Eg PPT - 1

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 43

ENGINEERING

GEOLOGY

-Dr.(Mrs.)Vandana Patil
INTRODUCTION

• DEFINATION OF GEOLOGY

• BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY

• IMPORTANCE OF GEOLOGY
• Geology is the science that deals with the study of the earth
as a whole.

• It is the science dealing with the origin, age and structure of


the earth on one hand and with the evaluation,modification
and extinction of surface and subsurface features(like
mountains,valleys,plains and plateaus) on the other hand.

• According to the currently held views about origin of the


earth, the planets of the solar system originated from a hot
gas and dust cloud probably formed by supernova
explosion.
• In the early phases ,when the cloud (solar nebula)was very
hot, mainly iron rich accumulates in the protoplanets
(cores)while the low density silicate minerals of the outer
parts were formed at the later stage of lower temperature .

• This gave the present radial segregation into distinct


chemical zones.

• Chemical differentiation must have been taking place while


the planets were being formed as the earth and other
planetary objects.

• At the time they were formed ,were extremely hot and


molten through out.
• The earth then began to cool by loss of heat by radiation and
when it had cooled sufficiently, by the consolidation of
molten earth material ,an outer crust of solid material was
formed. These solids building up the earth are called rocks.
The crust went on thickening as cooling process until the
earth assumed its present forms.
Geology: (From Greek, Geo- Earth. Logos- Science) is the science that
deals with the study of the Earth as a planet. It includes scientific
studies dealing with origin, age and structure of the earth and gives
insight in to the history of the earth as it provides primary evidence for
Plate tectonic and past climate.

Geology also includes the study of various physical, dynamic and


physico-chemical processes operating on or within the earth and of the
agents and forces involved and evolved in such processes.

Branches of Geology:
Physical Geology and Geomorphology
Mineralogy
Petrology
Historical geology or Stratigraphy
Economic Geology
Engineering Geology
Structural Geology
Physical Geology and Geomorphology
Mineralogy
Structural Geology
Economic Geology
Petrology
Historical geology examines the
origin and evolution of our planet
through time.
Branches of Geology
• Physical Geology-
• deals with the orign,development and ultimate fate
of various surface features of the earth and also with
its structure. Internal agents (volcanism ,earthquake,
groundwater) and external agents
(wind,water,ice)played a major role in changing
physical features of the earth.
• Geomorphology -
• study of the features of the (land)surface of the earth.
To study development and deposition of
mountains,plains,plateaus,valleys and basins and
associated landforms.
• Mineralogy-
• deals with formation,occurrence,aggregation,propertirs and
uses of minerals.

• Petrology –
• Study of rocks.
• To study formation of various types of rocks, their mode of
occurrence, their composition,textures,structures,geological
and geographical distribution.
• Petrology is subdivided into Igneous Petrology, Sedimentary
Petrology and Metamorphic Petrology.
• Structural Geology
• . The study of factors such as the
origin,ocurrence,classification,types and effects of
various secondary structures like
folds,faults,joints,rock cleavage and unconformities.

• Stratigraphy
• The science of description,corelation and
classification of strata in sedimentary rocks. It also
includes the interpretation of the depositional
environments of the strata.
• Economic Geology-
• The study of minerals, ores, and fossil fuels of economic
importance.

• Paleontology-
• The science of fossils of ancient lifeforms and their
evolution.
• Allied Sciences
• There are a few new branches of science that have geology as
very important component. A few of them are –
• Geo-chemistry
• Geo-physics
• Geo-hydrology
• Mining-geology
• Engineering geology
• Rock- mechanics and geomechanics
• Meteorology
• Oceanography

Engineering Geology
This deals with the application of geological knowledge in the
field of civil engineering, for execution of safe, stable and
economic constructions like dam, bridges and tunnel.

