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Lecture 8 - Marine Hydrodynamics I - Differential Relations For Fluid Particle - Part II

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44 views17 pages

Lecture 8 - Marine Hydrodynamics I - Differential Relations For Fluid Particle - Part II

Uploaded by

Khalid Baraga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Arab Academy for Science, Technology

and Maritime Transportation


Marine Hydrodynamics I – MM 346
Dr. Ahmed Khalifa Mehanna
Associate Professor
[email protected]
[email protected]
Room No: 223
Course Assistance Lecturer:
Eng. Mohamed Osama
[email protected]
Marine Hydrodynamics I – MM 346

Lecture 8:
Fluid Dynamics
Differential Relations for a Fluid Particle –
Part II
Fluid Kinematics
Recall the Flow Types

Types of Flows

Time Space Appearance

Non
Steady Unsteady Uniform Laminar Turbulent
Uniform

V V V V
0 0 0 0
t t s s

V represents any flow variable (i.e. Velocity, Pressure, Temp, ..etc )


Recall Lagrangian Approach

dxi
Vi (t ) 
dxi  dyi  dzi 
i j k let u Joseph-Louis Lagrange
dt dt dt dt (1736-1813)
dyi
Hence,
v
   dt
Vi (t )  ui  vj  wk
dzi
w
dt
Lagrangian frame, follows the moving
position of individual particles.
Recall Euler Approach
Euler Approach: Is to focus on a
certain point in space and consider
the motion of fluid particles that
pass that point as time goes on. In
this case, the fluid particle velocity
depends on the point in space and
time. Leonhard Euler

u  f 1 ( x, y , z, t )
Born: 15 April 1707 in Basel,
Switzerland
Died: 18 Sept 1783

v  f 2 ( x, y , z, t )
in Saint Petersburg, Russia

w  f 3 ( x, y , z, t )
Flow Kinematics
d. Acceleration (Eulerian Approach)
Acceleration in x-direction
du
ax 
dt
where u  f1 ( x , y , z , t )
Using chain rule

u v w

u dx u dy u dz u
ax    
x dt y dt z dt t

u u u u
ax  u  v  w 
Hence

x y z t
Flow Kinematics
d. Acceleration (Eulerian Approach)
Acceleration in y-direction
dv
ay 
dt
where v  f 2 ( x, y , z , t )

Using chain rule


u v w

v dx v dy v dz v
ay    
x dt y dt z dt t

v v v v
Hence

ay  u  v  w 
x y z t
Flow Kinematics
d. Acceleration (Eulerian Approach)
Acceleration in z-direction
dw
az 
dt
where w  f 3 ( x, y , z , t )

Using chain rule


u v w

w dx w dy w dz w
az    
x dt y dt z dt t

w w w w
Hence

az  u  v  w 
x y z t
Flow Kinematics
d. Acceleration (Eulerian Approach)

x-direction y-direction z-direction


u u u u v v v v w w w w
ax  u v w  ay  u v w  az  u v w 
x y z t x y z t x y z t

x-direction y-direction z-direction


u  f1 ( x, y , z, t ) v  f 2 ( x, y , z, t ) w  f 3 ( x, y , z, t )
du dv dw
ax  ay  az 
dt dt dt

a x  f 1  x, y , z, t  a y  f 2  x, y , z, t  a z  f 3  x, y , z, t 
d d d
dt dt dt
Flow Kinematics
d. Acceleration (Eulerian Approach)
Summing up of Accelerations in all directions (x, y, z)
x-direction y-direction z-direction
u u u u v v v v w w w w
ax  u v w  ay  u v w  az  u v w 
x y z t x y z t x y z t

Summing these into a vector, we obtain the total acceleration:


Flow Kinematics
d. Acceleration (Eulerian Approach)

Convective and Local Accelerations

u u u u
ax  u v w 
x y z t

Convective Local
Accelerations Accelerations
Convective Accelerations: Local Accelerations:
arises when the particle moves through Vanishes if the flow is
regions of spatially varying velocity, as in steady, i.e., independent
a nozzle or diffuser. Flows which are of time
nominally “steady” may have large
accelerations due to the convective terms.
Example

The pressure in the pipe near the discharge end fluctuates


according to p=[200+40sin(8t)] kPa, where t is in seconds. If the
fluid speed in the pipe is 5 m/s, determine the maximum rate of
change of pressure experienced by a fluid particle.

300

250
Pressure kPa

200

150
u=5 m/s
100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time sec
Solution
Write p as function of x,y,z and t p  p ( x, y , z , t )
p  200  40 sin 8t 

Pressure is function of only time. Hence the flow is


uniform and unsteady

Dp p p p p
u v w 
Dt x y z t
Substitute
 5 0  00  00  320 cos 8 t 
Dp
Dt
To find maximum value for Dp/Dt sketch Dp/Dt versus time
400

Or this 300

maximum will 200

be cos (8t)=1
Dp/Dt

100

or t=0 0 Time sec


0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-100
 Dp 
   320 kPa / s -200

 Dt max -300

-400
Assignment I
In a testing facility, the inlet and outlet velocities of a nozzle along
the center line are measured to be 10 m/s and 50 m/s, respectively.
The length of the nozzle is 0.5 m, as shown in the figure.

1. Find the velocity component in the x direction as function of


position u(x).
2. Is the flow uniform or non–uniform ?
3. Classify flow type regarding steadiness
4. Find an expression for both local and convective acceleration
Problems Assignment II
 
1. The velocity distribution of a fluid is given by V  4 x i  4 y j
Determine
a.velocity components of the fluid field at point (1,2)
b.the magnitude and direction of the velocity at point (1,2)
2. In a testing facility, the inlet and outlet velocities of a nozzle along
the center line are measured to be 12 m/s and 60 m/s, respectively. The
length of the nozzle is 0.5 m.
a.Find the velocity component in the x direction as function of
position u(x).
b.Is the flow uniform or non – uniform ?
c.Classify flow type regarding steadiness
d.Find an expression for both local and convective acceleration at inlet
and outlet.
3. The pressure in the pipe near the discharge of a pipe fluctuates
according to p=[200+40cos(8t)] kPa, where t is in seconds. If the fluid
speed in the pipe is 5 m/s, determine the maximum rate of change of
pressure experienced by a fluid particle.

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