IOT based Manhole Detection and Monitoring System

A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Academic requirements for
the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Submitted By

CH. Sruthi (18H55A0205)

G. Dileep Kumar (17H51A0219)
B. Sai Subramanyam (17H51A0213)
N. Suhas Reddy (17H51A0243)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.V.Harish
Assistant Professor, EEE Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
(NAAC Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade & NBA Accredited)(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated
To JNTU Hyderabad)
KANDLAKOYA, MEDCHAL ROAD, HYDERABAD-501401
2020-2021

i
 CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(UGC AUTONOMOUS)
(NAAC Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade & NBA Accredited)(Approved by AICTE, Permanently
Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad)
KANDLAKOYA, MEDCHAL ROAD, HYDERABAD-501401
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled This is to certify that the project
report entitled “IOT based Manhole Detection & Monitoring System” is a
Bonafide work done by 1.Gade Dileep Kumar (17H51A0219) 2. CH.
Sruthi(18H55A0205) 3. B. Sai Subramanyam (17H51A0213) 4.N.Suhas Reddy
(17H51A0243) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical &Electronics Engineering,
submitted to the Department of Electrical &Electronics Engineering, CMR
College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad during the Academic Year
2020-21.

Mr.V.Harish Dr. G. DevaDasu

Assoc. Professor (CMRCET) HOD, EEE Department(CMRCET)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly grateful to our guide MR.V.Harish, Assistant Professor, Department of
EEE, CMRCET for his excellent guidance and constant encouragement throughout for the
successful completion of the Project.

We are obliged and grateful to thank, Mr. G. DEVADASU HOD, Department of EEE,
CMRCET, for his co-operation in all respects.

We are obliged and grateful to thank, Dr. K. SRINIVASA RAO, Dean (Academics),
CMRCET, for his cooperation in all aspects.

We would like to thank Major Dr.VA NARAYANA, Principal, CMRCET, for his support
in the course of this project work.

We would like to thank Sri Ch. GOPAL REDDY garu, Secretary& Correspondent of
CMRCET, for his cooperation in all respects during the course.

It gives immense pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude to project InCharge,
Mr.V.Harish, Department of EEE, & project Coordinator Ms.S.SAMPATHRAJ, Department
of EEE CMRCET for their valuable suggestions in each and every review during the course of
my project.

Finally, we would like to thank all teaching & non- teaching staff members of the
department, for their cooperation and support throughout the duration of our course.

Ultimately, we own all our success to our beloved parents, whose vision, love and
inspiration has made us to reach out for these glories.

1. CH.Sruthi (18H55A0205)
2. G.dileep kumar (17H51A0219)
3. B. Sai Subramanyam (17H51A0213)
4.N. Suhas Reddy (17H51A0243)

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 CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Introduction of Embedded System 5

1.2 History and Future 6
1.3 Real Time Systems 7
1.4 Overview of Embedded System Architecture 10
1.5 Literature Survey 14

CHAPTER 2:BLOCK DIAGRAM AND FUNCTIONING

2.1 Block Diagram 14

2.2 Power Supply Diagram 14

CHAPTER 3: DESCRPTION OF COMPONENTS

3.1 Arduino 16
3.2 Power Supply 21
3.21 Step down Transformer 21
3.22 Rectifier 21
3.23 Filter 21
3.24 Voltage Regulation 21
3.3 LCD 22
3.4 Gas Sensor 26
3.5 WIFI 30
3.6 Flow Sensor 40

CHAPTER 4: IOT (Internet of Things) 44

CHAPTER 5: Arduino Software 53

CONCLUSION 64

REFERENCES 65

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 LIST OF TABLES
S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
1 Pin Diagram Description Of LCD 23

2 Command Operation Of LCD 24

3 Command List Of LCD 25

LIST OF FIGURES
S NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
1 Blocks Of Hardware Embedded System 11

2 Power Supply Block Diagram 14

3 Pin Diagram LCD 22

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 ABSTRACT
Nowadays, accidents due to broken and missing manhole covers are quite
frequent. Manholes are not monitored properly in developing countries. These
accidents can lead to serious injuries and also death. Hence, here we propose a
system to overcome this problem. We have included an array of sensors for
complete monitoring of the manhole cover so that such accidents can be
prevented. This project includes a gas cover to monitor the gas emitted from the
sewage systems so that toxicity can be monitored, the internal temperature is also
monitored if a check for a change in the temperature as the property of manhole
change with temperature which could need to crack formation. Also, a float sensor
is used to indicate when the water level goes beyond a certain level, in case on the
IOT website. Also, all the parameters are continuously updated on the website.

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 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
An integral part of any drainage system is the access points into it when it comes to
cleaning, clearing, and inspection. Metropolitan cities have adopted underground drainage
system and the city’s municipal corporation must maintain its cleanliness. If the sewage
maintenance is not proper, ground water gets contaminated causing infectious diseases.
Blockages in drains during monsoon season, causes problems in the routine of the public. Hence,
there should be a facility in the city’s corporation, which alerts the officials about blockages in
sewers, their exact location and also if the manhole lid is open automatically. Underground
drainage consists of sewage system, gas pipeline network, water pipelines, and manholes.
Temperature sensors are used to monitor electric power lines that are installed underground.
Pressure sensors are deployed to avoid manhole explosions due to chemical release and electrical
energy. Paper [1] represents the implementation and design function of and Underground
Drainage and Manhole Monitoring System (UDMS) with separate transmitter and receiver
models. The vital considerations of this design are low cost, low maintenance, fast deployment,
and a high number of sensors, long life-time and high quality of service. Paper [2] mainly
acknowledges in the field of alerting the people about the gas explosion, increase in the water
level and the opened lid. It uses IoT to make the drainage monitoring system in a highly
automotive by using sensor for detecting and sending alerts through audible alarms with glowing
of LED light and messages via Wi-Fi module to the authorities, storing the data in the cloud and
displaying the details in the web browser. This project overcomes the demerits of paper [1] by
detecting drainage water blockage by installing water flow rate sensors at the intersection of
nodes. When there is a blockage in a particular node, there is variation in the flow of drainage
water which when cross the set value will display the alert in the managing station. Also
demerits of paper [2] are solved by detecting temperature variations inside the manhole and
alerting the same to the managing station through automatic mail. Also, flow rate sensors are
used to detect the over flow of the drainage water and alerting the same to the managing station
through automatic mail. So, the main focus of this project is to provide a system which monitors
water level, atmospheric temperature, water flow and toxic gases. If drainage gets blocked and
sewage water overflows, manhole lid opens, it is sensed by the sensors and this data is sent to the
corresponding managing station via transmitter located in that area. Maintenance of manholes
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manually is tedious and dangerous due to the poor environmental conditions inside. It is,
therefore dangerous to go inside the manholes for inspection of its current state. To solve all the
problems related to underground sanitation, a remote alarm system is necessary for transmitting
data collected by the sensors set inside the manhole to the managing station. This project uses
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) to implement this system. These nodes are composed of
controller, memory, transceiver and battery to supply power.

