Chapter 7

Sampling and Sampling Distributions

Learning Objectives

1. Understand the importance of sampling and how results from samples can be used to

provide estimates of population characteristics such as the population mean, the

population standard deviation, or the population proportion.

2. Know what simple random sampling is and how simple random samples are selected.

3. Understand the concept of a sampling distribution.

4. Understand the central limit theorem and the important role it plays in sampling.

5. Specifically know the characteristics of the sampling distribution of the sample mean ( x )

and the sampling distribution of the sample proportion ( p).

6. Learn about a variety of sampling methods, including stratified random sampling, cluster

sampling, systematic sampling, convenience sampling, and judgment sampling.

7. Know the definition of the following terms:

parameter target population

sampled population sampling distribution

sample statistic finite population correction factor

simple random sampling standard error

sampling without replacement central limit theorem

sampling with replacement unbiased

point estimator relative efficiency

point estimate consistency

Solutions

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1. a. AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE, DE

b. With 10 samples, each has a 1/10 probability.

c. E and C because 8 and 0 do not apply; 5 identifies E; 7 does not apply; 5 is skipped

because E is already in the sample; 3 identifies C; 2 is not needed because the sample of

size 2 is complete.

2. Using the last three digits of each five-digit grouping provides the random numbers:

601, 022, 448, 147, 229, 553, 147, 289, 209

Numbers greater than 350 do not apply, and the 147 can only be used once. Thus, the simple

random sample of four includes 22, 147, 229, and 289.

3. 459, 147, 385, 113, 340, 401, 215, 2, 33, 348

4. a. 5, 0, 5, 8

Vale SA, Ford, General Electric

N! 10! 3, 628,800
   120
n !( N  n )! 3!(10  3)! (6)(5040)
b.

5. 283, 610, 39, 254, 568, 353, 602, 421, 638, 164

6. 2782, 493, 825, 1807, 289

7. 108, 290, 201, 292, 322, 9, 244, 249, 226, 125, (continuing at the top of column 9) 147, and

113.

8. Random numbers used: 13, 8, 27, 23, 25, 18

The second occurrence of the random number 13 is ignored.

Companies selected: Goldman Sachs, Coca Cola, UnitedHealth, Pfizer,

Travelers Companies Inc, and JP Morgan Chase.

9. 102, 115, 122, 290, 447, 588, 351, 157, 835, 498, 55, 801

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10. a. Finite population. A frame could be constructed obtaining a list of licensed drivers from

the New York State driver’s license bureau.

b. Infinite population. Sampling from a process. The process is the production line

producing boxes of cereal.

c. Infinite population. Sampling from a process. The process is one of generating arrivals

to the Golden Gate Bridge.

d. Finite population. A frame could be constructed by obtaining a listing of students

enrolled in the course from the professor.

e. Infinite population. Sampling from a process. The process is one of generating orders

for the mail-order firm.

54
x  xi / n  9
11. a. 6

 ( xi  x ) 2
s
b. n1

 ( xi  x ) 2 = (–4)2 + (–1)2 + 12 (–2)2 + 12 + 52 = 48

48
s=  31
.
61

12. a. p = 75/150 = .50

b. p = 55/150 = .3667

465
x  xi / n   93
13. a. 5

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 b.

xi ( xi  x ) ( xi  x ) 2

94 +1 1

100 +7 49

85 –8 64

94 +1 1

92 –1 1

Totals 465 0 116

( x i  x ) 2 116
s   5.39
n 1 4

14. a. Two of the 40 stocks in the sample received a five-star rating.

2
p  .05
40

b. Seventeen of the 40 stocks in the sample are rated Above Average with respect to risk.

17
p  .425
40

c. There are eight stocks in the sample that are rated one star or two stars.

8
p  .20
40

xi 984
x   82
15. a. n 12

 ( xi  x ) 2 1022
s   9.6389
b. n 1 12  1

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16. a. The sampled population is U. S. adults that are 50 years of age or older.

b. We would use the sample proportion for the estimate of the population proportion.

350
p  .8216
426

c. The sample proportion for this issue is .74, and the sample size is 426. The number of

respondents citing education as “very important” is (.74) 426 = 315.

d. We would use the sample proportion for the estimate of the population proportion.

354
p  .8310
426

e. The inferences in parts b and d are being made about the population of U.S. adults who

are age 50 or older. So the population of U.S. adults who are age 50 or older is the target

population. The target population is the same as the sampled population. If the sampled

population was restricted to members of AARP who were 50 years of age or older, the

sampled population would not be the same as the target population. The inferences

made in parts b and d would only be valid if the population of AARP members age 50

or older was representative of the U.S. population of adults age 50 and older.

17. a. p = 2,977/4,135 = .7200

b. p= 2,770/4,135 = .6699

c. p = 2,233/4,135 = .5400

18. a. E ( x )    200

b.
 x   / n  50/ 100  5

c. Normal with E ( x) = 200 and  x = 5

d. It shows the probability distribution of all possible sample means that can be observed

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 with random samples of size 100. This distribution can be used to compute the

probability that x is within a specified + from μ.

