EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA Page |1

Lesson 1
ALGEBRA
Content: Objectives:

Systems of Numbers and Conversion At the end of this lesson, the student must be able
to:
• Types of Numbers
• Significant Figures and Digits • Distinguish the types of numbers
• Forms of Approximation • Understand the concept of significant
figures and approximation
Fundamentals of Algebra • Understand the fundamentals of Algebra
• Apply the concepts of Algebra
• Integers, Exponent, Radicals
• Remainder Theorem
• Factor Theorem
• Quadratic Equation
• Polynomials
• Logarithms

Applications od Algebra
• Age Problems
• Work Problems
• Mixture Problems
• Digit Problems
• Motion Problems
• Coin Problems
• Variation Problems
• Diophantine Equations
• Sequence
• Series
• Progression

Pre-Test:
Instruction: Encircle the letter of the appropriate answer for each question below.

1. Round off 34. 2814 to four significant figures.

a. 34.281
b. 34.28
c. 34.0
d. 34. 2814

2. Write 0.000000035560 in scientific notation with three significant figures.

a. 3.5560 x 108
b. 3.56 x 108
c. 3.6 x 108
d. 3.556 x 108
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3. Express decimally: Two Hundred-Thousandths.

a. 200,000
b. 0.002
c. 0.000002
d. 0.00002

4. The number 0.123123123123……is

a. Transcendental
b. Surd
c. Rational
d. Irrational

5. MCMXCIV is equivalent to what number?

a. 1974
b. 1994
c. 1984
d. 1964

6. How many degrees Celsius is 80 degrees Fahrenheit?

a. 2.667
b. 1.334
c. 26.67
d. 13.34

7. A room is 14 ft by 20 ft. How many square yards are in the room?

a. 85.98 square yards
b. 110.32 square yards
c. 93.33 square yards
d. 79.69 square yards

8. What is the absolute value temperature of the freezing point of water in degree Rankine?
a. 0
b. 460
c. 492
d. 273

9. The ratio of the height of two buildings is 7 to 5. The first building is 210 feet tall. How tall is the second building?
a. 145 feet
b. 160 feet
c. 140 feet
d. 150 feet

10. The ratio of three numbers is 2:5:7. If 7 is subtracted from the second, the resulting numbers form an arithmetic
progression. Determine the smallest of the three numbers.
a. 70
b. 28
c. 21
d. 15
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11. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1, then 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) is equal to

a. 1
b. 2x
c. x
d. 0

12. Solve for the value of x and y.

4x + 2y = 5
13x – 3y = 2

a. y = 1/2, x = 3/2
b. y = 3, x = 1
c. y = 2, x = 1
d. y = 3/2, x = ½

𝑥+1 2𝑥
13. Find the value of x in 3
+ 4 = 47 − 2𝑥.
a. 16.47
b. 19.02
c. 18.72
d. 16.74

14. Solve for the w from the following equations:

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑤 = 11
𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 2𝑤 = −9
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑤 = −6

a. 4
b. 3
c. -3
d. -4
−3
(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 −2 ) (𝑥 −3 𝑦𝑧 3 )−1/2
15. Simplify: (𝑥𝑦𝑧 −3 )−5/2
1
a.
𝑥 5𝑦7𝑧2
1
b.
𝑥 2𝑦7𝑧5
1
c. 𝑥 2𝑦7𝑧3
1
d.
𝑥 2𝑦5𝑧7

16. Find the value of k so that 4x2 + 6x + k is a perfect square.

a. 2.5
b. 9
c. 36
d. 2.25

17. When (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) + 4 is divided by x-k, the remainder is k. Find the value of k.
a. 4 or 2
b. -4 or -2
c. 4 or -2
d. -4 or 2
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18. Simplify: (3𝑐𝑑6 )3 (𝑐𝑑)4

a. 27𝑐 7 𝑑22
b. 27𝑐12 𝑑72
c. 27𝑐 7 𝑑13
d. 27𝑐13 𝑑17

19. Determine the value of a if (an)(am) is equal to 100,000 anm =1,000,000

𝑎𝑛
= 10
𝑎𝑚
a. 20
b. 10
c. 5
d. 8

20. Factor the expression 3x3 – 3x2 – 18 x

a. 3x (x - 3) (x + 2)
b. 3x (x + 3) (x + 2)
c. 3x (x + 3) (x - 2)
d. 3x (x - 3) (x - 2)

21. The polynomial 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8 is divided by x-5, then the remainder is

a. 200
b. 175
c. 140
d. 218

22. In the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 0, one root is x equal to

a. ¼
b. 1
c. 5
d. none of these

23. What is the discriminant of the equation 4𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 − 5?

a. 16
b. -8
c. 8
d. -16

24. Find the term involving 𝑦 5 in the expansion of (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦)10 .

a. 4680𝑥 5 𝑦 5
b. 8046𝑥 5 𝑦 5
c. 8064𝑥 10 𝑦 5
d. 8064𝑥 5 𝑦 5

25. Evaluate the log 6 845 = 𝑥.

a. 5.84
b. 3.76
c. 2.98
d. 4.48
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26. Given: log(𝑥) = 2 − log(𝑥 − 21). Find x.

a. 27
b. -4
c. -3
d. 25

27. What is the value of log to base 10 of 10003.3 ?

a. 9.5
b. 99.9
c. 10.9
d. 9.9

28. The sum of Kim’s and Kevin’s ages is 18. In 3 years, Kim will be twice as old as Kevin. What are their ages now?
a. 6, 12
b. 4, 14
c. 7, 11
d. 5, 13

29. Joe’s current age is five times Mary’s age ten years ago. If Mary is currently m years old, what is Joe’s current age
in terms of m?
a. 5𝑚 + (𝑚 − 10)
b. 5𝑚
c. 5𝑚 − 10
d. 5𝑚 − 50

30. A pump can pump out water from a tank in 11 hours. Another pump can pump out water from the same tank in
20 hours. How long will it take both pumps to pump put the water in the tank?
a. 6 hours
b. 7 ½ hours
c. 7 hours
d. 6 ½ hours

31. Suppose Maria can paint the entire house in twelve hours, and Juan takes eight hours to paint a similarly-sized
housed. How long would Maria and Juan paint the house together?
a. 5 hours and 8 minutes
b. 4 hours and 6 minutes
c. 4 hours and 8 minutes
d. 5 hours and 6 minutes

32. Two thousand (2000) kg of steel containing 8 % nickel is to be made by mixing a steel containing 14 % nickel with
another containing 6 % nickel. How much of each is needed?
a. 750 kg of steel with 14 % nickel, 1250 kg of steel with 6 % nickel
b. 1500 kg of steel with 14 % nickel, 500 kg of Steel with 6% nickel
c. 1250 kg of steel with 14 % nickel, 750 kg of steel with 6 % nickel
d. 500 kg of steel with 14 % nickel, 1500 kg of steel with 6 % nickel
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33. A tank has a capacity of 10 gallons. When it is full, it contains 15% alcohol. How many gallons must be replaced by
an 80% alcohol solution to give 10% gallons of 70% solution?
a. 10.87 gallons
b. 9.63 gallons
c. 8.46 gallons
d. 7.05 gallons

34. The product of ¼ and 1/5 of a number is 500. What is the number?
a. 125
b. 50
c. 100
d. 75

35. The digit at the ten’s place of a two-digit number is twice the digit at the unit’s place. If the sum of this number and
the number formed by reversing the digits is 66. What is the number?
a. 29
b. 64
c. 42
d. 52

36. On a certain trip, Edgar drives 231 km in exactly the same time as Erwin drive 308 km. If Erwin’s rate exceeded that
of Edgar by 13 kph, determine the rate of Erwin.
a. 39 kph
b. 52 kph
c. 44 kph
d. 48 kph

37. A boy on his bicycle intends to arrive at a certain time to a town that is 30 km away from his home. After riding 10
km, he rested for half an hour, and as a result he was obligated to ride the rest of the trip 2 km/hr faster. What was
his original speed?
a. 7 kph
b. 9 kph
c. 8 kph
d. 10 kph

38. Mrs. Smith leaves her house at 9 in the morning and drives west on the Twill Freeway at an average speed of 50
miles per hour. Mrs. Jackson leaves her house at 9:30 am and drives west on the Twill Freeway at an average speed
of 60 miles per hour. At how many hours will Mrs. Jackson overtake Mrs. Smith?
a. 4.5 hours
b. 2.5 hours
c. 1.5 hours
d. 3.5 hours

39. Tamar has four more quarters than dimes. If he has a total of $1.70, how many quarters and dimes does
he have?
a. 3 dimes and 5 quarters
b. 2 dimes and 6 quarters
c. 4 dimes and 5 quarters
d. 5 dimes and 6 quarters
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40. If a boy has nickels, dimes, and quarters amounting to $1.85. If he has twice as many dimes as quarters, and the
number of nickels is two less than twice the number of dimes, how many nickels does he have?
a. 6 nickels
b. 3 nickels
c. 10 nickels
d. 7 nickels

41. Leticia has 35 coins in nickels and quarters. In all, she has $4.15. How many of each kind of coin does she
have?
a. 26 nickels and 14 quarters
b. 23 nickels and 12 quarters
c. 18 nickels 23 quarters
d. 12 nickels and 26 quarters

42. What time after 3 o’clock will the hands of the clock be together for the first time?
a. 3: 16: 36
b. 3: 02: 30
c. 3: 17: 37
d. 3: 14: 32

43. At what time between 7 and 8 o’clock will the hands of a clock be in the same straight line but, not together?
2
a. 5 11 min. past 7
5
b. 5 min. past 7
11
4
c. 5 min. past 7
11
6
d. 5 min. past 7
11

44. The time required for an elevator to lift a weight varies directly with the weight and the distance through which it
is to be lifted and inversely as the power of the motor. If it takes 30 second for a 10 hp motor to lift 100 lbs through
50 feet, what size of motor is required to lift 800 lbs in 40 seconds through 40 feet?
a. 44
b. 48
c. 42
d. 46

45. The time (t) it takes to travel from Hope to Vancouver varies inversely as the speed (v) at which one travels. If it
takes 1.5 hours to travel this distance at an average speed of 120 km/hr, find the amount of time it would take to
drive back if you were only able to travel at 60 km/hr due to an engine problem.
a. 6 hours
b. 4 hours
c. 8 hours
d. 3 hours
46. Once a month, a man puts some money into the cookie jar. Each month, he puts 50 centavos more into the jar
than the month before. After 12 years, he counted his money, he had P 5,436. How much money did he put in the
jar in the last month?
a. 72.50
b. 73.50
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c. 75.50
d. 74.50

47. In a certain A.P. the first, fourth and eight terms are themselves in geometric progression. What is the common
ration of the G.P.?
a. 5/3
b. 4/3
c. 3/4
d. 2/3

48. A product has a current selling of P 325. 00. If its selling price is expected to decline at the rate of 10 % per annum
because of obsolescence, what will be its selling price four years hence?
a. 202. 75
b. 213. 23
c. 156. 00
d. 302. 75

40 20
49. In an Harmonic Progression, the 2nd term is and its 5th term is . Determine the maximum possible number of
9 3
terms in the H.P.
a. 12
b. 9
c. 10
d. 6

50. A rubber ball is made to fall from a height of 50 feet and is observed to rebound 2/3 of the distance it falls. How
far will the ball travel before coming to rest if the ball continuous to fall in this manner?
a. 225 ft
b. 200 ft
c. 275 ft
d. 250 ft
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Chapter 1 What are the types of numbers?