1.1 Introduction of Embedded System:

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps

additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example is
the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used
every day, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the
preparation of their lunch or dinner.

This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is comprised
of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for example).
However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; it is able to
do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer to make this
distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer does
not know what the customer will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file server
another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great
American novel.

Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For

example, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system
controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicle's emissions, and a third
displays information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by
some sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.

At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose
computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists
of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of

5
Which is an embedded system? Each of these devices contains a processor and software and is
designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and receive
digital data over analog telephone line. That's it and all of the other devices can be summarized
in a single sentence as well.

If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software
could be completely unnoticed by the user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave oven,
VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it would even be possible to build an equivalent device that
does not contain the processor and software. This could be done by replacing the combination
with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in hardware. However, a lot of
flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It is mush easier, and cheaper, to
change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware.

1.2 History and Future:

Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this chapter; the first such systems
could not possibly have appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the world's
first microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators
produced by the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of
custom integrated circuits-one for each of their new calculator models. The 4004 was Intel's
response rather than design custom hardware for each calculator, Intel proposed a general-
purpose circuit that could be used throughout the entire line of calculators. Intel's idea was that
the software would give each calculator its unique set of features.

The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the
next decade. Early embedded applications included unmanned space probes, computerized traffic
lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode the
waves of the microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens
(bread machines, food processors, and microwave ovens), living rooms (televisions, stereos, and
remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit
card readers).

It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase
rapidly. Already there are promising new embedded devices that have enormous market

6
potential; light switches and thermostats that can be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems
that don't inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and
personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly,
individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems
will be in demand for quite some time.

1.3 Real Time Systems:

One subclass of embedded is worthy of an introduction at this point. As commonly

defined, a real-time system is a computer system that has timing constraints. In other words, a
real-time system is partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or
decisions in a timely manner. These important calculations are said to have deadlines for
completion. And, for all practical purposes, a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer.

The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time
system is part of an airplane's flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passengers
and crew to be endangered by a single missed deadline. However, if instead the system is
involved in satellite communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data packet.
The more severe the consequences, the more likely it will be said that the deadline is "hard" and
thus, the system is a hard real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of this discussion
are said to have "soft" deadlines.

All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers of
real-time system who is more delight in his work. He must guarantee reliable operation of the
software and hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives
depend upon three system's proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive
paperwork.

Application Areas :Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded
systems. The embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are
used in very market segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation,
biomedical engineering, wireless communication,Data communication, telecommunications,
transportation, military and so on.

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Consumer appliances: At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital
camera, digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and
air-conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car
has about 20 embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning,
navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are
powerful embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as
playing games and word processing.

Office automation: The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying
machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control.
These include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity
generation and transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out
specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and
then take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send
information to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where
human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs.
The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated
tasks such as hardware assembly.

Medical electronics: Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system.
These equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices,
X-ray scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc.
Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.

Computer networking: Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated

Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay
switches are embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols.
For example, a router interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different
protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze
the packets and send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion.

8
Most networking equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access
the networks, are embedded systems.

Telecommunications: In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be

categorized as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key
telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network
equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers
(PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded
systems that provide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.

Wireless technologies: Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many
interesting applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the
last decade of the 20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice
communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can
now be used to access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication
infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful
embedded systems.

Insemination:Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters
such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems.
Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio
communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank to
miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy
testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel.

Security: Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect
our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded
systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security
devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems.
Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~
embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in. every industrial segment- consumer
electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control and
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industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to
encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on communication links such as telephone
lines.Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used
for user authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in high security
buildings.

Finance: Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for
transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time
Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and
memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic
wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list
goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the
work of an embedded system.

1.4 Overview of Embedded System Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central

Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is
loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded
system architecture can be represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig.

The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above
the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating
system in every embedded system.

For small appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no
need for an operating system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For
applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a
case, you need to integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer
the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip,
the software will continue to run fora long time you don’t need to reload new software.

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 Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded
system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are:

1.4.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

1.4.2 Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
1.4.3 Input Devices
1.4.4 Output devices
1.4.5 Communication interfaces
1.4.6 Application-specific circuitry

Fig 1.1 Blocks of hardware embedded system

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following:
microcontroller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-
cost processor. Its main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components
such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small
applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external components required
will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use
many external components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which signal
processing is involved such as audio and video processing.

Memory:

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 The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas
ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the
ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is
executed.

Input devices:

Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited
capability. There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded
system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to
give a specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded
systems used in process control do not have any input device foruser interaction; they take inputs
fromsensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

Output devices:

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of
the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
may also be used to display some important parameters.

Communication interfaces:

The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may
have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one
or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB),
IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.

Application-specific circuitry:

Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an
embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to
carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through

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the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that the
power consumption is minimized.

