Opedatnq System

1Explaån Opesaina SuStem opertations_ano

SeaviceS
Opersations :
O Proocess Management : PoOcesS Management
nvolyos NadiouS tasks like coecdion,9chedulino
teamination_af p00CEeesses and de0.d loc k
s he Gab af OS to manage all the Gunnina
pan.cesseS af he sustem T handles opemadion
bu penfoaminq taskS ke pr0cess schedu lîna
&Suchas des0uaces allo.caion.
Main memToy_management Main memau
9 an impontant GesouBCe at he computes
SuStem that needs to be manoged bu the OS
To execute fhe pono0am,uSeT needs fo lkeep
he prapamam In main mem.om

3File Management File management is one of

Os.Fle
he basic and fmpaTtant Peatunes of
pODCeSS_of-
manaaement iS dePineo as the
manipulatinqfles io cmputen
Sustem,it
management 1ncludes he pMDc.eSS_
of Caeaina,
modifuing anddeletinq he Eles

Ssstem Management Tlo is one of he

1lo o eonaeet
func-tion af an OS and used
main
Compute6'S Tlodevices
he enfíso
ContaoBuffeaingCatchinq and Spoalinq_ohich
aDO m e m d y managemet_commponentS

intenface
2 Device doîve
 .

devices
3 Davens foz Specafic f ILo
hese Cse all he componenis

SubsySdem
Seconolozu_Stosage Manogement Secondaa
roepositoB touL
SHonqe is h e non-Volai le
b a t h useT and System) data &
ra0gaam5 AsS

Inteadal oo Sepasate)pazt of
an OS: the ile
Secondaay
Sustem manages this nfooMaion on
SHoona
aives
eq Maqnetic ape dalves maQnetic disR
Compaci opfical disk device

SeayiceS
QUser Iodeota.ce A usea interface (uL)gFeas
o the porst Of an ope50tina Sustem PODgraum o
deyice thot alloLnS o UseGSTo entes_and secelve
infonmotion
O

Potamam execuion xecution in Computer &

Sofduoane engineeino is the proocess buy udhich
a Computer om vintual machine TadlS anda.tS-
onthe 9nstsuctions of a computea ponoam
1 o openccions Tla Sustepm mansfea întoomation
betuoeen _computea moin mennou & dhe autsiode

l e ustem manipulaionpraaaam mequiaes

Teao a le Oite a l e Qs aives opencchcn
he peamisSion to the MDamao fo opecian on
Hle.The 0S proovioles an intootace fo the uS to
 COeate Ldelete iles anol dliaectodies..
Comnmunicahion Dudinq
hat the pouceSS Dunninq execuaionit is dequinel
oh the Same machines
iffedent machines needS o
comMunicoade.
6ETaOo Detec-hionTo avoicd the
fhe complete SustemHhe 09 molfunchoninq
moaidoDS he Susteo for detecinqconsà.ant_
the enTOTS
Explain Sustem Calls and iHs tupes
Sustem call is he call far Hhe 0s tn penfamm
Sonne taskS on behalf _of he uses'S prDgnam
Sustem call offons the Seavices oP the opeaainq
SuStem n he uSEa p0Oams Via APT

Tees_of Sustem Calls Susdem calls ome

catea ooies in 5 omaupSuch as
PsoceSS Cono
2ERle ManipulatHon
3 Deyice mani pulation
ATnforam.adion Mintenanace
5Communicaion

O oocesS ContoalExamples
enol abontlood execute ,COCate_pnDCeSS
tenminote pancesS,get_poo.cess ataibutes, Set
pron.c.esS attaibudes ,oait fo ime,Loodt.
eveni,Sianak eyentallacate &% free nemom.

2)File Manipulation.Crssate file, Delete file,-

open lose,oead,toditeoep0Si-ion, ge Rle
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attaibutesSet Ple atoibutes..