19. a. The sampling distribution is normal with

E ( x ) = μ = 200

x   / n  50/ 100  5

For +5, 195  x  205

Using standard normal probability table:

x  5
At x = 205, z   1 P ( z  1) = .8413
x 5

x   5
At x = 195, z    1 P ( z  1) = .1587
x 5

P (195  x  205) = .8413 – .1587 = .6826

b. For + 10, 190  x  210

Using standard normal probability table:

At x = 210, z  x    10  2 P ( z  2) = .9772
x 5

x  10
At x = 190, z    2 P ( z  2) = .0228
x 5

P (190  x  210) = .9772 – .0228 = .9544

20. x  / n

 x  25/ 50  3.54

 x  25/ 100  2.50

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  x  25/ 150  2.04

 x  25/ 200  1.77

The standard error of the mean decreases as the sample size increases.

21. a.  x   / n  10 / 50  141
.

b. n / N = 50 / 50,000 = .001

Use  x   / n  10 / 50  141
.

c. n / N = 50 / 5000 = .01

Use  x   / n  10 / 50  141
.

d. n / N = 50 / 500 = .10

N n  500  50 10
Use  x    134
.
N 1 n 500  1 50

Note: Only case d where n /N = .10 requires the use of the finite population correction

factor.

22. a. E( x ) = 71,800 and  x   / n  4000 / 60  516.40

The normal distribution for x is based on the central limit theorem.

b. For n = 120, E ( x ) remains $71,800, and the sampling distribution of x can still be

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 approximated by a normal distribution. However,  x is reduced to 4000 / 120 = 365.15.

c. As the sample size is increased, the standard error of the mean,  x , is reduced. This

appears logical from the point of view that larger samples should tend to provide sample

means that are closer to the population mean. Thus, the variability in the sample mean,

measured in terms of  x , should decrease as the sample size is increased.

23. a. With a sample of size 60  x  4000  516.40

60

72,300  71,800
At x = 72,300, z   .97
516.40

P( x ≤ 72,300) = P(z ≤ .97) = .8340

71,300  71,800
At x = 71,300, z   .97
516.40

P( x < 71,300) = P(z < –.97) = .1660

P(71,300 ≤ x ≤ 72,300) = .8340 – .1660 = .6680

4000
x   365.15
b. 120

72,300  71,800
At x = 72,300, z   1.37
365.15

P( x ≤ 72,300) = P(z ≤ 1.37) = .9147

71,300  71,800
At x = 71,300, z   1.37
365.15

P( x < 71,300) = P(z < –1.37) = .0853

P(71,300 ≤ x ≤ 72,300) = .9147 – .0853 = .8294

24. a. Normal distribution, E ( x )  17.5

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  x   / n  4 / 50  .57

b. Within one week means 16.5  x  18.5.

18.5  17.5
At x = 18.5, z   1.75 P(z ≤ 1.75) = .9599
.57

At x = 16.5, z = –1.75. P(z < –1.75) = .0401

So P(16.5 ≤ x ≤ 18.5) = .9599 – .0401 = .9198

c. Within 1/2 week means 17.0 ≤ x ≤ 18.0.

18.0  17.5
At x = 18.0, z   .88 P(z ≤ .88) = .8106
.57

At x = 17.0, z = –.88 P(z < –.88) = .1894

P(17.0 ≤ x ≤ 18.0) = .8106 – .1894 = .6212

25.  x   / n  100 / 90  10.54 This value for the standard error can be used for parts a and b.

a. z  543  533  0.87 P(z ≤ .95) = .8289

10.54

523  533
z  0.87 P(z < –.95) = .1711
10.54

Probability = .8289 – .1711 =.6578

b. 537  527 P(z ≤ .95) = .8289

z  1.73
10.54

517  527
z  1.73 P(z < –.95) = .1711
10.54

Probability = .8289 – .1711 =.6578

c. The probability of being within 10 of the mean on the evidence-based reading and

writing portion of the test is exactly the same as the probability of being within 10 on

the Mathematics portion of the SAT. This is because the standard error is the same in

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 both cases. The fact that the means differ does not affect the probability calculation.

x  16642
z
26. a. / n

Within  200 means x – 16,642 must be between –200 and +200.

The z value for x – 16,642 = –200 is the negative of the z value for x – 16,642

= 200. So we just show the computation of z for x – 16,642 = 200.

200
n = 30 z  .46 P(–.46 ≤ z ≤ .46) = .6772 – .3228 = .3544
2400 / 30

200
n = 50 z  .59 P(–.59 ≤ z ≤ .59) = .7224 – .2776 = .4448
2400 / 50

200
n = 100 z  .83 P(–.83 ≤ z ≤ .83) = .7967 – .2033 = .5934
2400 / 100

200
n = 400 z  1.67 P(–.1.67 ≤ z ≤ .1.67) = .9525 – .0475 = .9050
2400 / 400

b. A larger sample increases the probability that the sample mean will be within a

specified distance of the population mean. In this instance, the probability of being

within +200 of μ ranges from .3544 for a sample of size 30 to .9050 for a sample of size

400.