1.5 LITERATURE SURVEY

1 The design space of wireless sensor networks, Wireless Communications Author: Romer, K.
Mattern, Description: In the recent past, wireless sensor networks have found their way into a
wide variety of applications and systems with vastly varying requirements and characteristics.
As a consequence, it is becoming increasingly difficult to discuss typical requirements
regarding hardware issues and software support. This is particularly problematic in a
multidisciplinary research area such as wireless sensor networks, where close collaboration
between users, application domain experts, hardware designers, and software developers is
needed to implement efficient systems. In this paper we discuss the consequences of this fact
with regard to the design space of wireless sensor networks by considering its various
dimensions. We justify our view by demonstrating that specific existing applications occupy
different points in the design space.
.2 Towards the Implementation of IoT for Environmental Condition Monitoring in Homes
Author: Kelly S.D.T, Suryadevara, N.K, Mukhopadhyay S.C Description: In this paper, we
have reported an effective implementation for Internet of Things used for monitoring regular
domestic conditions by means of low cost ubiquitous sensing system. The description about the
integrated network architecture and the interconnecting mechanisms for reliable measurement
of parameters by smart sensors and transmission of data via internet is being presented. The
longitudinal learning system was able to provide self-control mechanism for better operations of
the devices in monitoring stage. The framework of the monitoring system is based on
combination of pervasive distributed sensing units, information system for data aggregation,
reasoning and context awareness. Results are encouraging as the reliability of sensing
information transmission through the proposed integrated network architecture is 97%. The
prototype was tested to generate realtime graphical information rather than a test bed scenario

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 CHAPTER-2
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT AND FUNCTIONING
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

2.2 POWER SUPPLY BLOCKDIAGRAM:

Step down
Bridge Filter Regulator Output
Transformer
Rectifier

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 CHAPTER -3
DESCRPTION OF COMPONENTS

3.1 ARDUINO

Overview The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable
or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno
board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
• 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins
placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided
from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR,
which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a
not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
•Stronger RESET circuit.
•Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the
upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of
Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the
index of Arduino boards.

15
Summary:

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

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Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Schematic & Reference Design

EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with Eagle 6.0 and
newer) Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf Note: The Arduino reference design can
use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in
the schematic for reference. The pin configuration is identical on all three processors

Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power

source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The

adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads

from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however,

the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than
12V, the

17
voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

VIN.The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as

opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply

voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied

with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin
of

the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can

damage your board. We don't advise it.

3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

GND. Ground pins.

Memory:
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output:
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

18
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using
the SPI library.
•LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5,
each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure
from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the
AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:
• TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library. There are a couple of other pins on the board:
•AREF.Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board. See also the mapping between Arduino pins and
ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
Communication:
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

19
3.2 POWER SUPPLY
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V
from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The
output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage,
the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even
after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc
voltage.

Fig 3.5 Block Diagram of Power supply

Fig 3.6 Circuit Diagram of Power supply

20
Step down Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these
voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input
available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This
is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to
a required level.

Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The
rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used
because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage Regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical
regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power
supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the
numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.
Features:

• Output Current up to 1A.

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

• Thermal Overload Protection.

• Short Circuit Protection.

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

21
3.3 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
Liquid Crystal Display also called as LCD is very helpful in providing user interface as
well as for debugging purpose. The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on
Hitachi's HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. The most
commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have
only 1 controller and support at most of 80 characters, whereas LCDs supporting more than 80
characters make use of 2 HD44780 controllers

Pin Description:

Fig 3.13 Pin Diagram of LCD

22
Pin No. Name Description

1 VSS Power supply (GND)

2 VCC Power supply (+5V)

3 VEE Contrast adjust

0 = Instruction input 1 =
4 RS
Data input

0 = Write to LCD module

5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module

6 EN Enable signal

7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

8 D1 Data bus line 1

9 D2 Data bus line 2

10 D3 Data bus line 3

11 D4 Data bus line 4

12 D5 Data bus line 5

13 D6 Data bus line 6

14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

15 LED+ Back Light VCC

16 LED- Back Light GND

Table 3.5 Pin Description of LCD

23
Table 3.6: Command Operation Of LCD

24
Although looking at the table you can make your own commands and test them. Below is a brief
list of useful commands which are used frequently while working on the LCD.
No. Instruction Hex Decimal

1 Function Set: 8-bit, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x30 48

2 Function Set: 8-bit, 2 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x38 56

3 Function Set: 4-bit, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x20 32

4 Function Set: 4-bit, 2 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x28 40

5 Entry Mode 0x06 6

Display off Cursor off

6 (clearing display without clearing DDRAM 0x08 8
content)

7 Display on Cursor on 0x0E 14

8 Display on Cursor off 0x0C 12

9 Display on Cursor blinking 0x0F 15

10 Shift entire display left 0x18 24

12 Shift entire display right 0x1C 30

13 Move cursor left by one character 0x10 16
14 Move cursor right by one character 0x14 20
15 Clear Display (also clear DDRAM content) 0x01 1

Set DDRAM address or cursor position on

16 0x80+add 128+add
display

Set CGRAM address or set pointer to

17 0x40+add 64+add
CGRAM location

25
To send commands we simply need to select the command register. Everything is same as we have
done in the initialization routine. But we will summarize the common steps and put them in a single
subroutine. Following are the steps:

• move data to LCD port

• select command register
• select write operation
• send enable signal
• wait for LCD to process the command
• Sending Data to LCD
• To send data move data to LCD port
• select data register
• select write operation.
3.4 GAS SENSOR
The MQ series of gas sensors utilizes a small heater inside with an electro chemical sensor these
sensors are sensitive to a range of gasses are used at room temperature. MQ135 alcohol sensor is
a Sno2 with a lower conductivity of clean air. When the target explosive gas exists, then the
sensor’s conductivity increases more increasing more along with the gas concentration rising
levels. By using simple electronic circuits, it convert the charge of conductivity to correspond
output signal of gas concentration
The MQ135 gas sensor has high sensitivity in ammonia, sulfide, benze steam, smoke and in
other harm full gas. It is low cost and suitable for different applications. There are different types
of alcohol sensors like MQ-2, MQ-3, MQ-4, MQ-5, MQ-6, etc.

