Functions of the Reproductive System cell divides.

Each cell now has two sets

1. Production of Gametes of half the chromosomes. Each
-sperm cells in testes and oocytes in daughter cell has 1 chromosome from
ovaries each of the pair, or 23 chromosomes.
2. Fertilization However, each of the 23 chromosomes
-ducts system in males nourishes sperm in each daughter cell consists of 2
until they mature chromatids joined by a centromere.
3. Development of and nourishment of a Second Meiotic Division (Meiosis II)
new individual -similar to mitosis
-female r.s. nurtures the development of 6. Prophase II. Each chromosome consists
a new individual in the uterus until birth of two chromatids.
and provides nourishment (milk) after 7. Metaphase II. Chromosomes align along
birth the center of the cell.
4. Production of reproductive hormones 8. Anaphase II. Chromatids separate and
-control its own development and the each is now called a chromosome.
development of gender-specific body 9. Telophase II. New nuclei form around
form the chromosomes. The cells divide to
-hormones essential for the normal form four daughter cells with half as
function of the reproductive system and many chromosomes as the parent cell.
for reproductive behavior *When the centromere separates, each of the
Formation of Gametes chromatids is called a chromosome.
-produced by testes and ovaries as occurs in *Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells, each
meiosis containing 23 chromosomes.
*During fertilization, the zygote receives 1 set of
First Meiotic Division (Meiosis I) chromosomes (23) from each parent.
-called reduction division because chromosome
is reduced from 46 (23 pairs) to 23 Male Reproductive System
chromosomes -testes, series of ducts, accessory glands, and
1. Early prophase I. The duplicated supporting structures
chromosomes become visible Ducts: epididymides (epididymis), ducta
chromatids. Each of the 46 deferentia (vas/ductus deferens), urethra
chromosomes consists of 2 chromatids Accessory glands: seminal vesicles, prostate
connected by a centromere. gland, bulbourethral gland
2. Middle prophase I. Pairs of Supporting structures: scrotum and penis
chromosomes synapse (synapsis). *Because the testes are outside the body cavity,
Crossing over may occur at this stage. their temperature is below the normal body
Crossing over -part of a chromatid of 1 temperature of 98.6℉. Normal sperm
chromosome breaks off and is development requires a temperature lower than
exchanged with part of another the normal body temperature.
chromatid from the other chromosome *Sperm cells travel from each testis>ductus
-allows the exchange of genetic material deferens>prostate gland>urethra
between chromosomes (pelvis)>urethra (penis)
3. Metaphase I. Pairs of chromosomes Scrotum
align along the center of the cell. -saclike structure containing testes
Random assortment of chromosomes -divided into right and left internal compartments
occurs. by an incomplete connective tissue septum
4. Anaphase I. Chromosomes move apart -externally consists of skin
to opposite sides of the cell. Dartos muscle -a layer of loose connective
5. Telophase I. New nuclei form, and the tissue and smooth muscle beneath the skin

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 Cremaster muscles -extensions of abdominal are spermatogonia.
muscles that enter the scrotum 2. Each primary spermatocyte divides by
*Response of dartos and cremaster muscles meiosis to form two secondary
regulates temperature in the testes. In cold spermatocytes.
temperatures, dartos muscle contracts, causing 3. Each secondary spermatocyte divides
the skin of the scrotum to firm and wrinkled and by meiosis to form two spermatids (23
reducing the size. Cremaster muscles contract, chromosomes each).
pulling the testes closer to the body to increase 4. Spermatids differentiate to form sperm
its temperature. During warm temperatures, cells (spermatozoon). Much of the
dartos and cremaster muscles relax, the skin of cytoplasm of spermatids is eliminated
the scrotum becomes loose and thin, and testes and each spermatid develops a head,
descend away from the body to lower its midpiece, and flagellum (tail).
temperature. Acrosome -vesicle located anterior to the
Testes nucleus which contains enzymes that are
-oval organs, each about 4-5 cm long, within the released during fertilization and are necessary
scrotum for a sperm cell to penetrate the oocyte
-outer part consists of a thick, white connective *At the end of spermatogenesis, developing
tissue capsule sperm cells are located around the lumen with
*Extensions of the capsule project into the their heads directed toward the sustentacular
interior of the testis and divide each testis and cells. Sperm cells are released into the lumen of
divide each testis into about 250 cone-shaped seminiferous tubules.
lobules. Ducts
Seminiferous tubules -contained in the lobules; Epididymis
site of sperm cell development -comma-shaped structure on the posterior side
Interstitial /Leydig cells -endocrine cells located of the testis formed by a tightly coiled series of
outside the seminiferous tubules that secrete threadlike tubules
testosterone -where sperm cells continue to mature
Germ cells and Sustentacular/Sertoli cells *Seminiferous tubules of each testis converge
-contained in the seminiferous tubules into a tubular network called rete testis
Sustentacular/Sertoli cells -large and extend *Rete testis empties into 15-20 tubules called
from the periphery to the lumen of the efferent ductules
seminiferous tubule *Efferent ductules carry sperm cells from the
-nourish the germ cells and produce a number of testis to epididymis
hormones Capacitation -final changes in sperm cells that
Spermatogenesis occur after ejaculation of semen into the vagina
-formation of sperm cells and prior to fertilization
*During puberty, interstitial cells increase in
number and size, seminiferous tubules enlarge Ductus Deferens
and spermatogenesis begins. -emerges from the epididymis and ascends
1. Spermatogonia are the cells from which along the posterior side of the testis to become
sperm cells arise. The spermatogonia associated with blood vessels and nerves
divide by mitosis. One daughter cell -spermatic cord>inguinal canal>lateral wall of
remains a spermatogonium that can pelvic cavity>loops behind the posterior surface
divide again by mitosis. One daughter of the urinary bladder>prostate gland
cell becomes a primary spermatocyte -total length is about 45 cm
(46 chromosomes with 2 chromatids -contains smooth muscle in the walls that
each). contract in peristaltic waves to propel sperm
*Germ cells are partially embedded in the cells from the epididymis through the ductus
sustentacular cells. Most peripheral germ cells deferens

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 Ampulla of the ductus deferens -ductus deferens
that increases in diameter before reaching the
prostate gland
Spermatic cord -surrounded by cremaster
muscle and two connective tissue sheaths
(1) ductus deferens
(2) testicular artery and veins
(3) Lymphatic vessels
(4) Testicular nerve

Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Duct

Urethra

Penis
Glands
Secretions

Physiology of Male Reproduction

Female Reproductive System
Physiology of Female Reproduction
Effects of Aging on The Reproductive
System

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