been preserved only in Reszel.
In addition to public buildings and utilities, the quality of historical market squares is also
influenced by the architectural style of the buildings flanking the square. Architectural factors influence
esthetic
influence perceptions of structures
esthetic perceptions of that define that
structures public spaces.
define Thespaces.
public extent to which
The thetooriginal
extent which architecture
the original
of frontage buildings
architecture of frontage hasbuildings
been preserved
has beenis illustrated
preserved isinillustrated
Figure 7. in Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Preservation
Preservation of
of the
the original
original architecture
architecture of
of buildings
buildings in
in public
public spaces
spaces in
in the
the analyzed
analyzed towns.
towns.
Source: own elaboration.
Source: own elaboration.
Key: 1—historical
1—historicalarchitecture
architecture(preserved
(preserved original design);
original 2—dominant
design); 2—dominant buildings; 3—form
buildings; and
3—form
layout
and of urban
layout development;
of urban 4—scale
development; of development;
4—scale 5—architectural
of development; composition
5—architectural of frontage
composition of
buildingsbuildings
frontage (subdivision of land parcels);
(subdivision of land 6—roof
parcels);design
6—roof and roofing
design andmaterials; 7—building
roofing materials; materials
7—building
consistentconsistent
materials with historical design; 8—architectural
with historical details; 9—texture
design; 8—architectural and colorand
details; 9—texture of building facades;
color of building
10—structures
facades; and facilities
10—structures characteristic
and facilities of downtown
characteristic areas (services,
of downtown commerce,
areas (services, housing);
commerce, and
housing);
11—distinctive
and atmosphere
11—distinctive (genius
atmosphere loci)loci)
(genius of public spaces.
of public spaces.
2—urbanplanning
Stage 2—urban planningandand architecture
architecture as the
as the mainmain determinants
determinants of theofquality
the quality of spaces
of public public
spaces
in in historical
historical towns. towns
The extent to which historical elements of public space have been preserved in the analyzed
towns was
was evaluated
evaluatedin inthe
thesecond
secondstage
stageofof
thethe
study. TheThe
study. influence of urban
influence planning
of urban solutions
planning and
solutions
architectural features on historical market squares as the main public spaces was also evaluated,
including the layout and area of market squares, historical architecture, and form and style of
buildings flanking market squares. The extent to which the original spatial solutions have been
preserved in downtown public spaces is illustrated in Figure 8. The adopted criteria were evaluated
subjectively on the following scale: 0–35%—not preserved; 36-65%—neutral; 66-85%—partly
consistent with historical design; 8—architectural details; 9—texture and color of building facades;
10—structures and facilities characteristic of downtown areas (services, commerce, housing); and
11—distinctive atmosphere (genius loci) of public spaces.
Stage 2—urban planning and architecture as the main determinants of the quality of public
spaces in historical
Sustainability towns
2020, 12, 8356 13 of 20
The extent to which historical elements of public space have been preserved in the analyzed
towns was evaluated in the second stage of the study. The influence of urban planning solutions and
and architectural features on historical market squares as the main public spaces was also evaluated,
architectural features on historical market squares as the main public spaces was also evaluated,
subjectively on the following scale: 0–35%—not preserved; 36-65%—neutral; 66-85%—partly preserved;
subjectively on the following scale: 0–35%—not preserved; 36-65%—neutral; 66-85%—partly
and 86–100%—preserved.
preserved; and 86–100%—preserved.
Figure 8.8.Preservation
Figure Preservation of historical
of the the historical
spatialspatial solutions
solutions in the towns.
in the analyzed analyzed towns.
Source: ownSource: own
elaboration.
elaboration.
Key: 1—urban layout; 2—legible road network; 3—transport accessibility (pedestrian and
Key: 1—urban layout; 2—legible road network; 3—transport accessibility (pedestrian and
vehicular traffic); 4—pedestrian safety (threats posed by wheeled traffic); 5—types of development
vehicular traffic); 4—pedestrian safety (threats posed by wheeled traffic); 5—types of development
in market squares; 6—identity of historical market squares; 7—dominant buildings; 8—density of
in market squares; 6—identity of historical market squares; 7—dominant buildings; 8—density of
development; 9—architecture of frontage buildings; and 10—historical dimension of public spaces.
development; 9—architecture of frontage buildings; and 10—historical dimension of public spaces.
Historical urban design and architectural solutions determine the value of public spaces in old
Historical urban design and architectural solutions determine the value of public spaces in old
towns. These factors should be also taken into account when heritage sites are adapted to modern
towns. These factors should be also taken into account when heritage sites are adapted to modern
needs. Historical structures differ from modern architecture, and the material and nonmaterial value
needs. Historical structures differ from modern architecture, and the material and nonmaterial value
of heritage sites should be adequately preserved. The variability of historical townscape elements
of heritage sites should be adequately preserved. The variability of historical townscape elements is
is illustrated in Figure 9. The adopted criteria were evaluated subjectively on the following scale:
illustrated in Figure 9. The adopted criteria were evaluated subjectively on the following scale: 0–
0–35%—not preserved; 36–65%—neutral; 66-85%—partly preserved; and 86–100%—preserved.
35%—not preserved; 36–65%—neutral; 66-85%—partly preserved; and 86–100%—preserved.
Figure 9.
Figure 9. Historical
Historical urban design and
urban design and architectural
architectural solutions
solutions in
in contemporary
contemporary public
public spaces
spaces in
in the
the
analyzed towns.
analyzed towns. Source:
Source: own
own elaboration.
elaboration.
Key: 1—distinctive atmosphere—urban layout; 2—distinctive atmosphere—architecture; 3—