MQ-135 Gas Sensor

The MQ-135 gas sensor senses the gases like ammonia nitrogen, oxygen, alcohols, aromatic
compounds, sulfide and smoke. The boost converter of the chip MQ-3 gas sensor is PT1301. The
operating voltage of this gas sensor is from 2.5V to 5.0V. The MQ-3 gas sensor has a lower
conductivity to clean the air as a gas sensing material. In the atmosphere we can find polluting

26
gases, but the conductivity of gas sensor increases as the concentration of polluting gas increases.
MQ-135 gas sensor can be implementation to detect the smoke, benzene, steam and other
harmful gases. It has potential to detect different harmful gases. The MQ-135 gas sensor is low
cost to purchase. The basic image of the MQ-135 sensor is shown in the below figure.

MQ-135 Gas Sensor

Basic Pin Configuration Of Alcohol Sensor

The MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor consists of total 6-pins including A, H, B and the other three pins
are A, H, B out of the total 6-pins we use only 4 pins. The two pins A, H are used for the heating
purpose and the other two pins are used for the ground and power. There is a heating system
inside the sensor, which is made up of aluminium oxide, tin dioxide. It has heat coils to produce
heat, and thus it is used as a heat sensor. The below diagram shows the pin diagram and the
configuration of the MQ-3 alcohol sensor.

27
 Pin Configuration Of Alcohol Sensor
Working Principle And Circuit Diagram

The MQ-135 alcohol sensor consists of a tin dioxide (SnO2), a perspective layer inside
aluminium oxide micro tubes (measuring electrodes) and a heating element inside a tubular
casing. The end face of the sensor is enclosed by a stainless steel net and the back side holds the
connection terminals. Ethyl alcohol present in the breath is oxidized into acetic acid passing
through the heat element. With the ethyl alcohol cascade on the tin dioxide sensing layer, the
resistance decreases. By using the external load resistance the resistance variation is converted
into a suitable voltage variation. The circuit diagram and the connection arrangement of an MQ
135 alcohol is shown below.

MQ – 135 Air Quality Sensor

The air quality sensor is also a MQ-135 sensor for detecting venomous gases that are present in
the air in homes and offices. The gas sensor layer of the sensor unit is made up of tin dioxide
(SnO2); it has lower conductivity compare to clean hair and due to air pollution the conductivity
is increases. The air quality sensor detects ammonia, nitrogen oxide, smoke, CO2 and other
harmful gases. The air quality sensor has a small potentiometer that permits the adjustment of the
load resistance of the sensor circuit. The 5V power supply is used for air quality quality sensor.

28
 MQ – 135 Air Quality
Sensor

The air quality sensor is a signal output indicator instruction. It has two outputs: analog output
and TTL output. The TTL output is low signal light which can be accessed through the IO ports
on the Microcontroller. The analog output is an concentration, i.e. increasing voltage is directly
proportional to increasing concentration. This sensor has a long life and reliable stability as well.
Applications Of MQ 135 Gas Sensor

The following are the applications of the MQ 135 gas sensor:

• Air quality monitor

• Detection of harmful gases
• Domestic air pollution detection
• Industrial pollution detection
• Portable air pollution detection
Characteristics Of MQ 135

• Good sensitivity to harmful gases in wide range.

• It has long life and low cost.
• Possesses high sensitivity to ammonia, benzene, sulfide gases.
• It is a simple drive circuit
This is about the MQ135 alcohol sensor circuit diagram and the working operation and its
applications. We hope that the given information in the article is helpful to you in gaining some

29
good knowledge and understanding the project. Furthermore, if you have any queries regarding
this article and on electrical and electronic projects, you can comment in the below section. Here
is a question for you: How to find a Co2 and O2 level using MQ135 Arduino?

3.5 WIFI

A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In
fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio
communication.
Here's what happens:
A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using
an antenna.

A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to
the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.

The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the
Internet, translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless
adapter.
The radios used for Wi-Fi communication are very similar to the radios used for
walkie-talkies, cell phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio
waves, and they can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves
back into 1s and 0s. But Wi-Fi radios have a few notable differences from other radios:

• They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is

considerably higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and
televisions. The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data.

• They use 802.11 networking standards

How does it work?

30
• A small device known as a wireless transmitter, or hub, is required; this device
receives information from the internet via your home broadband connection. This
transmitter (often referred to as a Wireless Access Point, or WAP) then converts this
information into radio waves and emits it, effectively creating a small, local area
around itself, within which your devices can receive these radio signals if they are
fitted with the correct kind of wireless adapter. This area is often termed a Wireless
Local Area Network, or WLAN for short. The radio signals aren’t very strong, which is
why the Wi-Fi signal doesn’t travel very far; it will travel far enough to cover
throughout the average home and to the street directly outside, for example, but not
much further. One wireless hub is usually enough to enable you to connect to the
internet in any room in your home, though the signal will be stronger the nearer the hub
you are.
• When you send information back to the internet – by clicking on a link or sending
an email, for example – the process works in reverse; your device sends information via
a radio signal to the wireless transmitter, which converts the signal and communicates it
back via the broadband connection.

802.11 systems and bands:

There are several different 802.11 variants in use. Different 802.11 variants use
different bands. A summary of the bands used by the 802.11 systems is given below:

31
IEEE FREQUENCY BANDS COMME NTS
802.11 USED
VARIA
NT
802.11a 5GHz Read more about
802. 11a

802.11b 2.4GHz Read more about

802. 11b

802.11g 2.4GHz Read more about

802. 11g

802.11n 2.4 & 5 GHz Read more about

802. 11n

802.11a Below 6GHz Read more about

c 802. 11ac

802.11a Up to 60 GHz Read more about

d 802. 11ad

802.11a TV white space (below 1 Read more about

f GHz) 802. 11af

802.11a 700 MHz, 860MHz, Read more

h 902 MHz, etc. ISM
bands dependent about 802.
upon country and 11ah
allocations

32
How Wi-Fi Networks Works
Wi-Fi networks have no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by
using radio frequency (RF) technology -- a frequency within the electromagnetic
spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to
an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through
space.

The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). The primary job of an
access point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and "tune" into.
In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers and
devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters.

The Wi-Fi Alliance

The Wi-Fi Alliance, the organization that owns the Wi-Fi registered trademark term
specifically defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that
are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11
standards."

