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CRIMINAL DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

Criminal Investigation - an art, as well as science which deals with the identity and location of the
offender then proving his guilt through criminal proceeding.

Investigator - one who conducts inquiry on a certain case or issue.

Police science - is a scientific study of the cause and effects of human action and relation.

Crime scene investigation - the conduct of processes, more particularly the recognition, search, collectio,
handling preservation and documentation of physical evidence.

Investigation - derived from the Latin word “investigatus” which means to trace or track.
- the act or process of carefully inquiry or research and systematic examination of some
scientific detail. Derive also from another Latin word “vestigium” which literally means footprint.

Formal investigation - official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort to uncover facts
and determining the truth.

Inquest - an effort to search the basic cause of an incident and also to describe a form of judicial inquiry.

Inquisition - historical description than a current usage to describe penetrating investigation concerning
religious issue.

Probe - similar to formal investigation but it is an extensive, searching inquiry conducted by a government
agency.

Research - refers to the careful, patient investigation done by an scientist or scholars.

Investigative reporting - recent type of investigation conducted by the member of the press.

Jonathan Wild - London’s most effective criminal investigator and employing a thief to catch a thief.
Eugene Francois Vidocg - former convict who became a Paris investigator and introduced the “trade
protection policy” which became the forerunner of the credit card system.
Allan Pinkerton - America’s most famous private investigator, and he is also the founder of american
criminal investigation system.
Alphonse Bertillon - father of anthropometric measurement and the founder of criminal identification.
Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle - popularized scientific criminal investigation by creating the fictional detective
“sherlock holmes”.
Dr. Paul Kirk - one of the best known american criminalist.

“Trichotomy of criminal investigation”


1. Training - the academic and technical preparation of criminal investigators.
2. Tools - the devices and equipment used in criminal investigation.
3. Technique - the unique means and processes applied in dealing with varied crimes and incident.

Rule of Law - the heart of criminal investigation process.

Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine - evidence obtained as a result of an illegal operation.

Due Process - defined as. It hears before it condemns.

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Six(6) cardinal principle of investigation
1. What 4. Where
2. How 5. When
3. Who 6. Why

Crime prevention - this is the first line defense, manned by uniformed personnel.
Criminal investigation - the second line of defense.

“Modes of Investigation”
1. Reactive responses - addresses crimes that have already occurred.
2. Proactive responses - conducted before the crime is committed.
3. Preventive responses - through deterrence is sometimes achieved by arresting the criminal and by
aggressive prosecution.

Primary purpose of criminal investigation - the establishment of facts and the removing of doubts.

Criminals bad luck - unconscious or subliminal act aiming at self-betrayal a.k.a. “vebrecherpech”.
Caution - otther items found at the crime scene may be misleading clues as part of the plan of the
perpetrators.

Preliminary(initial) investigation - focuses in identifying the perpetrators or suspects.


In-depth(follow-up) investigation - focuses in tracing, locating and eventually arresting suspects.
Final(concluding) investigation - focuses in evaluating and presenting evidence to prove the criminal
guilt of the accused.

The Crime Scene - the place or location were the crime was alleged to have been committed or it is the
specific location of the commission of the crime.

2 kinds of reasoning
1. Deductive reasoning - reasoning from general to particular.
2. Inductive reasoning - drawing of general conclusion from particular facts.

Reconstruction - it is an effort made to determine the appearance of the place and the objects as to what
actually occurred and the circumstances of the crime.
Physical reconstruction - based of the description of the witnesses.
Mental reconstruction - conclusions can be made concerning the consistency of the accounts of the
various witnesses.

Relevant - having any value as tending to prove any fact.


Material - it is directed to prove a fact in issue.
Competent - not excluded by law in a particular case.

Fact - the truth or effect of evidence.

Reasonable doubt - it is the state of the case.

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Two(2) kinds of criminals identified by witnesses
1. Known fugitives - police records and pictures are available.
2. Unknown criminals - identification of unknown criminal by eye witnesses.

Types of suspect identification


1. Positive identification - uses information that identifies an individual beyond question.
2. Tracing identification - involves the use of all other information that maybe indicative of the
personal identify of individual.