structures and facilities characteristic of downtown areas; 4—functionality of historical spatial
solutions; 5—density of development; 6—spatial order (esthetic perceptions, authentic historical
experience); 7—stylistic homogeneity of urban structures; 8—availability of information; 9—
pedestrian access; 10—disabled access; 11—potential for future development; and 12—distinctive
atmosphere (genius loci) of public spaces.
Key: 1—distinctive atmosphere—urban layout; 2—distinctive atmosphere—architecture;

3—structures and facilities characteristic of downtown areas; 4—functionality of historical spatial
solutions; 5—density of development; 6—spatial order (esthetic perceptions, authentic historical
experience); 7—stylistic homogeneity of urban structures; 8—availability of information; 9—pedestrian
access; 10—disabled access; 11—potential for future development; and 12—distinctive atmosphere
(genius loci) of public spaces.
5. Discussion
The results of spatial analyses demonstrated that urban elements that testify to the historical
value of public spaces have been preserved to a varied degree in the studied towns. The applied
research methods supported assessments of the influence of harmonious public space design on esthetic
perceptions and the attractiveness of downtown areas in small historical towns. Urban, architectural,
and compositional factors that significantly influence perceptions of the multidimensional character of
public spaces were studied. The present condition of historical elements was evaluated. The results
were used to identify areas where revitalization measures should be initiated to restore the attractiveness
of historical centers and promote sustainable urban, economic, and social development [68].
All three studied towns were founded in the first half of the 14th century. They were developed
on a grid street plan, which was the predominant urban layout in medieval towns. The towns have
a regular street pattern with a market square in the center. Different versions of the traditional grid
pattern were encountered. The layout of Dobre Miasto and Jeziorany was visibly influenced by urban
planning solutions typical of the region of Silesia in south-western Poland. The original elements of
urban design have been preserved to a varied extent in the studied towns, and the degree of consistency
with the historical layout was estimated at 5–20% in Dobre Miasto, 70–80% in Jeziorany, and 90–100%
in Reszel.
Terrain characteristics played an important role during the establishment of medieval towns.
These features acted as natural barriers that protected local inhabitants. The analyzed towns differed in
this respect, and the predominant landforms included a river bend, a fork at the junction of two rivers,
and a hill with steep slopes. These observations point to an individual approach to urban planning
and a strong need for security.
The size of medieval towns was dictated by their economic status and technical capabilities. At the
time of their establishment, the studied towns had an area of 4.5–6 ha. Their territorial reach continued
to expand as their economic growth accelerated in successive centuries. Since their foundation,
the analyzed towns increased three- to four-fold in size.
Market squares were the drivers of economic growth and social development in medieval towns.
Located in the center, the market square was a hub of trade and commerce and the most important
public space in the town. The market’s central location influenced development in the remaining parts
of the town, and its size was determined by the area enclosed by the fortified wall. Dobre Miasto and
Jeziorany have rectangular market squares, whereas Reszel has a square market. The market squares
in the analyzed towns have a similar area of 0.37 to 0.58 ha. They are still the main public spaces in the
evaluated towns but their functions have changed over time. Today, market squares play representative
and recreational roles and they are regarded as hallmarks of local identity. The size of medieval market
squares was determined by population, economic factors, and the town’s development pattern. In the
analyzed towns, the average ratio of market area to town area was determined 8.83%, and it ranged
from 7.5% to 10.5%. This observation confirms similar planning solutions in towns established in the
corresponding period of time.
Continued economic growth increased the regional status and fueled the expansion of Warmian
