EVIDENCE

SYLLABUS (2021)
Judge Teodoro C. Fernandez
COURSE: EVIDENCE

REFERENCES: Revised Rules of Court, Rules on DNA Evidence, Rules on

Electronic Evidence, Rules on Examination of Child Witness, Republic
Act 4200, 1987 Phil Constitution, Supreme Court Decisions

LEARNING GOAL: The students participants will know the rules on admissibility
of evidence.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this course, the students will:
a. Know the definition of evidence and its classification.
b. Know the rules on admissibility of object, documentary and testimonial
evidence under rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Court.
c. Know the rules on admissibility of DNA and Electronic evidence.
d. Know the rules on admissibility of videotaped testimony of child
witness.
e. Know the other rules on admissibility of evidence found under the Bill
of Rights of the 1987 constitution.
f. Know the rules on admissibility of evidence under special laws.
g. Know what is weight and sufficiency of evidence.

TOPIC CASES
RULE 128 - General Provisions 1. Salita v. Magtolis, 233 SCRA 100
Section 1. Evidence defined. 2. Tantuico v. Republic, 203 SCRA 428
Section 2. Scope. 3. People v. Ebias, 32 SCRA 675
Section 3. Admissibility of evidence. 4. Republic v. Gimenez and Gimenez,
Section 4. Relevancy; collateral matters. G.R. 174673, Jan. 11, 2016
5. Mancol, Jr. v. DBP, G.R. No. 204289,
Nov. 22, 2017
6. Prats & Co. v. Phoenix Insurance Co.,
52 Phil. 807
7. Pp. v. Judge Yatco and Consunji, et.
Al., G.R. No. L-9181, Nov. 28, 1955
8. PNO Shipping and Transport Corp v.
C.A., et al., G.R. 107518, Oct. 8, 1998.
9. People v. Binamera, G.R. 110397,
Aug. 14, 1997.
10. Pp. v. Lim, G.R. 231989, Sept. 4, 2018
11. Lagmay v. Quimit, 102 SCRA 1003.
RULE 129 - What Need Not Be Proved
Section 1. Judicial notice, when mandatory.
Section 2. Judicial notice, when
discretionary.
Section 3. Judicial notice, when hearing
necessary.
Section 4. Judicial admissions

RULE 130 - Rules of Admissibility

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A. OBJECT (REAL) EVIDENCE 1. Pp. v. Olarte, G.R. No. 233309, March
11, 2019.
Section 1. Object as evidence. - 2. Daayata, et al., v. People, G.R. No.
205745, March 8 2017.
3. Pp. v. Nuñez, G.R.No. 209342, Oct. 4,
2017.
4. Pp. v. Romorosa, G.R. No. 237209,
April 10, 2019.
5. Pp. v. Gerrico Vallejo , G.R.No.
114656, May 9, 2002.
6. Ocampo v. People, G.R. No. 194129,
June 15, 2016
7. Pp. v. Rupella, G.R.No. 131516, March
2003
B. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