33
Initially, Wi-Fi was used in place of only the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard; however
the Wi-Fi Alliance has expanded the generic use of the Wi-Fi term to include any type
of network or WLAN product based on any of the 802.11 standards,
including 802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band and so on, in an attempt to stop confusion about
wireless LAN interoperability.

Wi-Fi Support in Applications and Devices

Wi-Fi is supported by many applications and devices including video game consoles,
home networks, PDAs, mobile phones, major operating systems, and other types
of consumer electronics. Any products that are tested and approved as "Wi-Fi
Certified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi-Fi Alliance are certified
as interoperable with each other, even if they are from different manufacturers. For
example, a user with a Wi-Fi Certified product can use any brand of access point with
any other brand of client hardware that also is also "Wi-Fi Certified".
3.6 WATER LEVEL SENSOR

What is Water Level Indicator?

Water level indicator definition: A water level indicator is a system that relays information
back to a control panel to indicate whether a body of water has a high or low water level. Some
water level indicators use a combination of probe sensors or float switches to sense water levels.
“The Water Level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the water level
in an overhead tank or any other water container.” according to Electronics Hub.

Purpose of Water Level Indicator

The purpose of a water level indicator is to gauge and manage water levels in a water tank. The
control panel can also be programmed to automatically turn on a water pump once levels get too
low and refill the water back to the adequate level.

Water Level Indicator Sensor?

A water level indicator sensor, also known as a probe sensor, is what tells the control panel that
corrective action is needed. A combination of high and low sensors are used to tell the control
panel when water levels are too high or too low. The control panel will then automatically turn
the pump on or off depending on the corrective action needed.

34
How Do Water Level Indicators Work?
Principle of Water Level Indicator

35
The working principle of a water level indicator is actually quite simple. Water level indicators
work by using sensor probes to indicate water levels in a storage tank. These probes send
information back to the control panel to trigger an alarm or indicator. As mentioned above, the
control panel can be programmed to automatically turn on your pump to refill the water again.

1. The water level is full – Nothing happens

2. Water level drops to the reference probe – Alarm is triggered
3. Fill start is triggered automaically turning on the water to fill the tank
4. Once the water is full, fill stop is triggered and the system automatically stops the pump
5. The system resets and waits for water levels to drop again
Depending on the manufacturer, some water level indicators will have 3 probes while others
might have as much as 7.

3 Probe water level indicators use a reference probe, fill start probe and fill stop probe to manage
water levels. These probes work together to manage the water levels in a tank. The reference is
the lowest point you want the water level to go to before the water starts filling again. The fill
start probe is usually the same length as the reference probe to ensure the pump starts filling the
water once it has reached its lowest point.

5 probe water level indicators use more probes to also include alarms. They have the same
reference probe but also come with a low alarm & high alarm probe that will tell you if water
levels become too low or too high.

Read more about how water level indicators work

What Is The Use Of a Water Level Indicator?

Applications of a Water Level Indicator
Water level indicators can be used in Hotels, Pools, Factories, fire protection systems in
buildings and more. Other applications and uses of a water level indicator include:

• Hotels
• Home apartments
• Commercial complexes
• Factories
• Where cooling towers are used
• Residential and commercial swimming pools
• Anywhere water levels need to be controlled
• In vehicles as a fuel level indicator
• In huge containers as a liquid level indicator

37
• Single phase motor
• Single phase submersibles
• Three phase motors
• Open wells
• Bore wells
• Sump Pumps
• Used to start and stop water pumps
• Water level indicator for water tank

Types Of Water Level Indicators

There are many different types of water level indicators including:

• Float switches
• Water level controls
• Floatless level indicators
• Single point level indicators
• Hanging water level sensors
• Conductivity level sensors
• Electronic water level indicators
• Spark plug water level indicators
• PVC water level sensors
• Wireless water level sensors
• Swimming pool water level indicators
Learn more about the different types of water level indicators

Benefits Of Water Level Indicators

• Easy to install
• Very little maintenance
• Compact design
• Automatic water level indicators ensure no overflows or running of dry pumps
• Saves money by using less water and electricity
• Can help avoid seepage of walls and roofs due to tanks overflowing
• Automatic save you can save manual labor time
• Consumes very little energy, perfect for continuous operation
• Shows incitation of water levels in any type of tank

38
 Learn more about the advantages and disadvantages of water level indicators

Sensor Used In a Water Level Indicator

The best sensor to use in a water level indicator is stainless steel probe sensors. Stainless
steel sensors prevent rusting, fouling, and deteriorating due to poor water quality. For
example, we only use stainless steel sensors in all of our water level sensors.
Importance of Water Level Indicators
Water level indicators are important for many different industries. For example, cooling
towers use water level indicators to monitor water levels in a tank and make corrective actions
based on the level of water. Without water level indicators in a water tank, you would have to
manually check whether enough water is in the tank, and should your tank ever go empty, it
could mean your chiller overheating. Water level indicators allow you to remotely monitor water
levels and make corrective actions automatically so you can focus on more important issues.
Water Level Indicator System
Water level indicators are usually sold as a 2-part system, the control panel, and water level
indicator probe sensors. Some water level indicator systems allow up to 6 sensing probes, while
others only allow 2 depending on the configuration you need. Read more about water level
indicator systems
Water Level Indicator Advantages
Water level indicator advantages include:
• Power Saver
• Money Saver
• Automatic
• Water Maximization
• Reliable Electronic Design

Water Level Indicator Disadvantages

Water level indicator disadvantages include:
• Water level controls need to be replaced every 3 years.
• The rust, foul and deteriorate
• Electronics are usually built seperately
• More difficult installation
• Most float switches are outdated

• No LED indicator lights

• No Warranty or Guarantee

39
 3.6 FLOW SENSOR

A flow sensor is a component that measures the flow of a fluid such as a gas or liquid. Flow
sensors utilize both mechanical and electrical subsystems to measure changes in the fluid's
physical attributes and calculate its flow. Measuring these physical attributes depends on the
fluid's physical attributes. Gaseous, liquid, and non-Newtonian fluids behave vastly different
from one another, so the methods we use to measure their flow must be different as well.

