Surface Runoff Estimation

Mahesh K. Jat
 BASIC PROCESSES INVOLVED IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF

Precipitation

Interception
Infiltration losses
Abstractions
Evapo- Detention storage
transpiration

Rainfall Excess

Evaporation Overland Flow

Routing

Flow Routing Infiltration

Through Channels

Quantity of Flow
Available for the Use

Basis Rainfall-runoff Process

Watershed
 RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESSES

Land Phase of the Water Cycle (width of arrows indicate the average relative magnitude
of water transfer in humid zones) (Maidment et al 1993)
 RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESSES

• Event temporal scale (individual event rainfall for one day or hour duration)
Precipitation
• Continuous temporal scale (smaller time step like 15 min for longer duration)

Interception Losses Lumped Approaches (some % of rainfall)

Empirical approaches (based on land cover)

Surface Storage Lumped Approaches (some % of rainfall)

Abstractions Empirical approaches (based on land cover)

Lumped Approaches (some % of rainfall)

Empirical approaches -
- Based on land cover like
Infiltration Losses - Rational formula
- Modified rational formula
- Based on land cover, soil, AMC
- NRCS (SCS) method
Physically based distributed approaches –
- Richards infiltration equation
- Horton’s infiltration equation
- Phillip’s infiltration equation
- Green Ampt infiltration equation

Various Approaches Used for the Estimation of Different Processes Involved in Rainfall Runoff Process
 RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESSES
Various Approaches Used for the Estimation of Different Processes Involved in Rainfall Runoff Process
Empirical approaches-
- Abstractions determined in the form of
coefficients, determined from statistical approaches
using known data.
Stream flow Obtained direct runoff by separating base flow –
data available - Φ-index (accounts for abstractions) reverse
calculations adjusting abstraction losses.
- Determination of infiltration parameters using
optimisation techniques to obtain abstractions.

Rainfall Excess
Lumped approaches –
- Abstractions are obtained as a % of rainfall or a
fixed value based on land cover
Empirical approaches –
- Abstractions obtained empirically establishing
No stream relationship using statistical methods and either
flow data computed values or data of similar catchments.
available - NRCS (SCS) soil complex cover method.
Physically based distributed approaches in which
abstractions are obtained using physical approaches for
infiltration and empirical methods for interception and
surface storage like-
- Green Ampt’s equation, Horton’s equation and
Phillip’s equation of infiltration

Lumped approaches – (fixed values or % of excess

rainfall.
Evaporation/ Empirical approaches –
Transpiration - Pan evaporation method, Modified Penman
method, Blanney Credill method, Johnson’s
method.
 RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESSES
Lumped approach -
- Unit Hydrograph approach to obtain the direct runoff hydrograph.
Distributed approach –
Overland Flow - Kinematic wave method - lateral flow is equal to the difference
Routing between rainfall and infiltration rate and channel flow is taken to be
flow per unit width of plane (one dimensional flow approach).

Hydrologic (Lumped) approaches – flow (only flow rate) is calculated as a

function of time only at a particular location. Following methods are
available
- Level pool routing – giving inflow hydrograph and storage outflow
characteristics out flow hydrograph is obtained like Modified plus
method, Runge-Kutta method.
- Unit Hydrograph approach.
- Muskingum method (based on linear reservoir approach, assuming
storage as a linear function of inflow and outflow.
Nonlinear storage method.
Flow Routing Hydraulic (Distributed) approaches –flow (rate and depth of flow) is
Through Channels
calculated as a function of space and time throughout the system (based on
St Venant Equation). Following approaches are available –
- Kinematic wave model – (backwater effect is neglected – local and
convective acceleration are neglected and hydraulic gradient is assumed
parallel to bed slope). Muskingum Cunge method is also based on this.
- Diffusion wave model – (it neglects the local and convective
acceleration but considers the pressure term in the momentum equation)
- Dynamic wave model – this is fully distributed model with backwater
effect. Ideally suitable for the designing of urban storm water
infrastructure.
Quantity of Flow
Available for the Use Various Approaches Used for the Estimation of Different Processes Involved
in Rainfall Runoff Process
 Surface Runoff Estimation