SYSTEMS OF NUMBERS AND CONVERSION Numbers are classified into types, namely cardinal
numbers and ordinal numbers.
What is Algebra? Cardinal numbers are the numbers which allow us to
It comes from the Arabic word “al-jabr,” which means count the objects or ideas in a given collection. Example:
‘reunion of broken parts’ 1,2,3, …, 1000, 100000 while Ordinal numbers state the
position of individual objects in a sequence. Example:
It is a branch of mathematics that deals with symbols and First, second, third …
the arithmetic operations across these symbols; these
symbols do not have any fixed values and are What are numerals?
called variables. Numerals are symbols or combination of symbols which
describe a number.
Algebraic Expressions
The most widely used numerals are the Arabic numerals
and the Roman numerals.
Arabic numerals were simply the modification of the
Hindu-Arabic number signs and are written in Arabic
digits. Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and in
combination 20, 21, 22, … 1999, …

Variables are often represented with symbols such as The Roman numerals are numbers which are written in
x,y,z, p or q; these symbols are manipulated through Latin alphabet. Example: MCMXCI.
various arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction,
The following are Roman numerals and their equivalent
multiplication, and division.
Arabic numbers:

I = 1 C = 100
V = 5 D = 500
X = 10 M = 1,000
L = 50

The Romans used the following to indicate large

numbers:
1. Bracket – to multiply it by 100 times
|A|=500

Muhammad ibn musa Al-Khwarizmi 2. Vinculum (bar above the number) – to multiply
the number 1,000 times
Ā =5,000
According to Al-Khwarizmi, the word algebra is described
as ‘reduction’ and ‘balancing’ of subtracted terms that is 3. Doorframe – to multiply the number by
a transposition to the other sides of the equation 1,000,000 times
(cancellation of like terms). |A|=5,000,000

What is a number? What is a digit?

A number is an item that describes a magnitude or A digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or in
apposition. combination to denote a number.
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The name “digit” comes from the fact that the digits in fact, a non-terminating number with non-terminating
(ancient Latin digita meaning fingers) of the hands decimal.
corresponds to the 10 symbols of the common base 10
number system, i.e. the decimal (ancient Latin adjective What is an Imaginary number?
dec. meaning ten digits. An Imaginary number is denoted as “𝑖” which is equal to
For example, the number 21 has two digits, namely 2 and the square root of negative one.
1. In some other areas in mathematical computation,
In Roman numerals, the number 9 is denoted as IX. So, especially in electronics and electrical engineering it
the digits I and X were used together to denote one is denoted as “𝑗”.
number and that is the number 9. In mathematical Imaginary number and its equivalent:
computations, or in some engineering applications, a 𝑖 = √−1
system of numbers using cardinal numbers was 𝑖 2 = −1
established and widely used. 𝑖3 = −1 =−√−1
What are real numbers? 𝑖4 = 1
What is a Complex number?
The number system is divided into two categories
namely, real numbers and imaginary number. Complex number is an expression of both real and
imaginary number combined. It takes the form of 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖,
Real numbers are classified as follows: where "𝑎" and "𝑏" are real numbers.
1. Natural numbers - numbers which are considered If 𝑎 = 0, then pure imaginary number is produced while
as the “counting numbers” real number is obtained when 𝑏 = 0.
Example: 1, 2,3 … What is a system of numbers?
2. Integers - are all the natural number, the negative A system of numbers is a diagram or chart which shows
of the natural numbers and the number zero the two sub-classifications of the two basic
classifications of numbers, namely real numbers and
Examples: -4, -1, 0, 3, 8 imaginary umbers.
3. Rational numbers - are numbers which can be
expressed as a quotient (ratio) of two integers ; the
term “rational” comes from the word “ratio”
2
Examples: 0.5, 3, -3, 0.333…
1
In the above example, 0.5 can be expressed as 2, -3 can
−6 1
be expressed as 2 , 0.333… can also be expressed as 3
and therefore a rational number.
The number 0.333… is a repeating and non-terminating
decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating but repeating (or What is an absolute value?
periodic) decimal is always a rational number. Also, all
integers are rational numbers. The absolute value of a real number is the numeral value
of the number neglecting the sign.
4. Irrational numbers - are numbers which cannot be
expressed as a quotient of two integers For example: The absolute value of -5 is 5 while of –x is
x. the absolute value |a| is either positive or zero but can
Examples: √2, 𝜋, 𝑒 never be negative.
The numbers in the examples above can never be
expressed exactly as a quotient of two integers. They are
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What are fractions? that 8 is divided by 0, which is an impossibility

𝑎 because nothing can be divided by zero.
Fractions are numbers which are in the form of 𝑏 , where 8
Examples: 0
𝑎 is called the numerator which may be any integer
12. Indeterminate fraction - a fraction which has no
while 𝑏 is called the denominator which may be any
quantitative meaning
integer greater than zero. Fraction is also defined as a 0
part of a whole. Examples: 0
13. Mixed number - a number that is a combination
What are the types of fractions? of an integer and a proper fraction
1 8
1. Simple fraction - a fraction in which the Examples: 5 2 , 9 11
numerator and denominator are both integers.
This is also known as a common fraction What is a composite number?
2 6
Examples: 3
,−7 Composite numbers are positive integers that have
2. Proper fraction - is one where the numerator is more than two positive whole number factors. It can be
smaller than the denominator written as product of two or more integers, each greater
5 2 than 1. It is observed that most integers are composite
Examples: ,
7 3 numbers. The number 6 is a composite number because
3. Improper fraction - is one where the numerator
its factors are 1, 2, 3 and 6. The number 1 is the only
is greater than the dominator
5 12 natural number that is neither composite nor prime.
Examples: ,
2 7
4. Unit fraction - is a fraction with unity for its What is a prime number?
numerator and positive integer for its A prime number is an integer greater than 1 that is
denominator divisible only by 1 and itself.
1 1
Examples: ,
4 25 According to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic,
5. Simplified fraction - a fraction whose numerator
“Every positive integer greater than 1 is a prime or can
and denominator are integers and their greatest
be expressed as a unique product of primes and powers
common factor is 1
1 8 of primes”. The following is a list of the prime numbers
Examples: 2
, − 11 less than 1,000.
6. An Integer Represented as fraction - a fraction
in which the denominator is 1
2 3
Examples: 1
,− 1
7. Reciprocal - a fraction that results from
interchanging the numerator and denominator
1
Examples: 4 is the reciprocal of 4
8. Complex fraction - a fraction in which the
numerator or denominator or both are fractions
3 5
4 8
Examples: 7 ,− 1 , 13
2
8 4
9. Similar fractions - two or more simple fraction
that have the same denominator
1 4 7
Examples: , ,
9 9 9

10. Zero fraction - a fraction in which the numerator

is zero. A zero fraction is equal to zero What are the types of prime numbers?
0 0
Examples: 2
, − 11 Natural prime numbers are those that have only two
11. Undefined fraction - a fraction with a factors; 1 and the number. Twin primes are a set of two
denominator of zero. The example below means consecutive odd primes, which differ by two. The
following are twin primes less than 100.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 12

3,5 29,31 Example of unique product of power of primes:

5,7 41,43 360 = 23 ∙ 32 ∙ 51
11,13 59,61
What is a perfect number?
17,19 71,73
Symmetric primes are a pair of prime numbers that are A perfect number is an integer that is equal to the sum
the same distance from a given number in a number line. of all its possible divisors, except the number itself.
Symmetric primes are also called Euler primes. The
Example: 6, 28, 496 …
following are symmetric primes for the number 1
through 25. In the case of 6, the factors or divisors are 1, 2 and 3.
Number Symmetric prime When the factors are added the sum is equal to the
1 None number itself and shown in the following equation.
2 None
1+2+3=6
3 None
4 3,5 What are an abundant numbers and deficient
5 3,7 numbers?
6 5,7
7 3,11 If the sum of the possible divisors is greater than the
8 5,11; 3,13 number, it is referred to as abundant number.
9 7,11; 5,13 A defective number is an integer with the sum of all its
10 7,13; 3,17 possible divisor is less than the number itself. It is also
11 5,17; 3,19 called deficient number.
12 11,13; 7,15; 5,19
13 7,19; 3,23 Number Factors Excluding Itself Sum Type
14 11,17; 5,23 1 0 D
2 1 1 D
15 13,17; 11,19; 7,23
3 1 1 D
16 15,17; 13,19; 3,29
4 1,2 3 D
17 11,23; 5,29; 3,31 5 1 1 D
18 17,19; 13,23; 7,29; 5,31 6 1,2,8 6 Perfect
19 9,29; 7,31 7 1 1 D
20 17,23; 11,29; 3,37 8 1,2,4 7 D
21 19,23; 13,29; 11,31; 5,37 9 1,3 4 D
22 13,31; 7,37; 3,41 10 1,2,5 8 D
23 17,29; 13,33; 5,41; 3,43 11 1 1 D
12 1,2,3,4,6 16 A
24 19,29; 17,31; 11,37; 7,41; 5,43
13 1 1 D
25 19,31; 13,37; 7,43; 3,47
14 1,2,7 10 D
15 1,3,5 9 D
Emirp (prime spelled backwards) is a prime number that 16 1,2,4,8 15 D
remains a prime when its digits are reversed. The 17 1 1 D
following are emirp less than 500. 18 1,2,3,6,9 21 A
19 1 1 D
20 1,2,4,5,10 22 A
11, 13, 17, 31, 71, 73, 79, 97, 101, 107,
21 1,3,7 11 D
113, 131, 149, 151, 157, 167, 179, 181, 22 1,2,11 14 D
191, 199, 311, 313, 337, 347, 353, 359, 23 1 1 D
373, 383, 389 24 1,2,3,4,6,8,12 36 A
25 1,5 6 D
Relatively prime numbers are numbers whose greatest
common factor is 1.
What is a perfect number?
Unique product of power of primes is a number whose
factors are prime numbers raised to a certain power. Perfect number is a number that is equal to the sum of
its factors excluding itself. They are mathematical rarities
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 13

that have no practical use. The formula to find a perfect (0!)(1) = (1)!
number is a follows: 0! = 1

