Module - 3

Indian History through the ages

Medieval India

I. Essay Questions (5 Marks)

1. Define Language and literature. Write about the importance of languages.

A. Language is a medium through which we express our thoughts. Lilerature is a mirror that reflects
ideas and philosophies.

To know any particular culture and its tradition it is very important that we understand the evolution
of its languages and the various forms of literature.

Human beings created his own language in his developmental process.

He also created script to express his ideas and thoughts.

After the development of language to pass it on from one generation to the other, man used hugae
literary base.

Hense, to know any particular culture and its traditions it is very important that we understand the
evolution of its languages and various forms of literature.

2. "Sanskrit is the root of many Indian languages". Explain.

A.1. Sanskrit is the mother of many Indian languages.

2. Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and Dharma sutras are all written in different forms of sanskrit.

3. Sanskrit is the ancient language of our country.

4. Sanskrit lilerature is vast, beginning with the most ancient thoughts.

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 5. It was sanskrit that gave impetus to the study of liguistes scienlifically during 18th century.

6. There is no part of India that has not contributed to or been affected by this language.

7. Sanskrit is perhaps the only one language that transcended the barriers of regions and boundries.

3. What does the word "veda" mean? Name the four Veda.

A.1. The word literally means knowledge.

2. In Hindu culture, vedas are considered as eternal and devine revelation.
3. Vedas were handed down orally form one generation to the other.
4. There are 4 vedas
5. 1. Rigveda 2. Yajurveda 3. Samaveda 4. Atharva veda
6. In order to understant the vedas, it is necessary to learn vedangas or limbs of vedas.
7. Each veda consist of the Brahmanas, the upanishads, and the Aranyakas.

4. Write about Rig Veda.

A.1. Rig Veda is the earliest of the vedas.

2. It is a collection of 1028 hymnis in vedic sanskrit.
3. Many of these are beautiful description of nature.
4. It is believed that these recitations are the natural out pouring of vedic rishis.
5. The prominat gods of the Rigveda are Indra, Varuna Agni, Rudra, Aditya, Vayu and the
Aswani twins.
6. Some of the prominent goddesses are usha the goddess of down, Vak- The goddess of
speech and prithvi - The goddess of earth.
7. It is the Anciant literature.

5. What is the meaning of "Yajur" Explain the details.

A.1. Yajur means sacrifice or worship in company and with donation.

2. This veda is mostly concerned with rites and mantras different sacrifices.
3. It gives directions for the performance of the Yajnas.
4. It has both poetic and prose renderings.
5. Being a treatise on rituals, it in the most popular of the four vedas.
6. There are two major branches of yajur veda, namely shukla and krishna yajur veda.

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6. What in the meaning of upanishads ? Nama same important upanishads.

A.1. The word upanishad is derived from upa (near), and nishad (to sit down), that is "sitting down
near" Groups of people sit near the Guru to learn vedas from him in the Guru shishya tradition.

2. They are the end of vedas.

3. They are also called vedantas (Ultimate philosophical problems).

4. The upanishads form an important part of literary legacy.

5. The upanishads form an important part of literary legacy.

6. They deal with Questions like the origin of the universe, life and death, the material and spiritual
world, nature of knowledge and many other question.

7. The earliest upanishds are the Brihaderanyaka and chhandogya. They are the important
upanihads.

7. Name two ancient epics written in sanskrit and explain about them ?

A.1. The great epics are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

2. The Ramayana of Valmiki is called Adikavya.

3. Ramayana presents a picture of an ideal society.

4. The other epic, the Mahabharata, was written by vyase.

5. In Bharata 8800 verses are there.

6. It was also called 'Jaya' or the collection dealing with victory.

7. These were raised to 24,000 and came to be known as Bharata.

8. Mahabharata is also called as 'Satasahasra samhita'.

9. Mahabharata contain the famous 'Bhagavad Gita'.

10. These two are translated in different Indian languages.

8. What are the characteristics of Puranas ?

A.1. Puranas are regarded next in importance only to vedas and epics.

2. Thre are said to be 18 puranas.

3. Some of the well known puranas are - Brahma, Bhagavat, Padma, vishnu, vayu, Agni, Matsya
and Garuda.

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 4. Puranas are mythical works which propogate religious and spritual messages.
5. They are full of myths, stories, legends and sermons that were meant for the education and
edification of the common people.
6. The puranas follow the lines of epics.
7. These puranas contain importnat geographical information / histories and deal with the mysteries
of creation, recreation and dynastic geneology.

9. Write about 'Tripitakas'.

A.1. The canonial literature is the best represented by the "Tripitakes".
2. The meaning 'Tripitakas' is three baskets.
3. The three pitakas and - vinaya pitaka, Sutta pitaka and Adhidamma Pitaka.
4. They deal with rules and regulation of daily life.
5. Vinaya pitake deals with rules and regulations of daily life.
6. Sutta Pitaka contains dialogues and discourses on morality.
7. Abhidamma Pitaka deals with philosoply and metaphysics.