Scope of Engineering Geology


It is a well established interdisciplinary branch of science
and engineering. In qualifying for a career as a civil
engineer, grasp of the fundament of engineering geology is
universally regarded as basic as that of soil
mecanics,strenth of materials and theory of materials.
Application of the subject to civil
engineering-
In construction jobs-
• Building,towers,tanks,dams and
rservoir,highways,bridges ,traffic and hydropower
tunnels,embackments and retaining structures etc.
• Geological information that provides the engineer with
a general guidance about the suitability or otherwise of
a site for a proposed project.
• Geology helps civil engineer to locate groundwater
conditions of the area.
• Geology gives civil engineer a general idea about the
availability of different types of construction materials.
• Geology guides him in limiting the exploratory
operations (drilling etc.) for selecting the final site.
Allied Sciences
Geochemistry: Deals with chemical constitution of the earth specifically the
distribution and abundance of different elements.
Geophysics: In this branch of science important principles, processes and
methods of physics are applied to solve many geological problems. Study of
Internal Structure of the Earth, identification of oil and water bearing strata
below the surface of the earth is carried out mostly by using geophysical
principles and processes.
Geohydrology: It deals specifically with the geological aspect of groundwater
and surface water bodies with regard to their occurrence and movement in
different types of rocks.
Rock mechanics: It deals exclusively with the study of behaviour of rocks under
various types of load imposed on them.
Geomechanics: It deals with the study of natural force fields acting on the earth
on global and regional levels.
Meteorology
Oceanography
Engineering Geology
Engineering geology is a branch of applied sciences which deals with the
application of geology for safe, stable and economic design and construction of a
civil engineering project.
The principal objective of the engineering geologist is the protection of life
and property against damage caused by various geological conditions.
Application of geological knowledge in planning, designing and construction of a
civil engineering project is absolutely essential.
Engineering geologic studies may be performed during the planning,
environmental impact analysis, civil or structural engineering design, value
engineering and construction phases of public and private works projects, and
during post-construction and forensic phases of projects.
Objectives:
It enables a civil engineer to understand engineering implications of certain
geological conditions related to the area of construction.
It enables a geologist to understand the geological information that is absolutely
essential for a safe design and construction of a civil engineering project.
Importance of geology in Civil Engineering
practice
Why Engineering geology?
• Serve civil engineering to provide information in 3
most important areas:
• Resources for construction; aggregates, fills and
borrows.
• Finding stable foundations;
• Mitigation of geological hazards; Identify problems,
evaluate the costs, provide information to mitigate
the problem
22
Geology in Construction jobs
⚫ Planning
⚫ Topographic Maps
⚫ Hydrological Maps
⚫ Geological Maps
⚫ Design
⚫ Foundation rocks
⚫ Mechanical Properties of rocks such as compressive strength, shear and
transverse strength, modulus of elasticity, porosity and permeability, resistance to
weathering.
⚫ Presence, nature and distribution pattern of planes of structural weakness (joints,
folds, faults etc.)
⚫ Position of groundwater table
⚫ Seismic character of the area. Contd………..
Construction
Rocks are anisotropic in character and behave differently in different
conditions, hence stability of a structure constructed on them, through them
or with them depends considerably on the understanding of the nature of
rocks.
Geology helps in the selection and proper use of material derived from
rocks.
Engineering geology started gaining its importance after the Failure of St.
Francis dam in California in 1928. Prior to this event, only need based or
Ad-hoc geological advice was taken for any sort of Construction Projects.
Systematic development and Mandatory provisions of Geological
Investigations came into practice after 1928
St. Francis Dam was a 62.5m high concrete gravity arch dam. Its failure
was attributed to fault zones and conglomerates which got dissolved after
saturation and lead to leakage to in foundation.
Your Role as a Civil Engineer
The materials making up the land (rocks, soil, water bodies, vegetation etc.)
and the role played by each of them in the evolution of the natural
landscape has to be understood.
An engineer equipped with geological knowledge will be able to take
decision regarding allocation of land for various projects keeping in mind
that every meter of land that is taken out from natural system for any
construction activity is going to affect the system as a whole.
Engineering projects should be taken in to consideration with the
application of the geologic science for the purpose of assuring that the
geologic factors affecting the location, design, construction, operation and
maintenance of engineering works are recognized and adequately provided
for. It includes all geological studies, in the field and in the laboratory,
which contribute towards the safety as well as the economic planning and
execution of any Engineering project.
MINERAL IS A HOMOGENEOUS SUBSTANCE.

Ex Quartz,Orthoclase, Plagioclase,Biotite mica,


Hornblende,Calcite,Gypsum,Talc,Magnetite,
Hematite,Galena

ROCK IS A HETEROGENEOUS SUBSTANCE.


ROCK IS MADE UP OF MINERALS.

Ex Basalt, Granite, Dolerite,Syenite


Sandstone, Limestone,Shale Conglomerate
Marble, Gneiss, Schist,Quartzite,Slate
CALCITE
ICELAND SPAR (Transparent Calcite)
ROCK CRYSTAL (QUARTZ)
SMOKY QUARTZ
ORTHOCLASE FELDSPAR
BIOTITE MICA
MUSCOVITE MICA

You might also like