2𝑝−1 (2𝑝 − 1) The factorial symbol (!) was introduced by Christian

Kramp in 1808.
where:
What are significant figures or digits?
𝑝 and (2𝑝 − 1)are prime numbers
Significant figures or digits are digits that define the
Formula Perfect number numerical value of a number.
21 (22 − 1) 6
22 (23 − 1) 28 A digit considered significant unless it is used to place a
24 (25 − 1) 496 decimal point.
26 (27 − 1) 8128
The significant digit of a number begins with the first
What are amicable numbers? non-zero digit and ends with the final digit, whether zero
or non-zero.
Amicable numbers or friendly numbers refer to two
integers where each is the sum of all the possible divisors Examples:
of the other.
16.71 4 significant figures
3
The smallest known amicable numbers are 220 and 284. 1.671 x 10 2 significant figures
0.0016 2 significant figures
The number 220 has the following factors/divisors: 1, 2, Example 2 is expressed in scientific notation and figures
4, 5, 10, 20, 22, 44, 55, & 100 which when added sums considered significant are 1, 6, 7 and 2 excluding 103 .
up to 284, while the number 284 has the following
divisors 1, 2, 4, 71, and 142 which adds up to 220. Example 3 has 2 significant figures only because the 3
zeros are used only to place a decimal.
There are more than 1,000 pairs of amicable numbers
have been found. The number of significant digit is considered the place of
accuracy. Hence, a number with 3 significant digits is said
The following are the ten smallest pairs of amicable to have three place accuracy and a number with 4
numbers. significant figures is said to have four place accuracy.
220 and 284
1,184 and 1,210 RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
2,620 and 2,924
5,020 and 5,564 1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant. The number
6,232 and 6,368 14.3 has THREE significant figures because all of the digits
10,744 and 10,856 present are non-zero.
12,285 and 14,595
17,296 and 18,416 2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE
63,020 and 76,084 significant. 2041 has FOUR significant figures. The zero is
66,928 and 66,992 between a 2 and a 4.

What is a factorial? 3. Leading zeros are NOT significant. They're nothing

A factorial denoted as 𝑛! , represents the product of all more than "place holders." The number 0.69 has only
positive integers from 1 to n, inclusive. TWO significant figures. 0.0057 also has TWO significant
figures. All of the zeros are leading.
Example: 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … 3,2,1
4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE
significant. There are FOUR significant figures in 92.00.
If 𝑛 = 0, by definition:
5. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal
(𝑛!)(𝑛 + 1) = (𝑛 + 1)! → Recursion Formula shown ARE significant. Placing a decimal at the end of a
(0!)(0 + 1) = (0 + 1)! number is usually not done. By convention, however, this
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 14

decimal indicates a significant zero. For example, "150." The unit “Celsius” was named after the Swedish
indicates that the trailing zero IS significant; there are astronomer, Anders Celsius (1701 – 1744). In this unit of
THREE significant figures in this value. temperature, the boiling point and freezing point are 100
degrees and 0 degree, respectively
6. Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal
The unit “Fahrenheit” was named after the German
shown are NOT significant. Writing just "150" indicates
physicist, Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (1686 – 1736). In
that the zero is NOT significant, and there are only TWO
this unit of temperature, the boiling point and freezing
significant figures in this value.
point are 212 degrees and 32 degrees, respectively.
7. For a number in scientific notation: N x 10x, all digits
comprising N ARE significant by the first 6 rules; "10"
and "x" are NOT significant. 5.02 x 104 has THREE
significant figures: "5.02." "10 and "4" are not significant.

What are the forms of approximation?

There are two forms of approximations, namely

rounding and truncation.

Rounding of a number means replacing the number with

another number having fewer significant decimal digits,
or for integer number, fewer value-carrying (non-zero)
digits.

Examples:

3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416

By ratio and proportion:
3.12354 shall be rounded down to 3.1235
𝐶 −0 𝐹 − 32
=
Truncation refers to the dropping of the next digits in 100 − 0 212 − 32
order to obtain the degree of accuracy beyond the need 𝐶 𝐹 − 32
=
of practical calculations. This is just the same as rounding 100 180
100
down and truncated values will always have values lower 𝐶= (𝐹 − 32)
than the exact values. 180
𝟓
𝑪 = (𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐) or
Example: 3.1415 is truncated to 3 decimal 3.141 𝟗
𝟗
𝑭 = (𝑪 + 𝟑𝟐)
𝟓
What is a conversion? Sample Problems:
Conversion is the process of getting the equivalent value 1. Convert 45°C to °F.
in another unit of measure of a certain value with a
different given unit of measure. Solution:

Most conversions can be done conveniently by using a 9

𝐹 = (𝐶 + 32)
prepared conversion table while other conversion can be 5
done through mathematical computations using 9
𝐹 = (45°𝐶 + 32)
formulas. 5
F = 45°C
How to convert temperature in degree Celsius to degree
Fahrenheit and vice versa? 2. At what temperature will the Centigrade
scale and the Fahrenheit scale will have the
same reading?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 15

Solution: For same reading, F = C

The radian is an angle subtended by an arc equal to the
9 length
The of the
radian is radius of subtended
an angle the circle. by an arc equal to the
𝐹 = (𝐶 + 32)
5 length of the radius of the circle.
9 The following is a tabulation of the unit of angle
𝐹 = (F + 32) measurement
The following and
is a the corresponding
tabulation of the value
unit ofin angle
one
5
0.8F = -32 revolution:
measurement and the corresponding value in one
F = -40°C revolution:
Unit 1 Revolution
Degree
Unit 1360
Revolution
How to convert temperature in degree Celsius or degree
Radian
Degree 2𝜋
360
Fahrenheit to absolute temperature?
Grad
Radian 40
2𝜋
Mil
Grad 6400
40
Absolute temperature may be expressed in Kelvin or in
Rankine. Mil 6400
Sample Problems:
Kelvin was named after British physicist, William Sample Problems:
Thompson (1824 – 1902) the First Baron, Kelvin. 1. How many mils are there in 90 degrees?
Solution:
1. How many mils are there in 90 degrees?
Rankine was named after Scottish engineer and Solution: 𝑥 90°
=
physicist, William John Macquom Rankin (1820 – 1872). 6400𝑥mils 90°
360°
x = 1,600 =
mils
6400 mils 360°
The formulas for conversion to absolute temperature are 2. How many radians x =is1,600
equivalent
mils to 320 grads?
as follows: Solution:
2. How many radians is equivalent to 320 grads?
Solution: 𝑥 320 grads
=
°𝑲 = °𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 °𝑹 = °𝑭 + 𝟒𝟗𝟎 𝑥
2𝜋 radians 320 grads
400 grads
x = 5.03 =
radians
2𝜋 radians 400 grads
3. 145 degrees is equivalent to how many grads?
x = 5.03 radians
Sample Problems: Solution:
3. 145 degrees is equivalent to how many grads?
Solution: 𝑥 145°
1. Express the temperature of 60°C to absolute =
𝑥
400 grads 145°
360°
temperature. =
x = 161.11
400 grads grads
360°
Solution: 4. There are how many gradsgrads
x = 161.11 in 1200 mils?
Solution:
4. There are how many grads in 1200 mils?
°𝐾 = °𝐶 + 273 Solution: 𝑥 1200 mils
°𝐾 = 60°𝐶 + 273 =
𝑥
400 grads 1200 mils
6400 mils
°𝑲 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑°𝑪 x = 75 =
grads
400 grads 6400 mils
2. Express the temperature of 150°F to
x = 75 grads
absolute temperature.

Solution:
°𝑅 = °𝐹 + 490
°𝑅 = 150°𝐹 + 490
°𝑹 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎°𝑪

How to convert one unit of an angle to another unit?

There are four units commonly used to measure an
angle. They are degrees, radians, grads and mils.
The degree is the most commonly used measure of an
angle.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 16

Units Conversion Tables

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 17
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 18
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 19
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 20

WORKSHEET 1: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score:

I. Determine the number of significant figures in each of the following.

a. 0.982 x 10−9
b. 20.4 x 105
c. 2,000,000
d. 400.01
e. 96
f. 0.000000046
g. 3100.00 x 102
h. 1362.1
i. 3469.
j. 0.001900

II. Convert each into scientific notation with four significant figures.
a. 1362205.2
b. 660.913
c. 12,413
d. 0.0000912634
e. 92081.021 x 102

III. Perform the following operations. Answers must be in proper significant figures.
a. (4.53 x 105 ) + (2.2 x 106 )
b. (6.188 x 10−45 ) + (4.72 x 10−44 )
c. (4.25 x 10−3 ) − (1.6 x 10−2 )
d. (1913.0) − (4.6 x 103 )
e. (8.195 x 1076 ) (1.25 x 1056 )
f. (4.44 x 107 ) (2.25 x 105 )
g. (2.5 x 109 )(6.45 x 104 )
h. (3.5 x 102 )(6.45 x 1010 )

IV. Round each of the following to three significant numbers

a. 18.95 x 1021
b. 0.00023350
c. 876,493
d. 5.447
e. 120,000
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 21

WORKSHEET 2: CONVERSION
Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score:

1. A child is prescribed a dosage of 12mg of a certain drug per day and is allowed to refill his prescription twice. If
there are 60 tablets in a prescription and each tablet has 4mg, how many doses are in the 3 prescriptions
(original+2refills)?