27. a.  x   / n  4.60 / 50  .6505

x   38.39  37.39
At x = 38.39, z    1.54 P(z ≤ 1.54) = .9382
/ n .6505

At x = 36.39, z = –1.54 P(z < –1.54) = .0618, thus

P(36.39 ≤ x ≤ 38.39) = .9382 – .0618 = .876

b.  x   / n  4.10 / 50  .5798

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 x  28.83  27.83
At x = 28.83, z    1.72 P(z ≤ 1.72) = .9573
/ n .5798

At x = 26.83, z = –1.72, P(z < –1.72) = .0427, thus

P(26.83 ≤ x ≤ 28.83) = .9573 – .0427 = .915

c. In part b we have a higher probability of obtaining a sample mean within $1.00 of the

population mean because the standard error for female graduates (.5798) is smaller than

the standard error for male graduates (.6505).

d. With n = 120,  x   / n  4.10 / 120  .3743

27.23  27.83
At x = 27.23, z   1.60
.3743

P( x < 27.23) = P(z < –1.60) = .055

28. a. This is a graph of a normal distribution with E ( x ) = 56 and  x   / n  10 / 30  1.8257 .

b. Within 2.5 centimeters means 53.5  x  58.5

58.5  56
z  1.37
1.8257

53.5  56
z  1.37
1.8257

P(53.5  x  58.5) = P(–1.37 ≤ z ≤ 1.37) = .9147 – .0853 = .8294

The probability the sample mean will be within 2.5 centimeters of the population mean

of 56 is .8294.

c.  x   / n  10 / 45  1.4907

Within 2.5 centimeters means 104.5  x  109.5

109.5  107 104.5  107

z  1.68 z  1.68
1.4907 1.4907

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 P(104.5  x  109.5) = P(–1.68 ≤ z ≤ 1.68) = .9535 – .0465 = .9070

The probability the sample mean will be within 2.5 centimeters of the population mean

of 107 is .9070.

The probability of being within 2.5 centimeters is greater for New York in part c

because the sample size is larger.

29.  = 273  = 100

a. n = 30 Within 16 means 257  x  289

x  16
z   .88
 / n 100 / 30

P(257  x  289) = P(–.88  z  .88) = .8106 – .1894 = .6212

b. n = 50 Within 16 means 257  x  289

x  16
z   1.13
 / n 100 / 50

P(257  x  289) = P(–1.13  z  1.13) = .8708 – .1292 = .7416

c. n = 100 Within 16 means 257  x  289

x  16
z   1.60
 / n 100 / 100

P(257  x  289) = P(–1.60  z  1.60) = .9452 – .0548 = .8904

d. None of the sample sizes in parts a, b, and c is sufficiently large. The sample size will

need exceed n = 100, which was used in part c.

30. a. n / N = 40 / 4000 = .01 < .05; therefore, the finite population correction factor is not

necessary.

b. With the finite population correction factor

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 N n  4000  40 8.2
x    129
.
N 1 n 4000  1 40

Without the finite population correction factor

 x   / n  130
.

Including the finite population correction factor provides only a slightly different value

for  x than when the correction factor is not used.

x 2
c. z   154
. P(z ≤ 1.54) = .9382
1.30 1.30

P(z < –1.54) = .0618

Probability = .9382 – .0618 = .8764

31. a. E( p ) = p = .40

p(1  p) .40(.60)
p    .0490
b. n 100

c. Normal distribution with E( p ) = .40 and  p = .0490.

d. It shows the probability distribution for the sample proportion p.

32. a. E( p ) = .40

p(1  p) .40(.60)
p    .0346
n 200

Within ± .03 means .37 ≤ p ≤ .43

p p .03
z   .87 P(z ≤ .87) = .8078
p .0346

P(z < –.87) = .1922

P(.37 ≤ p ≤ .43) = .8078 – .1922 = .6156

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 p p .05
b. z    1.44 P(z ≤ 1.44) = .9251
p .0346

P(z < –1.44) = .0749

P(.35 ≤ p ≤ .45) = .9251 – .0749 = .8502

p(1  p)
p 
33. n

(.55)(.45)
p   .0497
100

(.55)(.45)
p   .0352
200

(.55)(.45)
p   .0222
500

(.55)(.45)
p   .0157
1000

The standard error of the proportion,  p , decreases as n increases.

(.30)(.70)
p   .0458
34. a. 100

Within ± .04 means .26 ≤ p ≤ .34.

p p .04
z   .87 P(z ≤ .87) = .8078
p .0458

P(z < –.87) = .1922

P(.26 ≤ p ≤ .34) = .8078 – .1922 = .6156

(.30)(.70)
p   .0324
b. 200

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 p p .04
z   1.23 P(z ≤ 1.23) = .8907
p .0324

P(z < –1.23) = .1093

P(.26 ≤ p ≤ .34) = .8907 – .1093 = .7814

(.30)(.70)
p   .0205
c. 500

p p .04
z   1.95 P(z ≤ 1.95) = .9744
p .0205

P(z < –1.95) = .0256

P(.26 ≤ p ≤ .34) = .9744 – .0256 = .9488

(.30)(.70)
p   .0145
1000 p p .04
d. z   2.76 P(z ≤ 2.76) = .9971
p .0145

P(z < –2.76) = .0029

P(.26 ≤ p ≤ .34) = .9971 – .0029 = .9942

e. With a larger sample, there is a higher probability p will be within + .04 of the

population proportion p.

35. a.

.30

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in part.
 The normal distribution is appropriate because np = 100(.30) = 30 and n(1 – p) =

100(.70) = 70 are both greater than 5.

b. P (.20 ≤ p ≤ .40) = ?

