Exp 4 Chemistry

CHARLES’ LAW AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW
OBJECTIVES
I. To verify Charles’ Law.
II. To determine the molar mass of volatile liquid.
INTRODUCTION
Charles’ Law states that the volume of a fixed mass of given gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature at constant pressure. The law is written as
V ∝ T (n, P constant)
In this experiment, a quantity of air is trapped between the sealed end of a thick-walled
glass tube (with a small cross-sectional area) and a movable plug of mercury. If the glass
tube is held upright, the plug of mercury will move to a position where the pressure of the
air in the tube is equal to the atmospheric pressure and a small pressure exerted by the
plug. Thus, the pressure of the trapped air is constant.
The volume, V, of the trapped air is obtained by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the
tube, A, with the height of the air column, h.
V=Axh
Assuming that the cross-sectional area is constant, the volume is directly proportional to the
height, i.e., V ∝ h. Therefore, the height of the air column can be used as a measure of the
volume in this experiment. By measuring this height at different temperatures we can
determine the relationship between the volume of trapped air and its temperature at
constant pressure.
PROCEDURE
(A) CHARLES’ LAW
1. A thermometer was tied up to a glass tube containing a plug of mercury with a
rubber band. The bulb of the thermometer was placed approximately half-way up
the column of the trapped air as shown in Figure 3.1.
2. A 100 mL measuring cylinder was filled with tap water. The tube was placed and the
thermometer into the water until the air column in the tube was immersed.
3. The tube was leaved for 5 minutes to ensure that the temperature of the trapped air
is equivalent to the temperature of the tap water.
4. The temperature was recorded, and the height of the column was measured.
5. Steps 2 until 4 was repeated by using warm water (40 - 50°C), a mixture of ice and
water and a mixture of ice and 5 mL methanol.
(B) DETERMINATION OF THE MOLAR MASS OF A GAS
1. Cover a 100 mL conical flask with a piece of aluminium foil and tie it loosely around
the neck with a rubber band as shown in Figure 4.2.
2. A tiny hole was prickled in the middle of the foil with a needle.
3. The apparatus was weighed accurately.
4. The foil was removed, and 5.0 mL of the unknown liquid was replaced into the flask.
5. The foil was replaced, and it was tied up with a rubber band.
6. The neck of the flask was clamped, and it was immersed into a 600 mL beaker
containing water as shown in Figure 4.3.
7. The water was heated until all the unknown liquid in the flask has vaporised.
8. The temperature of the water bath was recorded when all the unknown liquid has
evaporated.
9. The flask immediately was taken out by using the clamp.
10. The outer wall of the flask was wiped out and the aluminium foil when the flask is
cooled.
11. The flask with the aluminium foil, rubber band and the condensed unknown liquid
was weighed.
12. The foil and the condensed liquid were discarded. The flask up to brim was filled
with water and pour it into a measuring cylinder. The volume of water was recorded.
13. The molar mass of the unknown liquid was calculated using the ideal gas equation.
RESULTS
(A) CHARLES’ LAW
TABLE 1
CONDITION TEMPERATURE (°𝐶) VOLUME

(HEIGHT OF GAS
COLUMN)
WARM WATER 40 7.2 cm
TAP WATER 29 6.1 cm
ICE-WATER 4 4.0 cm
ICE-METHANOL -2 2.0 cm
From the graph, state the relationship below:
➢ Volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when the gas pressure is
held constant.
(B) DETERMINATION OF THE MOLECULAR MASS OF GAS
TABLE 2
ITEM READING
MASS OF FLASK + RUBBER BAND + COVER + CONDENSED LIQUID (g) 62.2619
MASS OF FLASK + RUBBER BAND + COVER (g) 62.0533
MASS OF CONDENSED LIQUID (g) 0.2086
TEMPERATURE OF WATER BATH (°C) 85.0
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (mmHg) 751.3
VOLUME OF FLASK (mL) 126
CALCULATION
Ideal gas law, PV = nRT
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑇
PV = 𝑚𝑟
0.2086 ×0.08206 ×358

Molecular mass of vapour molecule, Mr = 0.9886 ×0.126
Mr = 49.2 gmol-1
DISSCUSION
Source of error:
CHARLES LAW
• Small temperature range measures – error may arise during extrapolation.
MOLAR MASS DETERMINATION
• Error due to difference in temperature of the water in the beaker and the
temperature of the vapour in the conical flask.
• Overheating of the unknown – loss the vapour through the hole.
CONCLUSION
❖ Charles’ Law: Volume of a fixed mass of a given gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature at constant pressure.
❖ Molar mass of the unknown gas is: 49.2 gmol-1.

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CHARLES’ LAW AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW

CONDITION TEMPERATURE (°𝐶) VOLUME

TAP WATER 29 6.1 cm

MASS OF FLASK + RUBBER BAND + COVER + CONDENSED LIQUID (g) 62.2619

MASS OF FLASK + RUBBER BAND + COVER (g) 62.0533

MASS OF CONDENSED LIQUID (g) 0.2086

TEMPERATURE OF WATER BATH (°C) 85.0

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (mmHg) 751.3

VOLUME OF FLASK (mL) 126

0.2086 ×0.08206 ×358

• Small temperature range measures – error may arise during extrapolation.

MOLAR MASS DETERMINATION

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