Chapter 1

Cruising
A guide To the Cruise Line Industry
1
Objectives
• After reading this chapter, you’ll be able to:
• Define the term cruise.
• Explain the history of cruising and how it affects today’s cruise
vacation experience.
• Describe the contemporary cruise experience.
• Distinguish among different types of itineraries.
2
Terms to Know
• Cruise
• Herodotus
• Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
• Reposition
• Excursion
• Round-trip
• At-sea days
• Pre-and post-cruise packages
• Cruise-tour
• Round-trip
• Open-jaw itinerary
3
Herodotus was the exception
Traveled to experience the ports that vessels visited
During his sailing made a list

of his travels:
• Greek Historian
• Lived in 5th Century
• First Historian to collect
manmade things he saw
• Made early lists of Seven
wonders, to provide pleasure
travelers of his time with a
guidebook of where to go
and what to see
Why did ships sail initially? Ancient
Times
• Migration
• Exploration
• Commerce
• Warfare
• In ancient times Herodotus, compiled a list of the
most interesting manmade things he saw during
his sailing. These are known as:
• The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

1. The Pyramids (Giza, Egypt)
2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (near Baghdad, Iraq)
3. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia (Greece)
4. The Temple of Diana at Ephesus (Turkey)
5. The Mausoleum (Helicarnassus, Turkey)
6. The Colossus (Rhodes)
7. The Pharos Lighthouse (Alexandria, Egypt)
6
The Great Pyramid of Giza
Giza, Egypt
(Only one of the 7 that still exists)
A gigantic stone structure near the ancient city of Memphis,

serving as a tomb for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu
The earliest ocean-going vessels were
concerned with the cargo that they could
carry.
Black Ball Line in New York, in 1818,

was the first shipping company to offer
regularly scheduled service from the
United States to England and to be
concerned with the comfort of their
passengers.
The Arrival of Leisure Sailing
• 1800s – could increase profits by booking passengers aboard
their merchant ships
• Some travelers were wealthy in search of adventure
• The majority were poor, and seeking a new place to live

Technology
• Wooden Ships (sails) were replaced by steel-hulled
vessels (driven by coal, oil and steam)
• The early steel ships also had sail riggings, which

were only there to reassure passengers
• The early steel ships became larger and larger with

names like Aquitania, Leviathan and Titanic
• Some of the steamship companies that build the

vessels are still around: Cunard, P&O, and HAL
1830s
Steamships were introduced and dominated
the transatlantic market of passenger and
mail transport.
English companies dominated the market at

this time, led by the British and North
American Royal Mail Steam Packet (later
the Cunard Line).
1840
On July 4, 1840, Britannia , the

first ship under the Cunard name,
left Liverpool with a cow on
board to supply fresh milk to the
passengers on the 14-day
transatlantic crossing.
• Royal Mail Ship (Royal Mail Steam-Ship
or Steamer)
RMS
• Carry mail under contract to the British
Royal Mail
1850s & 1860s
Ships catering to
passengers, rather
than to cargo or mail
contracts and added
luxuries like electric
lights, more deck
space, and
entertainment.
The Prinzessin Victoria Luise

The Arrival of Leisure Sailing
• Carry immigrants (Major purpose was to carry

immigrants)
• Ships were usually divided into two or three classes
• 1st: First Class - Wealthy (100)
• 2nd: Modest but sufficient means (100)
• 3rd: Steerage (2,000)
Steerage Passengers
• Were so important
• The ships were designed to appeal to them
• May have believed that the quality of a vessel could be judged by its
number of smokestacks
• Often extra funnels were created without a function
• One out of 4 North Americans have at least one ancestor who arrived via
one of these ships
1920s & 1930s
• Ocean liners began to provide more entertainment, attract more
of the middle class, and provide much of the pampering
associated with cruising today
• Even the depression failed to dent the business
• During prohibition: just about the only place for an American
to drink liquor was on the high seas
WWI
(1914-1918)
• During World War I most ocean-crossing vessels were

converted into troop transport ships
• After the war they were joined by a new generation of ships:

bigger, sleeker, and above all, faster
1920s – 1930s
Prohibition - (1920 – 1933)
• The most glamorous years for • They also carried millions of

transatlantic passenger ships. tourists in what became
known as Tourist and Cabin
Class.
• American tourists interested
in visiting Europe replaced
immigrant passengers.
Birth of Contemporary Cruising
• Initially the primary purpose was transportation, with no intermediate stops to
see what was along the way
• 1900s, a few steamship lines: re-positioned their ships to warmer places & began
excursions
• Transoceanic transportation still dominated until 1958
• Airlines started the first commercial jet service across the Atlantic (Ocean crossing
became a matter of hours, not days)
• Some cruise lines understood that they had to rethink their business#!
• This was called and excursion and became purely leisure.
People would book a cruise to visit a series of exotic ports, to
profit from the health benefits of bracing sea air, and to do
interesting thins while onboard their ship.
• June 1958, airlines started the first commercial jet service across
the Atlantic and cruising diminished.
21
• 1960s, new liners were built for ocean crossing.
• 1970s, cruising was a major phenomenon, ships

designed for cruising.
• 1980s-1990s, Megaships appeared and smaller

super luxury vessels targeted those with more
money.
22
1970s, 1980s & 1990s
• Each year millions of travelers choose to cruise
• CLIA survey determined that half of all people in Canada and