.40  .30
z  2.18 P(z ≤ 2.18) = .9854
.0458

P(z < –2.18) = .0146

P(.20 ≤ p ≤ .40) = .9854 – .0146 = .9708

c. P (.25 ≤ p ≤ .35) = ?

.35  .30
z  1.09 P(z ≤ 1.09) = .8621
.0458

P(z < –1.09) = .1379

P(.25 ≤ p ≤ .35) = .8621 – .1379 = .7242

36. a. This is a graph of a normal distribution with a mean of E ( p) = .55 and

p(1  p) .55(1  .55)

p    .0352
n 200

b. Within ± .05 means .50 ≤ p ≤ .60

p p .60  .55 p p .50  .55

z   1.42 z   1.42
p .0352 p .0352

P(.50  p  .60) = P(–1.42 ≤ z ≤ 1.42) = .9222 – .0778 = .8444

c. This is a graph of a normal distribution with a mean of E ( p) = .45 and

p(1  p) .45(1  .45)

p    .0352
n 200

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 p(1  p) .45(1  .45)
p    .0352
d. n 200

Within ± .05 means .40 ≤ p ≤ .50.

p p .50  .45 p p .40  .45

z   1.42 z   1.42
p .0352 p .0352

P(.40  p  .50) = P(–1.42 ≤ z ≤ 1.42) = .9222 – .0778 = .8444

e. No, the probabilities are exactly the same. This is because  p , the standard error, and

the width of the interval are the same in both cases. Notice the formula for computing

the standard error. It involves p(1  p) . So whenever p = 1 – p, the standard error will be

the same. In part b, p = .45 and 1 – p = .55. In part d, p = .55 and 1 – p = .45.

p(1  p) .55(1  .55)

f. For n = 400, p    .0249 .
n 400

Within ± .05 means .50 ≤ p ≤ .60.

p p .60  .55 p p .50  .55

z   2.01 z   2.01
p .0249 p .0249

P(.50  p  .60) = P(–2.01 ≤ z ≤ 2.01) = .9778 – .0222 = .9556

The probability is larger than in part b. This is because the larger sample size has

reduced the standard error from .0352 to .0249.

37. a. np = 525(.10) = 52.5 and n(1 – p) = 525(1 – .10) = 472.5, so p is normal distributed with

E ( p )  .10 and

p (1  p ) (0.10)(0.90)
p    0.0131
n 525

b. z  0.03  2.29 P(z ≤ 2.29) = .9890

0.0131

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 P(z < –2.29) = .0110

P(.07 ≤ p ≤ .13) = .9890 – .0110 = .9780

c. z  0.015  1.15 P(z ≤ 1.15) = .8749

0.0131

P(z < –1.15) = .1251

P(.085 ≤ p ≤ .115) = .8749 – .1251 = .7498

38. a. It is a normal distribution with E( p ) = .42.

p(1  p) (.42)(.58)
p    .0285
n 300

p p .03
b. z    1.05 P(z ≤ 1.05) = .8531
p .0285

P(z < –1.05) = .1469

P(.39 ≤ p ≤ .44) = .8531 – .1469 = .7062

p p .05
c. z    1.75 P(z ≤ 1.75) = .9599
p .0285

P(z < –1.75) = .0401

P(.39 ≤ p ≤ .44) = .9599 – .0401 = .9198

d. The probabilities would increase. This is because the increase in the sample size makes

the standard error,  p , smaller.

39. a. np = 200(.80) = 160 and n(1 – p) = 200(1 – .80) = 40, so p is normal distributed normal

distribution with E ( p )  p  .80 and

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 p (1  p ) (0.80)(1  0.80)
p    0.0283
n 200

p p .84  .80 0.04

z    1.41
b. p 1  p  .80 1  .80  0.0283
n 200

P(z ≤ 1.41) = .9207

P(z < –1.41) = .0797

P(.76  p  .84) = P(–1.41  z  1.41) = .9207 – .0797 = .8410

c. np = 450(.80) = 360 and n(1 – p) = 450(1 – .80) = 90, so p is normal distributed normal

distribution with E ( p )  p  .80 and

p (1  p ) (0.80)(1  0.80)
p    0.0189
n 450

p p .84  .80 0.04

z    2.12
d. p 1  p  .80 1  .80  0.0189
n 450

P(z ≤ 2.12) = .9830

P(z < –2.12) = .0170

P(.76  p  .84) = P(–2.12  z  2.12) = .9830 – .0170 = .9660

e. The probability of the sample proportion being within .04 of the population mean is

increased .8410 to .9660. The likelihood of the sample proportion being within 0.04 of

the population proportion increases by .125 by increasing the sample size from 200 to

450. If the extra cost of using the larger sample size is not too great, we should probably

do so.

40. a. E ( p) = .76

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 p (1  p ) .76(1  .76)
p    .0214
n 400

Normal distribution because np = 400(.76) = 304 and n(1 – p) = 400(.24) = 96.

