CHAPTER IV

ENERGY BALANCE
 Chapter IV

ENERGY BALANCE

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Energy can exist in several forms: work, internal energy, potential energy, kinetics
energy, and it is the total energy that is conserved .

Energy balance is needed in order to calculate temperature or heat transfer or work.

From the first law of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed. The
concept of energy conservation as expressed by an energy balance equation is central to
chemical engineering calculations. Similar to mass balance studied previously, a
balance on energy is crucial to solving many problems.

General Energy balance:

∆Ė k + ∆Ė P + ∆Ḣ = ± Q̇ ± Ẇ s

Since there is no change in potential energy (∆Ė P=0) neither change in kinetic energy
(∆Ė K = 0) also no shaft work (Ws=0) so the equation reduced to :

Q̇ = ∆Ḣ = n ̇ H ̂ = n ̇ ∫CP dT

Where:

n ̇ : mole flow rate, mol/h

CP: specific heat capacity, KJ/(mol.℃)

ΔT: temperature differences .℃ ,

H ̂: Specific enthalpy, KJ/mol

4.2 THE ENERGY BALANCE CALCULATION

Table : (1) Heat capacity of gases kJ/mol [ ]

Compound a x 10-3 b x 10-5 c x 10-8 d x 10-12
Acetone ( liq ) 123.0 18.6
Acetone ( gas) 71.96 20.10 -12.78 34.76
Water ( liq ) 75.4 - - -
Methanol ( liq ) 75.86 16.83 - -
Methanol ( gas ) 42.93 8.301 -1.87 -8.03

Cp = A+BT2+CT2+DT3

4.2.1 The Energy Balance On First Distillation Column (T-101):

Assume : reflex ratio ; R = 2 L = 2* D

𝐿
R = 𝐷= 2 D=365.1

𝐻𝑣 = 35.27 kJ/mol

L= 356.1*2 = 690 KJ /h

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = L* λv

𝑘𝑔 Kj 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 690ℎ𝑟 * 35.27 𝑚𝑜𝑙*32.02 𝑘𝑔 * 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 760034.34 kJ /hr

Where Q =∑ m{𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥 (T-Tref)}

And Tref =25℃ =298k

𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 + 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 = 𝑄𝐷 + 𝑄𝑤 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = ∑ m {𝐶𝑝 (∆T)

𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥 of feed = 0.83166*2.638 kJ/kg.℃ + 0.1603 * 4.18kJ/kg.℃ + 0.00802*1.41

kJ/kg.℃

=2.88 kJ/kg.℃
𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 45545.83 kg/hr * 2.88 kJ/kg.℃ * (78-25)℃ = 6952115.5 kJ/hr

𝑄𝐷 =∑m (Cp*∆T)

3.094 + 0.4019 − 0.0127 + 1.8214 ∗ 10−4

𝐶𝑝(𝐴)68 =
(68 − 25)

𝐶𝑝(𝐴)68 =1.39 kJ/kg.℃

𝑄𝐷 = 365.1 kg/hr *1.39 kJ/kg.℃ * (68-25)= 21822 kJ/hr

𝑄𝑤 =∑m (Cp*∆T)

𝐶𝑝𝐻2𝑂 = 4.185 kJ/Kg.℃ , Cp(CH3OH)= 2.69 kJ/Kg.℃

𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0.16162*4.185 kJ/kg.℃ + 0.83838*2.69 kJ/kg.℃ = 2.93 kJ/hr

𝑄𝑤 = 45180.73 kg/hr * 2.93 kJ/kg.℃ * (81-25)℃ = 7413254 kJ/hr

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 = (𝑄𝐷 + 𝑄𝑤 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑) – 𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 =21822+7413254+760034.35-6952115= 1242995.35 kJ/hr

4.2.2 The Energy Balance On Second Distillation Column (T-102):

Assume : reflex ratio ; R = 2 L = 2*D

𝐿
R=𝐷=2 D=32795.64

𝐻𝑣 = 35.27 kJ/mol

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = V* λv

V=L+D= 3 D = 94778.88 kg/h

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 94778.88 ℎ𝑟 * 35.27 𝑚𝑜𝑙*32.02 𝑘𝑔 * 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 104398897.5 kJ/hr