Methods –
 Phi ϕ Index (Estimation of Rainfall Excess)
 Based on estimation of rainfall excess by estimation
of abstractions individually (interception, detention
storage, evaporation, infiltration using available methods)
 NRCS (SCS-CN) Curve Number Method
 Physically Based Methods or Empirical Equations
 Surface Runoff Estimation

 These methods can be lumped / distributed

 Accuracy of runoff estimation depends upon implementation
of these methods on a spatial scale – spatial variation
 Data available about meteorological and catchment
characteristics
 Purpose of estimation i.e., feasibility, planning, design or
operation
 Event based or Continuous estimation
 Surface Runoff Estimation

Empirical Equations

 Empirical Formulae

 Curves and Tables

These methods are divided to four categories :

 Surface runoff coefficient

 Relationships between precipitation and runoff
 The methods about surface flow shortage
 The methods about to use physiographic characteristics
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Surface Runoff Coefficient
The simplest method for surface runoff estimation is to use surface coefficients. In other
words, in this method the surface runoff estimation is a percentage of precipitation
considering the parameters affecting runoff.

Relationships between precipitation and runoff

A number of hydrologists presented their achieved results as some relationships between
precipitation and annual surface runoff with this suppose that physical characteristics of
the watershed is constant.

The methods about surface flow shortage

In these relationships it is assumed that, the amount of surface runoff flowing out from
concentration point of a watershed is the difference between precipitation and annual
surface flow shortage.

The methods about to use physiographic characteristics

Physiographic characteristics of each watershed including slope, length of main waterway,
soil type and vegetative cover, are the most important controller factors of potential for
producing surface runoff therefore, it is possible to determine a relationship between a
watershed annual surface runoff and the factors mentioned above.
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Surface Runoff Coefficient
Typical equations
R=KP
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Relationships between precipitation and runoff

Typical such equations R=aP+b

R = a Pn

1. Engli D, Souza Equation

For Hilly areas - R = 0.85P + 30.5
and for Plains R = (P − 17.8)P/254
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Empirical Equations
Relationships between Precipitation and Runoff

Lacey’s formula for Indo-Gangetic plain

where F is a monsoon duration factor varying between 0.5 to 1.5 and S is the
catchment factor depending upon the slope and varies from 0.25 for flat areas to
3.45 for hilly areas

A.N. Khosla’s formula for north India

 Surface Runoff Estimation
Empirical Equations
Relationships between Precipitation and Runoff

In the above formulae, R is the average annual runoff in cm, P is

the average annual rainfall in cm, T is the mean annual
temperature in °C for the entire drainage basin.
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Empirical Equations
Relationships between Precipitation and Runoff

Department of Irrigation, India

P is annual precipitation by cm and,

R is annual runoff by cm
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Empirical Equations

The Methods about Surface Flow Shortage

Turc Relationship

P is annual precipitation by cm, T is mean temperature by ˚C, R is

annual runoff by cm and D is annual flow shortage.
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Empirical Equations

The Methods about Surface Flow Shortage

Coutagine relationship
P is annual precipitation in m, T is
mean temperature in ˚C, R is annual
runoff in m, and D is annual flow
shortage.

Khosla Method
R is mean annual runoff of watershed by cm, P
is mean annual precipitation by cm, and T is
mean annual temperature by ˚C.
 Empirical Equations
Runoff Calculation Using Physiographic
Characteristics
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (I.C.A.R) method

P is annual precipitation by cm, R is annual runoff by cm, A is the

watershed area by km2, ΔH is maximum height difference of
watershed, Ff is the factor of watershed shape, T is mean annual
temperature by ˚C, and La is the length of main waterway by km.
 Empirical Equations
Runoff Calculation Using Physiographic
Characteristics
Justin Relationship

K is regional coefficient, A is the watershed area by m2, ΔH is

maximum height difference of watershed by m, S is watershed
slope, T is temperature by ˚C, P,R are precipitation and runoff
respectively by cm.
Lacey Relationship

R is annual runoff by cm, P is mean annual precipitation, F is a parameter related

to durability of precipitation, and Z is a coefficient related to physiographic
characteristics.
 Empirical Equations