Section 2. Documentary evidence 1. Pp. v. Tandoy, G.R. No. 80505. Dec. 4,

1990.
2. U.S. v. Gregorio, GRN L-5791, Dec. 17,
1910.
3. Borje v. Sandiganbayan, GRN 55436,
Nov. 25, 1983.
4. Pacasum v. People, GRN 18034, April
16. 2009.
5. Sison v. People. G.R. No. 108280-83,
Nov. 16, 1995
6. College Assurance Plan v. Belfront
Development, G.R. No. 155604, Nov.
28, 2007
7. People v. Zeta, G.R. No. 178541, May
27, 2008
1. Original Document Rule
Section 3. Original document must be 1. Republic v. Sps. Gimenez, G.R. Ho.
produced; exceptions. 174673, Jan. 11, 2016
(a) 2. Heirs of Severa P. Gregorio v. CA, 300
(b)
(c) SCRA 565 (1998)
(d) 3. Scunac Corp. v. Sylianteng, G. R. No.
(e) 205879, April 23, 2014
4. Heirs of Prodon v. Heris of Alvarez, G.R.
No. 170604, Sept. 2, 2013
Section 4. Original of document. — 1. Capital Shoes Factory Ltd. v. Travellers
(a) Kids, Inc., G.R. No. 200065, Sept. 14,
(b) 2014
(c)
2. Northern Mindanao Power Corp. v.
BIR, G.R. No. 185115, Feb. 18, 2015
2. Secondary Evidence
Section 5. When original document is 1. MCMP Construction Corp. v. Monark
unavailable. Equipment Corp., G.R. No. 201001,
Nov. 10, 2014
Section 6. When original document is in 1. EDSA Shangri-la Hotel and Resort v. BF
adverse party's custody or Corp. G.R. No. 145842, June 27, 2008
control.
Section 7. Summaries 1. Compaña Maritima v. Allied Free

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 Workers Union, 167 Phil. 381
Section 8. Evidence admissible when
original document is a public
record.
Section 9. Party who calls for document
not bound to offer it.
3. Parol Evidence Rule
Section 9. Evidence of written 1. Sps. Paras v. Kimna Construction &
agreements. Dev. Corp., G.R. No. 171601, April 8,
2015
2. SPs. Abella v. Sps. Abella, G.R. No.
195066, July 8, 2015

4. Interpretation of Documents
Section 10. Interpretation of a writing
according to its legal meaning.
Section 11. Instrument construed so as to
give effect to all provisions.
Section 12. Interpretation according to
intention; general and particular
provisions. —
Section 13. Interpretation according to
circumstances. —
Section 14. Peculiar signification of terms.
—
Section 15. Written words control printed.
—
Section 16. Experts and interpreters to be
used in explaining certain writings.
Section 17. Of Two constructions, which
preferred.
Section 18. Construction in favor of natural
right. —
Section 19. Interpretation according to
usage. —
C. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE

1. Qualification of Witnesses
Section 20. Witnesses; their qualifications.
Section 21. Disqualification by reason of
mental incapacity or immaturity.
Section 22. Disqualification by reason of
marriage.
Section 23. Disqualification by reason of
death or insanity of adverse
party.
Section 24. Disqualification by reason of
privileged communication.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

2. Testimonial Privilege
Section 25. Parental and filial privilege. —
3. Admissions and Confessions
Section 26. Admission of a party. —
Section 27. Offer of compromise not
admissible. —

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 Section 28. Admission by third party. —
Section 29. Admission by co-
partner or agent. —
Section 30. Admission by conspirator.
Section 31. Admission by privies. —
Section 32. Admission by silence. —
Section 33. Confession. —
4. Previous Conduct as Evidence
Section 34. Similar acts as evidence.
Section 35. Unaccepted offer. —
5. Testimonial Knowledge

Section 36. Testimony generally confined to

personal knowledge; hearsay
excluded. —
6. Exceptions To The Hearsay Rule
Section 37. Dying declaration.
Section 38. Declaration against interest.
—Section 39. Act or declaration
about pedigree. Section 40.
Family reputation or tradition
regarding pedigree. —
Section 41. Common reputation. —
Section 42. Part of res gestae. —
Section 43. Entries in the course of
business.
Section 44. Entries in official records. —
Section 45. Commercial lists and the like.
—
Section 46. Learned treatises. —
Section 47. Testimony or deposition at a
former proceeding. —

7. Opinion Rule
Section 48. General rule. —
Section 49. Opinion of expert witness. —
Section 50. Opinion of ordinary witnesses. —
(a)
(b)
(c)

8. Character Evidence
Section 51. Character evidence not
generally admissible; exceptions:
(a) In Criminal Cases:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(b) In Civil Cases:
(c) In the case provided for in Rule
132, Section 14, (46a, 47a)