Type 1: Differential Pressure Flow Sensors

A fluid's velocity is directly related to the fluid's pressure, as shown by the Bernoulli equation:
dp=(density*velocity^2)/2

Differential pressure flow sensors calculate the pressure of the fluid. The sensors measure
pressure at two varying velocities while preserving the fluid density. In most differential pressure
flow sensors, a single pressure sensing node ― like a pitot tube ― sits on the edge of the fluid
flow path. A nozzle or change in orifice diameter accelerates the fluid, which is measured again
at a higher velocity. Once the sensor determines the difference in pressure, we can use the
Bernoulli equation to find the fluid velocity. Finally, we can use that fluid velocity to determine
the overall flow through the pipe.

This process requires controlling several variables to calculate the fluid's velocity
accurately. Therefore, differential pressure-based flow sensors are usually assemblies that
"interrupt" the piping, rather than adapting to an existing pipe. Several different sensors utilize
the differential pressure methodology, such as:

· Venturi tubes

· Rotameters

· Orifice plates

· Pitot tube arrays

40
 All these sensors have varying degrees of accuracy and system pressure loss. Differential
pressure flow sensors are the most popular type of flow sensors due to their performance and
versatility
Type 2: Thermal Mass Flow Sensors
Commonly used in gaseous, low-flow, high-accuracy applications like semiconductor
manufacturing, thermal mass flow sensors utilize a fluid's thermal properties to measure the flow
through a system. A thermal mass flow system has one of two basic configurations, but both rely
on a fluid's propensity to absorb thermal energy and measure the amount of energy in the fluid.
Here's a brief guide to the two configurations:

• Method one: A heating element and a thermal sensing element work together to measure
the amount of energy the fluid absorbs as it flows across the heating element and the
thermal sensor. First, the fluid absorbs the energy from the heating element. Next, the
sensor measures the fluid to determine how much energy it absorbed.

• Method two: A single heating element works to keep the temperature at a fixed level. As
the fluid absorbs energy, it cools the heating element, which requires more energy in the
system to maintain the temperature. We calculate mass flow by determining the amount
of energy that the heating element uses to maintain itself at a constant temperature.

In both methods, the fluid's velocity is directly related to how much energy it can absorb. The
slower the fluid flows, the more time the energy has to transfer from the heating element to the
fluid. The faster it flows, the less time it has to be absorbed by the fluid. One critical component
of thermal mass flow sensors is that they must be calibrated to the specific fluid in the thermal
mass flow system. Thermal mass flow sensors are fine-tuned to support varying gas purity levels,
such as pharmaceutical-grade nitrogen versus industrial, manufacturing-grade nitrogen. If
properly calibrated, these sensors can be extremely precise and reliable, which is why they are so
popular in manufacturing settings.

41
Applications of Flow Sensors

A variety of flow sensors are available to satisfy niche requirements and applications. The most
common parameters that will impact the type of flow sensor you need are:

· Volumetric ranges of the flow sensor

· Material

· Pressure

· Required accuracy

A flow sensor may be the perfect tool to help you understand and control a mechanical or
chemical subsystem in your application. Check out Arrow.com to shop flow sensors from top
manufacturers like Honeywell, OMRON, Sensirion, and TE Connectivity.

42
 CHAPTER-4
IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS)
Internet of Things-IOT

The IOT concept was coined by a member of the Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) development community in 1999, and it has recently become more relevant to the
practical world largely because of the growth of mobile devices, embedded and
ubiquitous communication, cloud computing and data analytics. Imagine a world where
billions of objects can sense, communicate and share information, all interconnected over
public or private Internet Protocol (IP) networks. These interconnected objects have data
regularly collected, analysed and used to initiate action, providing a wealth of intelligence
for planning, management and decision making. This is the world of the Internet of
Things (IOT). Internet of things common definition is defining as: Internet of things
(IOT) is a network of physical objects. The internet is not only a network of computers,
but it has evolved into a network of device of all type and sizes , vehicles, smart phones,
home appliances, toys, cameras, medical instruments and industrial systems, animals,
people, buildings, all connected ,all communicating & sharing information based on
stipulated protocols in order to achieve smart reorganizations, positioning, tracing, safe &
control & even personal real time online monitoring , online upgrade, process control &
administration We define IOT into three categories as below: Internet of things is an
internet of three things People to people, People to machine /things, Things /machine
to things /machine, Interacting through internet. Internet of Things Vision: Internet of
Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasive presence in the
environment of a variety of things/objects that through wireless and wired connections
and unique addressing schemes are able to interact with each other and cooperate with
other things/objects to create new applications/services and reach common goals. In this
context the research and development challenges to create a smart world are enormous. A
world where the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart environments
that make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent.

43
Internet of Things is refer to the general idea of things, especially everyday objects, that
are readable, recognisable, locatable, addressable through information sensing device
and/or controllable via the Internet, irrespective of the communication means (whether
via RFID, wireless LAN, wide area networks, or other means). Everyday objects include
not only the electronic devices we encounter or the products of higher technological
development such as vehicles and equipment but things that we do not ordinarily think of
as electronic at all - such as food , clothing ,chair, animal, tree, water etc. Internet of
Things is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects make themselves recognizable and
they obtain intelligence by making or enabling context related decisions thanks to the fact
that they can communicate information about themselves. They can access information
that has been aggregated by other things, or they can be components of complex services.
This transformation is concomitant with the emergence of cloud computing capabilities
and the transition of the Internet towards IPv6 with an almost unlimited addressing

44
capacity. The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime,
anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service.

II. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT

Internet of things (IoT) is a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling
advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and
evolving interoperable information and communication technologies. With the Internet of
Things the communication is extended via Internet to all the things that surround us. The
Internet of Things is much more than machine to machine communication, wireless
sensor networks, sensor networks , 2G/3G/4G,GSM,GPRS,RFID, WI-FI, GPS,
microcontroller, microprocessor etc. These are considered as being the enabling
technologies that make “Internet of Things” applications possible. Enabling technologies
for the Internet of Things are considered in and can be grouped into three categories: (1)
technologies that enable “things” to acquire contextual information, (2) technologies that
enable “things” to process contextual information, and (3) technologies to improve
security and privacy. The first two categories can be jointly understood as functional
building blocks required building “intelligence” into “things”, which are indeed the
features that differentiate the IoT from the usual Internet. The third category is not a
functional but rather a de facto requirement, without which the penetration of the IoT
would be severely reduced The Internet of Things is not a single technology, but it is a
mixture of different hardware & software technology. The Internet of Things provides
solutions based on the integration of information technology, which refers to hardware
and software used to store, retrieve, and process data and communications technology
which includes electronic systems used for communication between individuals or
groups. There is a heterogeneous mix of communication technologies, which need to be
adapted in order to address the needs of IoT applications such as energy efficiency,
speed, security, and reliability. In this context, it is possible that the level of diversity will
be scaled to a number a manageable connectivity technologies that address the needs of
the IoT applications, are adopted by the market, they have already proved to be
serviceable, supported by a strong technology alliance. Examples of standards in these
categories include wired and wireless technologies like Ethernet, WI-FI, Bluetooth,

45
ZigBee, GSM, and GPRS. [1, 2] The key enabling technologies for the Internet of Things
is presented in Figure 2.

III. CHARACTERISTICS

The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are as follows

Interconnectivity:

With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnected with the global information and
communication infrastructure.

Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within

the constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between
physical things and their associated virtual things. In order to provide thing-related
services within the constraints of things, both the technologies in physical world and
information world will change.

Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware
platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms
through different networks.

Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking
up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location
and speed. Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.

Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate
with each other will be at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to
the current Internet. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and
their interpretation for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as
efficient data handling.

Safety: As we gain benefits from the IoT, we must not forget about safety. As both the
creators and recipients of the IoT, we must design for safety. This includes the safety of
our personal data and the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the

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networks, and the data moving across all of it means creating a security paradigm that
will scale.

Connectivity: Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility.

Accessibility is getting on a network while compatibility provides the common ability to
consume and produce data.

IV. IOT ARCHITECTURE

IOT architecture consists of different layers of technologies supporting IOT. It serves to

illustrate how various technologies relate to each other and to communicate the
scalability, modularity and configuration of IOT deployments in different scenarios.
Figure 4 shows detailed architecture of IOT. The functionality of each layer is described
below

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A. smart device / sensor layer:

The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated with sensors. The sensors
enable the interconnection of the physical and digital worlds allowing real-time
information to be collected and processed. There are various types of sensors for different
purposes. The sensors have the capacity to take measurements such as temperature, air
quality, speed, humidity, pressure, flow, movement and electricity etc. In some cases,
they may also have a degree of memory, enabling them to record a certain number of
measurements. A sensor can measure the physical property and convert it into signal that
can be understood by an instrument. Sensors are grouped according to their unique
purpose such as environmental sensors, body sensors, home appliance sensors and
vehicle telematics sensors, etc. Most sensors require connectivity to the sensor gateways.
This can be in the form of a Local Area Network (LAN) such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi
connections or Personal Area Network (PAN) such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Ultra
Wideband (UWB). For sensors that do not require connectivity to sensor aggregators,
their connectivity to backend servers/applications can be provided using Wide Area
Network (WAN) such as GSM, GPRS and LTE. Sensors that use low power and low data
rate connectivity, they typically form networks commonly known as wireless sensor
networks (WSNs). WSNs are gaining popularity as they can accommodate far more
sensor nodes while retaining adequate battery life and covering large areas.

B. Gateways and Networks

Massive volume of data will be produced by these tiny sensors and this requires a
robust and high performance wired or wireless network infrastructure as a transport
medium. Current networks, often tied with very different protocols, have been used to
support machine-to-machine (M2M) networks and their applications. With demand
needed to serve a wider range of IOT services and applications such as high speed
transactional services, context-aware applications, etc., multiple networks with various
technologies and access protocols are needed to work with each other in a heterogeneous
configuration.

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 These networks can be in the form of a private, public or hybrid models and are built to
support the communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or security. Various gateways
(microcontroller, microprocessor...) & gateway networks (WI-FI, GSM, GPRS…) are shown in
figure.

C. Management Service Layer

The management service renders the processing of information possible through

analytics, security controls, process modelling and management of devices.

One of the important features of the management service layer is the business and process
rule engines. IOT brings connection and interaction of objects and systems together
providing information in the form of events or contextual data such as temperature of
goods, current location and traffic data. Some of these events require filtering or routing
to post processing systems such as capturing of periodic sensory data, while others
require response to the immediate situations such as reacting to emergencies on patient’s
health conditions. The rule engines support the formulation of decision logics and trigger
interactive and automated processes to enable a more responsive IOT system.

In the area of analytics, various analytics tools are used to extract relevant information
from massive amount of raw data and to be processed at a much faster rate. Analytics
such as in memory analytics allows large volumes of data to be cached in random access
memory (RAM) rather than stored in physical disks. In-memory analytics reduces data
query time and augments the speed of decision making. Streaming analytics is another
form of analytics where analysis of data, considered as data-in-motion, is required to be
carried out in real time so that decisions can be made in a matter of seconds.

Data management is the ability to manage data information flow. With data management
in the management service layer, information can be accessed, integrated and controlled.
Higher layer applications can be shielded from the need to process unnecessary data and

49
 reduce the risk of privacy disclosure of the data source. Data filtering techniques such as
data anonymisation, data integration and data synchronization, are used to hide the details
of the information while providing only essential information that is usable for the
relevant applications. With the use of data abstraction, information can be extracted to
provide a common business view of data to gain greater agility and reuse across domains.

Security must be enforced across the whole dimension of the IOT architecture right from
the smart object layer all the way to the application layer. Security of the system prevents
system hacking and compromises by unauthorized personnel, thus reducing the
possibility of risks.

D. Application Layer

The IoT application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such as:

Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain,
Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and
Energy.