10. How can be Buddistic works devided ?

A.1. The religious books of the Jains and the Buddists refer to historical persons or incidents.
2. The earliest books of the Buddists were written in Pali languages.
3. Buddist works can be devided into the two
4. The canonical works
5. The non - canonical works.
6. The Canocical literature is best represented by the "Tripitakas".
7. The non-canonical literature is best represented by the Jatakas.

10. What do the Jataka tales tell us about?

A. 1. Jatakas are the most interesting stories on the previous births of Budda.
2. It was believed that before he was finally born as Gautama Budda practising Dhrama passed
through more than 550 births.
3. In some births even he passed the forms of animals also.

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 4. Each birth story is called Jataka.

5. Jatakas throw invaluable light on the social and economic conditions ranging from 6th century
B.C.

6. They also make incidental reference to political events in the age of Budda.

12. What are the important issues in Dharmasastre ?

A. 1. The law books called Dharmasutras and smritis, together known as Dharma sastras.

2. Dharma sutras were compiled in between 500 and 200 B.C.

3. They lay down duties for different varnas as well as for kings and officals.

4. They also prescribe the rules according to which property had to be held, sold and in herited.

5. They also prescribe punishments for persons quilty of different crimes.

6. The manusmriti tells about the role of man and women in society, their code of conduct and
relationship with each other.

13. Write about Tamil literature.

A.1. Tamil as a written language was known since the beginning of the christian era.

2. Sangama literature was produced in the early four centuries of the christian era.

3. The contribution of Tamil saints like Thiruvalluvar are note worthy.

4. Poets who assembled in colleges patronised by the kings and chieftains produced the sangama
literature.

5. They are secular in nature and of a very high quality.

6. They are about 30,000 lines of poetry, which are arranged in eight anthologies called 'Ettuttokoi".

7. Besides sangama text, we have a text called Tolkkappiyam, which deals with grammer and
poetry.

8. In addition, we have the twin epics of silappadikaram and Manimekalai.

14. The vijaya nagara period was the golden age of Telugu literature - Explain.

A.1. The Vijayanagara period was the golden age of Telugu literature.

2. Nachana Somana, a court poet of Bukki, produced a poetical work titled Uttaraharivamsam.

3. Krishna devaraya was a port of great merit.

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 4. Eight Telugu literary lumanaries known as ashadiggajas, adorned his court.

5. Sri Krishna devaraya patronaged art and literature.

6. A new style called prabandha in Telugu literature was started during this period.

15. Describe Kannada literature.

1. A part from Telugu Vijayanagara rulers extented their patronage to knnada literature and
writers.

2. Many Jain scholars contributed to the growth of kannada literature.

3. The Kannada language developled fully after 10th century A.D.

4. The earliest known literacy work in Kannada is Kavirajamarg written by Rashtrakuta king,
Nripatunga A moghavarsha 1.

5. Pampa, known as the father of Kannada wrote his great poetic works.

Pampa, Ponna and Ranna were two other poets were great poets earned the little Ratnatraya.
(Three gems)

6. In the 13th century new feats were achieved in Kannada literature.

7. Kannada literature flourished considerably between 14th and 16th centuraries under the
patranage of the vijayanagara kings.

8. The first out standing poetess in Kannad was Honnamma.

16. Write about Malayalam Literature ? or Enalyse Malayalam literature.

A.1. Malayalam is spoken in Kerala and the adjoing areas.

2. The language of Malayalam emerged around the 11th century A.D..

3. By 15th century A.D. Malayalam was recognised as an independent language.

4. Bhasa Kautilya, acommentary on Artha sastra and Kokasandisan are two great works.

5. Rama, Panikkar and Ramanijan Ezhuthachan are well known authors of Malayalam literature.

6. Though it developes much later compared to other south Indian languages, Malayalam has
made a mark as a powerful medium of expression.

7. Now a large number of Journals, newspapers and Magazines are published in Malayalam.

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17. What are the differences in between Puranas and epics?

1. Puranas are mythical works

2. Epics are real stories.

3. Ramayana and Mahabharata are Epics.

4. Puranas propogate religious and spiritual messages through parables and fables.

5. Epics present a picture of ideal society.

6. Epics are narrative and with didactic material

7. Epics are descriptive in nature.

8. Puranas are meant for the education and edification of the common people.

9. The puranas provide the guiding light to the masses.

18. Give an account of Rajastani and Khariboli

A.1. Rajastani a dialect of Hindi.