.79  .76
b. z   1.40 P(z ≤1.40) = .9192
.0214

.73  .76
z  1.40 P(z < –1.40) = .0808
.0214

P(.73  p  .79) = P(–1.40  z  1.40) = .9192 – .0808 = .8384

p (1  p ) .76(1  .76)
p    .0156
c. n 750

.79  .76
z  1.92 P(z ≤ 1.92) = .9726
.0156

.73  .76
z  1.92 P(z < –1.92) = .0274
.0156

P(.73  p  .79) = P(–1.92  z  1.92) = .9726 – .0274 = .9452

41. a. E( p) = .17

p (1  p ) (.17)(1  .17)
p    .0133
n 800

Distribution is approximately normal because np = 800(.17) = 136 > 5 and n(1 – p) =

800(.83) = 664 > 5

.19  .17
b. z   1.51 P(z ≤ 1.51) = .9345
.0133

.15  .17
z  1.51 P(z < –1.51) = .0655
.0133

P(.15  p  .19) = P(–1.51  z  1.51) = .9345 – .0655 = .8690

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 p (1  p ) (.17)(1  .17)
p    .0094
c. n 1600

.19  .17
z  2.13 P(z ≤ 2.13) = .9834
.0094

.15  .17
z  2.13 P(z < –2.13) = .0166
.0094

P(.15  p  .19) = P(–2.13  z  2.13) = .9834 – .0166 = .9668

42. a. 𝐸 𝑥̅ 𝜇 400

b. 𝜎 ̅ 𝜎⁄√𝑛 100⁄√100,000 .3162

c. Normal with E( x) = 400 and  x = .3162.

d. It shows the probability distribution of all possible sample means that can be observed

with random samples of size 100,000. This distribution can be used to compute the

probability that x is within a specified + from μ.

43.
x  / n

x  25/ 500,000  .0354

x  25/ 1,000,000 .0250

x  25/ 5,000,000 .0111

x  25/ 10,000,000 .0079

x  25/ 100,000,000 .0025

The standard error of the mean  x , decreases and becomes extremely small as the sample

size becomes huge.

44. a. E(𝑝̅ ) = p = .75

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 p (1  p ) .75(.25)
p    .0014
b. n 100, 000

c. Normal distribution with E(𝑝̅ ) = .75 and  p

= .0014

d. It shows the probability distribution of all possible sample proportions that can be

observed with random samples of size 100,000. This distribution can be used to

compute the probability that 𝑝̅ is within a specified + from p.

p (1  p )
 p 
45. n

(.44)(.56)
p   .00070
500,000

(.44)(.56)
p   .00050
1, 000, 000

(.44)(.56)
p   .00022
5, 000, 000

(.44)(.56)
p   .00016
10,000,000

(.44)(.56)
p   .00005
10,000,000

The standard error of the sample proportion,  p , decreases and becomes extremely small as

the sample size becomes huge.

46. a. Normal distribution, E ( x )  100

 x   / n  48 / 15, 000  .3919

b. Within ±1 hour means 99  x  101

101  100
At x = 101, z   2.55 P(z ≤ 2.55) = .9946
.3919

99  100
At x = 99, z   2.55 P(z < –2.55) = .0054
.3919

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 So P(99 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 101) = .9946 – .0054 = .9892.

c. In part a we found that P(99 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 101) = .9892, so the probability the mean annual

number of hours of vacation time earned for a sample of 15,000 blue collar and service

employees who work for small private establishments and have at least 10 years of

service differs from the population mean μ by more than 1 hour is 1 – . 9892 – .0108, or

approximately 1%.

Because these sample results are unlikely if the population mean is 100, the

sample results suggest either (a) the mean annual number of hours of vacation time

earned by blue-collar and service employees who work for small private establishments

and have at least 10 years of service is not 100 or (b) the sample is not representative of

the population of blue-collar and service employees who work for small private

establishments and have at least 10 years of service. The sampling procedure should be

carefully reviewed.

47.  x   / n  6 / 7 0, 0 0 0  .0 2 2 7 . This value for the standard error can be used for parts a

and b.

a. P (10.68 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 10.72) = ?

10.72 10.7
z  0.88 P(z ≤ 0.88) = .8106
.0227

10.68 10.7
z  0.88 P(z < –0.88) = .1894
.0227

P (10.86 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 10.72) = .8106 – .1894 = .6212

b. P (10.696 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 10.704) = ?

10.704  10.7
z  0.18 P(z ≤ .18) = .5714
.0227

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in part.
 z 
10.696  10.7
  0.18 P(z < –.18) = .4286
.0227

P (10.696 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 10.704) = .5714 – .4286 =.1428

For samples of the same size, the probability of being within 0.2 of the mean kilometers

per liter is much higher than the probability of being within .004 kilometers per liter.

c. P (10.696 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 10.704) = ?

 x   / n  6 / 90, 000  0.0200

The standard error is now smaller because the sample size is larger.

10.704  10.7
z  0.2 P(z ≤ 0.20) = .5793
0.0200

10.696  10.7
z  0.20 P(z < –0.20) = .4207
0.0200

P (10.696 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 10.704) = .5793 – .4207 =.1586

The probability is larger here than it is in part b because the larger sample size has made

the standard error smaller.

d. P (10.2 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 11.2) = ?

11.2 10.7
z  22.03 P(z ≤ 22.03) ≈ 1.0000
.0227

10.2  10.7
z  22.03 P(z < –22.03) ≈ .0000
.0227

P (10.2 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 11.2) ≈ 1.0000 – .0000 ≈ 1.000

Because the probability the mean kilometers per liter for a sample of 70,000 new cars

and light trucks sold in the United States in 2017 differs from the population mean μ by

less than 0.5 kilometer per liter is approximately 1.0000, the probability the mean

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in part.
 kilometers per liter for a sample of 70,000 new cars and light trucks sold in the United

States in 2017 differs from the population mean μ by more than 0.5 kilometers per liter

is approximately 1 – 1.0000 = .0000.