US who are 25+ and household income of $20k+ would like to
cruise
Modern Cruising Develops
• The smaller ships in the Caribbean became the business model.
• They begin to think of ships as floating resorts for pleasure,

great food, superb service and no packing and unpacking
transportation.
24
Modern Cruising
• Floating resorts
• Great Food
• Entertainment
• Ports of Call
• Excursions
o
Modern Cruising
• “Fun ships” 1971
• The Mardi Gras
• The Love Boat” 1977-1987

Definitions & Beginnings
• A cruise is a vacation trip by ship.
• A cruise is primarily a leisure vacation

experience, with the ship’s staff doing all the
work.
• From the traveler’s perspective—the desire to

relax, get away, experience, learn, be pampered,
and to have fun.
27
Cruising Today
• Cruises have 3,4,5,7 or 12 day voyages.
• 7 day is most popular (Saturday to Saturday).
• Agenda can be round-trip or circle itinerary, with the vessel

leaving from and returning to the same port. (start and return to
the same port).
28
• The cruise may start at one port, but finish at another. This is
called a one-way itinerary.
• Cruise passengers experience a wealth of onboard activities

(e.g., meals, show, contests, lounging at the pool), which take
place primarily on at-sea days (when the ship is traveling a long
distance without stopping at any ports).
29
• Cruise clients sometimes arrive at the cruise
departure port a day or two early and /or stay at
the port afterward.
• Their lodging can be purchased from the cruise

line or booked separately. (These are called pre-
and post-cruise packages.)
30
• In a few cases the cruise line may even bundle
and sell pre-and-post cruise hotel stays and at
least some sightseeing for one price, as part of a
larger cruise experience, or cruise-tour.
• In airline terminology, a flight to and from the

same city is called a round-trip or closed-jaw
itinerary.
• When an air itinerary features a return from a

different city than the one first flown to, it’s
called an open-jaw itinerary. 31
Different types of
Travelers
Different type of travelers
• History Buffs – primarily want to learn • Entertainment seekers – are drawn to
about a destination’s past. The see travel as a activities such as dancing, partying,
way to experience what they have studied gambling, and nightclub shows. Their tastes
and read about. can also run to more serious entertainment
such as theatre and concert performances.
• Culture Seekers – are fascinated by different
ways of life. They are intrigued by how other • Shoppers – love to buy things on trips, and
people express their culture via distinctive are perhaps a subset of the previous
customs, food, art, and so on. categories. They may see shopping as
entertainment.
• Ethnic travelers – are like culture seekers, but
they wish, above all, to explore the culture • Sensual travelers – wish to indulge their
from which their ancestors came. senses via, gourmet dining, sunbathing or a
stay at the spa.
• Religious pilgrims – seek an experience tied
to their spiritual beliefs. • Status seekers – travel to trendy, often
expensive destinations, and sometimes bring
• Environmental travelers – are drawn to back significant purchases.
scenery and the beauty of places and include
ecotourists, who wish to see places such as • Interpersonal travelers – travel primarily to
the Brazilian rainforest, where flora and socialize and meet people.
fauna are endangered; and those who like to
experience natural places. • Adventure seekers – prefer more demanding
and hardy sports or activities, such as white-
• Recreational travelers – wish to participate water rafting, surfing, mountain hiking, or
in such “mass-appeal” sports as golf, tennis, diving. Their tastes can even run to true
snorkelling or skiing. physical challenges, such as mountain
climbing or skydiving.

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Cruising

A guide To the Cruise Line Industry

During his sailing made a list

• The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

A gigantic stone structure near the ancient city of Memphis,

Black Ball Line in New York, in 1818,

• Some travelers were wealthy in search of adventure

• The majority were poor, and seeking a new place to live

• The early steel ships also had sail riggings, which

• The early steel ships became larger and larger with

• Some of the steamship companies that build the

English companies dominated the market at

On July 4, 1840, Britannia , the

The Prinzessin Victoria Luise

• Carry immigrants (Major purpose was to carry

• During World War I most ocean-crossing vessels were

• After the war they were joined by a new generation of ships:

• The most glamorous years for • They also carried millions of

• 1970s, cruising was a major phenomenon, ships

• 1980s-1990s, Megaships appeared and smaller

• CLIA survey determined that half of all people in Canada and

• They begin to think of ships as floating resorts for pleasure,

• The Love Boat” 1977-1987

• A cruise is primarily a leisure vacation

• From the traveler’s perspective—the desire to

• 7 day is most popular (Saturday to Saturday).

• Agenda can be round-trip or circle itinerary, with the vessel

• Cruise passengers experience a wealth of onboard activities

• Their lodging can be purchased from the cruise

• In airline terminology, a flight to and from the

• When an air itinerary features a return from a

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