Associative evidence - pieces of physical evidence which may identify by means of clues or personal
properties.
Tracing evidence - those articles which assist the investigator in locating the suspect.

Undercover or Roping - the investigator should utilize ways and means to cover his true identity for him
to infiltrate the source.
Cover - any device utilized by person, organization to insure that one who does not have the right to know
must not be aware of the real purpose of the mission.
Cover story - biographical data through fictional which will portray the personality of the agent he
assumed. The investigator assumes another identity.
Cover support - agent assigned in target areas and to support the cover story.

Four(4) types of cover


1. Natural cover - using natural background.
2. Artificial - creating the story other than natural background.
3. Cover with a cover - justification of existence.
4. Multiple cover - any cover you wish.

Surveillance - coverts observation of person, places and things for the purpose of obtaining information.

Information - is the most important among the tools of investigation.

Interview - the casual questioning of a person or persons who poses knowledge or facts.

Interrogations - systematic questioning or forceful questioning of a person.

“Police interviewer qualification”


1. Rapport - good relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee.
2. Forceful personality - induce trust and confidence by the strenght of his character.
3. Breadth of interest - interviewer and suspect must develop meeting ground.
4. Salesman, an Actor and Psychologist - possess insights, intelligence and persuasiveness and voice
should be suited to the situation.

Direct Approach - is the most effective for willing witnesses.


Emotional Appeal - combining the character of an actor and a practical psychologist.
Sympathetic - listening to the subject story of his troubles, fight and unfortunate situation.
Friendliness - being friendly may induce the subject to confess.
Stern method - strict judicious act.

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“General types of recording”
1. Overt transcript - recording is known by the subject.
2. Surreptitious transcript - without knowledge of the subject.

“Golden Rule in the Crime Scene”


- never touch, move or alter anything found at the scene, unless properly photographed, sketch or
recorded.

SOCO - comes from the PNP - CLS which is more support unit.
Crime Scene Investigation(CSI) - comes from the local police station.

Note taking - must be constant activity throughout the processing of the crime scene.
Command post - area which ideally located adjacent to the crime scene where the crime scene
investigation custodian stay.
Documentation - made by the crime scene investigator for purpose of future crime scene and
reconstruction.

“Methods of Search”
1. Strip search method - the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle.
2. Double strip search or Grid method - modification of the strip search method, the rectangles
traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to the side.
3. Spiral method - searches follow each other along the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and
spiralling-in towards the centre or vice-versa.
4. Zone search method - one searcher is assigned to each subdivision, each quadrant is cut into
another set of quadrant.
5. Wheel search method - searched to form a circular/oval.

Sketch - the simplest and the most effective way of showing actual measurement.
Sketching - is supplementary to photography.

“General kinds of sketch”


1. Rough sketch - made by the investigator at the crime scene.
2. Finished(final) sketch - made for court room presentation.

Arrest - taking a person into custody in order that he may bound to answer for the commission of the
offense.
Raid - hostile or predatory incursion by rapidly moving police or military personnel to arrest criminal or to
search for fruits of crimes.

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“TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION”

Traffic - the movement of persons, animals and vehicles along the road for the purpose of travel.
Transportation - the conveying or movement of persons and goods from one place to another.

Nomadic - constantly migrate from one place to another according to their own detailed knowledge of
exploitable resources.
Nomad - from the Greek word means “to pasture”.

Ancient Chinese kite - was first used for transport when a korean general employed one in bridge
building.
Da vinvi’s ornithopter - made study of the flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched a number of
ornithopter(a.k.a. orthopter).
Montgolfier balloon - brothers “joseph michel and jacques entienne” of france have successfully released
several balloons when the proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passenger.
Pilatre de Rozier - first men to make a free balloon ascent.
Siemen’s rocket plane - made by ernst werner von siemens, designed rocket plane which propelled by the
explosive force of gunpowder.
Linbergh’s spirit of st. Louis - the first solo flight from new yourk to paris, made by captain Charles A.
Linbergh in May 1927.

Romans - major road builders in the ancient world.

John L. Macadam - perfected the macadamized road in england about 1815.


Kirk Patrick Macmillan - scottish blacksmith, made the first machine with pedals.
John Boyd Dunlop - maker of the pneumatic tires.
Rudolf Diesel - a german engineer, developed an engine which requires no electrical ignition system or
carburetor and uses other form of liqued fuel, the diesel fuel.