2. Khadiboli is also another dialect.

3. This classification has been made on the basis of literature produced by great poets over a
length of time.

4. The language used by sudras and Bihari has been given the name of Braj Bhashas.

5. The language which is used in Rama Charita manasa is called Avadhi by Tulasidas.

6. Hindi as we know it today is the one called Khadi Boli.

7. Amir Khusrar has used Khadi Boli in his composition in 13th century.

8. Its extensive use in literature began only in the 19th centrury.

19. How did Urdu and Parsian are originated and developed ?

A.1. Urdu was perheps born in around Delhi

2. After the conquest of Delhi (1192). The Thurkish people settled in this region. Urdu was born
out of the interaction of these settlers with the common people.

3. Originally it was a dialect.

4. Later it was committed to writing in books.

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 5. It acquired all the features of a formal language.
6. It was committed to writing, the authors used persion script, tradition and even grammer.
7. During Midival period persian was adotpted as the court language.
8. Several historical accounts, administrative manuels and allied literature in persian language has
come down to us.
9. All the works of persian language became a part of Indian heritage and culture.

20. What are the important poets and literature in Urdu.

A.1. Urdu was given its pride of place by a large number of poets who have left inimitable poetry
for posterity.
2. The earliest poet is supposed to be Khusrav.
3. Mirja Galib, Zauq Haliand Iqubal are well known poets.
4. Iqbal's "Sarejahase Achach Hindustan Hamara" is sung and played at many national
celebrations.
5. Munshi prem chand who is supposed to be a doyen of Hindi literature, wrote in Urdu.

21. How was Persian language developed during Medival period ?

A.1. In the midival period, Persian was adopted as court language.
2. Several historical accounts, adminstrative manuals and allied literature in Persian language
have came down to us.
3. Babar wrote Tuzuk (auto bography) in Turkish language but his grand son Akbar got it
translated.
4. Jahangir's Auto biogrephy is in persian.
5. Noorjahan was an accomplished Persian poetess.
6. During Mughal period the Persian literature flourished with various styles.
7. Iqubal wrote good Persian poetry in 20th century.

22. What in the influence of Bhakti movement on North Indian literature ? or How did
North Indian literature influenced by Bhaktimovement ?
A.1 During 12th and 13th centuries its influence reached the north, it started affecting litercture
also.
2. Poetry became largely devotional in nature.

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 3. New situations and new words were added to the literature.

4. Hindi literature looked to snaskrit classies for guidance.

5. Poetry now became largely devotional and attracted towards sanskrit.

23. Explain the importance of the writings of Tulasidas.

A.1. Tulasidas is the famous poet in Hindi

2. Tulesidas poetry contained a laguege which was of that region and new seenes and situations.

3. His Ramacharita manasa is based an valmiki's Ramayana.

4. Though it is said that Tulasidas wrote Ramacharitha Manasa on valmiki's Ramayana, he also
alters situations and add quite a few new scenes and situation based on folklore.

5. For Example, Sita's exile is valmiki's version but it is not mentioned in Tulasi's account.

6. Tulasidas has defined Rama as God.

24. Explain the devotional instincts in Kabir's literature.

A.1. Kabeer was a devotee of a formless god.

2. Kabir did not believe in institutionalised religion

3. Chanting his name was the be-all and end-all for him.

4. Kabir moved from place to place and hense, his poetry contained Persian and Urduwords as
well.

5. The Bhakti movement which was started in southern India reached the north.

25. When and How did Hind Prose come to existence ?

A.1. It is only with the begining of 19the centrury that Hindiprose came to existence.

2. Hindi prose became very popular.

3. Dramas in Hindi which were basically translations of texts written in Sanskrit and other
languages.

4. These adoptions set new trends in Hindi literature.

5. The authors like Bharatendu Harischandra, Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi made adoption to Hindi
literature.

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26. What are the contributions of Swami Dayanand to Hind ?

A.1. Swami Dayand's contribution to Hindi cannot be ignored.

2. Originally Gujarathi, he advocated Hindi as a common language for the whole India.

3. He started writing in Hindi and contributed articles to Journals.

4. He engaged in religious and social reforms.

5. He contributed many articles.

6. 'Satyartha Prakash' was his most important work in Hindi.

7. Swami Dayanand's main objective is social reform.

He wrote in order to reform the Hindu society and rid it of false beliefs and social evils.

27. Who is the first women writer in Hindi ? Mention her works.

A.1. Mahadevi Verma is the first women writer in Hindi literature.

2. She is the great scholar

3. The main issues in her writings are issues releated to women.

4. Mahadevi varma high lighted the condition of women in society.

5. She highlighted the problems of women.

28. Write about Baptist missian Press.

A.1. The Baptist mission press was established at serampore near Calcutta in 1800 A.D.

2. It provided Training to civil servents of the East India company law, customs, religions languages
and literatures of India.

3. It enable the civil servents to work more efficiantly.

4. In this regard, a avery important land mark was achieved by willam carey who published an
English Bengali diction aryand a grammer of Bengal.