2. Johnny uses 40 grams of cheese in each pizza he makes. How many kilograms of cheese does Johnny need to make
28 pizzas?

3. Trudy wants to surround her garden on all four sides with fencing. Her rectangular garden is 270 cm x 130 cm.
How many meters of fencing will she need?

4. Convert 80K to Celsius and Fahrenheit.

5. Convert -40°F to Celsius degrees.

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 22

6. Convert 4,000 mils in degrees.

7. 90 degrees is equivalent to how many grads?

8. How many radians are there in 2,500 mils?

9. Rhea is in training, she is to drink 500 milliliters of water 4 times per day. How many liters of water will that be for
one week?

10. A student averaged 45 miles/hour on a trip. What was the student’s speed in feet per second?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 23

Chapter 2 7. Multiplication Property of Zero

a (0) = 0
FUNDAMENTALS IN ALGEBRA
The properties of equality of integers: Consider a, b, and
What are the properties of integers? c as integers or real numbers or variables of an algebraic
expression.
Integers have special properties. Computations of
integers will become easier by understanding these 1. Reflexive Property
special properties. The commutative property, for a=a
instance, allows you to change the order of adding or 2. Symmetric Property
multiplying while the associative property allows you to
If a = b, then b = a
change grouping.
3. Transitive Property
The Properties of Addition of Integers: If a = b and b = c, then a = c
4. Substitution Property
1. Closure Property
If a = b, then a can be replaced by b in
a + b = integer
any expression involving a.
2. Commutative Property
5. Addition/ Subtraction Property
a+ b = b+a
If a = b, then a + c =b + c
3. Associative Property
If a = b, then a – c = b – c
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) 6. Multiplication/ Division Property
4. Identity Property
If a = b, then ac = bc
a+0=a 𝑎 𝑏
If a = b, then 𝑐 = with c ≠ 0
The number 0 is called the additive identity. 𝑐
5. Inverse Property 7. Cancellation Property
a + (-a) = 0 If a + c = b + c. then a = b
The number 0 is called the additive inverse. If ac = bc and c ≠ 0, then a = b
6. Distributive Property
a (b + c) = ab + ac The Properties of Zero:
Consider a, b and c as integers or real numbers or
The Properties of Multiplication of Integers: variables of an algebraic expression.
1. Closure Property
1. a + 0 = a and a – 0 = a
ab = integer
2. Commutative Property 2. a (0) = 0
0
ab = ba 3. 𝑎
= 0, with a ≠ 0
3. Associative Property 𝑎
4. 0
is undefined
(ab) c = a(bc) 5. If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. This is known as
4. Indentity Property
a+1=a Zero-Factor Property.
The number 1 is called the multiplicative
identity What is an exponent?
5. Inverse Property Exponent is a number that gives the power to which a
base is raised. For example, in 32, the base is 3 and the
a (1⁄𝑎) = 1
exponent is 2.
The number (1⁄𝑎) is called the multiplicative
inverse
Exponent should not be misunderstood as “power”,
6. Distributive Property
power is a word that is almost never used in its correct,
a (b + c) = ab + ac
original sense anymore. Strictly speaking, if we write 32 =
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 24

9, then 3 id the base, 2 is the exponent and 9 is the 𝑛

√𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
3
√50 3 50 3
3. 𝑛 = √𝑏 , b ≠ 0 3 = √10 = √5
power. But almost everyone, including most √𝑏 √10
mathematician would say that 3 is the power and that 4.
𝑚 𝑛
√ √𝑎 = 𝑚𝑛√𝑎
3 4
√ √15 = 12√15
“power” and “exponent” mean the same thing. The 𝑛 5
5. ( √𝑎)𝑛 = a (√2𝑥 )5 = 2x
misuse has probably come from a misunderstanding of 𝑛 4
statements such “nine” is the second power of three. 6. √𝑎𝑛 = |a| √(−12)4 = |-12|
= 12
The exponential notation states that if a is a real number, (For n = even no.)
𝑛 3
variable or algebraic expression and n is a positive √𝑎𝑛 = |a| √(−12)3 = -12
number, then: (For n = odd no.)
an = a ∙ a ∙ a ∙ a ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ What is a surd?
n factors Surd is a radical expression an irrational number. The
surd is described after the index of the radical. For
The Properties of Exponents with Corresponding 3 4
example, √3 is a quadratic surd, √3 is a cubic surd, , √3
Examples: is a quartic surd and so on.

Property Example Different types of surds:

1. 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 x2 + x3 = x2+3 = x5 Pure surd, sometimes called an entire surd contains no
𝑎𝑚 𝑥8
2. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 =x 8-3
=x 5 rational number and all its terms are surds.
𝑎𝑛 𝑥3
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
3. (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 (𝑦 6 )2 = 𝑦12 Example: √3 + √2
4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑛 (2𝑥)4 = 24 𝑥 4 = 16𝑥 4
𝑎 𝑎𝑚 𝑚 2 24 16 Mixed surd is a surd that contains at least one rational
5. ( )𝑚 = ( ) ( )4 = = 5
𝑏 𝑏𝑚 𝑥 𝑥4 𝑥4 number. √3 is a mixed surd because 5 is a rational
𝑚 5
𝑛 3
6. 𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎 𝑚 (4𝑥)3 = √(4𝑥)5 number while √3 is a surd.
1 1
7. 𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑥 −5 = Binomial surd is an expression of two terms with at least
𝑎𝑚 𝑥5
8. 𝑎0 = 1 (a ≠ 0) (𝑥 2 + 2)0 = 1 one term a surd.

Example: 5 + √2
What is a radical?
Trinomial surd is an expression of three terms with at
Radical refers to the symbol that indicates a root, √. It least two of them are surds and cannot be expressed as
was first used in 1525 by Christoff Rudolf in his Die Cross. a single surd, otherwise it will become a binomial surd.
𝑛
In the expression, √𝑎, n is called the index, a (the Example: 5 + √2 + √3
expression inside the symbol) is called the radical and
What is a special product?
while the symbol √ is called radical.
Special products are the expressions where the values
Property Example
can be obtained without execution of long
𝑛 3
1. √𝑎𝑚 = ( √𝑎)𝑚
𝑛
√82 = 22 multiplication.
3
√82 = 4 With x, y, and z as real numbers or variables or algebraic
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 3 3
2. √𝑎 ∙ √𝑎 = √𝑎𝑏 √5 ∙ √675 expression, the following are the special products.
= 3√(5)(675)
3
1. Sum and difference of same terms or Difference
= √3375 = 15 of two squares
(x + y) (x - y) = x2 – y2
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 25

2. Square of binomial 𝑥=9

(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
To solve for the first number, substitute x = 9:
(x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2
3. Cube of binomial 3𝑥 → 3(9)
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2 + 3xy2 + y2
𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕 (first number)
(x – y)3 = x3 – 3x2 + 3xy2 – y2
4. Difference of two cubes To solve for the second number, substitute x = 9:
X3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
4𝑥 → 4(9)
5. Sum of two cubes
X3 + y3 = (x – y)(x2 – xy + y2) 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟔 (second number)
6. Square of Trinomial
What is a least common denominator (LCD)?
(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz
Least common denominator (LCD) refers to the product
What is a proportion?
of several prime numbers occurring in the denominators,
Proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal. each taken with its greatest multiplicity.

Properties of Proportion Sample Problems:

𝑎 𝑥 What is the least common denominator of 8, 9, 12, and
1. If 𝑦 = 𝑑 , then a : x = y : d
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
15?
2. If = ,then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 Solution:
3. If = , then 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑 8 = 23
4. If = , then 𝑏 = 𝑑
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑 9 = 32
5. If = , then 𝑏 = 𝑑
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑 12 = 3 ∙ 22
6. If = , then 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑐−𝑑
𝑏 𝑑
15 = 3 ∙ 5
In number (1), quantities a and c are called extremes
while x and y are called means. If x = y, then its value LCD = 23 (32) (5)
is known as mean proportional. In the ratio x/y, the LCD = 360
first term x is called the antecedent while the second
term y is called the consequent. What is the least common multiple (LCM)?

extremes antecedent A common multiple is a number that two other numbers

will divide into evenly. The least common multiple (LCM)
𝑎
a:x=y:d a:x= is the lowest multiple of two numbers.
𝑥

means Sample Problems:

consequent
Sample Problem: What is the least common multiple of 15 and 16?
Two numbers are in the ratio 3:4. If the sum of numbers Solution:
is 63, find the numbers.
15 = 3 ∙ 5
Solution:
16 = 32 ∙ 2
Let 3x be the first number
LCM = 32 (5)(2)
4x be the second the number
LCM = 90
3𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 63
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 26

What is a greatest common factor (GCF)? What is a Factor Theorem?

Factor Theorem states that if a polynomial is divided by
A factor is a number that divides into a larger number
(x – k) will result to a remainder of zero, then the value
evenly. The greatest common factor (GCF) is the largest
number that divides into two or more numbers evenly. of (x – k) is a factor of the polynomial.

Sample Problems: What

Both isremainder
a Factor Theorem?
theorem and factor theorem were
What is the greatest common factor of 70 and 112? Factor Theorem
suggested states that
by a French if a polynomial
Mathematician, is divided
Etienne by
Bezout
(x(1730-1783).
– k) will result to a remainder of zero, then the value
Solution: of (x – k) is a factor of the polynomial.
70 = 2 ∙ 5 ∙ 7 Sample Problem:
Both remainder theorem and factor theorem were
112 = 2 ∙ 7 Find the value of k so that 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of
suggested by a French Mathematician, Etienne Bezout
Common factors are 2 and 7. 3𝑥 3 + 𝑘𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 = 0.
(1730-1783).

GCF = 2 (7) Solution:

Sample Problem:
GCF= 14 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑟 where: 𝑥 = −2
Find the value of k so that 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of
What is a Remainder Theorem? 𝑓(−2) = 3(−2)3 + 𝑘(−2)2 + 2(−2) − 4
3𝑥 3 + 𝑘𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 = 0.
Remainder Theorem states that if a polynomial in an 𝒌=𝟖
Solution:
unknown quantity x is divided by a first degree
expression in the same variable, (x – k), where k may be 𝑥+2=𝑥−𝑟 where: 𝑥 = −2
any real number or complex number, the remainder to
𝑓(−2) = 3(−2)3 + 𝑘(−2)2 + 2(−2) − 4
be expected ill be equal to the sum obtained when the
numerical value of k is substituted for x in the 𝒌=𝟖
polynomial. Thus,

Remainder = f(x)
x k
Example:

What is the remainder of 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2, when it was

divided by (𝑥 − 1)?