Motor Vehicle - first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads. Vehicle propelled by any power
other than mascular power using the public highway.

Roadway - part of traffic way over which motor vehicles pass.


Shoulder - either side of the roadway, specially along highways.
Curb - a concrete border or roaw of joined stones forming part of a gutter along the edge of the street.
Sidewalk - portion of the street intended for the use of pedestrians.
Traffic way - the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to
the use of the public for the purpose of vehicular traffic as a matter or custom.

“Five(5) E’s or Pillars of traffic”


1. Traffic Engineering - science of measuring traffic and travel the study of the basic laws relative to
the traffic flow and generation.
2. Traffic Education - process of disseminating of traffic related information to the public; the act of
imparting knowledge or information concerning traffic.
3. Traffic Enforcement - implementation and enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
4. Traffic Ecology/environment - the study of potentially disastrous population explosion.
5. Traffic Economy - deals with the benefits and adverse effect of traffic to our economy.

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Traffic safety education - the process of training roads users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic
related accident.

Road safety - the reduced risk of accident or injury on the road.

Biorhythm - theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy and mood states.

Driver - every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicles.


Professional driver - every and any driver hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle.
Owner - actual legal owner of a motor vehicles.

R.A. 4136 - land transportation code of the philippines.


R.A. 6539 - anti-carnapping act of 1972.
R.A. 5448 - imposition of tax on privately owned passenger automobiles, motorcycles and scooters and a
science stamp tax.
R.A. 8749 - the clean air act.
R.A. 8750 - seat belt law.
R.A. 7924 - creation of MMDA.
R.A. 8794 - imposed fee on overloaded motor vehicles.
R.A. 10586 - anti-drunk and drugged driving act of 2013.
P.D. 96 - regulating the use of sirens, bells, hornes, etc. To a private motor vehicles.
P.D. 207 - declaring as part of the law of the Philippines the vienna convention on road traffic, signs and
signals.

“Classification of Motor Vehicles”


1. Private - not for hire
2. Public utility vehicles(PUV) - for hire
3. Government
4. Diplomant

“Plate Numbers”
1. Private - green with white background.
2. PUV - black with yellow background.
3. Government - red(maroon) with white background.
4. Diplomats and Consults - blue with white background.

Driver’s License - a document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory qualification to
operate a motor vehicles.
International driver’s license - bonified tourist and transients who are duly licensed to operate motor
vehicles in thier respective countries maybe allowed to operate motor vehicles during thier stay but not
beyond 90 days of thier sojourn in the Philippines.
Militay driver’s license - enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor vehicles owned by the
government shall be license in accordance with R.A. 4136 but no licensed or deliquency fees shall be
collected thereof.
Professional driver’s license - issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicles
whether private use or hire to the public.
Non-professional driver’s license - issued to owners of privately owned motor vehicles or those not for
hire.
Student driver’s permit - give to persons who desire to learn how to drive.

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Lateral placement - proper positioning of the motor vehicles while traversing on a traffic way or while on
parked.
Right of way - the legal or custody precedence (priority in place or time) which allows one vehicles to
cross or pass in front of another.
Traffic signs - most extensively used form of traffic control, any device mounted.
Pavement markings - separate opposing streams of traffic and direct vehicles into proper positions on the
roadway.
Traffic signal - installed to permit safe movement of vehicles and pedestrian at busy intersection.
Priority control - one of the oldest method of traffic control.
Restraints - as an alternative to banning traffic, traffic control planners use devices to discourage heavy
use of a route.
Traffic lights - any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is warned or directed to take
some specific action.
Danger warning signs - known as “caution signs”.
Pavement markings - white and yellow or a combination of yellow and white officially set on the
roadway as separation for motor vehicles traveling in the opposite direction.
Traffic islands - areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish physical channels through
which vehicular traffic is guided.
Traffic supervision - keeping order on the streets and highways within existing regulations to make thier
use safe and expeditions.