5. Although the aim of the press run by the missionaries was mainly to propogate christian faith
but other presses run local people helped in flourishing of non-christian literature.

6. Scores of Pamphlets, small and big books and Journals were produced.

7. In the meantime education spread.

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29. What are services of william towards Bangali ?
A.1. Willam carey is a foreigner who served for the Bengali language.
2. His achievement are an important landmark in the development of Bengali literature.
3. He wrote a grammer of Bengali.
4. He published an English - Bengali dictionary.
5. He wrote books on dialogues and stories.
6. Dictionaries guide the writers as to the correctness of a sentence and also help them infinding
suitable words for a particular situations and ideas.

30. What in the influence of Rabindranath Tagore on Bengali literature.

A.1. The most important name that influence the whole India was that of Rabindranath Tagore.
2. Novels, dramas, short stories, criticism, music and esseys, all flowed from his pen.
3. He won the Noble Prize for literature in 1913.
4. His great work in 'Geetanjali'.
5. As the writer of 'National Anthem' Rabindra nath Tagore is a note worthy author.

31. How did the influence of western ideas on literature of other languages ?
A.1. The influence of western ideas on Bengali literature is important.
2. Upto 1800, the most of litrature produced was limited to religion or courtly literature.
3. The western influence brought the writers close to the man in the street.
4. The subjects were mundane.
5. Some religious literature was also produced but it hardly said any thing new.

32. How the nationalism was reflected on literature of 19th and 20th centruries.
A.1. The final years of 19th century and first half of the 20th century saw a new subject, nationalism
being taken up.
2. Two things were seen in this new trend.
3. The first was the love for old history and culture and an awareness of the facts of British
exploitation.
4. The second was a clarion call for arousing the Indians to drive out of foreigners.
5. The new trend was expressed by subramanya Bharathi in Tamil and Qwazi Nazrul Islam in
Bengal.
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 6. The new Trends were followed by the writers.
7. The contributions of these two writers in arousing the nationalistic sentiment almost in all
languages.

33. What is uniquieness of Punjabi literature ?

A.1. Punjabi has a history of its own.
2. It is being written in two scripts Gurumukhi and perisian.
3. However Punjabi language did not lack literature.
4. Gurunanak was the first poet in Punjabi
5. The love stories of Heer and Ranjha, sasi and punnu and Sahani and Mahiwal, which gave this
language its theme in early days.
6. Even the story of Pran Bhagat found favour with some poets.
7. Beautiful poems were written by some and some unknown poets.
8. The folk lore has preseverd it.
9. In the twentieth century. Punjabi had come into its own Bhaivir Singh composed an epic.

34. Explain the Gujarati Bhakti literature.

A.1. Early Gujarati literature is awailable as usual in the form of Bhakti songs of the 14th and 15th
centuries.
2. It still follows the old Traditions.
3. The people of Gujarat wove these devotional songs in their folk dances.
4. Their religious forms often find expressions in their religions celebrations.
5. Narsi Mehta's name is the formost in this respect. A special mention must be made of Narsi
Mehta whose songs in praise of Krishna not only made him a very popular figure but also
made Gujarati language popular.

35. How was Marathi language formed ? Mention some popular writers in Marathi literature.
A.1. Maharastra is situated on a plataue, so large number of local dialects grew in this region.
2. Marathi grew out of these local dialects.
3. The earliest Marethi poetry and prose by scient Jnaneswar (Gianeswar).
4. He wrote a long commentary on Bhagaved Gita.
5. He started the Kirtan tradition in Maharastra.
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 6. Namdev, Gora, Sena and Janabai popularised the Marathi language.

7. Eknath was another famous writer.

8. Eknath wrote the commentaries on the Ramayana and Bhagahat Purana.

9. His songs are very popular all over Maharastra.

10. The closing years of the 19th century saw a real upsurge in the Marathi literature.

11. Tukarama, Bhakti poet, Balgangadhar Tilak, Keshav sul, V.Schiplunkar, Hari Narayan Apte,
Agarkar, H.G. Salgaokar, M.G.Ranade are all prominent poets and writers in Marathi literature.

36. What is the Role of Bhakti movement in Kashmiri literature ?

A.1. Kashmiri language belongs to Kashminies.

2. Kashmiri shot into literary prominence, when Kalhana wrote "Rajatarangini".

3. For local Kashmiri was the popular dialect.

4. Here also Bhakti movement played an important role.

5. One Lal Ded, who lived in the 14th century, who was probably the first to sing in the Kasmiri
language.

6. She was a shaivite mystic

7. She was the first singer.

8. Haba khatoon, Mahjoor, Zindakaul, Noor Din, Akhtar Mohiuddin etc wrote devotional poetry
in Kashmiri.

9. These people contributed to the growth of Kashmiri literature.

10. There was widespread poverty and economic back wardness led to lack of good literature in
Kashmir.

37. Write about the services of missioneries.

A.1. The role of missonaries cannot be denied in the development of Indian literature.