Solution:
According to the remainder theorem, the
remainder can be computed by substituting 𝑥 =
1 in 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑥1) = 3(1)2 − 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(1) = 4

Therefore, the remainder of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2

was 4.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 27

WORKSHEET 3: FUNDAMENTALS IN ALGEBRA

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score:
1. Simplify the following:
a. 4√36𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 4
3 27𝑥 4
b. √
𝑦
√𝑥+√𝑦
c.
√𝑥−√𝑦
d. (𝑢3 𝑣 2 )0
√56𝑥 5 𝑦 5
e.
√7𝑥𝑦
24𝑥 3 (4−𝑥)
f.
18𝑥(4−𝑥)
2𝑥 2 −18𝑥
g.
4𝑥 3 −32𝑥 2 −36𝑥

2. Perform the indicated operations and reduce answers to lowest terms.

7𝑥+4 3𝑥−2
a. −
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
2
𝑥 −1 𝑥+1
b. ÷
𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −4
4𝑥 3 2
c. + −
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
2𝑥+6 𝑥+2
d. ( )( )
5𝑥+10 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+3

3. The expression 4𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 7 leaves a remainder of -2 when divided by 𝑥 − 3. Determine the value of k.

4. If (𝑥 − 1) divides the polynomial 𝑘𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 − 26 without remainder, then find the value of k.

5. Find the remainder when 8𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 is divisible by 𝑥 − 10.

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 28

Chapter 3 What is a system of three linear equations?

QUADRATIC EQUATION AND LOGARITHMS A system of three linear equations in three variables is
solved by eliminating one unknown from any two of the
What is a Linear Equation?
equations and then eliminating the same unknown from
A linear equation in one variable has the form any other pairs of equations. Linear equations in the
variables x, y, z are of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑, where
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants. The solution
𝑏 a, b, c and d are real numbers and not all three of a, b,
of this equation is given by 𝑥 = − 𝑎 and care zero.
Example: Find 𝑥 in: 𝑥 + 8 − 2(𝑥 + 1) = 3𝑥 − 6 What is a Quadratic Equation?
Solution: 𝑥 + 8 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑥 − 6 Quadratic is an expression or an equation that contains
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 = −6 + 2 − 8 the variable squared, but not raised to any higher power.
Quadratic equation in x contains x2 but not x3
−4𝑥 = −12, divide both sides by − 4
The general quadratic equation is expressed as:
Thus, 𝑥 = 3
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
What are Systems of Linear Equations?
A linear equation in two variables x and y is of the form where, A, B, and C are real numbers and with A ± 0.
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants and 𝑎, 𝑏 are When B = 0, quadratic equation is known as a pure
not both zero. quadratic equation.
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2
A quadratic equation in x is also known as second-degree
We say that we have two simultaneous linear equations polynomial equation.
in two unknowns or a system of two linear equations in
two unknowns. A pair of values for 𝑥 and 𝑦, (𝑥, 𝑦), which The solution to a quadratic equation is either by factoring
satisfies both equations is called a simultaneous solution or by the use of the quadratic formula.
of the given equations. The following is the quadratic formula:
Thus, the simultaneous solution of 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 and
−𝐵±√𝐵2 −4𝐴𝐶
x= 2𝐴
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 is (5,2).
What are the methods of solving two linear equations? −𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥1 = and 𝑥2 =
2𝑎 2𝑎
1. ELIMINATION METHOD – Solution by addition or
subtraction. If necessary, multiply the given The quantity √𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 in the above equation is known
equations by such numbers as will make the as the discriminant. The discriminant will determine the
coefficients of one unknown in the resulting nature of the roots of the quadratic equation.
equations numerically equal. If the signs of the
equal coefficients are unlike, add the resulting The table below shows the value of the discriminant and
equations; if like, subtract them. its corresponding nature of roots.
2. SUBSTITUTION METHOD – Solution by
√𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 Nature of roots
substitution. Find the value of one unknown in
either of the given equations and substitute this 0 Only one root
value in the other equation. (Real and equal)
3. GRAPHING METHOD – Graph both equations, >0 Real and unequal
obtaining two straight lines. The simultaneous
<0 Imaginary and unequal
solution is given by the coordinates (x,y) of the
(Complex Conjugates)
point of intersection of these lines.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 29

Test of factoring: Binomial Pascals Triangle

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is factorable if, (x + y)0 1

a. 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 (x + y)1 1 1
b. 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = perfect square
(x + y)2 1 2 1
The sum and product of the roots of a quadratic equation
(x + y)3 1 3 3 1
can be solved even without using factoring or quadratic
formulas as long as the general equation is given. (x + y)4 1 4 6 4 1
The following are the properties of the roots of a (x + y)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
quadratic equation:
(x + y)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Let r1 and r2 be the roots of a quadratic equation:
Another way to determine the coefficient of any term in
Sum of the roots: the binomial expansion is to use the following formula:
When the two roots are multiplied, the result is: C=
(𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇)(𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇)
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇+1
𝐵
r1 + r2 = −
𝐴 Where: C = coefficient of any term
Product of the roots: PT = preceding term
When the two roots are multiplied, the result is: The rth term of the binomial expansion of (x + y)n may be
𝐶 calculated using the following formulas:
r1 - r2 = 𝐴
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…(𝑛−𝑟+2) n-r
What is a Binomial Theorem? rth = (𝑟−1)!
x y

Binomial is an expression containing two terms joined by Sum of the coefficients of the expansion of (x + y)n:
either + or –
Sum = (Coeff. of x + coeff. of y)n
Binomial theorem gives the result of raising a binomial
Sum of exponents of the expansion of (x + y)n :
expression to a certain power. The expansion and the
series it leads to are called the binomial expansion and Sum= n(n + 1)
the binomial series, respectively.
Sample Problem:
The binomial theorem is expressed as follows :
What is the numerical coefficient of the term next to
n n n-1
(x + y) = x + nx y +
𝑛(𝑛−1) n-2 2
x y + n-1 n
…ꓺ.. nx y + y 495𝑥 8 𝑦 4 ?
2!
Solution:
Binomial coefficient is a coefficient pf x in the expansion
of (x + y)n . The binomial coefficient nCm gives the number (𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇)(𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇)
C= 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇+1
of ways of picking m outcomes (not in any particular
order) from n possible outcomes. 495(8)
𝐶= = 𝟕𝟗𝟐
The binomial coefficient forms the rows of Pascal’s 4+1
triangle. What is a Degree of a Polynomial or Equation?
In Italy, this triangular pattern is known as Tartagila’s Degree of a polynomial or equation with only one
triangle while in many parts of Asia, it is referred to as variable refers to the exponent of the variable. For a
Yang Hul’s triangle. polynomial or equation that contains two or more
variables in a single term.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 30

Example: as the modulus of logarithm is necessary of logarithm is

necessary, such as:
1. What is the degree of the monomial 7x5.
Answer: 5 log x = 0.4343ln x lnx = 2.3026logx
2. What is the degree of the polynomial
The coefficients 0.4343lnx and 2.3026 are the referred to
3x4y – 2x3z4 + 7yz5?
as the modulus of logarithm.
Answer: 7
7 is the sum of 3 and 4 in the second term. What are the Properties of Logarithms?
What is a Logarithm? 1. log(xy) = log x + log y (Product)
𝑥
The logarithm of a number or variable x to to base b, 2. log( ) = log x – log y (Quotient)
𝑦
logbx, is the exponent of b needed to give x. 3. log xn = nlogx (Power)
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
4. logbx = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
5. log x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏𝐵
4 𝑏
Log2 16 = 4 may be written as 2 = 16
6. logaa = 1

Examples:
The term “logarithm” comes from Greek words, “logus” a. Write log10 (𝑥 + 8) = 3 in its exponential form.
meaning “ratio” and “arithmus” meaning “number”.
John Napler (1550 – 1617) invented logarithm in 1614 Answer: 103 = (𝑥 + 8)
using e = 2.718… for its base. Logarithm with base e (log0 b. Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite the
or ln) is called the natural logarithm or Naplerean expression as a single logarithm.
logarithm. In 1616, through the suggestion of John
Napier, Henry Briggs (1561 0 1630), a professor of 4 log 𝑏 (𝑥 + 2) − 3 log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 5)
Geometry at Gresham College in London, improved the Solution:
logarithm using 10 as the base. The logarithm with base
10 is known as common logarithm or the Briggsian 4 log 𝑏 (𝑥 + 2) − 3 log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 5)
logarithm. = log 𝑏 (𝑥 + 2)4 − log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 5)3 Power Property
The number “e” which is the base of the natural (𝑥+2)4
logarithm is known as as Euler’s number, named after = log 𝑏 Quotient Property
(𝑥−5)3
the Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler (1707 – 1783)
and is defined as,
1 𝑛
e = lim (1 + 𝑛)
𝑛→∞

Binary logarithm (denoted as lb) is a logarithm with a

base value of 2.