Device Manipulation i eguest device, 0Se

aelans
devic
neposifionget
eviceAead,walte

ttoibutes,Set deyice attaibudes lagically

attachttach
a detach _devices
get Äme on Set
maintenance
Infomation
data Set Sustem data
OT date ge Sustem
aa device attaibutes, set pa0ce
poocesSfile
l e 0 D device attaibufes

5Communicatian Coeate delete communicaion

ssanestoanstez_
ConnectiOn Send , Deceive me
Statug infonmaion,atach on detach eDemade
deviceS

Explain Sustem Paoo0ams-

ySstem PanaoammiAg Can be detineol as thhe
act of buildinq Susfem Softuoome usinq Sustem
ana 0Innina Lanquage Ht aditonaly lies
betuween the usenteafo.de and Sustem calls.
Sustem Pnoman can be divideol ioto these.
Cadeqormies:
KO ERle manggement
Stotus Totoomadhion
)File macitication
4 Haogmammino Longuage Suppor1
S oogrSam loading ancd Executian
6\Communicotion
Ele Management A Pile is a_collecion of
intoommaion Stooco in He memoos_of
Speclh.c
Spect.
a

ComputeD Sy$tem I helps in _easils_and

locatinq hese Hles in the Canmputez Sustem.

StatuO Tntonmathion Intonmaion HRe dota

MemoDuCs
1 me amaunt at 8ttle aYollable
usTSSAlLhiS
disK Spa ce isASkealby Some
displaued on
nfoa Matian s toomattea and
outputdeyices 0 pointed.

the Contents
3Eile Maditicahon Fo modiuina
les StoTe on
of ileS Loe uSe his Fog
olevices ne useo
dSRS 00 othes Sto0aae
Seamchînq
diffeneot upos ot editoms Fom
Hles spentom.m taunsfomiaHon
cantems of
comMand.
of PileS uOe uSe Specl
Fo common
Poogmamminq LangtuaQe Suppa6i
4
LanatiaqeSune use compile
praogramrina.
pacte+s
AsSemblens,De
buggess and intea
Se_0loeadupoDviodeol to uSEDS H
COhich
Suppoat to uSeKS AlL lanquage
propvides all papvioleal
impotomce Ome olreadu
Of
Execution When
the
SPaoaaam Loading
and
_ASSembing and
Cadu at Hed
panosam is memoau
must be loadle indo
Compilation t
one o h e essendial
H iS
fan gxecution paDaaam Loadens
Staqestoa
Staninq a
loadeos,1inkaae
edlto0s
aelocatable

PaDvideol bu the Sustem

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OnoMunicothon Viadua Connections anong-

DdcesSesuseaS_and compuder Su9terasa
0ONIded bs_pmaasams. Useascan Senol messaqe
0OnOthes_uses on thea Scaeen, useT CaLO BOnd
maiL,baouosing on web pages, mate9io
he foansfomnodiaa of files Hoom one uS0 to
anotheT.

ome examples _cf Sysiemn ponoma.nm in 0.S_ae

CndoLOS lo
Mac OS X_
Obuntu
Linuxx
Anix
Andsoid
Ani-vnus
4Explain Opmainq BuStem Stzucturse
hese oae types of OS 8rauctuge
O Monaie keonel
Launeo
MicO Keonel
Simple Sirauctuge_

Simple Stauctmue
Opesari na Sustem Such as Ms-DOS and the aianal
UNT cid nat have coell-denes Stsuctuge.
here coas no CPU Execution Mode Cusey and
Keonel and So eoaO n Qpp caton Cauld
Cause he ohale Sustem do cTagh
 applcotion P'o0.qom

desideni ystem Po0gnam,

Ms-DOS device laiy.egs

LRoM BTos deyice doiyezs

ctuge
2 Laueaed Stau
Taueg N
USeT ntedfac

loues
harsoluoane

mocdulosi0 many
maus-
made
A SuStem can be appraoa.chinLohich-
laKeok
Cne methoo 1s the numhra
bookento
SuStem is
fheapeafinq
of lau@r6S (levels).-
appranach
main advatage of he layeneo
he constzuction and alebuggina
SSimplicits of leve
uses Scovices of onls louwed-
Each lay er
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DATE

laugos
Each loaue s mplementee th onlu those
ation8_pODvided bu lousn level laye
A D_olaes noB neeok to Knoud houo hese opgO
e implemendecl but t needs to Knou uahat these
Operoion do
Mona+Hc Reane