V. IOT FUNCTIONAL VIEW

The Internet of Things concept refers to uniquely identifiable things with their virtual
representations in an Internet-like structure and IoT solutions comprising a number of
components such as : (1) Module for interaction with local IoT devices. This module is
responsible for acquisition of observations and their forwarding to remote servers for
analysis and permanent storage. (2) Module for local analysis and processing of
observations acquired by IoT devices. (3) Module for interaction with remote IoT
devices, directly over the Internet. This module is responsible for acquisition of
observations and their forwarding to remote servers for analysis and permanent storage.
(4) Module for application specific data analysis and processing. This module is
running on an application server serving all clients. It is taking requests from mobile
and web clients and relevant IoT observations as input, executes appropriate data
processing algorithms and generates output in terms of knowledge that is later

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presented to users. (5) User interface (web or mobile): visual representation of
measurements in a given context (for example on a map) and interaction with the user,
i.e. definition of user queries.

VI. FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR IOT.

The development of enabling technologies such as semiconductor electronics,

communications, sensors, smart phones, embedded systems, cloud networking, network
virtualization and software will be essential to allow physical devices to operate in
changing environments & to be connected all the time everywhere.

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While IOT is architected into layers, the technologies have been categorized into three
groups.

The first group of technologies impacts the devices, microprocessor chips:

The second group comprises technologies that support network sharing and address
capacity and latency issues:

The third group impacts the management services that support the IOT applications:

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 CHAPTER-5
ARDUINO SOFTWARE

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is required to program the Arduino

Uno board.

PROGRAMMING ARDUINO

Once arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with computer using
USB cable. Now open the arduino IDE and choose the correct board by selecting
Tools>Boards>Arduino/Genuino Uno, and choose the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port.
Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino programming language based on Wiring. To get it
started with Arduino Uno board and blink the built-in LED, load the example code by selecting
Files>Examples>Basics>Blink. Once the example code (also shown below) is loaded into your
IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given on the top bar. Once the upload is finished, you should
see the Arduino’s built-in LED blinking. Below is the example code for blinking:

ARDUINO – INSTALLATION

After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn how
to set up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program on the
Arduino board.

In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on our computer
and prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.

Step 1: First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board) and a
USB cable. In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560,
or Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you would
connect to a USB printer as shown in the following image.

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In case you use Arduino Nano, you will need an A to Mini-B cable instead as shown in the
following image

Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software.

You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the Arduino Official
website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your operating system
(Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.

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Step 3: Power up your board.

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from
either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you are using an
Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the
USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits
onto two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the two pins
closest to the USB port.

Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED
(labeled PWR) should glow.

Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE.

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After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder. Inside the folder,
you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe). Doubleclick the icon to
start the IDE

Step 5: Open your first project.

Once the software starts, you have two options:

Create a new project.

Open an existing project example.

To create a new project, select File --> New

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ssTo open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink.

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Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED on and
off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list.

Step 6: Select your Arduino board.

To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the correct
Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your computer.

Go to Tools -> Board and select your board.

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Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our tutorial, but you must select the
name matching the board that you are using.

Step 7: Select your serial port.

Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools -> Serial Port menu. This is likely to
be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find
out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears
should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.

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Step 8: Upload the program to your board.

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstrate the
function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar

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A- Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B- Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.

C- Shortcut used to create a new sketch.

D- Used to directly open one of the example sketch.

E- Used to save your sketch.

F- Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial data to the board.

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds; you will see the
RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done
uploading" will appear in the status bar.

Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you need to press the reset button
physically on the board, immediately before clicking the upload button on the Arduino
Software.

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ARDUINO – PROGRAM STRUCTURE

we will study in depth, the Arduino program structure and we will learn more new
terminologies used in the Arduino world. The Arduino software is open-source. The source
code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller
libraries are under the LGPL.

Sketch: The first new terminology is the Arduino program called “sketch”.

Structure Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values (variables and
constants), and Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about the Arduino software program,
step by step, and how we can write the program without any syntax or compilation error.

Let us start with the Structure. Software structure consist of two main functions:

Setup( ) function

Loop( ) function

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PURPOSE: The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize the variables,
pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each power up
or reset of the Arduino board.

INPUT: -

OUTPUT: -

RETURN:

PURPOSE: After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the
loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your
program to change and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.

INPUT: -

OUTPUT: -

RETURN:

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 CONCLUSION
Sensor unit automatically senses and updates the live values of the physical
parameters like temperature, humidity, water level and flow rate, blockages, and
manhole cap is open or closed through IoT. This makes the system smart and
automated. The deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), helps in the
implementation of the Smart cities in a developing countries. This WSN can also
be useful in designing of environmental monitoring systems, which helps in
monitoring of volcanic activities, flood detectors and other system. By a small
modification in the implementation, this project can be used in agriculture fields
or other environmental fields to monitor and control the systems

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 REFERENCES
[1] Prof Muragesh SK, Santhosha Rao, “Automated Internet of Things For Underground
Drainage and Manhole Monitoring Systems For Metropolitan Cities.” International Journal of
Information & Computation Technology, ISSN 0974-2239 Vol. 4, 2014.

[2] Dhanalakshmi.G, Akhil.S, Francisca Little Flower.M, Haribalambika.R, “Explosion

detection and drainage monitoring system by Automation System” International Journal of
Innovative research in computer and communication engineering, vol. 6, issue 2, February
2018.

[3] Gaurang Sonawane, Chetan Mahajan, Anuja Nikale, Yogita dalvi, “Smart Real-Time
Drainage Monitoring System USing IoT” May 2018, IRE Journals, Vol. 1 issue 11, ISSN:
2456-8880.

[4] Lazarescu, M.T., "Design of a WSN Platform for Long-Term Environmental Monitoring
for IoT Applications," Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits And Systems, IEEE Journal
on, vol.3, no.1, pp.45, 54, March 2013.

[5] G.Gowtham, K.Hari Haran, G.Keerthee Rajan, A.Sweeto Jeison, “Sewage level
maintenance using IoT” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technical, vol. 9,
Issue 2, February 2018.

[6] Timofte, R.; Van Gool, L., "Multi-view manhole detection, recognition, and 3D
localisation," Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), 2011 IEEE International
Conference, vol., no., pp.188.195, 6-13 Nov. 2011

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