Relation between natural logarithm and common

logarithm:

The natural logarithm can be converted into a common

logarithm and vice versa. To obtain this, a factor known
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 31

WORKSHEET 4: QUADRATIC EQUATION AND LOGARITHM

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score:

1. Solve the following quadratic equation by factoring. x2 − 5x − 14=0.

2. Solve the quadratic equation (2x + 7) (3x - 8) + 52 = 0, using the quadratic formula.

3. Find out the nature of roots of the equation 3x2 + 4x + 6 = 0.

4. Use the binomial theorem to expand (2x + 3)4.

5. What is the coefficient for x3 in (2x+4)8?

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 32

6. Find the 7th term of (x + y)17.

7. What is the degree of the following polynomial 11x9+10x5+11?

8. Write 75 =16807 in logarithmic form.

9. Without using a calculator determine the exact value of log 1 (16).

4

10. Solve the logarithmic equation. log 2 (𝑥 + 2) + log 2 (3) = log 2 (27).
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 33

Chapter 4
APPLICATIONS OF ALGEBRA
Age Problem 65 %
Alcohol
One of the most common problems in Algebra is the age The entire
problem. This type of problems must be solved mixture
meticulously by giving more emphasis to tenses (i.e. past,
present or future) of the statement. 35 %
Gasoline
Example:

The ages of a certain person in the past, present and

V = 5m3
future in terms of x are as follows:

6 years ago Present 5 years hence

x–6 x x+5 The quantity of alcohol is (0.65)(5) = 3.25 cubic meters
while that of gasoline is (0.35)(5) = 1.75 cubic meters.
Work Problem Digit Problems
Suppose that a person can do a certain work in 5 days. Let h, t and u be the hundreds, tens, and units digit
This means that the said person can finish 1/5 of the
respectively. A three-digit number must be represented
work in one day. Thus, his rate is 1/5 of the work per day.
in the following manner.
Example:
Number = (h)(100) + (t)(10) + (u)
If 20 bakers can bake 40 pizzas in 8 hours, how many
bakers can bake 10 pizzas in 2 hours? A two-digit number is represented by:

Solution: Number = (t)(10) + (u)

Get the rate (in man-hour) of baking a pizza. Motion Problems

(20 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠)(8 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) In Algebra, the problems pertaining to motion deals only
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
40 𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑠 with a uniform velocity, i.e., no acceleration or
deceleration in the process. The following is the
relationship between the distance, time, and velocity.
(4𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑠
Time = 0 Time = t
V
That means that to bake a pizza, you need either 4 bakers
to work in 1 hour or 1 baker to work in 4 hours.
4 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟−ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 10 𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑠
No. of bakers = ( ) ( 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ) D
𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑧𝑎

= 20 bakers
𝐷 𝐷
D = Vt V= t=
Mixture Problems 𝑡 𝑉

The easiest way to solve a mixture problem is to draw a Sample Problem:

rectangle or square which will illustrate the content of
A motorist is traveling from town A to town B at 60 kph
the mixture as shown in the following illustration.
and returns from town B to town A at 30 kph. What is his
Consider a 5 cubic meter mixture containing 65 % alcohol
average velocity for the roundtrip?
and 35 % gasoline.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 34

Solution: Let V1 = 60 and V2 = 30, then 3(𝑥 − 8) = 2(𝑥 + 8)

2 2 Coin Problems
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒑𝒉
1 1 1 1
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 60 + 30 Problems in Algebra about coins are more focus on the
dollar denomination than local Philippe currency.
Relative velocity
The following are equivalent value for each coin.
Relative velocity (VR) – is the vector sum of the objects
velocity and the other’s velocity affecting it

𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑂 ± 𝑉𝑊 𝑑 = 𝑉𝑟 𝑡

𝑑 𝑑 Penny Nickel
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑡=
𝑡 𝑉𝑟 1 cent 5 cents

where:

𝑉𝑅 = relative velocity
𝑉𝑂 = velocity of the object such as boat and airplane Quarter
Dime
+𝑉𝑊 = velocity of the water/wind that affects the 25 cents
10 cents
velocity of the object when it is going downstream or
along the direction of the wind

−𝑉𝑊 = velocity of the water/wind that affects the

velocity of the object when it is going upstream or
against the direction of the wind

Sample Problem: Half Dollar

50 Cents
A boat travels downstream 2/3 of the time as it goes
going upstream. If the velocity of the river’s current is 8 Sample Problem:
kph, determine the velocity of the boat in still water.
A coin collector had a collection of silver coins worth
Solution: $205. There were 5 times as many quarters as half-
dollars, and 200 fewer dimes than quarters. How many
Let x be the velocity of the boat in still water
dimes did the collector have?
x + 8 be the velocity of the boat travelling downstream Solution: Let q = no. of quarter dollar coins
x – 8 be the velocity of the boat travelling upstream d = no. of dimes
h = no. of half dollar coins
2
𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑡𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 $0.25𝑞 + $0.5ℎ + $0.10𝑑 = $205 → eq. 1
3
𝑑+200
𝑑 2 𝑑 Since:𝑞 = 5ℎ and 𝑑 = 𝑞 − 200, ℎ = → eq. 2
= ( ) 5
𝑥+8 3 𝑥−8 then, q = d + 200 → eq. 3
3𝑥 − 24 = 2𝑥 + 16 Substituting eq. 2 and 3 to eq. 1 so;

𝑥 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒑𝒉 (answer) 𝑑 + 200

$0.25(d + 200) + $0.5 ( ) + $0.10𝑑 = $205
5
Thus, 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 (answer)
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 35

WORKSHEET 5: APPLICATIONS OF ALGEBRA

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score:

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solution.

1. Stella is 13 years younger than Kwame. Nine years from now, the sum of their ages will be 43. Find the present
age of each.

2. Phil is Tom's father. Phil is 35 years old. Three years ago, Phil was four times as old as his son was then. How old
is Tom now?

3. Molly can clean an attic in 10.6 hours. Jasmine can clean the same attic in 15 hours. If they worked together how
long would it take them?

4. Karl can clean a room in 3 hours. If his little sister Kyra helps, they can clean it in 2.4 hours. How long would it take
Kyra to do the job alone?

5. 9 lbs. of mixed nuts containing 55% peanuts were mixed with 6 lbs. of another kind of mixed nuts that contain
40% peanuts. What percent of the new mixture is peanuts?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 36

6. 7 L of an acid solution was mixed with 3 L of a 15% acid solution to make a 29% acid solution. Find the percent
concentration of the first solution.

7. If 8 is added to a product of nine and the numerical number, the sum is seventy-one. Find the unknown number.

8. Find the fraction such that if two is subtracted from its term, it becomes ¼, but if 4 is added to its terms it becomes
½.

9. Leticia has 35 coins in nickels and quarters. In all, she has $4.15. How many of each kind of coin does she have?

10. Tamar has four more quarters than dimes. If he has a total of $1.70, how many quarters and dimes does he have?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 37

Chapter 5
WORD PROBLEMS IN ALGEBRA Sample Problem:
At what time (in minutes), between 3 o’clock and 4
What is a clock problem? o’clock, both the needles will coincide each other?
A clock problem is a mathematical problem which focus Solution:
on the relationship of the movements of the hands (hour
hand, minute hand, second hand) of the clock. This type At 3o’clock, the minute spaces between minute hand
of problem is a mechanical clock only and never for a and hour hand is 15 minutes.
digital clock.
To be coincident, the minute hand must gain 15 min.
The longest hand is the second hand while the shortest spaces.
is the hour hand. By the principle, the second hand (SH) 12
always moves faster than the minute hand (MH) and the 1 minute is gained in minutes.
11
minute hand always moves faster than the hour hand 12
15 minutes is gained in = 15 x minutes
(HH). The relation between the three hands of the clock 11
are as follows: 180
= minutes
11
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑀𝐻⁄12 where:
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑀𝐻⁄720
SH is in number of seconds 4
MH is in number of minutes = 16 minutes
11
𝑀𝐻 = 𝐻𝐻⁄12
𝟒
So, the hands are coincident at 3 hours 𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬.
𝟏𝟏
Most of the problems in clock problem involved only the
minute hand and the hour hand. The diagram shows the What is Variation Problem?
relation between movement of the minute and hour Variation problem are problem in Algebra which show
hands. the relationship between the variables in terms of
expressions such as “directly proportional or inversely
proportional”.

Direct Variation. The expression x varies directly as y is

expressed as follows

The earliest known clock problem was posed by 𝑥∝𝑦

Jacques Ozanam in 1694
The symbol varies (∝) is replaced by an equality symbol
There are three common questions in clock problems:
and a constant of proportionality, K, hence:
(1) time when the hands of the clock are together
(2) time when the hands of the clock are perpendicular
to each other 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦
(3) time when the hands of the clock form a straight line Example:

The following are the distances between the hands of The force F required to stretch a spring and its
the clock: elongation, x, 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥. The constant of proportionality
(1) Together = 0 here is also called the modulus of the spring or the spring
(2) Perpendicular (90° to each other) = 15 minutes constant.
(3) Straight line (opposite each other) = 30 minutes
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 38

Inverse Variation. The expression x varies inversely as

the square of y is expressed as follows:
1
𝑥=𝑘 2
𝑦
Example:
Boyle’s Law: “When the temperature of a confined gas is
held constant, the pressure of the gas varies inversely as What is a Diophantine Equation?
its absolute pressure. A Diophantine equation is an equation that has integers
Ohm’s Law: “The current is directly proportional to the coefficients and for which integer solutions are required.
impressed emf and inversely to the resistance.” The best example of Diophantine equations are those
from Pythagorean Theorem, 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 , where a, b,
Joint Variation. The expression y varies jointly as x and w and c all required to be whole numbers.
is expressed as follows:
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥𝑤 Despite its simple appearance, Diophantine equations
Combined Variation. Just as its name indicates, it is a can be fantastically difficult to solve. A notorious
combination of two or more of the preceding variations. example comes from Fermat’s Last Theorem, which is a
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑛 , where n > 2.
Example:
𝑀𝑚
Newton’s Law of Gravitation: 𝐹 = 𝐺 Diophantine equations may refer to a system of
𝑠2
𝑞 𝑞 equations where the number of equations is one less
Coulomb’s Law: 𝐹 = 𝐺 12 2
𝑠 than the number of unknowns. These equations yield
𝑇𝐿
𝜃= whole numbers to its answers.
𝐽𝐺
Diophantine equations is named after a Greek mathematician,
Sample Problem: Diophantus of Alexandria (AD c200 - c284) who developed his
If 𝑦 varies jointly with 𝑚 and 𝑛 and inversely with the own algebraic notation and is sometimes called as “Father of
square of 𝑑. If 𝑦 = 12 when 𝑚 = 3, 𝑛 = 8, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = Algebra”
2, find the constant 𝑘, then use 𝑘 to find 𝑦 when 𝑚 =
−3, 𝑛 = 18, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 3. What is a sequence?
A sequence is a set or collection of numbers arranged in
The equation that describes this variation is:
an orderly manner such that the preceding and the
𝑘𝑚𝑛 following numbers are completely specified.
𝑦=
𝑑2
What is the difference between an infinite and a finite
𝑦 = 12 𝑦 =? sequence?
𝑚=3 𝑚 = −3
An Infinite sequence is a function whose domain is the
𝑛=8 𝑛 = 18
𝑑=2 𝑑=3 set of positive integers. If the domain of the function
𝑘 =? 𝑘=2 consists of the first n positive integers only, then it is said
to be a finite sequence.
1+3+5+7+9 finite sequence
𝑘𝑚𝑛 𝑘𝑚𝑛 1+3+5+7+9+ ⋯ infinite sequence
𝑦= 𝑦=
𝑑2 𝑑2 What is element?
𝑘(3)(8) 𝑘𝑚𝑛
12 = 𝑦= 2 Elements are the term used to describe the numbers in
22 𝑑
(12)(2)2 (2)(−3)(18) a given sequence. An element is sometimes called a
𝑘= 𝑦=
(3)(8) 32 term.
𝑘=2 𝑦 = 12
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 39

