Course Number

Course Code GE-SS 204

Descriptive Title Science, Technology and Society with DRRM and CC
Credit Units 3
School Year/ Term AY 2020-2021/ 2nd Semester
Mode of Delivery Online/offline Learning
Name of Marilou Siega, Jessa Gamolo, Yuliza Basco, Ghanine Mecate, Jessamyne Jacil
Instructor Tayor
The course deals with interactions between science and technology and
social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by
them. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013) This interdisciplinary course engages
students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in
society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of
our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and
Course technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-
Description political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play. This
course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to
live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and
technological advancement.
This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental
awareness.
After completing this course, the students must have:
1. Discussed the development of science and technology in the
Philippines.
2. Valued the importance of Filipino scientist
Course Outcome 3. Observed the development of science and technology in the
Philippines
4. Illustrated the concept of human flourishing
5. Created an advocacy campaign by making video via social media that
tells about how the community will help mitigate the hazards cause by
climate change.
6. Articulated the impacts of science and technology on society,
specifically Philippine society;
7. Explained how science and technology affect society and the
environment and its role in nation-building;
8. Analyzed the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express
philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student.
9. Defined and demonstrated the impact of social media on the students’
life and Philippine society in general
10. Imbibed the importance of science and technology in the preservation
of the environment and the development of the Filipino nation

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SLSU Vision A high quality corporate University of Science, Technology and Innovation

SLSU will develop science, Technology and innovation leaders and

SLSU Mission professionals; produce high-impact technologies from research and innovations;
contribute to sustainable development through responsive community
engagement programs, and generate revenues to be self-sufficient and financially
viable.

Module Guide

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 Modules are designed in order to address the flexible learning modalities in higher education as
instructed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). The course module on Science
Technology and Society with DRRM and CC. consist of four modules with three topics in each. The
presentation of information was carefully planned so that optimum learning shall take place given the
modalities we have today.

To start the course module, you need to complete the pre-test structured by the author of this
module. The pre-test covered all topics of the course. You don’t need to worry because pre-test will not
be graded, just answer the test in order to determine the level of understanding or prior knowledge to
the subject.

Course module is divided into two terms, two modules for midterm and another two for the final
term. A separate examination shall be given to you to assess the knowledge gained from the modules.
Dates on the examination will be announced accordingly.

Every topic contains learning outcomes that you must accomplished one in a while. The
presentation of topics used 4As Model to ensure a learner centered approach. You must complete every
activity provided to help yourself understand the topic easily.

Once done with the course module, a separate parallel post-test will be accomplished by you to
further evaluate the learning and the module itself. References are provided for further research on your
end.

PRE-TEST

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In this module, students are also expected to answer the pre-test, activity/activities and assessment/
post-test.

l. Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer by encircling the
letter of your choice.

1. It is attributed mainly to the changes brought about by technology.

a. Age Gap b. Energy Gap c. Generation Gap d. Technology Gap
2. Tools from stone and flints marked the era of the ____________________.
a. Golden Age b. Store Age c. Metal Age d. Iron Age
3. It is also called the sixth extinction and pertains to the ongoing extinction of several species due to
human activity.
a. Species extinction c. Anthropocene extinction
b. Holocene extinction d. Apollocene extinction
4. It is often used to determine the value of the country’s goods and services produced within territory
given a certain time period.
a. Mortality rate c. Literacy rate
b. Average lifespan d. Gross domestic product
5. Eudaimonia, literally means” good spirited”, is a term coined by renowned Greek
philosopher_______________________.
a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Aristarchus d. Leucippus
6. The following are the components of Human Flourishing EXCEPT___________.
a. Phronesis b. Friendship c. Wealth d. Health
7. Western civilization tends to be more focused on the_________________.
a. Individual c. Society
b. Community d. Rubrics
8. It is the earliest criterion that distinguished philosophy and science.
a. Falsification theory c. Subject matter
b. Verification theory d. Rubrics
9. Which of the following choices below shows the correct sequence of the scientific method?
a. Observe, formulate hypothesis, determine the problem, conduct experiment, gather and
analyze results, formulate conclusion and provide recommendation.
b. Observe, determine the problem, formulate hypothesis, conduct experiment, gather and
analyze results, formulate conclusion and provide recommendation.
c. Determine the problem, observe, formulate hypothesis, conduct experiment, gather and
analyze results, formulate conclusion and provide recommendation.
d. Determine the problem, conduct experiment, observe, formulate hypothesis, gather and
analyze results, formulate conclusion and provide recommendation.