2. The dictonaries of various languages and books in grammer were printed by missianaries at
first.

3. The development of language stated with the printing of dictonary.

4. The Lithographic printing press was sterted in 19th century.

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II. Short Questions (3 Marks)
1. Examplain the importance of Sanskrit.
1. Sanskrit is the mother of many Indian languages.
2. Sanskrit is the ancient lanugage of our country.
3. Sanskrit language overcomes regions and boundaries.
It is perhaps the only one language that transceded the barriers of regians and boundaries.
4. Atmost every language is influenced by Sanskrit
5. There is no part of India that has contributed to or been affected by this language.
6. Vedas, upanishads, Puranas and Dharma sutras were written in sanskrit.

2. Write about Samaveda.

1. Sama means melody or song.
2. There are Raginies for all 16,000 Ragas.
3. Out of 1875 Poeticforms only 75 are important.
4. Samaveda composed vedic Hymns in Rigveda.

3. What are the uses of vedas ? What are the upangas of Vedas ?
A.1. Vedangas are used to understand vedas
2. They are in the form of upadeshas.
3. The vedangas are 1. Sisha 2. Vyakarana 3. Kalpam 4. Niruktam 5. Chandassu 6. Jyotish
4. What are Brahmanakas ?
A.1. After vedas Brahmanakas were developed.
2. These books gave a detailed explantion of vedic rituals and instruction.
3. The Aranyakas which are appendics to Brahmanas, laid the basis of a more philosophical
lilerature.
4. All these works were in seanskrit. They were handed down orally and were put to writing
much later.

5. Write about two epics ? Write about the writers ?

A.1. Ramayana and Mahabharatha are Epics.
2. Ramayana was written by valmiki

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 3. Ramayana is Adi kavyam and Maharshi valmiki is Adikavi.
4. Mahabharatha was written by vyasa.
5. It was called 'Jaya' or the collection dealing with victor.

6. What are the characteristics of Puranas ?

A.1. Puranas are Mythological works.
2. They Patronage religious and spiritual messages through parables, fables.
3. They have a potent influence in the development of the religious lives of the people.
4. Puranas contain important geographical information/histories and deal with the mysteries of
creation, re-creation and dynastic geneologies.

7. In which languages are the earliest Buddist and Jain texts written ?
A.1. The earliest Buddist works were written in Pali.
2. These religious books contain of Jains and Buddists refer to historical persons or incidents.
3. Jain literature was written Prakrit language.

8. Which Book contains Dharmasutras and smritis ? Which book belongs to this category.
A.1. The book which contain Dharmasutras and smritis is Dharma sastra.
2. This book deals with various sciences, law, medicine and grammer.
3. To this class the law books also.

9. Which book helps to understand North Indian's social and cultural life ?
A.1. The works of Bhasa, sudraka, Kalidas and Banabhatta provid us with the glimse of the social
and cultural life of north and central India of Gupta and Harsha.
2. They depict the rule of Gupatas and Harsha.
3. They give the knowledge of state of society and Ancient Indian polity and economy.

10. Write about the services of Kushans towards sanskrit.

A.1. The Kushan kigy patranaged sanskrit scholars.
2. Aswaghosha was the famous writer during this period and wrote Buddacharitra and
Sundaranrnda which is a find example of Sankrit poetry.
3. Books on medicine, Pathology, Astronomy and astrology were written by charka, sushurtha
Aryabhatta, varahamihira belong to this period.

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11. Write a short notes on sangam literature.
A.1. Sangam literature developed during the first four centuries.
2. Poets who assembled in colleges patronised by kings and chiftains produced the samgam
literature.
3. These colleges were called 'Sangamas' and the literature produced here was called sangam
literature.
4. They are secular in nature and of a very high quality.
5. The sangam literature is has historical importance.

12. Who are the poets patronised by vijayanagara kings. What are their works.
A.1. A part from Telugu, vijayanagara rulers extended their patronage to kannada and sanskrit
writers as well
2. Many Jain scholars were patronage by them.
3. Among Jain scholars Madhava wrote 'Dharmanath purana on the 15 Tirthankaras.
Another Jain scholar, Uritta vilasa wrote Dharma parikshe.

13. Who are Astadiggajas ? Name their works.

A.1. Allasani Peddana, Nandi Timmana, Madaya gari Mallanna, Dhurjati, Ayyalaraju Rama
bhadrudu, Pinagali Surana, Rama Rajbhushana, Tenali Rama Krishna.
2. Their works are - Manu charitha, Parijatapaharanam Rajasekhara charitra, Sri kalahastiswara
Mahatyam, Ramabhudayam, Raghava Pandaviyam, Vasu charitha and Pandu
Rangamahatyam.