“traffic signal with a whistle”


1. Stop - one long blow.
2. Go - two short snappy blasts.
3. Assistance - three blasts to be used.

Traffic Patrol - observation of road condition, behavior of drivers for the purpose of traffic supervision
and law enforcement.
Types:
1. Line patrol - moving or stationary observation at certain route.
2. Area patrol - moving patrol which included a number of street roads or section of the highway.

Accident - sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death or property damage.
Traffic accident - accident involving travel transportation on traffic way.
Key event - manner of occurence of a motor vehicle traffic accident.
Debris - accumulation of broken parts of vehicle rubbish, dust and other material left at the scene of
accident.
Skid marks - left on the roadway by tires which not free to rotate because brakes applied strong.

Safety first - the international driving safety reminder.

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“DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL”

Drugs - chemical substance used as medicine or in making medicines, affects the body and mind and have
potential abuse.
Two forms of drugs:
1. Natural drugs - include natural plants leaves, flowering tops, resin, hashish, opium and marijuana.
2. Synthetic drugs - produced by clandestine laboratories, includes those drugs that are controlled by
law.

Self medication syndrome - found in users or would be users of drugs whose source of information are
people or literature other than doctors, pharmacist and health workers.

Minimal dose - the smallest amount of a drug that will produce therapeutic effects.
Maximal dose - largest amount of drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
 Toxic dose - amount of drug that produces untowards effects.
 Abusive dose - amount needed to produce the side effect and action desired by an individual
who improperly uses it.
 Lethal dose - amount of drug that cause death.

“Administration of drugs”
1. Oral (oral ingestion) - drug taken by the mouth and must pass through the stomach before being
absorbed into the bloodstream. One of the most common ways of taking drugs.
2. Inhalation - use of gaseous and volatile drugs which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the
mucous of the respiratory track. Second most commonly used route of drug administration.
3. Injection - drug can be administered into the body by the used of syringe and hypodermic needle.
4. Topical - application of drug directly to a body site such as skin.
5. Iontophoresis - introduction of drugs into deeper layer of the skin by the used of electric current for
local effect.
6. Snorting - inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous form.
7. Buccal - administering by placing them in the buccal cabity just under the lips.
8. Suppositories - administered through the vagina or rectum.
9. Sublingual - under tongue.
10. Mucous membrane - inside the mouth and nose.

“four(4) pharmacological classification of drugs”


1. Hallucinogens(phychedelics) - capable of provoking sensation, thinking self awareness and
emotion, experience hallucination(false perception).
2. Stimulants(upper) - increase alertness, reduce hunger, provide feeling of well being, like cocaine
and amphetamines.
3. Depressant(downer) - suppress vital function, cause depression, relieve pain and induce sedation or
sleep and suppress cough.
4. Narcotics - produce insensitivity(relieves pain), stupor, melancholy or dullness of mind with
delusions, like opium, heroin, codein and morphine.

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“seven categories of drugs”
1. Herbal drugs - plants substance, have drug effect and not generally regulated by law.
2. Over the counter drugs - commercially produced drug and purchased legally without prescription.
A.K.A. propriety drug.
3. Prescription drugs - commercially produced drug and legally sold or dispensed only by a
physician’s order.
4. Unrecognized drugs - commercial product and have psychoactive drug effect and not usually
considered drugs.
5. Illicit drugs - sale, purchase or use is generally prohibitted by law.
6. Tobacco - not generally considered a drug.
7. Alcohol - most commonly abused drug in our society. King of all drugs with potential force abuse.

“sample of dangerous drugs”


 Opium - known as a puppy plant “papaver somniferous”
 Morphine - known as the soldier’s disease, and most commonly used the best used opiate.
 Heroin - three to five more power than morphine.
 Codein - derivative of the morphine.
 Paregoric - tincture of opium in combination with camphor. Most commonly used for household
for diarhea/abdominal pain.
 Barbeturate - used for inducing sleep, used also for the treatment of epilepsy and hypertension.
 Seconal - commonly used for the hospitality girl.
 Tranquilizer - drug that can calm and relax and diminish anxiety.
 Amphetamine - for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mild depression and treatment of
narcolepsy.
 Shabu - known as the poor man’s cocaine. Chemically known as “methamphetamine
hydrochloride”.