These sample results are unlikely if the population mean is 10.7, so these sample

results would suggest either (1) the population mean kilometers per liter for new cars

and light trucks sold in the United States in 2017 is not 10.7 or (2) the sample is not

representative of the population of new cars and light trucks sold in the United States in

2017. The sampling procedure should be carefully reviewed.

48. a.

.30
.42

The normal distribution is appropriate because np = 108,700(.42) = 45,654 and n(1 – p)

=108,700(.58) = 63,046 are both greater than 5.

b. P (.419 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .421) = ?

.421  .42
z  0.67 P(z ≤ 0.67) = .7486
.0015

.419  .42
z  0.67 P(z < –0.67) = .2514
.0015

P(.419 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .421) = .7486 – .2514 = .4972

c. P (.4175 ≥ 𝑝̅ ≥ .4225) = ?

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 .4225  .42
z  1.67 P(z ≤ 1.67) = .9525
.0015

.4175  .42
z  1.67 P(z < –1.67) = .0475
.0015

P(.25 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .35) = .9525 – .0475 = .9050

For samples of the same size, the probability of being within 1% of the population

proportion of repeat purchasers is much smaller than the probability of being within

.25% of the population proportion of repeat purchasers.

d. P (.41 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .43) = ?

.43 .42
z  6.68 P(z ≤ 6.68) ≈ 1.0000
.0015

.41 .42
z  6.68 P(z < –6.68) ≈ .0000
.0015

P(.41 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .43) ≈ 1.0000 – .0000 = .0000

Because the probability the proportion of orders placed by repeat customers for a

sample of 108,700 orders from the past six months differs from the population

proportion p by less than 1% is approximately 1.0000, the probability the proportion of

orders placed by repeat customers for a sample of 108,700 orders from the past six

months differs from the population proportion p by more than 1% is approximately 1 –

1.0000 = .0000.

These sample results are unlikely if the population proportion is .42, so these

sample results would suggest either (1) the population proportion of orders placed by

repeat customers from the past six months is not 42% or (2) the sample is not

representative of the population of orders placed by repeat customers from the past six

months. The sampling procedure should be carefully reviewed.

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in part.
49. a. For a sample of 207,000 U.S. homes, the normal distribution is appropriate because np

= 207,000(.492) = 101,844 and n(1 – p) =207,000(.508) = 105156 are both greater than

5. The mean is E( p) = .492 and the standard error is

p (1  p ) .492(1  .508)
p    .0011
n 207, 000

b. Within ± .002 means .490 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .494.

p p .494  .492 p p .490  .492

z   1.82 z   1.82
p .0011 p .0011

P(.490  𝑝̅  .494) = P(–1.82 ≤ z ≤ 1.82) = .9656 – .0344 = .9322

c. For a sample of 86,800 U.S. homes, the normal distribution is appropriate because np =

86,800(.492) = 42,705.6 and n(1 – p) =86,800(.508) = 44,094.4 are both greater than 5.

The mean is 𝐸 𝑝̅ = .492 and the standard error is

p (1  p ) .492(1  .508)
p    .0017
n 86,800

d. Within ± .002 means .490 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .494

p p .494  .492 p p .490  .492

z   1.18 z   1.18
p .0017 p .0017

P(.490  𝑝̅  .494) = P(–1.18 ≤ z ≤ 1.18) = .8810 – .1190 = .7620

e. Yes, the probability in d is smaller than the probability in b because the sample size in d

is smaller than the sample size in b.

50. a. Sorting the list of companies and random numbers to identify the five companies

associated with the five smallest random numbers provides the following sample.

Company Random Number

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in part.
 LMI Aerospace .008012

Alpha & Omega Semiconductor .055369

Olympic Steel .059279

Kimball International .144127

International Shipholding .227759

b. Step 1: Generate a new set of random numbers in column B. Step 2: Sort the random

numbers and corresponding company names into ascending order and then select the

companies associated with the five smallest random numbers. It is extremely unlikely

that you will get the same companies as in part a.

51. a. With n = 100, we can approximate the sampling distribution with a normal distribution

having

E( x) = 10,348

 2500
x    250
n 100

x  200
b. z    .80 P(z ≤ .80) = .7881
/ n 2500 / 100

x  200
z   .80 P(z < –.80) = .2119
/ n 2500 / 100

P(10,148  x  10,548) = P(–.80  z  .80) = .7881 – .2119 = .5762

The probability that the sample mean will be within $200 of the population mean is

.5762.

12, 000  10, 348

z  6.61
c. At 12,000, 2500 / 100

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 P( x ≥ 11,000) = 1 – P( x ≤ 11,000) = 1 – P(z ≤ 6.61)  0

Yes, the research firm should be questioned. A sample mean this large is extremely

unlikely (almost 0 probability) if a simple random sample is taken from a population

with a mean of $10,348.