14. Who are Retne traya in Kannada. What are their works.
A. As kavitrayam in Telugu lilerature together Pampa, Ponna and Ranna earned the litele of
Ratnatrayam (the threegems)
Pampa wrote Adipurana and vikramarka vijayam, Santi purana by Ranna, Ranna wrote
Ajitanatha Purana.

15. What is the origin of scripts of northern Indian languages ?

A.1. The studies have indicated that all the scripts of present north Indian languages except that of
Urdu have had their origin in old Bhrahmi script.
2. A long and slow process had given them this script.
3. Egu: Gujarathi, Hindi and Punjabi

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16. Who are the famous poets in urdu and write about Iqbal.
A.1. The famous urdu poets are Galib, Zauq Hali and Iqbal.
2. Iqbal's urdu poetry is available in his collection called Bang-i-dara.
3. His sarejahase Achecha Hindustan Hamanra is sung in all national celebrations.
4. No army parede is considered complete without the army band playing this tune.

17. How did Presian language develop during Moghals rule ?

A.1. In the medival period. Persian was adopted as court language. It was flourshied in fields.
2. Several historical accounts, administrative manuals, and allied literature have come down
to us.
3. Babar wrote Juzuk (autobio graphy) in Turkish language, his grandson Akbar got it transilated
into persian Jahangir's autobigraphy (Tuzuk - i - Jahangir) is in Persian.
4. It is said, Noorjahan was an accopslished persian poetess.
5. Badayuni was another writer who belonged during Akbar's time.

18. What was the base of 'Ramacharitha manas', written by Tulasidas? What are the
similarities and differences in between the original work.
A.1. Ramacharita manas was written by Tulasidas.
2. It is based on valmikis Ramayana.
3. He alters some situations and add quite a few new scenes based on folk lore.
4. For example exile in valmiki's versian but not mentioned in Tulasidas' account.
So also Tulasidas has deified his hero Rama while the hero of valmiki is a human being.

19. What is the role of literature in the inculcation of national integration during modern
period.
A.1. The Final years of the Nineteenth century and the first half of the 20th century saw a new
subject, nationalism being takenup.
2. Two things were seen in this new trend.
3. The first was love for old history and culture and an awareness of the facts of British exploilation.
4. The second was a clarion call for arousing the Indians to driveout the foreigners, both by
persuation and force.
5. This new trend expressed the nationalistic feeling through the different ways of literature.

48
20. What in the language, seen in Gurumukhi and Persian ?

Who in the famous poet in this language ?

A.1. Pujabi is in two scripts - Gurumukhi - Persian.

2. Gurumukhi script was almost limited to Adi Granth, the holy book of sikhs.

3. Gurunanak in the first poet in Punjabi

4. Some other contemporary poets, mostly sufi saints used to sing in this language.

5. In this context the first name is that of Farid His poetry has found in a place in the Adigranth.

21. Write about Sindhi literature ?

1. Sindi was one of the important centres of sufis.

2. They established khanquhs at various places.

3. The sufi singers devotional music made the language popular.

4. The credit for creating literature in sindhi goes to Mirza kalish beg and Kaurumal.

III. Very short Question 1Mark.

1. Which is the ancient language in India ?

2. How many consitutional languages are there ?

3. Which is the ancient literature in Indian literature.

4. Who was the writer of Rajatarangini ?

5. What is the meaning of Veda ?

6. How many vedas are there ? What are they?

7. How many Hymns are there in Regveda ?

8. What is given in yajur veda ?

9. How many branches are there in yajurveda? What are they?

10. How many Ragas are there in Samaveda ?

11. What are mentioned in Atharvveda?

12. What are the supplimentari to brahmanakas ?

13. What in the meaning of Upanishad ?

49
14. Give an account of important upanishads ?

15. Who is the writer of Ramayana ?

16. How did Bharatha get the Name ?

17. Who are the writers of Itihasas ?

18. How many puranas are there ?

19. In which language the Books in Buddism were written ?

20. What are the sutras that are given Dharmasastra?

21. Whar the 'Tripitakas'?

22. For what the Jataka tales are example ?

23. What is the theme of Jataka tales ?

24. What in the important theme of Manusmrithi ?

25. What is the use of 'Arthasastra of Kautilya'?

26. What are the Puranas belongs to Tamil ?

27. What are the Kavyas written by Pingali Surana ?

28. How did Jainscholars efforts continue ?

29. To which language, kavitrayam or Ratnatrayam belong.

30. What is the little of 'Lakshamisha'

31. Who is the first writer in Kannadasahitya ?

32. What are important books in Malayalam ?

33. Which language was used by Tulasidas in Ramacharitha manas.

34. Who is the First writer among Urdu writers ?

35. Which is the first writing in Hindi ?

36. In which part the Hindi was influenced by sanskrit ?

37. When did Bhakti movement start?

38. What is the result of Bhakti movement ?

39. What are the words found in Kabir writings ? What is the reason? (why?)

50
40. Which part of Tulasi Ramayana was altered by Tulasidas but it is in valmiki Ramayana.