10. He is the known proponent of falsification theory.

a. Thomas Khun c. Karl Popper
b. Aristotle d. Sigmund Freud
11. Who describe human flourishing as the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans?
a. Thomas Khun c. Karl Popper
b. Aristotle d. Sigmund Freud
12. In the __________, things are changing and impermanent.

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 a. World of matter c. World of atoms
b. World of forms d. World of illusion
13. In the _______________, the entities are only copies of the ideal and the models.
a. World of matter c. World of atoms
b. World of forms d. World of illusion
14. It is a school of thought which gives an idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance
oneself and be apathetic.
a. Hedonism c. Materialism
b. Stoicism d. Humanism
15. Another school of thought which see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure.
a. Hedonism c. Materialism
b. Stoicism d. Humanism
16. Technology came from Greek words________.
a. Techno and crats b. Techne and logos
b. Techno and logy d. Techne and logo
17. Which of the following is true about mobile phones?
a. It used for different purposes other than for communication.
b. It has own roles in the lives of the people.
c. It gives negative impacts especially to the young ones.
d. All of the above are correct.
18.It is an actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy to
perform intended task.
a. Technology b. Computer c. Robot d. Mobile phone
19. It includes active human-robot interaction.
a. Full autonomy c. Autonomy
b. Partial autonomy d. Half autonomy
20. He formulated the laws of the ethical consequences of robots.
a. George Devol c. Isaac Asimov
b. Karl Popper d. Bill Gates
21. What civilization put values on education (Mandatory Education)?
a. Aztec Civilization
b. Mayan Civilization
c. Inca Civilization
d. Chinese Civilization

22. What Civilization that lasted for approximately 2,000 years?

a. Aztec Civilization
b. Mayan Civilization
c. Inca Civilization
d. Chinese Civilization
23. A form of Aztec Technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular
areas and surrounded by canals.
a. Quipo
b. Irrigation System
c. Chinampa

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 d. Canoe
24. What book of Charles Darwin published in 1589 that considered to be one of the most important
works in science literature?
a. The Descent Man
b. The Origin of Species
c. On the revolution of the heavenly sphere
d. Commentarious
25. A system and techniques in Inca Civilization for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of
land.
a. Chinampa
b. Canoe
c. Irrigation
d. Quipo

Module 1:

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 General Concepts and Historical
Events in Science,
Technology, and Society
LESSON 1:
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students must have:
a. Discussed how the society shape science and how science shape society
b. Identified some intellectuals and their Revolutionary ideas
c. Created a timeline highlighting some intellectual and their revolutionary ideas

Intellectual revolutions that defined society

Introduction:
This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of
the society. It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways by which society is transformed by
science and technology.

Let’s Begin:

Indicate an artifact around you that developed because of science and technology. State
their development.
Write your answers here!
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Were on our way:

What do you think would be our ways of living without science and technology?
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 Let’s Dig Deeper

What is Scientific Revolution?

Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the development in the fields
of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society
about nature. It explained the emergence or birth of modern science as a result of these
developments from the discipline mentioned.
The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16 th century up to the 18th
century in Europe. Why Europe? The probable answer is the invention of the printing machine
and the blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning, and the growing
number of scholars in various fields of human interests .

SCIENCE IDEAS

SCIETIFIC
REVOLUTION

HUMANS SOCIETY

Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of human beings, transformation of

the society, and in the formation of scientific ideas. It significantly improved the conduct of scientific
investigations, experiments, and observation. The scientific revolution also led to the creation of new
research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for modern science.
In many ways, scientific revolution transformed the natural world and the world of ideas.

SOME INTELECTUAL AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

To further understand what exactly happened during the scientific revolution, it is important to
examine the different individuals whose ideas has shaken and contested the dominant theories and
ideas during this period-the truth of their time. Three notable scientists had shaken the world with
their ideas.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

Knowledge about the nature of the universe had been essentially unchanged since the great
days of Ancient Greece, some 1,500 years before Copernicus came on the scene (Gribbin,2003)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) initiated an intellectual revolution by developing a new heliocentric
model of the cosmos when the old one seemed adequate to most people, especially the astronomers
of the time.