Lacey Relationship

Values of F/Z have been presented in table

 Surface Runoff Estimation

Rainfall-runoff Relationships in the form of Curves and Tables

 Binnie’s percentages (tables) for catchments in Madhya

Pradesh
 Strange’s curves and tables for Bombay-Deccan catchments
 Barlow’s tables for runoff coefficients in UP
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Runoff Tables and Curves
Binnie's Percentages

Barlow's Tables
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Runoff Tables and Curves
Strange Tables
Strange Table Showing Depth of Runoff as Percentage of Total Monsoon
Rainfall and Yield of Runoff
 Surface Runoff Estimation
Runoff Tables and Curves
Strange Tables
Strange Table Showing Daily Runoff Percentage

for good or bad catchment, add or deduct up to 25% of yield

 Empirical Equations
Peak Runoff Estimation
The rational method is widely used around the world for flood
estimation on small rural watersheds and is the most widely
used method for urban drainage design.

The rational method takes into account the following

hydrological characteristics or processes: (1) rainfall intensity,
(2) rainfall duration, (3) rainfall frequency, (4) watershed area,
(5) hydrologic abstraction, and (6) runoff concentration.

The rational method does not take into account directly the following
characteristics or processes:
(1) spatial/ temporal variations in either total or effective rainfall, and
(2) concentration time much greater than rainfall duration.
 Empirical Equations
Peak Runoff Estimation
Rational Formula : Peak Runoff Qp

C = coefficient of runoff
A = area of the catchment (Km2)
I = intensity of rainfall (mm/hr).
Qp = Peak Runoff in m3/s
 Peak Runoff Estimation
Rational Formula : Peak Runoff Qp

Duration of precipitation = time of concentration

Determination of tc
For urban areas, values of tc are normally calculated as length
divided by velocity determined by hydraulic formulas. For rural
drainage basins, tc is generally estimated by means of an empirical
formula such as Kirpich’s equation

L = the length of channel from divide to outlet (km)

S = the average channel slope (m/m)
tc.= the time of concentration (min)
 Rational Formula : Peak Runoff Qp

Estimation of runoff coefficient C

The coefficient must account for all the factors affecting the
relation of peak flow to average rainfall intensity other than area
and response time.

Average runoff coefficients for rural areas (Schwab, et al., 1993)

Estimation of
Average runoff
runoff
coefficients for urban
coefficient C
areas: 5-year and 10-
year design frequency
(Maidment, 1993).
 Empirical Equations
Peak Runoff Estimation
Dickens Formula

Ryve’s Formula

Qp = Peak discharge rate (m³/s).

A = Drainage basin area (km²).
Cr = A constant (Ryves),
 Empirical Equations
Peak Runoff Estimation

Ingle’s Formula

Qp = Peak discharge in Cumecs

A = Area of the catchment in sq km
 AVILABLE RUNOFF MODELS & PACKAGES
classification of models
Type of Model Model Characteristics

Simple model • Simple representation of the watershed

• Produces long term averages (e.g. annual runoff/ peak flow).
• Uses empirical and statistical methods such as coefficient and rational
methods.
• No flow routing.
• Includes SWMM - Level I; NRCS (SCS) soil-complex-cover method etc.
Simple routing • Routes flows through a rudimentary model of the drainage network, or
models accounts for delaying effect of routing.
• Typically used to produce hydrographs over several years at a limited
number of locations.
• Uses statistical and deterministic approaches, principally bases on unit
hydrograph methods.
• Includes STORM model, HSPF model, WASSP model, WALLRUS
Complex routing • Routes flows through an extensive model of the drainage network.
models • Can perform continuous simulation of hydrologic catchment system.
• Typically used to produce hydrographs over the short term (e.g.
hours/days) at a few or many locations for flood analysis.
• Uses deterministic methods to describe processes.
• Includes SWMM model, QQS model, KINEROS etc.
 AVILABLE STORM WATER MODELS
some well known runoff models
SWMM Level 1 (Heaney et al. 1976),
STORM (Hydrologic Engineering Center 1977),
Wallingford Model (Bettess et al. 1978, Price 1978, Price and Kidd 1978).
DR3M - QUAL (Alley and Smith 1982a, 1982b),
SWMM (Huber and Dickinson 1988, Huber et al. 1984, Roesner et al. 1988),
MIKE -SWMM, (Danish Hydraulic Institute, 1995)
QQS (Geiger and Dorsch 1980),
HSPF (Bicknell et al. 1993, Johanson et al. 1980, Johanson et al. 1984)
MOUSE (Danish Hydraulic Institute, 2003).
WQRRS (Hydrologic ring Center 1978),
BRASS (Colon and McMahon 1987, McMahon et al. 1984),
HEC - 5Q (Hydrologic Engineering Center Center 1986),
BASINS (Environmental Protection Agency, 2001), and
BOSS StormSHED (BOSS International, Madison, U.S.A.)
But not calibrated for Indian conditions
 AVILABLE RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS

Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model/ Package (KINEROS) (USDA)

HEC-1/HEC-HMS Model/ Package (Flood Hydrograph Packages) (USACE)
TR-55 - Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds (NRCS).
TR-20 - Watershed Hydrology Model (NRCS),
WMS - Watershed Modeling System (E C G Laboratory, Brigham Young University )
SLAMM - Source Loading and Management Model (Pitt and Voorhees, 1989)
P8 - Urban Catchment Model Program for Predicting
Polluting Particle Passage thru Pits, Puddles, & Ponds (William W. Walker, 1990),
PSRM & PRSM-QUAL - The Penn State Runoff Model
(Leavesley et. al., 1983 and Aron et al., 1996 )
ILLUDAS - The Illinois Urban Drainage Area Simulator (Terstriep and Stall 1974 ).
UDFCD - The Urban Drainage and Flood Control District Model (The Santa
Barbara Urban Runoff Hydrograph
 AVILABLE RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS

other screening level models

Simple Method (Schueler 1987).
TVA Stormwater Model
(Division of Water Control Planning, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee).
Environmental Pollution Assessment (EPARRB)
(National Environmental Research Center, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens,
Georgia ).
Santa Barbara Urban Hydrography Method (SBUH)
(Santa Barbara County Flood Control and Water Conservation District, Santa Barbara,
California).
Regional Hydrologic Regression and Network Analysis Using Generalised
Least Squares (GLSNET) (Tasker and Stedinger, 1989).
 RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS
other continuous/ event models
U. S. Geological Survey Rainfall Runoff Model for Peak Flow Synthesis
(Dawdy et al. 1972, Dawdy and O'Donnell, 1965)
Illinois Storm Sewer System Simulation Model (Sevuk et al. 1973)
Computer Augmented Treatment and Disposal System (Leiser 1974)
Battelle Urban Wastewater Management Model (Brandstetter et al. 1973,
Brandstetter 1976)
Sacramento Catchment Model (Peck 1976)
Kinematic Wave Generation Model (Woolhiser 1977, Rovey and Woolhiser 1977)
SOGREAH (Sogreah 1977)
TOMCAT (Brown, 1986)
QUAL2E - UNCAS (Brown and Barnwell 1987)
CASC2D: A two-dimensional watershed rainfall-runoff model
(Julian, and Saghafian 1991)
MIKE - SHE (Danish Hydraulics Institute 1990)
TOPMODEL (Beven, K J, 1997)
 Characteristics of Representative Models with Respect to Rainfall-Runoff Processes

Model / Simulation Runoff Overland Flow Channel Flow Watershed

Package Type generation Representation
SWMM -Level I Continuous Runoff -coefficient No routing (runoff No routing Lumped
(annual average (Empirical) depth)
runoff depth)

STORM Event based Runoff coefficient & Lumped approach Lumped approach Lumped & Distributed
SCS method Unit hydrograph Unit hydrograph

Wallingford Both continuous Modified rational Lumped storage (linear Lumped storage, Lumped & semi-
Model and event based method & non-linear) hydrologic and distributed
hydraulic routing

DR3M Both continuous Soil moisture Hydraulic approach Hydraulic approach Distributed
and event based accounting using Kinematic wave model Kinematic wave model
Green Ampt’s Model

SWMM Both continuous Soil moisture Lumped storage, Hydraulic approach Distributed
and event based accounting using Kinematic wave model Kinematic wave and
Horton’s Model dynamic flow routing
(in EXTRAN module)

MIKE -SWMM Both continuous Soil moisture Lumped storage, Hydraulic approach Distributed
and event based accounting using Kinematic wave model Kinematic wave and
Horton’s Model dynamic flow routing

