POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

By
A. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Jasim M.
Types of stability
according to
disturbances
1. Steady-state stability
occurs according to small
disturbance and it stays for
small time (1 second) (e.g.
excitation).
 2. Dynamic stability
occurs due to high
disturbances (e.g. turbine)
and it creates oscillations. It
also can cause resonance
phenomena.
 3. Transient stability
occurs due to faults and
switching. It is dangerous
and it may stay between 0-
60 seconds.
 Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑑

Accelerating
torque in N.m
 Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑑

Input mechanical
torque in N.m
Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑑

Electromagnetic
torque in N.m
Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑑

Damping torque
in N.m
 Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑑𝜔
𝐽 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜔
𝑇𝑎 = 𝐽
𝑑𝑡
 Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑑𝜔
𝐽 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒
𝑑𝑡

Momentum of
inertia of the
rotor (kg. m2)
Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑑𝜔
𝐽 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒
𝑑𝑡

𝑇𝑑 =0 (small)
Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑑𝜔
𝐽 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒
𝑑𝑡

Angular
acceleration of the
rotor (rad/s2)
 Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑑𝜔
𝜔𝑠 × (𝐽 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 )
𝑑𝑡

Multiply both sides by

𝑑𝜔
𝐽𝜔𝑠 = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
𝑑𝑡

Power in W
 Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝜔𝑠

in MJ/MVA
 Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

(1 2)𝐽𝜔𝑠2 2𝐻 𝑆
𝐻= 𝐽𝜔𝑠 =
𝑆 𝜔𝑠

By
substituting
2 𝐻 𝑆 𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝜔 𝜔𝑆
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 = × 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
𝜔𝑆 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2𝐻
 Rotor dynamic and
swing equation

(1 2)𝐽𝜔𝑠2 2𝐻 𝑆
𝐻= 𝐽𝜔𝑠 =
𝑆 𝜔𝑠

2 𝐻 𝑆 𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝜔 𝜔𝑆
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 = × 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
𝜔𝑆 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2𝐻

By dividing on 𝑆
 Swing equation

𝑑𝜔 𝜔𝑆
= × 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐻

The swing equation is in pu.

∵ 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑚
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝛿𝑚
∴ = 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑠 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝜃 𝑑𝜔 𝑑2 𝛿𝑚
2
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
For 2-poles machine 𝛿𝑚 = 𝛿 , swing equation in terms of
electrical angular position is expressed as follows.
𝑑2 𝛿 𝜔𝑆
2
= × 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
𝑑𝑡 2𝐻
 angular
velocity ∵ 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑚
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝛿𝑚
∴ = 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑠 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝜃 𝑑𝜔 𝑑2 𝛿𝑚
2
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
For 2-poles machine 𝛿𝑚 = 𝛿 , swing equation in terms of
electrical angular position is expressed as follows.
𝑑2 𝛿 𝜔𝑆
2
= × 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
𝑑𝑡 2𝐻
 ∵ 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑚
angular 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝛿𝑚
∴ = 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑠 +
acceleration 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝜃 𝑑𝜔 𝑑2 𝛿𝑚
2
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
For 2-poles machine 𝛿𝑚 = 𝛿 , swing equation in terms of
electrical angular position is expressed as follows.
𝑑2 𝛿 𝜔𝑆
2
= × 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
𝑑𝑡 2𝐻
 ∵ 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑚
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝛿𝑚
∴ = 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑠 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝜃 𝑑𝜔 𝑑2 𝛿𝑚
2
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
For 2-poles machine 𝛿𝑚 = 𝛿 , swing equation in terms of
electrical angular position is expressed as follows.
2
swing 𝑑 𝛿 𝜔𝑆
= × 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
equation 𝑑𝑡 2 2𝐻
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA.
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.9
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA.
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
acceleration of the
𝑃𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 machine
= 100 × when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
0.9 =90MVA
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA.
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
𝑃𝑚 = 80MW
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA.
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA.
𝑃𝑒 = 80% × 𝑃𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
0.8 × 100 × 0.9 = 72MW
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA.
𝑑2 𝛿 𝜔𝑆
= × 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
𝑑𝑡 2 2𝐻
2×𝜋×50 80−72
= × = 0.8𝜋 rad/s2
2×5 100
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA.
𝑑2 𝛿 180
= 𝑎 = 0.8𝜋 × = 144 degree/s2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝜋
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
First integration
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA. 2
𝑑 Δ𝛿 dΔ 𝛿
=𝑎→ = 𝑎 × ∆𝑡
𝑑Δ𝑡 2 dΔ𝑡
1
∴ Δ 𝛿 = × 𝑎 × ∆𝑡 2
2
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
Second integration
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA. 2
𝑑 Δ𝛿 dΔ 𝛿
=𝑎→ = 𝑎 × ∆𝑡
𝑑Δ𝑡 2 dΔ𝑡
1
∴ Δ 𝛿 = × 𝑎 × ∆𝑡 2
2
Example (4.1)/ A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-
pole synchronous generator operates in parallel with 11
kV bus of infinite bus power system. Calculate the
acceleration of the machine when the input power from
prime mover is 80 MW and the generator operates at
80% of full load at 0.9 pf lagging. Find the change in
load angle if the acceleration remains constant for 30
cycles. Consider H=5 MJ/MVA.
1 30 2
Δ 𝛿 = × 0.8𝜋 × = 0.144𝜋 rad
2 50