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 This caused the paradigm shift of how
the earth and the sun were placed in
the heavens/universe. It is the idea that
rejected Ptolemaic Model (earth is the
center of the solar system) and proved
the Heliocentric Model (sun is the
center of the solar system having the
earth revolving it).

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

Copernicus placed the sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. The earth and all the planets
are surrounding or orbiting the sun each year. The moon however, would still be seen orbiting the
Earth. Copernicus’s model of the earth orbiting around the Sun automatically positioned the planets
into logical sequence. In his model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion:
(1) The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus closer to the Sun.
(2) The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, father from the Sun.
Although the Copernican model makes sense now, during those times, it was judged to be heretic and
therefore it was unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. The Catholic Church banned the
Copernican model and was ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16th century.
. . THINK
. . . . . ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS

1. What is the contribution of Copernicus in the philosophy of science?

2. Do you think thought experiment is still useful in science in the present time?
3. Do you think the Church should intervene in scientific activities?

Write your thoughts here!

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 Th
i
bio s has
l
the gy brou
o
f
wh “theo oreve ght a
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at h his an r a diff appr
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Charles Darwin

Famous for his THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Johnson (2012) described Darwin as a genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and
wealthy family. He would also spend time taking long walks to observe his surroundings while
collecting specimens.
Darwin published his Book THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES IN 1589. This book is considered to
be one of the most important works in scientific literature. His book presented evidence on how
species evolved over time and presented traits and adaption that differentiate species.
His Book THE DESCENT OF MAN was so impressive yet very controversial. He introduce the idea
of all organic life, including human being, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. This
replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human being in a
privileged position of having been created by God. Darwin’s theory of evolution scientifically
questioned this view.

What made Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas
that are deemed to be prominent during those days.

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 . . . THINK
. . . . ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS

1. What is Darwin’s contribution to modern science?

Write your thoughts here!

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SIGMUND FREUD

Freud made a significant contribution in the scientific world

through the development of an important observation method to
gather reliable data to study human’s inner life. This method is
popularly known as the method of psychoanalysis.
PSYCHOANALYSIS – a method of explaining and treating mental and
emotional problems by having the person talk about dreams, feelings,
memories, etc. according to Freud that one’s behavior is the result of
the interaction between the ID, the EGO, and the SUPER EGO.

Human behavior is governed by the structure of his personality: ID, EGO and SUPER-EGO.

First, ID is the animalistic nature of man- the “MAKAHAYOP” part of one’s personality. It is a
destructive and pleasure-seeking structure of personality. It is here where the sex urge (libido) is
present. When an individual destroys a thing, kills or rapes someone or performs any other
animalistic behavior, it is his ID that is manifested.

Secondly, the Ego is the human nature of man-the “MAKATAO”, the “self”. It is the opposite
nature of the ID. It builds; it acts according to laws and morals. It is bound by limits of reality. It
channels the libido to socially approved outlets. The EGO controls the ID and sometimes the ID
does not want to be controlled; hence conflict between the two arises. When the Ego wins, ID
fails; If ID wins, Ego fails.

The third one that I learned is the SUPER-EGO, is the God-centered nature of man- the “MAKA-
DIYOS”. It is the conscience part of our personality. It strives for perfection. It acts as a judge, a
decision maker when the ID and EGO are in conflict. It stops the ID from doing something wrong.
It restrains the EGO when it goes out of bounds.
Its main concern is to decide and act in accordance to what is morally and socially acceptable
standards.

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THINK
. . . . . ABOUT
.. THESE QUESTIONS

1. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist?

2. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes he would make to his theory?

Write your thoughts here!

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CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

MAYA CIVILIZATION

 Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border
of South America. There is no doubt that the Mesoamerica region is rich in culture and
knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers
 The Maya civilization- one of the famous
civilizations that lasted for

 approximately 2,000 years. They
incorporated their advanced
understanding of astronomy into their temples
and other religious structures. for
example, the pyramid at CHICHE’N ITZA in
Mexico.
 Mayan knowledge and understanding about
celestial bodies was advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting
eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.

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 •The Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate
cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
• They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years
before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
 The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica.
They are also famous as one of the world’s first civilization to use a
writing system known as the MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS.

 They are skilled in mathematics and created a

number system based on the numeral 20. They
independently develop the concept of zero and
positional value, even before the Romans did.

