Computer Programming Using C Lecture - 2 High Level Language, Beginning of C: Constant, Identifier, Keyword, data types, variables, etc.Contents High Level Language Introduction to C Basic Structure of C Program Programming Elements Header File Library functions, printf and scanf Identifier Constant Keyword Data type Variable * ErrorsHigh-level Languages * Enables a programmer to write programs that are independent of a Certs) computer. E.g. C, C+4, Java, etc. High Level Programming CC) * Such languages are considered high- Mewitsttcdoelcn level because they are closer to Pesve r human languages and far from Low Level machine language. Programming Fee Hardware * It provides strong abstraction from the details of the computer. WeyHigh-level Languages sale_price = 1.66 . Tra Machine Level Code High Level Code (C program)Introduction to C Itis high level programming language and invented by Denis Ritche in 1972 at Bell Laboratory (AT & T) in USA. No full form of C. It is invented after B, so it is called C. It has replaced the ALGOL, PL/I, etc. Advantages: * It is used in designing software's, such as Windows, MS Office, Oracle, Unix, Linux, Visual Basic, SQ| Server, Compiler, etc. * C provides foundation for learning other high level programming languages.Learning a Language + Learning English: Alphabets Word Sentence (ello am Good (abred, (Hello, Good, ete.) (Hello | am Good.) I want to learn C.) * Learning C: Character Set Keyword, Instruction or Program (a, b.6 dso tes Identifier, etc. Statement (int a=10; 1, %,, >, <, ete.) int, main, 10, ete, Int b=a420;)Programming Elements * Character Set: Symbols used to express thoughts. + Alphabets: A, B,C, D, .....Z.a, b, Cw. Z. * Digits: 0, 1, 2,.3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9. * Special Symbols: !, ~, 2, $, & @,4,5% /5=<>4% “sinb)blohl~ * Keywords: keywords are the special words whose meaning is already explained to the compiler. They are reserved for special purpose and t cannot be used for other purpose. * Chas 32 keywords: int, float, double, char, short, signed, unsigned, long, if, else, switch, case, default, goto, for, while, do, break, continue, void, sizeof, static, auto, extern, register, volatile, return, typedef, const, struct, enum, union.Programming Elements + Identifiers: Identifiers are the name of program elements, such as variable name, function name, array name, etc. + Example: int x =10, here x is a identifier. * Naming Rules of Identifiers: * First character should not be a digit * Spaces and comas, are not allowed * Special symbols are not allowed except underscore (_). * The length cannot be more than a particular number of characters or depends on the compiler. + Example: * Turbo C: 8 character + ANSI C: 15 character * VC++ : 30 character id C++ : 80 character. Dr. Vijaypal Rathors eeeProgramming Elements * Constant: Constant means fixed value which cannot be changed during execution. Constant Integer Real (float) Single String (10, -4, 1, 0) 2.5, ~4.3, 0.12, 5.0 (m8, 9,7) “Bennett”, “Hi”, “A”, ““ * Note: all types of constants are always called a R-values. Means, we cannot apply any type of constant at the left side of assignment operator. ® A’ =¥ +10; + Example: Y+10= wsProgramming Elements: Variable * Variable: It is a named location in computer memory whose value can be changed during program execution. * Syntax for Declaration of Variable: + data type identifier; ch Note: Always use a variable name which reflects its purpose. Example: 3 100 char ch; int x; ___—————> | Garbage * Declaration and initialization: 200 + data type identifier= value; Example: char c int x= 10; ch} 65 100Structured programming * Only the following code structures are used to write programs: 1.Sequence of sequentially executed statements. 2.Conditional execution of statements (i.e., "if" statements). 3.Looping. 4.Structured SubRoutine calls (e.g., 'gosub' but not 'goto’). ome eece esi eka)Structured Programming contd.. + Structured Programming is generally a non-issue when doing ModularProgramming or ObjectOrientedProgramming as it's assumed that individual methods are structured. ome eece esi eka)Types of Variable + C language defines two types of variables basis of their visibility in the program. * Global Variable * Local Variable * Global Variable: * These variables are declared or defined outside all the function body and visible throughout the program. * The value of these variables can be utilized by any instruction and function in the program. b * Local Variable: * These variables are defined and declared inside the function body and visible only to that function area. * The value of these variables can be utilized by only the instructions written inside! that function. PADDY) acl ireesrien= ia)Programming Elements * Data Types: The stored information is called data and type of data is called data type. + Example: The student informatidh Information Name Roll Number Marks cae (amit) 302 Character or Strin Data * All these information stored in computer memory. The size of memory is measured in terms of bit (b), Byte (B), Kilo-Byte (KB), Mega-Byte (MB), Giga-Byte (GB), etc. * Bit is a smallest unit of memory that is equivalent to 1 or 0. Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screenDr. Vijaypal Rathor's screen Units of Computer Memory Measurements 1 Bit = Binary Digit 8 Bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes =1KB [Kilo Byte] 1024 KB = 1 MIB [Mega Byte] 1024 MB = 1GB [Giga Byte] 1 TB [Terra Byte] = 1PB [Peta Byte] = 1 EB [Exa Byte] =12B [Zetta Byte] = 1 YB [Yotta Byte] = 1Bronto Byte 1024 Brontobyte = 1 Geop Byte Geop Byte is the Highest Memory.Programming Elements: Data Types in C — ., Primary Secondary (Primitive(Basic/Fundamental) Derived/User defined + Character: char + Array + Integer: int + Pointer + Float: float, double + string + Structure + Enum + Union Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screenProgramming Elements: Data Types in C Pentre tied ere oe char, Lyte -128 to 127 int 2byte -32,768 to 32,767 %d 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 a ie (Precision: 6 decimal places) xt Sean ptr 2.3€-308 to 1.76+308 vst (Pre jon: 15 decimal places) Note: The size of the data type varies with different compilers. + The memory space require by the data type to store a value, is known as its size. The size also decides the range of the data type. The range for int/char data types can be represented as -2"* to 2"-1, where n is number of bits,Data Types: Specifiers and Modifiers Primitive data types are used for basic & small calculations of the numbers but there is need to store large and specific numbers. C provides two key elements for this: 1. Specifier 2. Modifier Specifier: Specifier is the concept which defines the sign of the data value which is going to store in the memory. Types of Specifier: * signed: Anumber can be +ve or -ve * unsigned: A number always be positive Note: By default every data type is considered as signed.Data Types: Specifiers * Syntax: specifier data_type variable_name; > Example: unsinged char unsigned int x signed char ch; signed char 1 byte -128 to 127 unsigned char _—1 byte Oto 255 %e signed int 2byte -32,768 to 32,767 %d unsigned int 2byte 0 to 65,535 Sou Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screenData Types: Modifiers * Modifier: Modifier is the concept which defines the size of particular variable. It is used to increase the size of a data type. + Types of Specifier: + short: A number can be +ve or -ve + long: A number always be positive * Note: By default every data type is considered as short. Character can never be long. * Syntax: modifier data_type identifier; Example: short char ch; long int x; Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screenData Types: Modifiers short char 1 byte -128 to 127 %C short int 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767 %d longint 4 byte -2** to (2°*-1) %ld 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 %if long double 10 byte (19 decimal places) Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screen iCombining Specifiers and Modifiers + A program can use modifier with specifier at the same time. * Syntax: specifier modifier data_type identifier; Example: unsinged Iyng int x a unsigned longint 4 bytes Oto (2-1) %lu * Note: We cannot use specifier and modifier simultaneously with other data types. Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screenCis Primary Data Types in C unsigned char int unsigned int long int unsigned long int float double 8 byte long double 10 byte -128 to 127 Oto 255 32,768 to 32,767 0 to 65,535 =2" to (2-1) Oto (2”-1) 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 (Precision: 6 decimal places) 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308 (Precision: 15 decimal places) 3.4£-4932 to 1.1+4932 (Precision: 19 decimal places) %Id % lu MF if S6lfUse of Sizeof() * It is library function which returns the size of a variable/value in bytes. + Example: int a= 10; float f =3.2; double char cl * What will be the value of X: Answers: * Note: By default the real values 1. X= sizeof(a); eee are considered as double. 2. X= sizeof(10); 2.X=2 3. X= sizeof(f); 3. X=4 * Note: 4’ is interpreted as 65, 4. X = sizeof(3.2); 4.X=8 which integer. 5. X = sizeof(3.2f); 5. X=4 6. X=sizeof(ch); eaxeui 7. X= sizeof(‘A’); 7.X=2 8. X= sizeof(d); 8. X=8Exercise on Data Types Ex. 1: unsigned int printf(“%u”, a); Output: ? Ex. 2: unsigned char ch = printf(“s6u", a); Output: ? Ex. 3: unsigned char eh = 256; printf(“%6u”, a); Output: ? Ex. 4: dint x = 65536; printf(“%u”, a); Output: ? Ex. 5: unsigned int a= printf("%d”, a); Output: ? Ex. 5: unsigned char ch = -1; printf("%d”, a); Output: ?Exercise on Data Types Ex. 1: unsigned int printf(“%u”, a); Output: 65535, Ex. 2: unsigned char ch = printf(“s6u", a); Output: 255 Ex. 3: unsigned char eh = 256; printf(“%6u”, a); ‘Output: 0 Ex. 4: d int x = 65536; printf(“%u", a); Output: 0 Ex. 5: unsigned int a= printf("%d”, a); Output: -1 Ex. 5: unsigned char ch = -1; printf("%d”, a); Output: 255 Al wesExercise on Data Types er: m9: oma ono 7 8: ence oma =rint a= 62768; printf(“%d”, a); printf(“%u", a) Output: -62768 62768 Ex. 8: char a = 128; printf(“%d”, a); printf(“%u”, a) Output: -128 65408 Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screen Exercise on Data Types Ex. 9: inta=-1; print#(“%d”, a); printi("s6u”, a); Output: -1 65535 Ex. 10: chara=‘A; printf(“%c”, a); printf(“%d", a); printf(“%u", a); Output: A 6s 65Escape Sequences \n New Line \t Horizontal Tab \b BackSpace \r Carriage Return \a Audible bell Xv Printing single quotation Y printing double quotation ? Question Mark Sequence \ Back Slash \f Form Feed Ww Vertical Tab \o Null Value \nnn Print octal value \xhh Print Hexadecimal value irBasic Structure of C Program Header Files: A file containing the declarations of functions that are used in source files or programs. A header file is normally included in a source file with an # include directive. : Standard input output header file. Provides functions for input/output operations. Mostly used Functions: + printf() + scanf()