Golden Triangle (golden triads)


1. Burma(myanmar) - rebel group use the income from drug trafficking against military.
2. Lao
3. Thailand

“FIRE PROTECTION AND ARSON INVESTIGATION”

Fire - the phenomenon of combustion manifested in light flame and heat.

Technology - the practical application of knowledge especially in particular area.

Fire Technology - the application of result of the basic research and of engineering principles to the
solution of practical fire protection.

Fire point - the temperature at which the fuel continues to burn after it has been ignited.

Oxidation - chemical reaction which oxygen chemically combines with the organic elements of the
combustible substance.
Combustion - rapid oxidation of material.

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John Walker - he was the english pharmacist who invented the first match in 1827.
Jan Van Der Heyden - a dutch who invented the fire hose in 1672.
Richard Newsham - developed the “fire engine” in 1725.
Napoleon Bonaparte - created the first professional firefighters in 1810, known as “sapeurs pompiers”
from the french army.

“fire triangle”
1. Heat - ignition temperature
2. Fuel - combustible matter(organic material, hydrocarbons)
3. Oxidizing Agent - the common oxidizing agent.

“composition of air”
1. Oxygen - 21%
2. Nitrogen - 78%
3. Inert gases - 1%

Flammable - easily ignited and capable of burning with great rapidity.


Combustible - anything that could be burned or capable of igniting and burning.

Two(2) basic modes of fire(form of combustion)


1. Flaming mode(gas phased combustion - flame) - represented by the fire “tetrahedron”, a four sided
figure with the sides representing fuel, temperature, oxygen and the uninhibited chemical chain reaction.
2. Smoldering mode(glowing combustion - manifested by ember) - it is represented by the “fire
triangle” with 3 sides representing fuel, temperature and oxygen.

Free Radicals - combustible vapors such as hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
Flame - is the matter produced by fire. Composed of burning incandescent gases.
Pyrolysis - the chemical process whereby fire consumes the most solid part of the fuel. Thermal
decomposition of combustible matter.

Biomass - the name given to such replaceable organic matter as wood, garbage and animal manure that can
be used to produce energy.

“classification of combustible material”


1. Class A fuels - ordinary combustible material such as wood, rubber, leather and plastics.
2. Class B fuels - form of flammable liquid such as alcohol, acidic solution, oil and other chemical
like petroleum.
3. Class C fuels - electric wiring and other electric appliances.
4. Class D fuels - combustible metalic substance such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium
and potassium.
5. Class E fuels - nuclear fire.
6. Class K fuels - kitchen products and materials.

Coal - used to heat buildings and to provide energy for industrial machinery.
Bituminous coal - most plentiful and important coal used by industry.
Anthracite - the least plentiful and hardest coal.
Peat - decayed plant matter found in swamps called bogs and used as a fuel chiefly in areas where coal and
oil are scarce.

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“liquid fuels”
1. Gasoline - used to provide energy for most motor vehicles.
2. Diesel oil - power most trains, ships and large trucks.
3. Kerosene - provides energy for jet airplanes.

Liquid - matters with definite volume but no definite shape.


Gas - matters with no definite volume and has no definite shape, unless it is confined in a container.

“two(2) general groups of liquid fuels”


1. Flammable liquids - have a flash point below 37.8 degree celcius(100 degree F).
2. Combustible liquids - have a flash point above 37.8 degree celcius(100 degree F).

Explosion - a violent effect of chemical reaction when combustion process is confined so that appreciable
pressure occurs.
Detonation - violent reaction beginning with a very simple ignition that initiates a chain reaction.
Instantaneous combustion.
Deflagration - rapid combustion or burning.
Chemical fuels - produced in solid and liquid form, create great amount of heat and power.
Nuclear fuels - provide energy through the fission or fusion of thier atoms.
 Uranium - the most commonly used nuclear fuel.
 Plutonium - provides nuclear energy.

Nuclear fission - split of the nucleus of atoms.


Nuclear fusion - combination two light nucleus of atom.

Fission weapon - nuclear warhead whose material is uranium or plutonium.


Nuclear weapon - war weapons.
IND - improvised nuclear device.
RDD - radiological dispersal device.

Heat - the transfer of energy from one part of a substance to another.


Temperature - measure of degree of thermal agitation of molecules.