towns throughout the centuries. The area of Warmian towns increased rapidly in the 19th century
when regional production plants such as brick factories, lumber mills, breweries, and flour mills were
established in the region. The expansion of the railway network also significantly contributed to the
economic growth and the territorial expansion of local towns [69].
The cultural identity of public spaces in the analyzed towns was evaluated based on the extent to
which the original urban planning elements have been preserved. The damage inflicted on Warmian
towns at the end of World War II and the reconstruction effort undertaken after the war in line with
the socialist realism doctrine contributed to significant differences in the historical character of old
town centers. Original planning solutions and architectural features have been preserved to a different
extent in the evaluated towns. A spatial analysis (Figure 8) revealed that the historical urban fabric
has been least well preserved in Dobre Miasto. The medieval church in the vicinity of the market
square is the only remainder of the town’s nearly 700-year-old history. The market square in Jeziorany
has been more successfully preserved. The current conservation status of the original urban layout
and architecture in Jeziorany was evaluated as average. The historical urban fabric has been most
successfully preserved in Reszel, which was not damaged during World War II.
The region’s history has directly affected the existing transportation network in the analyzed
towns. Market squares are not closed off to vehicular traffic, and the market in Dobre Miasto is
intersected by a main transit road to Poland’s border with the Kaliningrad Region. Based on the
National Safety Risk Map and the results of field surveys, pedestrian safety has been evaluated at 5%
in Dobre Miasto, 30% in Jeziorany, and 70% in Reszel. The high score noted in Reszel indicates that
historical planning solutions can be successfully incorporated into the modern urban fabric.
The historical value of public spaces is determined mainly by the architecture of old town buildings.
This factor is chiefly responsible for the emotional perceptions associated with historical heritage
sites. The original urban fabric has been preserved to a different extent in the evaluated towns, and it
was determined at 5% in Dobre Miasto, 50–75% in Jeziorany, and 90–95% in Reszel. The town hall,
the church, and the fortified castle were the dominant buildings in medieval towns and they are the
most important relics of these towns’ rich history. The conservation status and the impact of these
structures on the contemporary townscape were evaluated at 30% in Dobre Miasto, 60% in Jeziorany,
and 100% in Reszel. The extent to which the major buildings influence the historical identity of the
studied towns was determined at 5–10% in Dobre Miasto, 75% in Jeziorany, and 95% in Reszel.
The value of public spaces is also influenced by their functional roles. Public spaces form the core
of historical towns and determine their attractiveness for visitors. In the studied towns, the extent to
which historical public spaces constitute the hubs of economic and social activity was determined at
5% in Dobre Miasto, 60% in Jeziorany, and 90% in Reszel. Dobre Miasto scored lowest in this respect
because the market square is nearly entirely flanked by apartment blocks without retail or service
outlets on the ground floor.
The results of the evaluation (Figure 9) were used to assess the historical value of public spaces in
small towns. The distinctive atmosphere of a place, referred to as genius loci in architecture, is the
most elusive and subjective criterion in evaluations of historical sites. Historical sites have individual
characteristics, but they constitute functioning central areas that are the key manifestations of local
identity. The identity-building capacity of public spaces in the analyzed town was determined at
5–10% in Dobre Miasto, 55–80% in Jeziorany, and 95–100% in Reszel. These results coincide with the
conservation status of the historical urban fabric and architecture in the studied towns, which suggests
that these two components exert the greatest influence on the perceived attractiveness of historical
public spaces.
The evaluated spatial elements and their role in the evolution and functioning of public spaces