RULE 131 Burden of Proof and

Presumptions
Section 1. Burden of proof. —
Burden of Proof and Presumptions
Section 2. Conclusive presumptions. —
Section 3. Disputable presumptions. —
Section 4. No presumption of legitimacy
or illegitimacy. —

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RULE 132 - Presentation of Evidence

A. EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES
Section 1. Examination to be done in open
court.
Section 2. Proceedings to be recorded.
Section 3. Rights and obligations of a
witness.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Section 4. Order in the examination of an

individual witness. —
(a) Direct examination by the proponent;
(b) Cross-examination by the opponent;
(c) Re-direct examination by the proponent;
(d) Re-cross-examination by the opponent.

Section 5. Direct examination. —

Section 6. Cross-examination; its purpose
and extent.
Section 7. Re-direct examination; its
purpose and extent.
Section 8. Re-cross-examination. — 
Section 9. Recalling witness. — 
Section 10. Leading and misleading
questions. 
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Section 11. Impeachment of adverse party's

witness. 
Section 12. Party may not impeach his own
witness. — 
Section 13. How witness impeached by
evidence of inconsistent
statements. 
Section 14. Evidence of good character of
witness. 
Section 15. Exclusion and separation of
witnesses. — 
Section 16. When witness may refer to
memorandum. 
Section 17. When part of transaction, writing
or record given in evidence, the
remainder, the remainder
admissible. — 
Section 18. Right to respect writing shown to
witness. — 

B. AUTHENTICATION AND PROOF OF

DOCUMENTS

Section 19. Classes of Documents. –

public or private.

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Public documents are:
(a) The written official acts, or records
of the official acts of the sovereign
authority, official bodies and tribunals,
and public officers, whether of the
Philippines, or of a foreign country;
(b) Documents acknowledge before a
notary public except last wills and
testaments; and
(c) Public records, kept in the
Philippines, of private documents
required by law to the entered therein.
All other writings are private. (20a)
Section 20. Proof of private document. 
(a)
(b)
Section 21. When evidence of authenticity of
private document not necessary. 
Section 22. How genuineness of handwriting
proved.
Section 23. Public documents as evidence. 
Section 24. Proof of official record. 
Section 25. What attestation of copy must
state. 
Section 26. Irremovability of public record. 
Section 27. Public record of a private
document. 
Section 28. Proof of lack of record. 
Section 29. How judicial record impeached. 
Section 30. Proof of notarial documents. 
Section 31. Alteration in document, how to
explain.
Section 32. Seal. 
Section 33. Documentary evidence in an
unofficial language. 
C. OFFER AND OBJECTION
Section 34. Offer of evidence. — 
Section 35. When to make offer. — 
Section 36. Objection. — 
Section 37. When repetition of objection
unnecessary. — 
Section 38. Ruling. — 
Section 39. Striking out answer. 
Section 40. Tender of excluded
evidence. — 

RULE 133
Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence
Section 1. Preponderance of evidence, how
determined. 
Section 2. Proof beyond reasonable doubt. 
Section 3. Extrajudicial confession, not
sufficient ground for conviction. 
Section 4. Circumstantial evidence, when
sufficient. 
(a) There is more than one
circumstances;
(b) The facts from which the inferences
are derived are proven; and
(c) The combination of all the
circumstances is such as to produce a

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 conviction beyond reasonable doubt.

Section 5. Substantial evidence. —

Section 6. Power of the court to stop further
evidence. — 
Section 7. Evidence on motion. 
RULE 134 Perpetuation of Testimony
Section 1. Petition. 
Section 2. Contents of petition. 
Section 3. Notice and service.
Section 4. Order of examination.
Section 5. Reference to court.
Section 6. Use of deposition.
Section 7. Depositions pending appeal.
Rules on DNA Evidence
Rules on Electronic Evidence
Rules on Examination of Child Witness
Republic Act 4200