What is a series? 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

Series is the sum of the terms in a sequence. 𝑎45 = 9(45 − 1)7
𝒂𝟒𝟓 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗
What is an alternating series?
What is Geometric Progression?
An alternating series has positive and negative terms
A sequence is said to be a geometric progression if its
arranged alternately.
succeeding terms have common ratio.
What is the difference between a converging series and
The corresponding sum of all the terms in geometric
a divergent series?
progression is called as geometric series.
If an infinite series has finite sum, it is referred to as a
convergent series and divergent series if it has no sum
Also, there are only two formulas (i, e. last term and sum)
at all.
to remember and used in solving a problem in geometric
sequence.
What is a progression?
A progression is simply another term for a sequence.
Last term (nth term):
What are the types of progression? 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
Most common types of progression are.
Sum of all terms:
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP)
2. Geometric Progression (GP) 𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)⁄ 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )⁄
𝑆= 𝑟−1 or 𝑆 = 1−𝑟
3. Harmonic Progression (HP)
where: 𝑎1 = first term
What is an Arithmetic Progression? 𝑎𝑛 = last term (nth term)
A sequence is to be in Arithmetic progression if its 𝑛 = number of terms
𝑎 𝑎
succeeding terms have a common difference. 𝑟 = common ratio = 2 = 3 = ⋯
𝑎1 𝑎2
Sample Problem:
The corresponding sum of all the terms in arithmetic In a geometric progression, 6th term is 24 and 13th term
progression is called as arithmetic sequence. is 3/16 then find the 20th term of the sequence.
Solution:
Last term (nth term): Let first term equal to “a” and common ratio is “r”
→ 𝑎6 = 24 and 𝑎13 = 3/16
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 → 𝑎6 = 𝑎𝑟 6−1 and 𝑎13 = 𝑎𝑟13−1
Sum of all terms: → 24 = 𝑎𝑟 5 and 3/16 = 𝑎𝑟12
𝑆 = 𝑛⁄2 (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 ) or 𝑆 = 𝑛⁄2 [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 3
→ 𝑟7 = (24)
16
where: 𝑎1 = first term 1
→𝑟=
𝑎𝑛 = last term (nth term) 2
𝑛 = number of terms 1
24 = 𝑎𝑟 5 ; 24 = 𝑎( )5 thus, a = 768
𝑑 = common difference 2
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = ⋯ 𝑎𝟐𝟎 = (768)(1/2)19
𝟑
𝒂𝟐𝟎 =
Sample Problem: 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖
Find the 45th term of the arithmetic sequence -9, -2, 5,
12, … What is an Infinite Geometric Progression?
Solution: 𝑎1 = −9 while the common difference is This type of progression is a geometric progression only
𝑑 = 7 and 𝑛 = 45. Plug these values in the formula; that the number of terms (n) is extremely large or
infinity.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 40

progression. In solving a problem, 5 it would be wise to

If r > 1, sum of all terms is infinite convert all given terms𝑎4into = arithmetic sequence by
12
If r < 1, the sum of all terms is getting its reciprocal of the resulting value to obtain the
Since, H.P. harmonic
equivalent is the reciprocal of an
term for an answer.
A.P.:
𝑎1
𝑆= ⁄1 − 𝑟
𝟏𝟐
Harmonic Progression =
where: 𝑎1 = first term Sample Problem: 𝟓

𝑟 = common ratio Determine the 4th term of the harmonic progression

Sample Problem: 6,4,3,…
If the first term of an infinite geometric series is 4, and
the common ratio is 1/2, what is the sum? Solution:

Let us take the arithmetic progression from the given

Solution:
harmonic progression.
𝑎1 = 4
𝑟 =½ 1 1 1
𝑎 Arithmetic Progression = 6 , 4 , 3
𝑆 = 1⁄1 − 𝑟
1
Common difference = 12
4
𝑆=
1 So, in order to find the 4th term of an Arithmetic
1−
2
Progression, use the formula:
S=8
1 1
What is Harmonic Progression? 𝑎4 = (4 − 1)( )
6 12
A sequence of numbers whose reciprocals form an
arithmetic progression is known as harmonic 5
progression. In solving a problem, it would be wise to 𝑎4 =
12
convert all given terms into arithmetic sequence by
getting its reciprocal of the resulting value to obtain the
equivalent harmonic term for an answer.

Sample Problem:

Determine the 4th term of the harmonic progression

6,4,3,…

Solution:

Let us take the arithmetic progression from the given

harmonic progression.
1 1 1
Arithmetic Progression = , ,
6 4 3
1
Common difference = 12

So, in order to find the 4th term of an Arithmetic

Progression, use the formula:
1 1
𝑎4 = (4 − 1)( )
6 12
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 41

WORKSHEET 6: WORD PROBLEMS IN ALGEBRA

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score:

1. What time after 1 o’clock will the hands of the clock be 100 degrees to each other for the first time?

2. What time after 7 o’clock will the hands of the clock be perpendicular to each other for the first time?

3. Determine the 7th term of given series 4,7,10.

4. The third term of a harmonic progression is 15 and the 9th term is 6. Find the 11th term.

5. A girl on a bicycle coast downhill covering 4ft the first second, 12 ft the second, and in general, 8ft more each
second than the previous second. If she reaches the bottom at the end of 14 seconds, how far did she coast?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 42

Post-Test:
Instruction: Encircle the letter of the appropriate answer for each question below.

1. Round off 34. 2814 to four significant figures.

a. 34.281
b. 34.28
c. 34.0
d. 34. 2814

2. Write 0.000000035560 in scientific notation with three significant figures.

a. 3.5560 x 108
b. 3.56 x 108
c. 3.6 x 108
d. 3.556 x 108

3. Express decimally: Two Hundred-Thousandths.

a. 200,000
b. 0.002
c. 0.000002
d. 0.00002

4. The number 0.123123123123……is

a. Transcendental
b. Surd
c. Rational
d. Irrational

5. MCMXCIV is equivalent to what number?

a. 1974
b. 1994
c. 1984
d. 1964

6. How many degrees Celsius is 80 degrees Fahrenheit?

a. 2.667
b. 1.334
c. 26.67
d. 13.34

7. A room is 14 ft by 20 ft. How many square yards are in the room?

a. 85.98 square yards
b. 110.32 square yards
c. 93.33 square yards
d. 79.69 square yards

8. What is the absolute value temperature of the freezing point of water in degree Rankine?
a. 0
b. 460
c. 492
d. 273
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 43

9. The ratio of the height of two buildings is 7 to 5. The first building is 210 feet tall. How tall is the second building?
a. 145 feet
b. 160 feet
c. 140 feet
d. 150 feet

10. The ratio of three numbers is 2:5:7. If 7 is subtracted from the second, the resulting numbers form an arithmetic
progression. Determine the smallest of the three numbers.
a. 70
b. 28
c. 21
d. 15

11. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1, then 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) is equal to

a. 1
b. 2x
c. x
d. 0

12. Solve for the value of x and y.

4x + 2y = 5
13x – 3y = 2

a. y = 1/2, x = 3/2
b. y = 3, x = 1
c. y = 2, x = 1
d. y = 3/2, x = ½

𝑥+1 2𝑥
13. Find the value of x in 3
+ 4 = 47 − 2𝑥.
a. 16.47
b. 19.02
c. 18.72
d. 16.74

14. Solve for the w from the following equations:

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑤 = 11
𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 2𝑤 = −9
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑤 = −6

a. 4
b. 3
c. -3
d. -4
−3
(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 −2 ) (𝑥 −3 𝑦𝑧 3 )−1/2
15. Simplify: (𝑥𝑦𝑧 −3 )−5/2
1
a. 𝑥 5𝑦7𝑧2
1
b.
𝑥 2𝑦7𝑧5
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 44

1
c. 𝑥 2𝑦7𝑧3
1
d. 𝑥 2𝑦5𝑧7

16. Find the value of k so that 4x2 + 6x + k is a perfect square.

a. 2.5
b. 9
c. 36
d. 2.25

17. When (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) + 4 is divided by x-k, the remainder is k. Find the value of k.
a. 4 or 2
b. -4 or -2
c. 4 or -2
d. -4 or 2

18. Simplify: (3𝑐𝑑6 )3 (𝑐𝑑)4

a. 27𝑐 7 𝑑22
b. 27𝑐12 𝑑72
c. 27𝑐 7 𝑑13
d. 27𝑐13 𝑑17

19. Determine the value of a if (an)(am) is equal to 100,000 anm =1,000,000

𝑎𝑛
= 10
𝑎𝑚
a. 20
b. 10
c. 5
d. 8

20. Factor the expression 3x3 – 3x2 – 18 x

e. 3x (x - 3) (x + 2)
a. 3x (x + 3) (x + 2)
b. 3x (x + 3) (x - 2)
c. 3x (x - 3) (x - 2)

21. The polynomial 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8 is divided by x-5, then the remainder is

a. 200
b. 175
c. 140
d. 218

22. In the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 0, one root is x equal to

a. ¼
b. 1
c. 5
d. none of these

23. What is the discriminant of the equation 4𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 − 5?

a. 16
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 45

b. -8
c. 8
d. -16

24. Find the term involving 𝑦 5 in the expansion of (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦)10 .

a. 4680𝑥 5 𝑦 5
b. 8046𝑥 5 𝑦 5
c. 8064𝑥 10 𝑦 5
d. 8064𝑥 5 𝑦 5

25. Evaluate the log 6 845 = 𝑥.

a. 5.84
b. 3.76
c. 2.98
d. 4.48

26. Given: log(𝑥) = 2 − log(𝑥 − 21). Find x.

a. 27
b. -4
c. -3
d. 25

27. What is the value of log to base 10 of 10003.3 ?

a. 9.5
b. 99.9
c. 10.9
d. 9.9

28. The sum of Kim’s and Kevin’s ages is 18. In 3 years, Kim will be twice as old as Kevin. What are their ages now?
e. 6, 12
a. 4, 14
b. 7, 11
c. 5, 13