QQS Both continuous Soil moisture Lumped storage, Lumped storage, Distributed
and event based accounting hydrologic, and Hydrologic, and
hydraulic approach hydraulic approach
(dynamic flow routing)

HSPF Continuous Soil moisture Simple storage, Lumped storage, Distributed

accounting using Kinematic wave, with Hydrologic, and
Philips approach Manning’s equation Kinematic wave routing

MOUSE Both continuous Soil moisture Various options are Lumped storage, Distributed
and event based accounting coefficient, available storage, unit Hydrologic, and
SCS, Green Ampt’s, hydrograph, kinematic Hydraulic routing
Philips approach (kinematic wave, dynamic
wave routing
wave)
 Characteristics of Representative Models with Respect to Rainfall-Runoff Processes
Model/ Package Simulation Runoff Generation Overland Flow Channel Flow Watershed
Type Representation
KINEROS Both continuous Soil moisture accounting Simple storage, and Lumped storage, Distributed
and event based using Green Ampt’s Kinematic wave Hydrologic, and
Model approach Kinematic wave routing

PRMS Quasi continuous SCS-curve & soil Cascade (linear storage) Lumped storage, Distributed
moisture accounting and Kinematic Wave Hydrologic, and
(Green Ampt’s Model) approach Kinematic wave routing

TR-20/ Event based SCS Curve No SCS Unit hydrograph SCS Unit hydrograph Lumped
TR-55 approach approach

HEC-1/ HEC- Event based SCS Curve No Linear storage (SCS Muskingum Lumped (HEC-1) and
HMS (HEC-1), HEC-HMS (SCS, Green UH, Modclark, approach, Puls Semi-distributed
Continuous Ampt, constant rate, Synders UH, Clark method, Kinematic (HEC-HMS)
(HEC-HMS) SMA) UH) HEC-HMS wave (lumped)
UDFCD - (CHUP) Event based Soil moisture accounting Linear storage (Unit Linear storage (Unit Lumped
using Horton’s Model Hydrograph) Hydrograph)

WQRRS Both continuous Soil moisture accounting, Simple storage, and Lumped storage, Distributed
and event based procedure distributed Kinematic wave Hydrologic, and
approach approach Kinematic wave &
dynamic wave routing
BRASS Both continuous Soil moisture accounting Linear storage (Unit Hydraulic routing Distributed
and event based (Green Ampt’s Model) Hydrograph) (kinematic wave,
dynamic wave)

HEC – 5Q Continuous Not available Not available Lumped Storage Lumped

routing
BASINS Both continuous Soil moisture accounting, Options available from Lumped storage, Distributed
and event based various options available lumped approaches to Hydrologic, and
empirical and distributed distributed like Hydraulic routing
Kinematic wave (kinematic wave,
dynamic wave)

BOSS Both continuous SCS Curve No & SBUH Options available Storage routing, Lumped / Distributed
StormSHED and event based method , and Rational from lumped Hydraulic routing
method approaches to (kinematic wave,
distributed dynamic wave)
 Characteristics of Representative Models with Respect to Routing Components
Quantity Analysis and Functionality

Model/ Model Routing Component Functionality

Package
Pipes Open Detention Natural Rainfall- Planning Operation Design
Channel Storage Streams Runoff

SWMM - Not Not Not Capable Not Capable Suitable Not suitable Not
Level I Capable Capable Capable suitable

STORM Not Not Not Capable Not Capable Suitable Not suitable Not
Capable Capable Capable suitable

Wallingford Capable4, Capable5, Capable Not Capable Suitable Suitable Suitable

Model 6 Capable

DR3M- Capable Capable Capable Capable Capable Suitable Not suitable Suitable
QUAL

SWMM Capable4,5 Capable5, Capable Not Capable Suitable Suitable Suitable

6 Capable

MIKE – Capable Capable6 Capable7 Capable Capable Suitable Suitable Suitable

SWMM

QQS Capable1 Capable6 Capable Not Capable Suitable Not suitable Suitable
Capable

HSPF Capable1 4 Capable Capable1, 7 Capable Capable Suitable Not suitable Suitable