support the identification of urban structures and complexes that require restoration and revitalization.
The results of the study were used to propose recommendations for enhancing the quality of public
spaces in the analyzed towns (Table 9). The solutions for improving the historical and functional
attributes of public spaces in Warmian towns were formulated based on the key objectives of
revitalization programs and the results of the current study.
Table 9. Proposed revitalization measures in the analyzed towns. Source: own elaboration.
Revitalization Measures
No. Criterion
DM J R
- reinstatement of historical urban design + +/− -
1. Urban design - delimitation of the original market square + +/− -
- pedestrian access + +/− -
- restoration of buildings flanking the
+ + +/−
market square
Architecture in - technical upgrades in buildings + +/− +/−
2. public spaces
- reinstatement of the subdivision of
+ - -
land parcels
- restoration of original architectural design + +/− -
- reinstatement of the functions
characteristic of downtown areas (retail + +/− +/−
3. Economic factors and services)
- increasing the competitive advantage of
+ +/− -
downtown areas
- conversion of public spaces into social
+ + +/−
integration hubs
4. Social factors
- creation of safe and user-friendly
+ + -
public spaces
Key: DM—Dobre Miasto; J—Jeziorany; R—Reszel; “+”—required; “+/−”—moderately required;
and “−”—not required.
The recommended revitalization measures can be an important tool in the process of shaping
public spaces in the analyzed towns. They can significantly enhance the towns’ attractiveness for
tourists and investors. For this reason, revitalization programs should focus on restoring the historical
urban fabric, creating unrestricted pedestrian access to public spaces, reinstating the subdivision of
land parcels, restoring historical architecture, reviving and increasing investment into downtown areas,
and increasing the attractiveness of public spaces as the hubs of social activity and integration [69].
Revitalization is a long-term process, which requires the participation of professionals from different
areas of expertise who have a broad vision for future development. These efforts should also involve
local community members because each town is a living and rapidly changing organism. Considerable
research has been dedicated to the development and future outlook of historical towns. The open-design
approach was implemented in Senigallia, Italy, to regenerate its historical urban heritage through the
participatory design path [70].
The most extensive revitalization measures are required in Dobre Miasto. The damage sustained
during the war and postwar reconstruction efforts deprived the town of its historical identity. The market
square in Dobre Miasto resembles a traffic junction, and it does not meet the definition of a user-friendly
public space. Its urban layout and architecture do not make a reference to the town’s history, and the
centrally located church is the only relic of the former medieval town that once surrounded it.
The historical urban fabric of Jeziorany has been moderately preserved, and repair and renovation
efforts are required to some extent. Revitalization is least urgently needed in Reszel. Spatial elements
have a favorable conservation status, which contributes to the town’s socioeconomic growth. Therefore,
the scope of the necessary revitalization is limited. The results presented in Figure 9 and Table 9 indicate
that historical urban layout and architectural design are the key determinants of the perception of
public spaces in terms of their contemporary attractiveness and functioning. These strong correlations
contribute to a sense of local identity and responsibility for one’s place of residence.
6. Conclusions
This article analyzes and evaluates public spaces in small historical towns in the region of Warmia
in north-eastern Poland. The original layout of the studied towns has been preserved to a varied
degree in the course of their turbulent history, but old market squares continue to play the role
of central points in the contemporary urban structure. Transformations of the urban layout and
architecture of small towns affect spatial order and are closely associated with the economic growth
and social development of downtown areas. Public spaces in the centers of historical towns have many