INCA CIVILIZATION

 The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering
their limitations as an old civilization.

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
The following were scientific ideas and tools Inca Civilization developed
To help them in everyday life;
Roads paved with stones
Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
Irrigation system and technique for storing water.
Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and
prepare them for planting season.
First suspension bridge
Quipu, a system of knotted
ropes to keep records that
only expert can interpret.
Suspension Bridge
Inca textiles since cloth was
one of the specially prized
artistic achievements.
QUIPO

AZTEC CIVILIZATION

Aztec civilization-has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the
society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following:

Mandatory Education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are
mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or
age.
Chocolates. Aztec valued cacao beans highly and made it as part of their
tribute to their Gods.
Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication
that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during
surgery.
Chinampa. Is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was
divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
Aztec Calendar. This enabled them to plant their activities, rituals, and
planting season. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for
travelling in water systems.

Aztec Calendar Canoe

Chinampa

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 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
ASIA- biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a
host to many cultural, economic, scientific and political activities of all ages.
In the field of Science, Technology and Mathematics, great civilization has stood out India, China
and the Middle East Civilization. These civilizations were incomparable in terms of their
contributions to the development of knowledge during their time.

INDIA
 INDIA- huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its
northern boarders.
 The Indians are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is
considered to be the best and held with high regards in the whole of Roman Empire.
 India is also famous in medicine. For example AYURVEDA, a system of traditional medicine. They
discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure various
illnesses and some ancient texts like Susruta samhita.
 Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy.. They developed theories on the
configuration of the universe, spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12
equal parts of 30 days each
 Ancient India also known for their mathematics.
 Tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and design a ruler, the
MOHENJODARU RULER.
CHINA
CHINA is one of the Ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in may areas of life like medicine,
astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others, Chinese civilization have
greatly influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand,
Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries that belong to the old silk Road.
Medicines – Traditional Medicines, uses of different and animals to cure human illness. The Practice of
ACUPUNCTURE.

FAMOUS DISCORIES AND INVENTION OF THE CHINESE

 Compass
 Papermaking
 Gunpowder
 Printing tools
 Iron plough
 Wheelbarrow(karetilya)
 Propeller

 In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar
eclipse and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the
heavenly bodies and their effects to our world.

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  They observed heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their
daily activities.

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

 Middle East Countries- dominantly occupied by Muslims.

 With the spread of Islam in the 7 th and 8th centuries,a period of Muslim scholarship or what is
called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th century.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
 Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources.Science also emerged in this part of the planet
long before the Europeans colonized it.
 Egypt- known to be a center of alchemy,which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
 Metallurgy-also known in the African regions during the ancient times.North Africa and the nile
Valley imported iron technology from the near east region that enabled them to benefit from the
developments during the Bronze age until the iron age
 Science also developed in different parts of the world: in Asia,Europe,Mesoamerica, and
Africa.People in these continents invented tools to help them in everyday life,discovered medicines
to cure diseases,observed heavenly bodies,built structures,discovered many things and invented
mathematics as a tool and as a discipline.

SUMMARY

Scientific revolution is a golden age in the history of science. It marked the birth of science
as a discipline and as field of inquiry and gave the birth to the development of the scientific
method. It was a time in the history of science where many scientific ideas and discoveries, which
were considered innovative and useful, were developed. Some of these ideas were controversial
in the scientific community and in the political arena.

There are many intellectual who made essential contributions in science during the period
of scientific revolution. Nicolaus Copernicus developed a model of the universe, he placed the Sun
in the center of the universe and all the planets were surrounding or orbiting it. Charles Darwin
made significant contribution in the field of evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. His
theory of evolution by natural selection is very useful in many fields until now and Sigmund
Freud developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in understanding human behavior
especially neurological condition.

Science also developed in different parts of the world: in Asia, Europe, Mesoamerica, and
Africa. People in these continent invented tools to help them in everyday life. Science provided
different ancient civilizations the means to survive and understand the natural and physical
world.

Let’s try your understanding...

1. Discuss how the society shape science and how science shape society
2. Identify some intellectuals and their Revolutionary ideas

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3. Create a timeline highlighting some intellectual and their revolutionary ideas

Write your answers here!

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Learning Outcomes

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 At the end of the lesson, students must have:
a. Discussed the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;
b. Identified the outstanding Filipino scientist

Introduction:
This lesson will discuss the influence of science and technology in the development of the
Philippine society. It identifies government programs, projects, and policies geared toward boasting the
science and technological capacity of the country.