“transfer of heat”
1. Conduction - physical contact between the bodies.
2. Convection - occurs when a liquid or gas is in contact with a solid body at a different temperature.
3. Radiation - transfer of heat via electromagnetic radiation, this is the principal mechanism through
which a fireplace warm a room.

Heat transfer - science dealing with the transfer of heat between bodies.

Thermal Balance - the rising movement or pattern of the fire, the normal behavior when the fire is
undisturbed.
Thermal Imbalance - the abnormal movement of fire due to interference of foreign matter.

“dangerous/fatal behavior of fire”


1. Backdraft - the sudden and rapid(violent) burning of heated gases in a confined area that occurs in
the form of explosion.

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2. Flashover - the sudden ignition of accumulated radical gases produced when there is uncomplete
combustion of fuels.
3. Biteback - fatal condition that takes place when the fire resist extinguishment operation and
becomes stronger and bigger instead.
4. Flash fire - bitter known as dust explosion.

“four product of combustion”


1. Heat - product of combustion responsible for the spread of fire.
2. Flame - the luminous body of a burning gas.
3. Fire gases - consist of mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and finely
divided particles.
4. Smoke

Carbon Monoxide(CO) - is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and non-irritating gas; and it is deadly even in a
small concentration.
Hydrogen sulfide(H2S) - it is a colorless gas, and it smells like rotten eggs. Acute poisoning results from
breathing hydrogen sulfide in larger concentration.
Carbon dioxide(CO2) - it is a colorless and odorless gas that is formed by the complete combustion of the
carbon in burning materials.

Fire protection - the descriptive term referring to the various methods used to stop, extinguish and contral
destructive fire for eventual prevention of loss of life and property.
Fire prevention - the descriptive term of the various methods or safety measures utilized to stop harmful.
Fire hazard - any condition or act that increase or cause increase in the probability that the fire will occur
or which maybe obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with the fire fighting operation and safeguarding life
and properties.

P.D. 1185 - fire code of the Philippines, August 1977.


R.A. 9514 - new fire code of the Philippines of 2008.
P.D. 1096 - building code of the Philippines, February 1977.

Ladder - a device with rungs to climb on, portable piece of equipment with rungs attached to sides made
of metal, wood and rope used for climbing up or down.
Fire engine(a.k.a. ladder truck) - fire engine equipped with extension ladders and hooked poles.
Fire extinguisher - mechanical device made of metal, containing chemical fluids or gases for stopping
fire.
Types:
1. Water fire extinguisher - used to fight class A and B fire except class C.
2. Liquified fire extinguisher - contain carbon monoxide to figth class A, B and C.
3. Dry chemical extinguisher - contain chemical powder to fight all classes.

“procedure in fire extinguishment”


1. P - pull
2. A - aim
3. S - squeeze
4. S - swipe

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Water - the most effective cooling agent.
Foam - thick, viscous, light and stable material that floats on almost any liquid including water.
Fire hose - made up of double-jacketed, rubber-lined cotton in size of 1 1/2 inch, 2 1/2 inch and 3 1/2 inch.
50 feet is standard.

Explosion - sudden conversion of potential energy into kenetic energy with the protection and release of
gases under pressure.
Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion(BLEVE) - is a type of mechanical explosion.

Arson - the intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.


Destructive arson - committed by burning of any arsenal, shipyard, storehouse, military powder or
firework factory, ordinance storehouse, archives or general museum and any passenger train or motor
vehicle in motion or vessel out of ports.

What constitutes arson?


1. Burning 3. Malice 5. Intent
2. Willfulness 4. Motive

Three(3) major factor in determining motive


1. Point of origin of fire 3. Beneficiaries
2. Modus operandi of arsonist

“fire suppression activities”


1. Pre-fire planning -involves developing and defining systematic course of action. It involve the
process of stablishing the standard operating procedure(SOP).
2. Evaluation-size up - on the spot planning, the process of knowing the emergency situation.
3. Evacuation - the activity of transferring people, livestock and property away from the burning area.
4. Entry - the process of accessing the burning structure.
5. Rescue - operation of removing, thus saving, people and other livestock from the burning building.
6. Exposure(cover exposure) - activity of securing other building near the burning structure.
7. Confinement - activity of restricting the fire at the place where it started.
8. Ventilation - operation purposely conducted to display toxic gases.
9. Salvage - act of protecting the properties from preventable damage other than the fire.
10. Overhaul - completed and detailed check of the structure and all material therein to eliminate
condition that nay cause re-flash.
11. Fire scene investigation - final stage of fire suppression activities.