52. a. Normal distribution with

E (x) = 4060

 800
x    100
n 64

x  150
b. z    1.50 P(z ≤ 1.50) = .9332
/ n 800 / 64

x  150
z   1.50 P(z < –1.50) = .0668
/ n 800 / 64

P(3910  x  4210) = P(–1.50  z  1.50) = .9332 – .0668 = .8664

x  3800  4060
c. At x = 3800, z    2.60
/ n 800 / 64

P( x ≤ 3800) = P(z ≤ –2.60) = .0047

Yes, this is an unusually low performing group of 64 stores. The probability of a sample

mean annual sales per square meter of $3800 or less is only .0047.

53. With n = 60, the central limit theorem allows us to conclude the sampling distribution for

part a and part b is approximately normal with

E (x) = 320.51

 80
x    10.3280
n 60

b. Within ± 20 of the population mean μ means 300.51  x  340.51.

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in part.
 At x = 340.51, z  340.51  320.51  1.94 P(z ≤ 1.94) = .9738
10.3280

At x = 300.51, z  300.51  320.51  1.94 P(z < –1.94) = .0262

10.3280

P(300.51  x  340.51) = P(–1.94  z  1.94) = .9738 – .0262 = .9476

c. Within ± 10 of the population mean μ means 310.51  x  330.51.

At x = 330.51, z  330.51  320.51  .97 P(z ≤ .97) = .8340

10.3280

At x = 310.51, z  310.51  320.51  .97 P(z < –.97) = .1660

10.3280

P(310.51  x  330.51) = P(–.97  z  .97) = .8340 – .1660 = .6680

54.  = 27,175  = 7400

a.  x  7400 / 60  955

x  0
b. z  0
x 955

P( x > 27,175) = P(z > 0) = .50

Note: This could have been answered easily without any calculations; 27,175 is the

expected value of the sampling distribution of x .

x  1000
c. z   1.05 P(z ≤ 1.05) = .8531
x 955

P(z < –1.05) = .1469

P(26,175  x  28,175) = P(–1.05  z  1.05) = .8531 – .1469 = .7062

d.  x  7400 / 100  740

x  1000
z   1.35 P(z ≤ 1.35) = .9115
x 740

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in part.
 P(z < –1.35) = .0885

P(26,175  x  28,175) = P(–1.35  z  1.35) = .9115 – .0885 = .8230

N n 
x 
55. a. N 1 n

N = 2,000

2000  50 144
 x   20.11
2000  1 50

N = 5,000

5000  50 144
x   20.26
5000  1 50

N = 10,000

10,000  50 144
x   20.31
10 ,000  1 50

Note: With n / N ≤ .05 for all three cases, common statistical practice would be to ignore

144
the finite population correction factor and use  x   20.36 for each case.
50

b. N = 2,000

25
z  1.24 P(z ≤ 1.24) = .8925
20.11

P(z < –1.24) = .1075

Probability = P(–1.24  z  1.24) = .8925 – .1075 = .7850

N = 5,000

25
z  1.23 P(z ≤ 1.23) = .8907
20.26

P(z < –1.23) = .1093

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 Probability = P(–1.23  z  1.23) = .8907 – .1093 = .7814

N = 10,000

25
z  1.23 P(z ≤ 1.23) = .8907
20.31

P(z < –1.23) = .1093

Probability = P(–1.23  z  1.23) = .8907 – .1093 = .7814

All probabilities are approximately .78, which indicates that a sample of size 50 will

work well for all three firms.

 500
x    20
56. a. n n

n= 500/20 = 25 and n = (25)2 = 625

b. For + 25,

25
z  1.25 P(z ≤ 1.25) = .8944
20

P(z < –1.25) = .1056

Probability = P(–1.25  z  1.25) = .8944 – .1056 = .7888

57. Sampling distribution of x

 
x  
n 30

0.05 0.05

x
1.9  2.1
1 .9 + 2 .1 = 2
 =
2

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 The area below x = 2.1 must be 1 – .05 = .95. An area of .95 in the standard normal table

shows z = 1.645.

Thus,

2.1  2.0
z  1.645
 / 30

Solve for .

(.1) 30
   .33
1.645

58. p = .15

a. This is the graph of a normal distribution with E( p ) = p = .15 and

p (1  p ) .15(1  .15)
p    .0230 .
n 240

b. Within ± .04 means .11 ≤ p ≤ .19

p p .19  .15 .11  .15

z   1.74 z  1.74
p .0230 .0230

P(.11  p  .19) = P(–1.74 ≤ z ≤ 1.74) = .9591 – .0409 = .9182

c. Within ±.02 means .13 ≤ p ≤ .17.

p p .17  .15 p p .13  .15

z   .87 z    .87
p .0230 p .0230

P(.13  p  .17) = P(–.87 ≤ z ≤ .87) = .8078 – .1922 = .6156

p (1  p ) (.40)(.60)
p    .0245
59. n 400

P ( p ≥ .375) = ?

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 .375  .40
z  1.02 P(z < –1.02) = .1539
.0245

P ( p ≥ .375) = 1 – P ( p ≤ .375) = 1 – P (z ≤ –1.02) = 1 – .1539 = .8461

p (1  p ) (.40)(1  .40)
p    .0251
60. a. n 380

Within ± .04 means .36 ≤ p ≤ .44.

