BEAMS: IS 13920

Tej Bahadur Karki

074BCE183
Pulchowk Campus
• Clause 6 talks about beams.
• 6.1→ General
If factored axial compressive stress< 0.08𝒇𝒄𝒌 , Clause 6 is used.
Otherwise Clause 7 shall be used. Clause 7 is for columns and inclined members.
• 6.1.1→ Beams shall preferably have width-t o-depth ratio of more than 0.3.
𝑾𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉
> 𝟎. 𝟑
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
• Flexural members with very low width-to-depth ratio, such as deep beams, may develop high
flexural resistance but are prone to shear failure under cyclic inelastic deformations.
• Also, it is difficult to confine concrete through stirrups in narrow beams.
• 6.1.2→ Beams shall not have width less than 200 mm.
Width > 200 mm
• 6.1.3→ Beams shall not have depth D more than 1/4th of clear span. This may not apply to the floor
beam of frame staging of elevated RC water tanks.
𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐧
D< 𝟒
• When the ratio of total depth of a beam to its clear span is greater than 1/4, the beam may
behave like a deep beam.
• The behavior of deep beams under inelastic cyclic deformations is significantly different from
that of relatively shallow ones and different design procedures are applicable.
• 6.2→ Longitudinal Reinforcement
• 6.2.1→The longitudinal reinforcement in beams shall be as given below:
a) Beams shall have at least two 12mm diameter bars each at the top and bottom faces.
(Under the effect of earthquake forces, the zone of moment reversal may extend for a
considerable distance towards midspan)
a) Minimum longitudinal steel ratio 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 required on any face at any section is:
𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏=0.24 𝒇𝒚
• It ensure adequate reinforcement for resisting the tensile stresses after the cracking of
concrete has taken place.
• Before the cracking the entire concrete section is engaged in resisting tensile stresses.
• Derivation of this equation and more detailed discussion can be found in : Medhekar, M.S.,
and Jain, S.K., "Proposed Minimum Reinforcement Requirements for Flexural Members," The
Bridge and Structural Engineer, ING-IABSE, Vol. 23, No. 2, June 1993, 77-88.
• 6.2.2→ Maximum longitudinal steel ratio 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 provided on any face at any section is 0.025.
• To avoid congestion of reinforcement in the beam section, which may cause poor bond
between the reinforcement and concrete.
• Excessively high amount of longitudinal steel may lead to undesirable brittle compression
failure.
• 6.2.3→Longitudinal steel on bottom face of beam, at near the face of the column, shall be at least half the steel
on its top face at the same section. At exterior joints, the anchorage length calculation shall consider this bottom
steel to be in tension.
𝑨
At support bottom steel = 𝟐𝒔𝒕, where 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = Steel at top near support
(to ensure adequate compression reinforcement at the locations of potential yielding, since the compression
reinforcement increases ductility)
• 6.2.4→Longitudinal steel in beam at any section on top or bottom face shall be at least 1/4th of longitudinal
steel provided at the top face of the beam at the face of the column. When the top longitudinal steel in the
beam at the two supporting column faces is different, the larger of two shall be considered.
𝑨
At any other section, steel > 𝟒𝒔𝒕
(Sufficient reinforcement should be available at any section along the beam span to account for load
reversal or unexpected distribution of bending moments. Hence, the code specifies that longitudinal steel
is to be provided at both the top and bottom face of the member at any section along its length as a
fraction of the corresponding maximum negative moment steel provided at the face of either joint)
• 6.2.5→At an exterior, top and bottom bars of beams shall be provided with Anchorage length beyond the inner
face of the column.
Anchorage length(X)= Development length (𝑳𝒅 ) + 10 bar diameter – 90° bend allowance
(During an earthquake, the zone of inelastic deformation that exists at the end of a beam, may extend for some
distance into the column. This makes the bond between concrete and steel ineffective in the beam-column
joint region, particularly in case of exterior joints)
6.2.6→ Splicing of Longitudinal Bars
6.2.6.1→ Lap splices
•Closed links shall be provided over the entire length over which longitudinal bars are spliced.
•The spacing of link over the splices shall not exceed 150mm.
Spacing≤150 mm
•The Lap length should not be less than the development length of the largest longitudinal bars in
tension.
Lap length> 𝑳𝒅
•Lap splices should not be provided within joint.
•Lap splices should not provided within a distance of 2d from face of the column.
•Lap splices should not provided within quarter length of beam adjoining the location where Flexural
yielding may occur under earthquake effects.
•Not more than 50% area of steel bars on either top or bottom face shall be spliced at any one section.
Cl.6.3→ Transverse Reinforcement
Cl.6.3.1→ Only vertical links shall be used in beams
• In normal practice, a link is made of a single bent bar.
• But, it may be made of two bars also, namely a U-link with a 135° hook with an
extension of 6 times diameter(but not less than 65 mm) at each end, embedded in the
core concrete, and a cross-tie.