; ; main() & ; ; ; ; ) iG }Input/output Functions Console Input/Output functions Formatted functions Unformatted functions Type | Input | Output Type | Input Output char | seanf() | printf) char [| getch() | puteh() getche() | putchar() getchar( ) int__[ scanft) | printf) int : - float | scanf() | printf() float - - string | scanf() | printf) string | gets() puts() Note: Formatted can take any type value, whereas unformatted character oriented and cannot work with escape sequences.Console based I/O * Unformatted Input: + getch() : Not display the entered character and does not wait for enter key. * getche() : Display the entered character and does not wait for enter key. * getchar(): Display the entered character and wait for enter key. Similar to scanf(). * gets(): Display the entered string and wait for enter key. * Unformatted Output: * putch(): It is used to display all alphanumeric characters + putchar(): It is used to print one character on the screen, and this may be any character from C character set (i.e., it may be printable or non-printable characters). * puts(): It is used to display the string. PADDY acl ireerien= is)Formatted I/O: Printf() and Scanf() printf(): It is a formatted function of stdio.h header file, which is used to print/display some value and/or message on the monitor screen. Syntax: To display message: _print{(’"Text String” To display value: printf(“format string”, variable_name); + Example: —printi("Hello Bennett”); —> Hello Bennett int x =5; char ch =‘A’; printf("X: %d, Ch: %c”, x, ch); —p> X:5, Ch: A scanf{): It is a formatted function of stdio.h header file, which is used to scan or take some input value in program from keyboard through monitor screen. Syntax: scanf(“format string”, &variable_name); __ Wait until the some value entered + Example: int x= 5; float f= 3.5; char ch ="A’; scanf(“%ed, %f, %ch”, &x, &f, &ch); —p 105.5 B el printf(“X: %d, Ch: %e”,%, ch); —p> X: 10, Ch: BFirst C Program #include main() { pripitf(“Hello Bennett”); printf(“I am Here”); #include main() { printf(“Hello Bennett”); printf(“\n | am Here”); Output: Hello Bennett! am Here Output: Hello Bennett lam HereExecution of C Program + Load C or Open the Editor * Write the program on Editor or IDE. * Save it with .C or CPP extension * Compile the Program (Alt + F9) + Run the program (Ctl + F9) + Analyse the result on output screen Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screen Source Code Hello,c Compiler Lae Object Code Hello.obj Run Linker/Loaded Executable Code Hello.exeErrors in C Program * Syntax and Compile Time Error: Errors due to the incorrect syntax. Compiler tells about these errors int a; // this is the correct form * Example: Int a; // this is an incorrect form. * Find out the Error in following codes: #include #include int main() a main() = 10; t a=2; Brnet¢The value of a is : %d", a); -) // syntax error return 0; } printf("a is greater than 1"); return 0; i Dr. Vijaypal Rathor's screenErrors in C Program Output: #include int main() a= 10; printf("The value of a Is : %d", a); return 0; + Output: #include int main() - Complation failed due to folowing error(s) int a=2; x Rea if) // syntex error ey Pray printf("a is greater than 1"); return 0; +Cis Errors in C Program * Linking Error: Linker errors can be happened either due to the wrong function prototyping or usage of the wrong header file. + Example: 1.#include 2.int Main() 3. q 4. int a=78; 5 6 7 printf("The value of ais : %d", a); return 0; + Output:Errors in C Program * Logical and Run Time Error: The logical error is an error that leads to an undesired output. The errors exist during the execution-time even after the successful compilation known as run-time errors. + Example: What will be the output for the following examples ? #include int main() { #include int sum: ; // variable initialization int main() for(int I=1;1<=10;1++); // semicolon after loop {_ { iS int a=2; sum=sum+k; int b=2/0; k++; printf("The value of b Is : %d", b); return 0; printf("The value of sum is %d", sum); + return 0; }Errors in C Program * Errors are the problems or the faults that occur in the program, which makes the behavior of the program abnormal, and experienced developers can also make these faults. * The errors must be removed from the program for the successful execution of the program. * Programming errors are also known as the bugs or faults, and the process of removing these bugs is known as debugging. * Types of Errors: * Syntax or Compile Time Error * Linking Error * Logical or Run Time Erroreee Leo Tears#include void (@) r v Ca TT na OQUTPU CODE REVIEW