Example 21.2 Stiffness Method Beam 3 Nodes
Example 21.2 Stiffness Method Beam 3 Nodes
Example 21.2 Stiffness Method Beam 3 Nodes
Structures E2 1
To keep the matrix size to a minimum, introduce the minimum number
of nodes – 3 (1 at ea ch support)
Structures E2 2
Leaving EI out of the equations, since it is constant throughout, this gives:
Structures E2 3
Structures E2 4
We now need to put the individual matrices into their correct position in the general matrix.
With 3 nodes the beam problem will have:
First place the individual matrices into the correct position in the general matrices:
Structures E2 5
Next, sum the individual components:
Structures E2 6
Next, introduce boundary conditions. In this case the displacement at
each support is zero:
δ1 =δ 2 =δ 3 =0
The rotation at support 3 is zero (θ 3 = 0):
Structures E2 7
We are left with a simple 2 x 2 matrix to ‘invert’:
This is simply a pair of simultaneous equations that can be solved without matrix
algebra, but to illustrate how the method can be developed, we will invert the
matrix using Excel (+MINVERT).
Structures E2 8
Multiply this matrix by the loads to get the displacements (+MMULT):
When multiplied by ‘EI’ these are the unknown displacements (θ1 & θ2 in
radians).
We can use these displacements to calculate internal forces (shear forces &
moments) by multiplying the element stiffness matrices by these displacements:
Structures E2 9
This gives:
Structures E2 10
These are the TOTAL forces at each node. To find the INTERNAL forces
we need to subtract the applied forces:
This gives:
Structures E2 11
From Moment distribution we get the same result (below). (Of course, the
method of analysis C ANNOT affect the result.
A B B C
Moments 0 +149.5 -149.5 +154.9
NOTE: From the Stiffness method we also know the reactions at each
support.
Structures E2 12
We can now use these support moments to analyse each section of the beam
completely.
130 kN
Structures E2 13
Taking the loads in turn:
130 kN
RB =65kN
RA RB
3.0m 3.0m
A B
RB
3.0m 3.0m
RA
Structures E2 14
From M B:
MB = +149.5 kNm
Taking moments about B: A B
RA
+149.5 +RA x 6 =0 3.0m 3.0m
RB
RA =-149.5/6 =-24.9 kN
Negative sign means the reaction is in the opposite sense to that
drawn, i.e. downwards.
Structures E2 15
These reactions can be tabulated:
A B
Simply Supported Reactions +65 +65
From Left Hand Moment 0 0
From Right Hand Moment -24.9 +24.9
Totals 40.1 89.9
Structures E2 16
We can now take moments about any part of AB to calc ulate the
moment at that position.
The position of maximum moment (no shear) is under the point load.
X
Taking moments about this point:
A
Structures E2 17
We can now consider MB = -149.5 kNm 37.5kN/m MC = +154.9 kNm
Beam BC
C
B
M BC =-149.5 kNm;
7.0m RC
M CB=+154.9 kNm RB
Structures E2 18
Taking the loads in turn: 37.5 kN/m
C
From the UDL : B
7.0m RC
Take moments about B: RB
Rc x 7 – 37.5 x 7 x 7/2 =0
Structures E2 19
From M B:
MB = -149.5 kNm
Taking moments about B:
C
B
-149.5 - RC x 7 =0
7.0m RC
RB
RC =-149.5/7 =-21.4 kN
Negative sign means the reaction is in the opposite sense to that
drawn, i.e. downwards.
Structures E2 20
From M C : MC = +154.9 kNm
7.0m RC
RB
+154.9 +RB x 7 =0
RB =-154.9/7 =-22.1 kN
Negative sign means the reaction is in the opposite sense to that
drawn, i.e. downwards.
Structures E2 21
These reactions can be tabulated:
B C
Simply Supported Reactions +131.2 +131.2
From Left Hand Moment +21.4 -21.4
From Right Hand Moment -22.1 +22.1
Totals 130.5 131.9
Structures E2 22
We can now take moments about any part of BC to calc ulate the
moment at that position.
looking towards C :
MB = -149.5 kNm 37.5kN/m MC = +154.9 kNm
VX =+131.9 – 37.5X = 0 C
B
X
X =131.9/37.5 =3.52m (from C)
130.5 kN 131.9 kN
X
Structures E2 23
Taking moments about X looking towards C:
(Note: Looking towards B the moment is +77.6 kNm – the same amount
(within tolerances) but opposite sense)
Structures E2 24
Shear Force Diagram
131.9 kN
89.9 kN
40.1 kN
130.5 kN
77.1 kNm at
120.3 kNm 3.52m from C
under point load
Structures E2 25