Let’s Begin:
Cite an old practice/practices of planting and caring of animals, do we still observe that practices as of the
present?

Write your answers here!

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We’re on our way

Do you think that this old practice had important contribution in the development that we
practice at the present? Explain your answer.
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Let’s Dig Deeper

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

The history of science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the
country gained its independence from the American colonizer. Before the coming of the Spanish
colonizer.

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 The early inhabitants of the archipelago
had their own culture and traditions.
They had their own belief system and
indigenous knowledge system that
keeps them organized and sustained
their lives and communities for many years.

Technology is used by people in

• Building houses,
• Irrigations,
• Developing tools that they can use in everyday life.
 tools for planting,
 hunting,
 cooking,
 fishing;
 for fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and
 for transportation, both on land and on waterways.

The different archeological artifacts discovered in different parts of the country also prove that the Metal
Age also had a significant influence on the lives of early Filipinos. The sophisticated design of gold and
silver jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools proved that their technological ideas helped in the development
of different tools. Also, trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries have influence
their lives by providing different opportunities for cultural and technological exchange.

All these ancient practices in science and technology are considered now as indigenous science or folk
science.

Spanish Rule
(Spa niards Colonized the Country)  Brought with them their own culture and
practices
 Established schools and introduced the
concepts of subject and discipline.
 Lear ning of science in school focuses on
understanding different concepts related to
the human body, plants, animals and bodies.
 Technology focuses on using and developing
house tools

Life during Spanish Era:

 Become modernize
 Adapting some western technology
 Replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials

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  Medicine and advancement science were introduced in formal colleges and university
established by the
Catholic orders.
 The galleon trade has brought additional
technology and development in the
Galleon Trade Philippines.
 Trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools,
cultural practice, technology, and
western practices to reach the country.
 The galleon trade was supplied by
merchants largely from port areas of
Fujian who traveled to manila to sell the
Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory,
processed silk cloth and other valuable
commodities.
 Contributed to the change of culture,
language and environment for both
Philippines and Mexico
The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. Only
two galleons were used: one sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods,
spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods
spending 90 days at sea. The country became one of the center of global trade in sea, one of the most
developed places in the region. Superstitious belief and Catholic doctrines and practices halted the growth of
science in the country.

The American have more influence in the

development of science and technology in
the Philippines compared to the Spaniards:

 1. Established the public Education

system
2. Improved the engineering works and
health condition of the people
3. Establish modern research university,
the University of the Philippines
4. Create more public hospitals than the
Former colonial master
5. Minerals source of the country were
also explored and exploited.
6. Transportation and communication
were improved
American Period
More Influence on Science and

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 Technology
1. The teaching of science in higher education has
also greatly improved and modernized.
2. Researches were done to control malaria, cholera and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases.
3. The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of the Philippines to serve their own
Interest is somehow beneficial in the country.
4. These allowed American scholars to introduce new knowledge and technology in the country.

• World War II has destabilized the

development of the country in many
ways.
• Institutions and public facilities were
turned into ashes, houses were burned,
and many lives were destroyed.
• The country had a difficult time to
rebuild itself from the ruins of the war.
• The human spirit to survive and to
rebuild the country to bring back what
was destroy was limited
• The reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals,
and transportation systems.
• Building highways and providing technological training and human resource development in the
country.

The development of science and technology in the Philippines based on its brief history, is
shaped by several Factors and influence. Like in the history of science and technology in the other
countries, both internal and external. Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives
of the people and in the development of the Philippine society. However, in the country. School
science from basic education to graduate education is improving slowly, and there are only few
students enrolling in science and technology courses.

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. . . . . THINK ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS

1. What is the significant contribution of the Spaniards and American to the development of science
and technology in the Philippines?
2. What can you say about the state of science and technology during the Spanish and American
period?

Write your thoughts here!

