Example 21.2 Stiffness Method Beam 3 Nodes

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Example 21.

Analyse the beam shown in the figure below, Assume constant EI


Only 3 nodes will be considered for the calculations

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To keep the matrix size to a minimum, introduce the minimum number
of nodes – 3 (1 at ea ch support)

The general stiffness matrix for a beam element is:

P YA = 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 -12EI/L3 6EI/L2 δ YA

MA 6EI/L2 4EI/L -6EI/L2 4EI/L θA

P YB -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 δ YB

MB 6EI/L2 4EI/L -6EI/L2 4EI/L θB

For member 12, L=6m


For member 23 L =7m

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Leaving EI out of the equations, since it is constant throughout, this gives:

We can also apply the ‘nodal loads’ (shear forces or FEM’s):

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We now need to put the individual matrices into their correct position in the general matrix.
With 3 nodes the beam problem will have:

3 x 2 =6 ‘degrees of freedom (i.e. possible displacements)

The general matrix will therefore start off as a 6 x 6 matrix (before


adding supports (‘boundary conditions’).

Ifind it easier to do this in 2 stages:

First place the individual matrices into the correct position in the general matrices:

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Next, sum the individual components:

Clearly both operations could be done as one, but my


method is a lot less prone to errors.

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Next, introduce boundary conditions. In this case the displacement at
each support is zero:
δ1 =δ 2 =δ 3 =0
The rotation at support 3 is zero (θ 3 = 0):

Delete the rows and columns associated with these displacements:

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We are left with a simple 2 x 2 matrix to ‘invert’:

This is simply a pair of simultaneous equations that can be solved without matrix
algebra, but to illustrate how the method can be developed, we will invert the
matrix using Excel (+MINVERT).

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Multiply this matrix by the loads to get the displacements (+MMULT):

When multiplied by ‘EI’ these are the unknown displacements (θ1 & θ2 in
radians).

We can use these displacements to calculate internal forces (shear forces &
moments) by multiplying the element stiffness matrices by these displacements:

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This gives:

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These are the TOTAL forces at each node. To find the INTERNAL forces
we need to subtract the applied forces:

This gives:

THIS CONCLUDES THE STIFFNESS METHOD

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From Moment distribution we get the same result (below). (Of course, the
method of analysis C ANNOT affect the result.

A B B C
Moments 0 +149.5 -149.5 +154.9

We have achieved equilibrium at joint A (Pin) and joint B.


Joint C is a fixed support so cannot be balanced.

Knowing the support moments we can proceed in exactly the same


fashion as Moment Distribution to calculate span moments etc.

NOTE: From the Stiffness method we also know the reactions at each
support.

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We can now use these support moments to analyse each section of the beam
completely.
130 kN

Consider Beam AB MA = 0 MB = +149.5 kNm


A B

M AB=0; M BA=+149.5 kNm


3.0m 3.0m

Start by calculating the reactions.


The Beam AB can be considered loaded by 3 loads:
The applied central point load. (130kN)
An end moment at A (which in this case is zero)
An end moment at B (+149.5 kNm)

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Taking the loads in turn:
130 kN

From the point load RA =130/2 =65kN


(positive downwards) A B

RB =65kN
RA RB
3.0m 3.0m

From M A : Since M A is zero there are no effects


MA = 0

A B

RB
3.0m 3.0m
RA

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From M B:
MB = +149.5 kNm
Taking moments about B: A B

RA
+149.5 +RA x 6 =0 3.0m 3.0m
RB

RA =-149.5/6 =-24.9 kN
Negative sign means the reaction is in the opposite sense to that
drawn, i.e. downwards.

For equilibrium (Σ H =0 ) RB =+24.9 kN

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These reactions can be tabulated:

A B
Simply Supported Reactions +65 +65
From Left Hand Moment 0 0
From Right Hand Moment -24.9 +24.9
Totals 40.1 89.9

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We can now take moments about any part of AB to calc ulate the
moment at that position.

The position of maximum moment (no shear) is under the point load.

X
Taking moments about this point:
A

Mx =40.1 x 3 =120.3 kNm


40.1
3.0m

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We can now consider MB = -149.5 kNm 37.5kN/m MC = +154.9 kNm
Beam BC
C
B
M BC =-149.5 kNm;
7.0m RC
M CB=+154.9 kNm RB

Start by calculating the reactions.


The Beam BC can be c onsidered loaded by 3 loads:
The applied UDL. (37.5kN/m)
An end moment at B (-149.5 kNm)
An end moment at C (+154.9 kNm)

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Taking the loads in turn: 37.5 kN/m

C
From the UDL : B

7.0m RC
Take moments about B: RB

Rc x 7 – 37.5 x 7 x 7/2 =0

Rc =37.5 x 7/2 =131.25 kN


For equilibrium RB =131.25 kN

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From M B:

MB = -149.5 kNm
Taking moments about B:
C
B
-149.5 - RC x 7 =0
7.0m RC
RB

RC =-149.5/7 =-21.4 kN
Negative sign means the reaction is in the opposite sense to that
drawn, i.e. downwards.

For equilibrium (Σ H =0 ) RB =+21.4 kN

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From M C : MC = +154.9 kNm

Taking moments about C : C


B

7.0m RC
RB
+154.9 +RB x 7 =0

RB =-154.9/7 =-22.1 kN
Negative sign means the reaction is in the opposite sense to that
drawn, i.e. downwards.

For equilibrium (Σ H =0 ) RC =+22.1 kN

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These reactions can be tabulated:

B C
Simply Supported Reactions +131.2 +131.2
From Left Hand Moment +21.4 -21.4
From Right Hand Moment -22.1 +22.1
Totals 130.5 131.9

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We can now take moments about any part of BC to calc ulate the
moment at that position.

We need to find position of maximum moment (no shear).

Considering the shear force at x, X

looking towards C :
MB = -149.5 kNm 37.5kN/m MC = +154.9 kNm

VX =+131.9 – 37.5X = 0 C
B

X
X =131.9/37.5 =3.52m (from C)
130.5 kN 131.9 kN
X

(Note:this looks correct since BC is almost symmetrical)

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Taking moments about X looking towards C:

Mx =+154.9 +37.5 x 3.522/2 – 131.9 x 3.52 =-77.1 kNm

(Note: Looking towards B the moment is +77.6 kNm – the same amount
(within tolerances) but opposite sense)

This c ompletes the analysis.

The results can be summarized on the following diagrams:

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Shear Force Diagram

131.9 kN

89.9 kN

40.1 kN

130.5 kN

Bending Moment Diagram

149.5 kNm 154.9 kNm

77.1 kNm at
120.3 kNm 3.52m from C
under point load

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