Where Q =∑ m{𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥 (T-Tref)}

And Tref =25 ℃ =298k

𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 + 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 = 𝑄𝐷 + 𝑄𝑤 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = ∑ m {𝐶𝑝 (∆T)

𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0.83838*1.5223 kJ/kg.℃ + 0.16162 * 4.18kJ/kg.℃

=1.951 kJ/kg.℃

𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 45180.73 kg/hr * 1.951 kJ/kg.℃ * (119-25)℃ = 8285875 kJ/hr

𝑄𝐷 =D (Cp*∆T)

32795.46kg 2.71kJ
𝑄𝐷 = ∗ ∗ (105 − 25)
hr kg. ℃

𝑄𝐷 =7110056 kJ/hr

𝑄𝑤 =∑m (Cp*∆T)

𝐶𝑝𝐶𝐻3𝑂𝐻 = 2.7748 kJ/kg , 𝐶𝑝(𝐻2𝑂) =4.185 kJ/kg

𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0.41*2.7748 kJ/kg.℃ + 0.59*4.185 KJ/Kg.℃ = 3.607 kJ/hr

𝑄𝑤 = 12385.27 kg/hr * 3.607 kJ/kg.℃ * (125-25)℃ = 4467367 kJ/hr

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 = (𝑄𝐷 + 𝑄𝑤 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑) – 𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 =7110056+4467367+104398847.5-8285875= 107690395.5 kJ/hr

4.2.3 The Energy Balance On Third Distillation Column (T-103):

Assume : reflex ratio ; R = 0.81 L = 0.81*D

𝐿
R = 𝐷 = 0.81 D=5083.33

λv = 35.27 kJ/mol

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = V* λv

V=L+D= 0.81* D+ D = 9200.8kg/h

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 9200.8ℎ𝑟 * 35.27 𝑚𝑜𝑙*32.02 𝑘𝑔 * 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 10134672.58kJ/hr

Where Q =∑ m{𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥 (T-Tref)}

And Tref =25 ℃ =298 k

𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 + 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 = 𝑄𝐷 + 𝑄𝑤 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = ∑ m {𝐶𝑝 (∆T)}

𝐶𝑝𝐶𝐻3𝑂𝐻 = 1.352 kJ/kg , 𝐶𝑝(𝐻2𝑂) =4.185 kJ/kg

𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 3.023 kJ/kg.℃

𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 12385.27 kg/hr * 3.023 kJ/kg.℃ * (80-25)c = 2059237 kJ/hr

𝑄𝐷 = 𝑚𝐷 (Cp*∆T)

kg kJ
𝑄𝐷 = 5083.33 ∗ 1.352 . ℃ ∗ (64 − 25)℃
hr kg

𝑄𝐷 = 271470 kJ/hr

𝑄𝑤 =∑m (Cp*∆T)
𝑄𝑤 = 7301.94 kg/hr * 4.185 kJ/kg.℃ * (82-25)℃ = 1741841 kJ/hr

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 = (𝑄𝐷 + 𝑄𝑤 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑) – 𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑏 =271470+10134672.58+1741841-2059237= 10088746.58 kJ/hr

4.2.4 The Energy Balance On Heat Exchanger E-101:

Energy in = energy out

𝑄𝑖𝑛 =𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 + 𝑄4

𝑄1= 𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 ∆T

𝑄1= 45545.83 kg/hr *2.78 kJ/kg *(30-25)

= 633087 kJ/hr

𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ∆T

𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 *4.18 kJ/kg *(90-25)

𝑄3 = 𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑝 ∆T

= 45545.83 kg/hr * 2.88 kJ/kg * (78-25)

= 6952115.5 kJ/hr

𝑄4 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ∆T

= 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 4.18 kJ/kg *(35-25)

633087+𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 *4.18 kJ/kg *(90-25) = 7083287 + 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 *4.18*(35-25)

𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 27486 kg/hr

4.2.5 The Energy Balance On Heat Exchanger E-104:

𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 + 𝑄4

𝑄1= 𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 ∆T

𝑄1= 45180.73 kg/hr *2.93 kJ/kg *(81-25)

= 7413254.2 kJ/hr

𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ∆T

𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 *1.85 kJ/kg *(130-25)

𝑄3 = 𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑝 ∆T

= 45180.73 kg/hr * 2.98 kJ/kg * (119-25)

= 12656026.09 kJ/hr

𝑄4 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ∆T

= 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 *4.18 kJ/kg *(90 -25)

7413254.2+𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 *1.85 kJ/kg *(130-25) = 12656026.09+4.18 *(80-25)

4.2.6 The Energy Balance On Heat Exchanger E-107:

𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 + 𝑄4

𝑄1= 𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 ∆T

𝑄1= 45180.73 kg/hr *2.93 kJ/kg *(81-25)

=7413254.2 kJ/hr

𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ∆T

𝑄2 =20000 kg/hr *4.18 kJ/kg *(125-25) = 8360000 kJ/hr

𝑄3 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ∆T
 = 45180.73 kg/hr * 2.98 kJ/kg * (119-25)

= 12656026.09 kJ/hr

𝑄4 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ∆T

= 20000 kg/hr *4.18 kJ/kg *(T-25)

7413254.2+8360000= 12656026.09+83600 *(T-25)

T = 62.29 ℃

4.2.7 The Energy Balance On pump P-101

𝑚3
Power = 1.67 *F (𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆p(bar/ε)

F: is volume flow rate

∆p : is pressure increase (bar)

ε: is mechanical efficiency of pump

Pmix = 819 kg /𝑚3

𝑚3 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
F= Pmix = 45545.83 kg/hr * 819 𝑘𝑔 * 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.927 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1.5 - 1)bar = 0.5 bar

ε = 0.75

power = (1.67 * 0.927 * 0.5 )/0.75 = 1.03 kw

4.2.8 The Energy Balance On pump P-102

𝑚3
Power = 1.67 *F (𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆p(bar/ε)

F: is volume flow rate

∆p : is pressure increase (bar)

ε: is mechanical efficiency of pump

ρ = 791 kg /𝑚3

𝑚3 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
F= ρ = 730.2 kg/hr * 791 𝑘𝑔 * 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0.0154 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1.4 - 1)bar = 0.4 bar

ε = 0.75

power = (1.67 * 0.0154 * 0.4 )/0.75 = 0.0137 kw

4.2.9 The Energy Balance On pump P-103

𝑚3
Power = 1.67 *F (𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆p(bar/ε)

F: is volume flow rate

∆p : is pressure increase (bar)

ε: is mechanical efficiency of pump

ρmix = 825 kg /𝑚3

1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
F=𝑚 ρmix = 45180.73 kg/hr * 825 𝑘𝑔 * 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.913 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (7 – 1.6)bar = 5.4 bar

ε = 0.75

power = (1.67 * 0.0154 * 0.4 )/0.75 = 10.98 kw

4.2.10 The Energy Balance On pump P-104

𝑚3
Power = 1.67 *F (𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆p(bar/ε)

F: is volume flow rate

∆p : is pressure increase (bar)

ε: is mechanical efficiency of pump

ρ = 708 kg /𝑚3

1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
F=𝑚 ρ = 65590.92 kg/hr * 708 𝑘𝑔 * 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.54 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (6 – 3.7)bar = 2.3 bar

ε = 0.75

power = (1.67 * 1.54 * 2.3 )/0.75 = 7.89 kw

4.2.11 The Energy Balance On pump P-105

𝑚3
Power = 1.67 *F (𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆p(bar/ε)

F: is volume flow rate

∆p : is pressure increase (bar)

ε: is mechanical efficiency of pump

ρ = 791 kg /𝑚3

1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
F=𝑚 ρ = 4117.5 kg/hr * 791 𝑘𝑔 * 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.087 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1.23 – 1)bar =0. 23 bar

ε = 0.75

power = (1.67 * 0.087 * 0.23 )/0.75 = 0.045 kw