dimensions and serve different purposes. For this reason, various aspects were taken into consideration
in the presented analysis, including esthetic, economic, social, environmental, and functional factors,
as well as sentimental value, which is an inseparable attribute of historical sites.
The results of the conducted analyses revealed that the historical character of public spaces
has been preserved to a varied extent in the studied towns. The conservation status of the original
urban fabric was evaluated as negative in Dobre Miasto, average in Jeziorany, and positive in Reszel.
At the same time, a strong correlation was observed between the success of historic preservation and
the contemporary functioning of public spaces in the examined towns. Dobre Miasto and Reszel
are the extreme examples. The market square in Dobre Miasto has been completely deprived of its
historical character and identity, and it no longer functions as a core that integrates members of the
local community. In contrast, the historical urban fabric of Reszel has been largely preserved, and the
town has a distinctive atmosphere that attracts both local residents and visitors. These observations
provide strong evidence that medieval structures and architecture can be effectively incorporated into
contemporary urban centers to accommodate local needs and the pace of modern life. The scope of the
required revitalization measures differs in the analyzed public spaces. The results of this study can
be used to identify areas that are in greatest need of revival and to define the extent of revitalization
programs. The present findings also constitute valuable inputs for the local authorities and local
communities in the process of prioritizing revitalization measures and enhancing the spatial value of
historical centers in small towns.
In the future, the proposed method for evaluating the quality of historical public spaces will be
validated based on the results of assessments conducted by other experts and local communities who
are direct users of these spaces. These findings can be used to modify the presented methodological
approach. This research study was motivated by the scarcity of global standards for evaluating public
spaces in historical towns.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.Z., A.S. (Adam Senetra), and A.S. (Agnieszka Szczepańska);
methodology, M.Z., A.S. (Adam Senetra), and A.S. (Agnieszka Szczepańska); formal analysis, M.Z.; investigation,
M.Z., A.S. (Adam Senetra), and A.S. (Agnieszka Szczepańska), resources, M.Z.; data curation, M.Z.;
writing—original draft preparation, M.Z., A.S. (Adam Senetra) and A.S. (Agnieszka Szczepańska); writing—review
and editing, A.S. (Adam Senetra), and A.S. (Agnieszka Szczepańska); visualization, M.Z.; supervision,
A.S. (Adam Senetra), and A.S. (Agnieszka Szczepańska); project administration, M.Z. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the
study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to
publish the results.
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sustainability

Keywords: small town; public space; revitalization; historical downtown; perception

Sustainability 2020, 12, 8356; doi:10.3390/su12208356 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

2.1. Public Spaces in Small Towns

2.2. Urban Revitalization

− improve the attractiveness of urban space,

No. No. Town

The study was conducted in the following stages:

Table 2. Correlations between landform and- urban dense planning

Architecture—iconographic sources, field surveys, and analyses of the condition of heritage

Architecture—iconographic sources, field surveys, and analyses of the condition of heritage

No. Architectural Features Perceptions of Public Spaces

• Market squares as urban structures, historical architecture–cartographic sources, observations,

No. Component Assessment

Table 6. Preservation of historical components of public spaces. Source: own elaboration.

No. Subjective Evaluation Preservation of Historical Components of Public Spaces

No. Parameter Dobre Miasto Jeziorany Reszel

Market Square Area Relative Market Square Area

Key: 1—distinctive atmosphere—urban layout; 2—distinctive atmosphere—architecture; 3—

Key: 1—distinctive atmosphere—urban layout; 2—distinctive atmosphere—architecture;

30. Kobylarczyk, J. Współczesna funkcja rynku—Historycznej przestrzeni publicznej w wybranych miastach

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