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1. SOCIAL SCIENCE, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION, INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND

GOVERNANCE
• Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum
• Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
• Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
• Local food security

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 2. PHYSICS, ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE,
AND
MATHEMATICS
• Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities
• Outright grants for peer monitoring
• Review of R.A. 9184
• Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development

3. MEDICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

• Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards
by full implementation of the Food and Drug Administration
• Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services
and care
• Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of
information
• Allocating two percent of the GDP to research
• Legislating a law supporting human genome projects

4. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY

• Protecting and conserving biodiversity by fill implementation of existing laws
•Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
•Promoting indigenous knowledge system and indigenous people’s conservation
•Formulation of common food and safety standards

There are also existing programs supported by the Philippine government through the DOST. Some
of these projects are the following:

1. Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology.
2. Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of
science and technology.
3. Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training young
Filipinos in the field of science and technology.
4. Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe and industry partnerships.
5. Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the
Philippines or conduct research and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based scientists.
6. Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to encourage academe and
industry partnerships.
7. The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within
the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman. These aimed to develop more science and
technology and engineering manpower resources needed by the country. They also aimed to
produce more researches in these fields.

In the field of education, several science-related programs and projects were created to developed
the scientific literacy of the country.
1. Special science classes were organized and special science elementary schools were
established in different regions.

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 2. Aside from these, science and mathematics in basic education were continuously improved.
3. The current K to 12 education programs included Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high school program to encourage
more students to enroll in science-related fields in college.
4. The Commission on Higher Education launched its Philippine-California Advanced Research
Institute (PICARI) Project to allow several higher education institutions in the Philippines and
some US-based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on research and
projects related to science, agriculture, engineering, health, and technology.
5. This project is hoped to strengthen the STEM competitiveness of the country.

There are many other areas and fields that the country is looking forward to embark various
research and projects. The following are some of them:
1. Use of alternative and safe energy
2. Harnessing mineral resources
3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness
4. Climate change and global warming
5. Increasing food production
6. Preservation of natural resources
7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
8. Infrastructure development

 School science is filled with names of foreign scientists: Einstein, Galileo Galilei,
Newton, Faraday, Darwin, and many other Western scientists.
 We rarely hear of Filipino scientists being discussed in science classes.
 Lee- Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists who have made
significant contributions in Philippine science.
 These scientists are also famous abroad especially in different science
disciplines: agriculture, mathematics, physics, marine science, chemistry,
engineering, and biology.

Filipino Scientist
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba- outstanding research on tissue culture in the Philippine mangoes
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso- works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite
images
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.- known internationally in the field of electrical engineering; was elected as
officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz- notable for her research on sea snail venom

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 5. Fabian Millar Dayrit- research on herbal medicine
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III- research on tilapia culture
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.- inventing the meconium drugs testing
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena- doing research on plant biotechnology
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz- outstanding educator and graph theorist
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan- research in the field of communications technology

Other outstanding Filipino Scientist who are recognized here and abroad for
their outstanding contribution in Science

1. Caesar A. Saloma- an internationally renowned physicist

2. Edgardo Gomez- famous scientist in marine science
3. William Padolina- known in the field of chemistry and president of National Academy of Science
and Technology (NAST)- Philippines
4. Angel Alcala- marine science

 There are other scientists in the Philippines who were not identified in the list.
Yet, the Philippines still need more scientists and engineers, and there is a need
to support scientific research in the country.
 The University of the Philippines- Los Banos is a science paradise for agriculture,
forestry, plant and animal science, and veterinary science. It has produced
numerous scientists and various research in the field mentioned.
 The University of the Philippines- Visayas is also a national center for marine
science, fisheries and other related sciences.
 The University of the Philippines- Manila is a center of excellence and has
produced many researchers, doctors, health professionals, and scientists in the
area of medical and public health.
 The University of the Philippines- Diliman also has established a national
science and engineering complex to develop more research and produce more
scientists and engineers in the country.

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 SUMMARY

This lesson discussed the influence of science and technology in the development
of the Philippines as a country. Even before the time of Spanish colonization in the
Philippines, various people and communities already practiced science.
They invented tools and built structures, studied the medicinal uses of plants, observed
heavenly bodies to predict seasons and weather, and used indigenous science in
agriculture. These are considered indigenous science, which is one of the foundations of
modern science.

The growth of science and its development as a field in the country is a hybrid of
indigenous and foreign ideas. Spain and United States, being the former colonial masters
of the country, played an important role in building the foundation of science in the
Philippines. To further strengthen the science program in the Philippines, the government
establishes various science programs, policies, and projects.

Through the years, many Filipinos were able to establish themselves as scientists
and science educators in various scientific areas and fields. Invention and innovations
were done by these Filipino scientists. Finally, the demands of globalization, especially the
ASEAN economic agenda, prompted the Philippines to invest in science and technology
programs and projects.