MOUSE Capable1, Capable5, Capable7 Not Capable Suitable Suitable Suitable

6 Capable
 Characteristics of Representative Models with Respect to Routing Components
Quantity Analysis and Functionality (Other Models)
Model/ Model Routing Component Functionality
Package
Pipes Open Detention Natural Rainfall- Planning Operation Design
Channel Storage Streams Runoff

KINEROS Capable2 Capable5 Capable Capable Capable Suitable Not suitable Suitable

PRMS Capable5 Capable Capable Capable Capable Suitable Not suitable Suitable

TR-20/ Not Not Capable Capable Capable Suitable Not suitable Not
TR-55 Capable Capable (only suitable
TR-55)
HEC-1/ HEC- Capable2* Capable Capable Capable Capable Suitable Not suitable Not
HMS suitable

UDFCD - Capable Capable Capable Not Capable Suitable Not suitable Suitable
(CHUP) Capable
WQRRS Not Not Capable3 Capable Capable Suitable Not suitable Suitable
Capable Capable
BRASS Not Not Capable3 Capable Capable Not Suitable Suitable
Capable Capable suitable
HEC – 5Q* Not Not Capable3 Capable Not Suitable Suitable
Capable Capable Capable
BASINS Capable4 Capable5, Capable7 Capable Capable Suitable Suitable Suitable
6

BOSS Capable1, Capable5, Capable7 Not Capable Suitable Not suitable Suitable
StormSHED 4 6 Capable

Capable1 – Pressurised pipes, Capable2 – Circular conduits, Capable3 – Reservoir module, Capable4 – gutters and Pumps
Capable5 – Surcharges may be, Capable6 – Weirs and pumps may be, Capable*– Without back water effect, Capable7 – with treatment plants also
 Characteristics of Representative Models with Respect to Accessibility,
Optimisation, Uncertainty Analysis, Economic Analysis and GUI

Model/ Optimisation for Cost Graphical

Accessibility Uncertainty Analysis User
Package Calibration
Interface

SWMM - Public Domain Analytical Not available O &M cost Not

Level I available

STORM Public Domain Not available Not available Not Not

available available

Wallingford Commercial Dynamic Programming Not available O & M cost Not

Model Domain available

DR3M- Public Domain Non-linear Not available Not Not

QUAL Programming available available

SWMM Public Domain Not available Not available O & M cost Available

MIKE – Commercial Not available Not available Available

SWMM Domain with GIS

QQS Not Available Analytical Not available Not Not

available available

HSPF Public Domain Not available Not available Not Not

available available

MOUSE Commercial Analytical methods Not available Not Available

Domain available available with GIS
 Characteristics of Representative Models with Respect to Accessibility,
Optimisation, Uncertainty Analysis, Economic Analysis and GUI (Other Models)
Cost Graphical
Model/ Accessibility Optimisation for Uncertainty Analysis
User
Package Calibration
Interface
KINEROS Public Domain Not available Not available Not Available
available with GIS
PRMS Public Domain Non-linear Sensitivity Analysis Not Not
programming available available
TR-20/ Public Domain Not available Not available Not Not
TR-55 available available

HEC-1/ Public Domain Analytical method & Not available Not Available
HEC-HMS Linear programming available with GIS
(only HEC-HMS) (HEC-HMS)

UDFCD - Public Domain Not available Not available Not Not

(CHUP) available available

WQRRS Public Domain Not available Not available Not Not

available available
BRASS Not Available Not available Not available Not Not
available available
HEC – 5Q* Public Domain Linear Programming Not available Flood Not
damage available
cost
BASINS Public Domain Not available Available with QUAL2E Not Available
module available with GIS
BOSS Commercial Not available Not available Not Available
StormSHED Domain available
 Characteristics of Representative Models with Respect to with Respect to Quality

Model/ Pollutant Predictive Pollution Transport Water Quality Parameter

Package Method

SWMM – Empirical Not Available BOD, Total N, Total P, Suspended & volatile solids
Level I

STORM Build-up, Wash-off and Completely mixed reactor BOD, Total coliform, Total N, Orthophosphates, Suspended solids,
Soil loss Soil erosion

Wallingford Empirical, and Build-up & Advection only BOD, Ammonia, Total N, Total P, Suspended & settleable solids,
Model Wash-off CBOD, and Arbitrary pollutant