41. What is the influence of Tulasidas and surdas writings ?

42. Who were the Bhakti Poets ?

43. Whom did Kabir worship ?

44. Who is the pioneer of Hindi Drama ?

45. What did swamy Dayanand's disire ?

46. When did Assami literature start ?

47. What is the importance of Book 'Nirale' ?

48. Who is the first women writer in Hindi ?

49. Who is the important writer in Hindi ?

50. Who wrote vyakarana in Bengali ?

51. What are important phases in Indian History ?

52. Which has stimulated Gujarathi literature ?

53. What is the place of 'Munshi' in Gujarathi literature ?

54. How many scripts are there in Punjabi ?

55. Name same important (famous) writers in Sindhi literature ?

56. How did Marathi language originate ?

57. What is name of the book on sent Gnaneswar ?

58. Name some famous Marathi writers

59. Who is the Guru of 'Sivaji'

60. What is the style of Kashmiri writers by influencing Bhakthi movement ?

61. What are the hinderances for the development of Kashmir literature ?

62. What is the role of disctonaries and Grammer book in the development of language ?

63. How are the revelutions taken place in printing fields ?

64. How did forigners develop education ?

65. How did missianaries start their service towards language.

51
IV. Fill in the blanks (1 mark)
1. .......... is the root of many Indian languages.

2. The ancient literature started in ............. language.

3. The languages mentiones by the constitution ..........

4. The grammer book of Panini is ........

5. Vedas are Indian ..........

6. The meaning of veda is ..........

7. The oldest veda among allvedas is..........

8. Yajur means ..........

9. The sama means ..........

10. Another name for Atharva veda is ..........

11. The meaning of precept ..........

12. ..........are the ends of vedas.

13. .......... and .......... are our famous Itihasas.

14. Another name for Maha bharatha ..........

15. Vedas are ..........

16. The meaning of 'Tripitakas' is ..........

17. In .......... language Jaina literature was written.

18. The famous Jain scholar is ..........

19. The famous drama of Kalidasa is ..........

20. .......... is the famous book of Jayadeva.

21. .......... was written by samadeva.

22. The languaged used by vidyapathi ..........

23. In the beginning urdu was in the form of ..........

24. Kahriboli is .......... Hindi.

25. The famous urdu writer was ..........

52
26. In the world of Hindi literature .......... was famous.

27. .......... is the first book in Hindi.

28. .......... was Muslim, but sung about Srikrishna.
29. Kabir did not believe in ..........
30. Hindi Prose literature was popularise by ..........
31. Bengali vyakarana was written by ..........
32. Rabindranath Tagore got Noble prize by the book ..........
33. .......... introduced Revelutionary writings in Tamilnadu.
34. The first Assamee literature is in the form of ..........
35. .......... .......... are famous oriya writers.
36. The first writen in Punjabi language was ..........
37. .......... is the script used by sufis.
38. .......... is the famous Novel of K.M. Munshi.
39. Meera sang on Krishna in .......... language.
40. The first Gujarathi literature is in the form of ..........
41. Sindhi region in famous for ..........
42. The sikhs Poems were written in .......... language.
43. .......... was started is Marathi language by santh Ganeswar.
44. .......... .......... are popular Maratha writers.

45. Lalded wrote Kashmiri Bhakti songs in .......... Century.

V. Match the following.

1.

1. Vedas ( ) a. Vedantas
2. Upanishads ( ) b. Epics
3. Puranas ( ) c. Branches of Vedas
4. Itihasas ( ) d. Three baskets
5. Tripitakas ( ) E. Ramayana, Mahabharata

53
2.

1. Haribhadrasuri ( ) a. Arthasastra
2. Kalidas ( ) b. Jain scholar
3. Kautilya ( ) c. Abhignana Sakuntalam
4. Legadha Charya ( ) d. Budda Charitran
5. Aswaghosha ( ) E. Jyotish scholar

3.