“TECHNICAL POLICE REPORT WRITING”

Noun - it is a name word.


Pronoun - she, he, they, it, their, etc.
 Personal pronoun - indicates the person of the sentence.
 1st person - person speaking (I).
 2nd person - person spoken to (you).
 3rd person - person spoken of (she, he, it). generally used in police report and other reports.
Verb - action word.
Adjective - word that modifies nouns (honest cop).
Adverbs - modifies verb, adjective and other adverbs (brutally committed).
Antonyms - word with opposite meaning (leave-stay).
Homonyms - word with similar sound but different meaning and spelling (buy-buy).
Synonyms - word with similar meaning but different sound and spelling (similar-the same).
Linking verbs - word that bridge the idea of a previous paragraph to another (hence, finally, otherwise).

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Punctuation - the customary little marks that determine whether a sentence is clear or has a doubtful
meaning.

Report - it is a story of action performed by men. It is a chronological step by step.


Police report - any written matter prepared by the police involving their interaction with the community.

Vocabulary - the word of language.


Diction - the correct choice of words.

“five(5) basic steps in investigative report writing”


1. G - gather the facts.
2. R - record the facts.
3. O - organized the facts.
4. W - write the report.
5. E - evaluate the report by editing and proofreading.

“qualities of a good report”


1. Factual - contain all facts discovered during the course of the investigation.
2. Complete - contain all facts and findings.
3. Objective - present facts with appropriate words.
4. Clear - simple and direct, and clear objective or purpose.
5. Fair - avoid formulating facts with pre-conceived theories.

“criteria of a good police report”


1. Clarity 3. Brevity
2. Accuracy 4. specificity

“ORGANIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION”

Organized crime - single large scale secret criminal organized which exists for financial gain involving a
number of persons in close social interaction, purpose is to secure profit and power by engaging in illegal
and even lawful activities.

Traditional organized crime - group are usually associated with the italian or sicilian mafia or la cosa
nostra.
Non-traditional organized crime - new emerging group like the chinese triads and tongs, outlaws
motorcycle gang in US, prison gangs and columbian drug cartels.

Mob - refers to organized gang or set of disciplined gangster. It has origin from the mafia, means “our
thing”

“four major drug trafficking in medellin cartel”


1. Jorge luis ochoa vasquez 3. Jose gonzalo rodriguez gacha
2. Pablo emilio escobar gaviria 4. Carlos enrique lehder rivas

Tongs - legitimate mutual and sociaty to and chinese immigrants in the US.

“outlaw motorcycle gangs”


1. Hell’s angel - oldest, largest and most organized. 3. The outlaws
2. The banditos 4. The pagan

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Transnational crime - crime that have actual or potential effect across national borders.
Transnational organized crime - self perpetuating associations of individuals who operate transnationally
to obtain power, influence and commercial gains by illegal means.

Cybercrime - crimes performed or resorted to by abuse of electronic media with the purpose influencing
the computer.
Types:
1. Hacking/cracking - illegal intrusion into a computer system without the permission of the
computer owner.
2. Software piracy - theft of software through the illegal copying of genuine programs.
3. Online gambling - playing games of chance or betting in the hope of winning money through
the internet.
4. Pornography - the first consistently successful e-commerce product.

Organ trafficking - the transplantation of healthy organs intoo person.

“well-known organized crime groups include:”


1. Russian Mafia - around 200 russian groups that operate in 60 country involve in illegal activity.
2. La Cosa Nostra - known as italian or italian american mafia, the most prominent organized crime
group in the world.
3. Yakuza - japanese criminal group.

“justification of terrorism”
1. Propaganda through violence - directed against political figures.
2. Revolutionary terrorism - re allocation of political power because of the common interest.
3. Religious terrorism - pursuing the good and destroying the evil.
4. Separatist terrorism - using insurgency against a foreign and illegitimate power.
5. Anti-colonialist terrorism - also use insurgency against a foreign and illegitimate power.

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