• Cross-ties with a 90° hook are not as effective as

either cross-ties with 135° hook or links in
providing confinement.
• Construction problem arises in placing cross-ties
with 135° hooks at both ends.
• Tests have shown that if cross-tie ends with 90°
hooks are alternated, confinement will be
sufficient.
• Therefore, it is allowed to use crossties with 90°
hook at one end and 135° hook at other end.
• The hooks of the links and cross-ties shall engage around peripheral longitudinal bars.
Consecutive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bars shall have their 90° hooks at opposite
sides of the beam.
• When the longitudinal reinforcement bars are secured by cross-ties in beams that have a slab on
one side, the 90° hooks of the cross-ties shall be placed on that side.
• Cl.6.3.2 → The minimum diameter of a link shall be 8 mm.
• Cl.6.3.3→ Shear force capacity of a beam shall be more than larger of:
• Factored shear force as per linear structural analysis; and
• Factored gravity shear force, plus equilibrium shear force when plastic hinges are
formed at both ends of the beam.
(ensures that a brittle shear failure does not precede the actual yielding of the beam in
flexure)
Cl. 6.3.3→
(1) For sway to right:
𝑫+𝑳 𝑴𝑨𝒔 𝑩𝒉
𝒖 +𝑴𝒖
𝑽𝒖,𝒂 = 𝑽𝒖,𝒂 -1.4 𝑳
𝑨𝑩
𝑴𝒖 +𝑴𝑩𝒉
𝑨𝒔
𝑽𝒖,𝒃 = 𝑽𝑫+𝑳
𝒖,𝒃 +1.4
𝒖
𝑳𝑨𝑩
1) For sway to left:
𝑴𝑨𝒉
𝒖 +𝑴𝒖
𝑩𝒔
𝑽𝒖,𝒂 = 𝑽𝑫+𝑳
𝒖,𝒂+1.4 𝑳
𝑨𝑩
𝑫+𝑳 𝑴𝒖 +𝑴𝑩𝒔
𝑨𝒉
𝑽𝒖,𝒃 = 𝑽𝒖,𝒃 −1.4 𝑳 𝒖
𝑨𝑩
Where, 𝑀𝑢 , 𝑀𝑢 , 𝑀𝑢𝐵𝑠 and
𝐴𝑠 𝐴ℎ 𝑀𝑢𝐵ℎ are sagging and hogging moments of resistance of the beam section at
ends A and B, respectively. These shall be calculated as per IS 456. 𝐿𝐴𝐵 is clear span of the beam.
𝐷+𝐿 and 𝑉 𝐷+𝐿 are the factored shear forces at ends A and B, respectively, due to vertical loads acting
𝑉𝑢,𝑎 𝑢,𝑏
on the span; the partial safety factor of dead and live loads shall be 1.2, and the beam shall be
considered to be simply supported for this estimation.
The design shear force demand at end A of the beam shall be larger of the two values of 𝑉𝑢,𝑎 computed
above. Similarly, the design shear force demand at end A of the beam shall be larger of the two values
of 𝑉𝑢,𝑏 computed above.
6.3.4→ In the calculation of design shear force capacity of RC beams, contributions of the following shall
not be considered:
a) Bent up bars
b) Inclined links
=Due to cyclic nature of seismic loads, shear force can change direction, inclined links and bent –up
bars, effective in one direction for resisting shear force, will not be effective for opposite direction of
shear force.
c) Concrete in the RC section
= It is based on the assumption that the entire concrete has cracked under reversal of seismic force.
6.3.5→ Close spacing of links
Spacing of links over a length of 2d at either end of a beam shall not exceed ,
a) d/4
b) 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar, and
c) 100 mm
6.3.5.1→ The first link shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm from the joint face.
6.3.5.2→ Closely spaced links shall be provided over a length equal to 2d on either side of a section where
flexural yielding may occur under earthquake effects. Over the remaining length of the beam,
vertical links shall be provided at a spacing not exceeding d/2.