.44  .40 .36  .40

z  1.59 z  1.59
.0251 .0251

P(.36  p  .44) = P(–1.59 ≤ z ≤ 1.59) = .9441 – .0559 = .8882

b. We want P( p .45).

p p .45  .40
z   1.99
p .0251

P( p  .45) = 1 – P( p ≤ .45) = 1 – P(z ≤ 1.99) = 1 – .9767 = .0233

61. a. Normal distribution with E( p) = .15 and

p (1  p ) (.15)(.85)
p    .0292
n 150

b. P (.12  p  .18) = ?

.18  .15
z  1.03 P(z ≤ 1.03) = .8485
.0292

.12  .15
z  1.03 P(z < –1.03) = .1515
.0292

P(.12  p  .18) = P(–1.03  z  1.03) = .8485 – .1515 =.6970

p (1  p ) .25(.75)
p    .0625
62. a. n n

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 Solve for n

.25(.75)
n  48
(.0625) 2

b. Normal distribution with E( p) = .25 and p= .0625.

[Note: (48)(.25) = 12 > 5, and (48)(.75) = 36 > 5.]

c. P ( p ≥ .30) = ?

.30  .25
z  .80 P(z ≤ .80) = .7881
.0625

P ( p ≥ .30) = 1 – P ( p ≤ .30) = 1 – P(z ≤ .80) = 1 – .7881 1 – .7881 =

.2119

63. a. Normal distribution, E ( x )  8, 000 .

 x   / n  480 / 35, 000  2.5657

b. Within ±4 hours means 7,996  x  8,006.

8,004  8,000
At x = 8,004, z   1.56 P(z ≤ 1.56) = .9406
2.5657

87,996  8,000
At x = 7,996, z   1.56 P(z < –1.56) = .0594
2.5657

So P(7,996 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 8,004) = .9406 – .0594 = .8812.

c. Within ±1 hour means 7,999 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 8,001.

8,001  8,000
At 𝑥̅ = 8,001, z   0.39 P(z ≤ 0.39) = .6517
2.5657

7,999  8, 000
At 𝑥̅ = 7,999, z   0.39 P(z < –0.39) = .3483
2.5657

P(7,999 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 8,001) = .6517 – .6483 = .3034

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 d. In part b we found that P(7,996 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 8,004) = .8812, so the probability the mean life of

a sample of 35,000 14-watt CFLs will differ from the population mean life μ by more

than 4 hours is 1 – .8812 = .1188. If the population mean is 8,000, sample results as

extreme as this would occur more than one time out of 10 samples. The results therefore

do not provide strong evidence the population mean is different from 8,000.

64. a. Normal distribution, E ( x )  17.6

 x   / n  5.1 / 85, 020  .0175

b. Within ±3 minutes of the mean is the same as within 3/60 – .05 hours of the mean, i.e.,

17.55  x  17.65.

17.65  17.6
At x = 17.65, z   2.86 P(z ≤ 2.86) = .9979
.0175

At x = 17.55, z = –2.86. P(z < –2.86) = .0021

So P(17.55 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 17.65) = .9979 – .0021 = .9958

c. In part b we found that if we assume the U.S. population mean and standard deviation

are appropriate for Florida, then P(17.55 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ 17.65) = .9958, so the probability the

mean for a sample of 85,020 Floridians will differ from the U.S. population mean by

more than 3 minutes is 1 – .9958 = .0042. This result is would be highly unlikely and

would suggest that the home Internet usage of Floridians differs from home Internet

usage for the rest of the United States.

65. a.

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 p (1  p ) .043(.957)
p    .0006
n 114, 250

p
.30
.043

The normal distribution is appropriate because np = 114,250(.043) = 4,912.75 and n(1 –

p) =114,250(.957) = 109,337.25 are both greater than 5.

b. P (.042 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .044) = ?

.044 .043
z 1.67 P(z ≤ 1.67) = .9525
.0006

.042 .043
z  1.67 P(z < –1.67) = .0475
.0006

P(.042 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .044) = .9525 – .0475 = .9050

c. P (.0425 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .0435) = ?

.0435  .43
z  0.83 P(z ≤ 0.83) = .7967
.0006

.0425  .43
z  0.83 P(z < –0.83) = .2033
.0006

P(.0425 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .0435) = .7967 – .2033 = .5934

For samples of the same size, the probability of being within .1% of the population

proportion of undeliverable mail pieces is much larger than the probability of being

within .05% of the population proportion of undeliverable mail pieces.

66. a.

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 p (1  p ) .58(.42)
p    .0035
n 20, 000

p
.30
.58

The normal distribution is appropriate because np = 20,000(.58) = 11,600 and n(1 – p)

=20,000(.42) = 8,400 are both greater than 5.

b. P (.57 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .59) = ?

.59  .58
z  2.87 P(z ≤ 2.87) = .9979
.0035

.57  .58
z  2.87 P(z < –2.87) = .0021
.0035

P(.57 ≤ 𝑝̅ ≤ .59) = .9979 – .0021 = .9958

c. In part b we found that P(.57 ≤ 𝑥̅ ≤ .59) = .9958, so the probability the proportion of a

sample of 20,000 drivers that is speeding will differ from the U.S. population proportion

of drivers that is speeding by more than 1% is 1 – .9958 = .0042.

These sample results are unlikely if the population proportion is .58, so these

sample results would suggest either (1) the population proportion of drivers who are

speeding is not 58% or (2) the sample is not representative of the population of U.S.

drivers. The sampling procedure should be carefully reviewed.

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