1. Surdas ( ) a. Vandemataram

2. Tulasidas ( ) b. Sursagar

3. Suryakanth Tripati ( ) c. Geetanjali

4. Rabindranath Tagore ( ) d. Nirala

5. Bankim chandra chaterji ( ) E. Ramcharithamanas.

Multiple Choise

1. The number languages in Indian Consitution ( )

a) 18 b) 22 c) 17 d) 20

2. Famous book of Kalidasa ( )

a) Rajatarangini b) Kiratarjuniyam
c) Raghuvamsam d) Kadambari

3. The number of vedas ( )

a) 6 b) 3 c) 4 d) 8

4. The number of Upanishads ( )

a) 2 b) 18 c) 3 d) 5

5. Tharmanatha purana was written by ( )

a) Madhara b) Vedanta desika c) Madhavacarya d) Hareswara

6. The popular poet ( )

a) Lakshamisha b) Sarvagna c) Mallikarjuna d) Ponna

54
 7. The first poet in Kannada ( )
a) Malla b) Mahadeviverma
c) Honnamma d) Meerabhai
8. The lithographic printing press was started ( )
a) 19th century b) 14 Century
c) 11th century d) 20th century
9. The poet who wrote devotional songs in Kashmiri ( )
a) Nuruddine b) Jinda Kavl c) Lalded d) Mahajur
10. The famous Novel of K.M. Munshi ( )
a) Saraswati chandra b) Prithivellabha
c) Sasi Punnu d) Heera-Ranjah
III. Answers
1. The sanskrit is the Ancient Language in India.
2. The Languages recognised by constitution of India 22
3. Oldest veda - Regveda
4. Kalhana
5. Veda means knowledge.
6. Vedas-4- 1. Regveda, 2. Yajurveda 3. Atharva veda, 4. Samaveda
7. The Hymns in Regveda - 1028
8. Concerned with rites and man tras of different sacrifieces.
9. 2 Major branches. (1) Sukla yajurveda 2. Krishna yajurveda
10. 16,000 Ragas.
11. Atharvveda contains treatment for 99 diseases.
12. Aranyakas
13. Sitting down near Guru
14. Brihadaranyaka and chhandogya upanishads.
15. Maharshi valmiki
16. Named after one of the earliest vedic tribes

55
17. Valmiki and Vyasa maharshies

18. 18 Purnas

19. Pali Language

20. Tripitakas

21. Vinaya Pitaka 2. Sutta Pitaka 3. Abhidemma Pitake

22. Compilation of various Smritis or law books.

23. Budda Precticiers dharma passed through more than 550 births.

24. The role of man and women in society

25. The Indian Polity and economy

26. Silppadikaram, Manimekhalai

27. Kala purnodayam, Ragheva Pandaviyam

28. Jain scholars

29. Belonged to Telugu and Kannada

30. Kamata - Karichitavana - Chaitra

31. Honnamma

32. Bhasa Kautilya - Acomentary on Arthesastra and Kokosandisan.

33. Avadhi

34. Khushru

35. Prithivraja raso

36. New words to express, new situations.

37. 12 and 13th centuries

38. Largely devotional in nature.

39. His potery contained Persian and urdu words

40. Sita's exile

41. The festival associated with Rama and Krishna

56
42. Nandadas, Raheem, Bhushan

43. Nirguna god (Formless god)

44. Bharatendu Harischandra

45. Hindi as national language

46. From 1827 onward

47. Questioned the orthodox in society

48. Mahadevi verma

49. Maithili saran Gupta

50. William

51. Woods dispatch, Establishment of universities.

52. Narmada's Poetry

53. Dr.K.M. Mlunshi

54. Two types of scripts, Guru mukhi and Persian

55. Mirza kalish Beg and Dewan Kavrumal

56. The portuguese missionaries started using marathi for peaching their gospel.

57. Bhagawad Gita

58. Namdev, Gori, Jana bhai, Eknath.

59. Bhakta Tukaram

60. Lalded, devotional songs.

61. Poverty, Illiterecy

62. Printing of dictonaries and books on grammer helpled missionaries and development of local
languages.

64. The establishment of schools, colleges

65. Printing of dictonaies in different languages and grammer books

57
IV. 1. Sanskrit 2. Regvedam
3. 22 4. Astadhayee
5.Early literature 6. Knowledge
7. Regveda 8. Sacrifise or Bali
9. melody or songs 10. Brhaveda
11. Upadesa 12. Vedas
13. Ramayana, Mahabharatha 14. Satasahasra Samhita
15. Eternal and devine revelations 16. Three baskets
17. Palilanguage 18. Hari bhadrasuri
19. Abhignana sakuntala 20. Geeta Govindam
21. Kathasarisagar 22. Maithili
23. as a dialect 24. Around Delhi
25. Pandit Rachan Sirshar 26. Prem chand
27. Prithive Raj Raso 28. Rakshan
29. Institutionalised 30. 19th century
31. William religion Carry 32. Geethanjali
33. Subramanya Bharathi 34. Burajis
35. Fakir mohan, Senapalli 36. Guru nank
37. Persian 38. Prithi vallabha
39. Rajastani language 40. Devotional songs
41. Sufis 42. Adigranath
43. Kirthana tradition 44. Harinarayan Apte, Agakar
45. 14th
V. 1. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. E
2. 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. E 5.D
3. 1. B 2. E 3. D 4. C 5.A
4. 1.B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A
5. 1.B 2. B 3.C 4.A 5. B

58