29. Joe’s current age is five times Mary’s age ten years ago. If Mary is currently m years old, what is Joe’s current age
in terms of m?
a. 5𝑚 + (𝑚 − 10)
b. 5𝑚
c. 5𝑚 − 10
d. 5𝑚 − 50

30. A pump can pump out water from a tank in 11 hours. Another pump can pump out water from the same tank in
20 hours. How long will it take both pumps to pump put the water in the tank?
a. 6 hours
b. 7 ½ hours
c. 7 hours
d. 6 ½ hours

31. Suppose Maria can paint the entire house in twelve hours, and Juan takes eight hours to paint a similarly-sized
housed. How long would Maria and Juan paint the house together?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 46

a. 5 hours and 8 minutes

b. 4 hours and 6 minutes
c. 4 hours and 8 minutes
d. 5 hours and 6 minutes

32. Two thousand (2000) kg of steel containing 8 % nickel is to be made by mixing a steel containing 14 % nickel with
another containing 6 % nickel. How much of each is needed?
a. 750 kg of steel with 14 % nickel, 1250 kg of steel with 6 % nickel
b. 1500 kg of steel with 14 % nickel, 500 kg of Steel with 6% nickel
c. 1250 kg of steel with 14 % nickel, 750 kg of steel with 6 % nickel
d. 500 kg of steel with 14 % nickel, 1500 kg of steel with 6 % nickel

33. A tank has a capacity of 10 gallons. When it is full, it contains 15% alcohol. How many gallons must be replaced by
an 80% alcohol solution to give 10% gallons of 70% solution?
a. 10.87 gallons
b. 9.63 gallons
c. 8.46 gallons
d. 7.05 gallons

34. The product of ¼ and 1/5 of a number is 500. What is the number?
a. 125
b. 50
c. 100
d. 75

35. The digit at the ten’s place of a two-digit number is twice the digit at the unit’s place. If the sum of this number and
the number formed by reversing the digits is 66. What is the number?
a. 29
b. 64
c. 42
d. 52

36. On a certain trip, Edgar drives 231 km in exactly the same time as Erwin drive 308 km. If Erwin’s rate exceeded that
of Edgar by 13 kph, determine the rate of Erwin.
a. 39 kph
b. 52 kph
c. 44 kph
d. 48 kph

37. A boy on his bicycle intends to arrive at a certain time to a town that is 30 km away from his home. After riding 10
km, he rested for half an hour, and as a result he was obligated to ride the rest of the trip 2 km/hr faster. What was
his original speed?
a. 7 kph
b. 9 kph
c. 8 kph
d. 10 kph

38. Mrs. Smith leaves her house at 9 in the morning and drives west on the Twill Freeway at an average speed of 50
miles per hour. Mrs. Jackson leaves her house at 9:30 am and drives west on the Twill Freeway at an average speed
of 60 miles per hour. At how many hours will Mrs. Jackson overtake Mrs. Smith?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 47

a. 4.5 hours
b. 2.5 hours
c. 1.5 hours
d. 3.5 hours

39. Tamar has four more quarters than dimes. If he has a total of $1.70, how many quarters and dimes does
he have?
a. 3 dimes and 5 quarters
b. 2 dimes and 6 quarters
c. 4 dimes and 5 quarters
d. 5 dimes and 6 quarters

40. If a boy has nickels, dimes, and quarters amounting to $1.85. If he has twice as many dimes as quarters, and the
number of nickels is two less than twice the number of dimes, how many nickels does he have?
a. 6 nickels
b. 3 nickels
c. 10 nickels
d. 7 nickels

41. Leticia has 35 coins in nickels and quarters. In all, she has $4.15. How many of each kind of coin does she
have?
a. 26 nickels and 14 quarters
b. 23 nickels and 12 quarters
c. 18 nickels 23 quarters
d. 12 nickels and 26 quarters

42. What time after 3 o’clock will the hands of the clock be together for the first time?
a. 3: 16: 36
b. 3: 02: 30
c. 3: 17: 37
d. 3: 14: 32

43. At what time between 7 and 8 o’clock will the hands of a clock be in the same straight line but, not together?
2
a. 5 11 min. past 7
5
b. 5 11 min. past 7
4
c. 5 11 min. past 7
6
d. 5 11 min. past 7

44. The time required for an elevator to lift a weight varies directly with the weight and the distance through which it
is to be lifted and inversely as the power of the motor. If it takes 30 second for a 10 hp motor to lift 100 lbs through
50 feet, what size of motor is required to lift 800 lbs in 40 seconds through 40 feet?
a. 44
b. 48
c. 42
d. 46
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 48

45. The time (t) it takes to travel from Hope to Vancouver varies inversely as the speed (v) at which one travels. If it
takes 1.5 hours to travel this distance at an average speed of 120 km/hr, find the amount of time it would take to
drive back if you were only able to travel at 60 km/hr due to an engine problem.
a. 6 hours
b. 4 hours
c. 8 hours
d. 3 hours

46. Once a month, a man puts some money into the cookie jar. Each month, he puts 50 centavos more into the jar
than the month before. After 12 years, he counted his money, he had P 5,436. How much money did he put in the
jar in the last month?
a. 72.50
b. 73.50
c. 75.50
d. 74.50

47. In a certain A.P. the first, fourth and eight terms are themselves in geometric progression. What is the common
ration of the G.P.?
a. 5/3
b. 4/3
c. 3/4
d. 2/3

48. A product has a current selling of P 325. 00. If its selling price is expected to decline at the rate of 10 % per annum
because of obsolescence, what will be its selling price four years hence?
a. 202. 75
b. 213. 23
c. 156. 00
d. 302. 75

40 20
49. In an Harmonic Progression, the 2nd term is 9
and its 5th term is 3
. Determine the maximum possible number of
terms in the H.P.
a. 12
b. 9
c. 10
d. 6

50. A rubber ball is made to fall from a height of 50 feet and is observed to rebound 2/3 of the distance it falls. How
far will the ball travel before coming to rest if the ball continuous to fall in this manner?
a. 225 ft
b. 200 ft
c. 275 ft
d. 250 ft
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 49

Answer Key

Worksheet 1

I. II. d. -2.7 x 103

e. 6.56 x 1020
a. 3 significant figures a. 1.362 x 106
f. 1.97 x 102
b. 3 significant figures b. 6.609 x 102
g. 1.6 x 1014
c. 7 significant figures c. 1.241 x 104
h. 2.3 x 1013
d. 5 significant figures d. 9.126 x 10-5
e. 2 significant figures e. 9.208 x 106 IV.
f. 2 significant figures
III. a. 19.0 x 1021
g. 6 significant figures
b. 0.000234 or 2.34 x 10-4
h. 5 significant figures a. 2.7x106
c. 8.76 x 105
i. 4 significant figures b. 5.34 x 10-44
d. 5.45
j. 4 significant figures c. 1.2 x 10-2
e. 1.20 x 105
d. -2.7 x 103
e. 6.56 x 1020
Worksheet 2 f. 1.97 x 102
g. 1.6 x 1014
1. 60 daily dosages h. 2.3 x 1013
2. 1.12 kg
3. 8 meters
4. -193.15 celsius &
-315.67 fahrenheit
5. -40 celsius
6. 225 degrees
7. 100 grads
8. 2.45 radians
9. 14 liters
10. 66 FT/S

Worksheet 3
2(2𝑥+3)
1. a. 24𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 √𝑦 2. a.(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
3
b.
3𝑥 √𝑦 2 𝑥 b. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝑦 5
𝑥+2√𝑥𝑦+𝑦 c.
𝑥+𝑦
c. 𝑥−𝑦
2
d.5(𝑥+1)
d. 1
e. 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 √2
4𝑥 2 3. 𝑘 = 15
f. 3 4. 𝑘=3
1
g. 5. 851
2(𝑥+1)
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 50

Worksheet 4 Worksheet 5 Worksheet 6

1. x = −2 and x = 7 1. . 6 and 9 1. 23:64
4 1
2. x = −3 or 2. 11 2. 21:81
2
3. Imaginary and unequal or not real 3. 3. 22
4. 16 x4 + 96x3 +216x2 + 216x + 81 4. 12 hrs 4. 784
5. 458752 x3 5. 49 % 5. 5 ft
6. 12376x11y6 6. 35 %
7. 9 7. 7
8. log 7 (16807) = 5 8. 5/14
9. log 1 (16) = −2 9. 23 Nickels and 12
4
quarters
10. x = 7
10. 2 dimes and 6 quarters

Pre-Test & Post-Test

1. b 21. d 41. b
2. b 22. d 42. a
3. b 23. d 43. b
4. c 24. c 44. b
5. b 25. b 45. d
6. c 26. d 46. b
7. c 27. d 47. b
8. c 28. d 48. b
9. d 29. d 49. c
10. b 30. c 50. d
11. b 31. c
12. d 32. d
13. a 33. c
14. b 34. c
15. c 35. c
16. d 36. b
17. c 37. c
18. a 38. b
19. b 39. b
20. a 40. c
41. b
42. a
43. b
44. b
45. d
46. b
47. b
48. b
49. c
50. d
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 51

References:

[1] Rojas, Romeo, et.al. (2010). 1001 SOLVED PROBLEM IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India:
S. Chand & Co.

[2] Free math printable worksheets with answer keys and activities. Math Warehouse. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2021,
from https://www.mathwarehouse.com/sheets/#algebrasheets.

[3] Uy and Ocampo, (2000). Board Primer in Mathematics. Merriam Bookstore.

[4] Algebra word problems worksheets | worksheet 3. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2021, from https://wmznlejcfq.s3-ap-
southeast-1.amazonaws.com/media/worksheets/algebra-word-problems-worksheet-3.pdf.

[5] Pinoybix. (2021, January 2). MCQ in Algebra and general mathematics part 1: Math board exam. Pinoybix
Engineering. Retrieved October 4, 2021, from https://pinoybix.org/2015/06/mcqs-in-algebra-and-general-mathematics-
part1.html.