. . . . . . . Let’s try your understanding

1. Discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine Nation building

2. Diagram the factors that influence the development of Filipino Scientists

Write your answers here!

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Module 1: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society

LESSON 3:

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, student must have:
a. Discussed the contribution of indigenous science in the development of science
and technology in the Philippines
b. Listed three indigenous knowledge that develop into modern way

Introduction:

This lesson focusses on the indigenous science and technology in the Philippines. Filipino,
especially during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday life. They
also developed alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world
around them. This system of knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation
of indigenous science.

Let’s Begin:
Cite different old believes and practices/Indigenous knowledge (ex: predicting seasons, weather, and
agriculture) that developed into modern way.

Write your answers here!

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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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We’re on our way!

What comes into your mind when you heard Indigenous Knowledge?
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Let’s Dig Deeper

What is Indigenous Knowledge?

Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up,
they live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous
knowledge. Their parents and other older folks served as their first teacher and their methods of teaching
are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. The lesson they learned are intimately
interwoven with their culture and the environment

Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:
• predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and
celestial bodies;
• using herbal medicine;
• preserving foods
• classifying plants and animals into families and group based on cultural properties;
• building local irrigation system;
• Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties, and etc.

What id Indigenous Science?

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 Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by different
groups of people and early civilization (Gribbin, 2001; Mkapa, 2004; Sibisi, 2004). It includes
complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practice, and representations that guide human societies
in their enumerable interactions with the natural milieu: Agriculture, medicine, naming and
explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing environments.

According to Cajete (2004), indigenous science including everything, from metaphysics to

philosophy and various practical technologies practice by indigenous people both past and
present. Iaccarion (2003) elaborated this idea by explaining that science is a part of culture, and
how science is done largely depends on the cultural practices of the people.

Pawilen (2005) explained that indigenous science knowledge has developed diverse
structure and contents through the interplay between the society and the environment. Sibisi
(2004) also pointed out that indigenous science provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology,
food technology, or metallurgy, which were derived from traditional knowledge and practices.

. . . . . . . THINK ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS

1. What is your understanding in indigenous science?

2. What is example of indigenous science practices?
3. Why do some people believe in indigenous science?
4. Do you think indigenous science should be considered science?
5. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and technology?

Write your thoughts here!

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Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding indigenous science.

Accordingly, indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge that uses science process
skills and guided by community values and culture.

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 INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

uses guided by composed of

Science Process Community Culture Traditional
Skills and Values Knowledge

 Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing,

classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting.
 Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following:
 The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator.
 The earth is revered as “Mother Earth” it is the origin of their identity as
people.
 All living and nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent with
each other.
 Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural
resources. They have responsibility to preserve it.
 Nature is a friend to human beings---it needs respect and proper care.
 Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and
communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy.

Indigenous science is important in the development of science and technology in the

Philippines. Like the ancient civilization, indigenous science gave birth to the development of science
and technology as a field and as a discipline. Indigenous science helped the people in understanding
the natural environment and in coping everyday life. UNESCO’s Declaration on Science and the use of
Scientific knowledge (1999) recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to
science and technology.

. . THINK ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS

1. What is the role of indigenous knowledge in the development of indigenous science?

2. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and technology in the
Philippines?
3. How do society and culture influence the development of science and technology?

Write your thoughts here!

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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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SUMMARY

This lesson discussed the concept of indigenous knowledge and its influence to the
development of indigenous science. The communities in the Philippines have maintained vast
amount of indigenous knowledge, cultural practices, traditions, and belief. These include belief and
practices ranging from different areas such as health, environment, peace and order, agriculture,
food production, astronomy, music, and literature. The indigenous knowledge system of the
people served as the foundation for the development of indigenous science.

Even before the time of the Spanish colonization in the Philippines, various people and
communities already practiced science. They invented tools and built structures, studied the
medicinal uses of plants, observed heavenly bodies to predict seasons and weather, and used
indigenous science in agriculture. These are considered indigenous science, which is one of the
foundations of modern science.

Let’s try your understanding.

1. Discuss the contribution of indigenous science in the development of science and technology in the
Philippines
2. Listed three indigenous knowledge that develop into modern way.

Write your answers here!

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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