DR3M-QUAL Empirical, Build-up & Plug flow Suspended solids, Settleable solids, and Arbitrary pollutant
Wash-off and Soil loss

SWMM Empirical, Build-up & Completely mixed reactor BOD, Total coliform, Total N, Total P, Suspended solids, Soil erosion,
Wash-off and Soil loss & Plug flow CBOD, Oil & grease, and Settleable solids

MIKE – Empirical, Build-up & Advective diffusion, Temperature, Inorganic suspended solids, Inorganic & Organic
SWMM Wash-off and Soil loss Completely mixed reactor sediment, BOD, Total coliform, Ammonia, Total N, Total P, DO,
and Suspended solids, Soil erosion, and Aquatic organisms
Plug flow
QQS Build-up, Wash-off and Plug flow BOD, Total coliform, Total N, Total P, Soil erosion, CBOD, Oil &
Soil loss grease, Suspended & settleable solids and Arbitrary pollutants

HSPF Empirical, Build-up & Completely mixed reactor Temperature, Inorganic suspended solids, Inorganic & Organic
Wash-off and Soil loss & Plug flow sediment, BOD, Total coliform, Total inorganic carbon, Ammonia,
Total N, Total P, DO, Alkalinity, Suspended solids, Soil erosion, Total
dissolved solids, Nitrates, Arbitrary pollutants and Aquatic organisms

MOUSE Empirical, Build-up & Advective diffusion, Degradation of organic matter, Total coliform, BOD, DO, Total
Wash-off and Soil loss Completely mixed and dissolved solids, Suspended solids, and Soil erosion,
Plug flow
 Characteristics of Representative Models with Respect to with Respect to Quality
Model/ Pollutant Predictive Pollution Transport Water Quality Parameter
Package Method

KINEROS Soil loss Empirical (sediment Soil erosion

transport only)

PRMS-QUAL Build-up, Wash-off and Plug flow Toxicants, Soil erosion, Suspended solids, Total N, Total P and
Soil loss Inorganic suspended solids

TR-20/ Not Available Not Available No water quality modelling

TR-55

HEC-1/ HEC- Not Available Not Available No water quality modelling

HMS

UDFCD - Not Available Not Available No water quality modelling

(CHUP)

WQRRS Empirical Advective diffusion, Temperature, Inorganic suspended solids, Inorganic & Organic
Completely mixed reactor sediment, BOD, Total coliform, Total inorganic carbon, Ammonia,
Total N, Total P, DO, Alkalinity, Suspended solids, Nitrates,
Arbitrary pollutants and Aquatic organisms

BRASS Not Available Not Available No water quality modelling

HEC – 5Q* Empirical Advective diffusion, Temperature, CBOD, Ammonia, Nitrate & Nitrites, Phosphorous,
Completely mixed reactor DO, Arbitrary pollutants and Aquatic organisms

BASINS Build-up, Wash-off and Advective diffusion, Temperature, Inorganic suspended solids, Inorganic & Organic
Soil loss Completely mixed and sediment, BOD, Total coliform, Total inorganic carbon, Ammonia,
(with other models- like Plug flow (with other Total N, Total P, DO, Alkalinity, Suspended solids, Soil erosion,
HSPF, QUAL2E) models - like HSPF, Nitrates, Arbitrary pollutants and Aquatic organisms (with HSPF,
QUAL2E) QUAL2E)
BOSS Not available Not Available No water quality modelling
StormSHED
 RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELLING FOR PLANNING LEVEL STUDIES
some issues
 For the planning level studies we can use the simple methods, which are physically
sound.
 Various modelling options available for the estimation of runoff in absence of the
observed runoff data are, but these are not calibrated for Indian conditions.
 SCS curve method
 Empirical approaches like-
 Rational formulae
 Simple method
 SWMM-Level 1 method
 Wallingford procedure
 Distributed routing models are essential for the storm water infrastructure design
 Accurate estimation of land use / cover information is very necessary for
the estimation of urban runoff, which is dynamic in nature
 For water management planning studies we need to forecast the available runoff
in the near future along with other hydrological parameters and water demands,
which in turn required relationship between runoff, population and land use.
 These relationships can be obtained using RS & GIS and statistical techniques.