Applicotion
VFS, System calls
IPCFile Sustem
Scheduleg viotuad memoay
Device Drai veg , Dispatchen
Hosdtame

manag es Sustem HeSoUTCOS betudeen applicaion_

and hos.dttorsebut uSM SEOVicOS and
Keaool_
Seayices ome mp lenented Hse und er Same
adoldess
Space
incaeases the Sze of the Keanel, thus
IDCTOcaSOS Size afapSSaino Sustem OS
hiS KeSnepDyideS CPU well
Schedulia meMODu
manaQement Kle manaaement and otnO.
opesotina SusienD PuncHion thoouah SuStem
-AS both Beayicos ose calls
Implementea
addoesS Space,his makes opeaati noundeg Same
xecuhon tastos Sustem
 -

AMicookeTnel
APPlication

Applicodion Doix DevicesRle

IPc
Seaves Doiyea Sesvea

Basic IP,yintual memy,

ScheduIfnq
Hooduoocoe

MicrsoKesnel is one of the clasifieaion

KesnelBeinq a Keanel t manages all of the Sustem
TeSauGceS
-But in a micookesnel ,he
useo SesyiiceS
and 1Kesnel SeaviceS age 9mplemenieo
in
dfferseni addness Space
Jhe uSCG SOViceS ane Kept n SsOg
addness
Spaceand Kesnel SeTV*Ces amekept In ReTnel
aokaeSS Space,thuS also Deduces he Size ot_
Keanel and the operatina Sustem as well.
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SExplain tupes of Schedulezs

2hene ane 3 upes of Sche duieo.
Long Tenm Schedulea
2 ShantTeamSchaduler
3 Medium Tenm Schedlulad

Long eam Scheduled

H s also_called a ob Schecule uhich_
lonq team Gchedulea oletennines
A Sustem toa poncessi
tothe
Panaoam ase adlmitteo
praceeSSe S Hom he SaaQe poo n_[
t Select loads the into the
memonuand
he Gecon.dozsu
he nmoin memany tod Cxecution.
eady queue n
cogolS he dleomee of
h e long denm Scheduleo
muhp00armamminq
Pi0.cess
Tla Bound meana thenate at ohich
pnomes8es is miteo bu the Speeol of
the CPu.
poocess
CPu Bound means fhe note at ohich
pmaosesses is imiteol by he speeol of he CPU.

2 Shaat Henm Schedulea

T salso Caled a CPU_Scheduler
s main obiectiue sto ncaease Sustem
peotonmance in accosdance coith the chosen SetL
of coitenia
T is the chanae of moady State to nunnina
State of the ncesS
ShdHeDm_ Schecdulems, als.o Knouon as dispatchea,
make he dedsion of which padces.S to execute
-Shoot tesm Schedulens ase faste than long- tenom
Scheluler.
 Medium TeamScheduleo
Meciuum Teom Sche olulinq_îs a
demoves he paut of Suapping
poDcesses Tomhe memaa
Tedluces he
deqdee _of mulipmoqmamminq
lhe medium eam Sdheoluleo
is in-charqeo f
handlnq the Suapped out pooceesses
-A dunDinq p0ocess
may become SuSpendeo if H
maRes Qn TLo dequest
A Suspended paocesses annot
maRe anu pgoaGess
foLooads Compleion

6Explaîn frocess stote Diaomam

Dudina execufon,_Psacess chanoeS ts _State The
State of a praacess is defined n pani bu he
CuTOent aciyit af that pocesS Poocess State
Contoinsive StatesS

neun admitted exitteominated

inteoou

OCacy OunniOg

I b oo event Schedules dispaTdIlo on evend cooit

CompleHon
Lciing
Nen he pOceSS 1s bina COCateo
ROadlu he pOCeSS1S 0ai1inq o be assiqned to
a poOcesSMO
Running-Tnsttaution_a7e hing executed.
loaitiog-The popcesS 1S 0aitinq too Some eyent
o OCcuT (SUchaS Tlo_co.mplehon_oo
 Meception of a Sianal).
cxecutio
eaminoated The paoces hasfnished

inney
hen he pooc.ess iscoeated, it semains
State Ater P a O c e
footoo
s
execution
s _ a d m i t
executiOn,
t e d

psocess in this e-
state
qoes n aoadu 8tate. A Schedulea dispatches
t i t in the nen.cdu queu
he Tadu paocess foa execution is in
s_executing the paocess i t
e n CPr
executinq State