The document discusses repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting of structures. Repair brings a structure back to its original condition without improving strength, while rehabilitation considers strength and returns a structure to a useful state through modifications. Retrofitting modifies existing structures to increase resistance to seismic activity by strengthening connections and lateral load paths. Various crack repair techniques are outlined, including epoxy injection, routing, sealing, and adding reinforcement. Causes of masonry building damage include heavy weight, low tensile strength, and weak connections.
The document discusses repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting of structures. Repair brings a structure back to its original condition without improving strength, while rehabilitation considers strength and returns a structure to a useful state through modifications. Retrofitting modifies existing structures to increase resistance to seismic activity by strengthening connections and lateral load paths. Various crack repair techniques are outlined, including epoxy injection, routing, sealing, and adding reinforcement. Causes of masonry building damage include heavy weight, low tensile strength, and weak connections.
The document discusses repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting of structures. Repair brings a structure back to its original condition without improving strength, while rehabilitation considers strength and returns a structure to a useful state through modifications. Retrofitting modifies existing structures to increase resistance to seismic activity by strengthening connections and lateral load paths. Various crack repair techniques are outlined, including epoxy injection, routing, sealing, and adding reinforcement. Causes of masonry building damage include heavy weight, low tensile strength, and weak connections.
The document discusses repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting of structures. Repair brings a structure back to its original condition without improving strength, while rehabilitation considers strength and returns a structure to a useful state through modifications. Retrofitting modifies existing structures to increase resistance to seismic activity by strengthening connections and lateral load paths. Various crack repair techniques are outlined, including epoxy injection, routing, sealing, and adding reinforcement. Causes of masonry building damage include heavy weight, low tensile strength, and weak connections.
Prepared By: Engr. Zahoor Khan REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RETROFITTING
Repair: To bring back the position of the structure to its previous
condition so it gives performance same as previously. It doesn’t cover the strength aspect of the structures.
Some examples of repair…….
Decoration of structure,Painting,White Washing Checking the wiring of building Replastering of any wall if required Repairing of damaged flooring Repair of door and window Checking or repairing of pipe line connections, gas line connections and plumbing serveries. Relaying disturbed roof tiles 2 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RETROFITTING
Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation of a building means returning a
building or a structure to a useful state by means of repair, modification, or alteration.
It is related to the strength aspect of structures.
To Bring back the position and condition of the structure by considering the strength aspect. Some of the examples of Rehabilitation….. To fill the wide cracks using some suitable material Injecting epoxy like material in to cracks in walls,columns,beams, etc. Removal of damaged portion of masonry and reconstructing it using rich mortar mix. 3 Addition of reinforcing mesh on both sides of the wall REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RETROFITTING Retrofitting: Earthquake creates great devastation in terms of life, money and failures of structures. Earthquake Mitigation is an important field of study from a long time now.
It is of utmost importance for historic monuments, areas prone to
severe earthquakes and tall or expensive structures It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and severe winds 4 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RETROFITTING When is Seismic Retrofitting Needed ? The two circumstances are:- Earthquake damaged buildings, and Earthquake-vulnerable buildings(with no exposure to severe earthquakes)
Some examples of retrofitting ………
Increasing the lateral strength in one or both directions, by reinforcement or by increasing wall areas or the numbers of walls and columns. Giving unity to the structure by providing a proper connection between resisting elements.
Avoiding the possibility of brittle modes of failure by proper
reinforcements and connection of resisting members. 5 REPAIR METHODOLOGY
Evaluation Relating observation to causes Selecting methods and materials Preparation of drawings and specifications Selection of a contractor Execution of the work Quality Control
6 MATERIALS FOR CRACK REPAIR The various materials used for repairs of cracks are:
8 CRACK REPAIR TECHNIQUES Epoxy-injection Grouting Cracks as narrow as 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) can be bonded by the injection of epoxy.
The technique generally consists of establishing entry and venting
ports at close intervals along the cracks, sealing the crack on exposed surfaces, and injecting the epoxy under pressure. Epoxy injection has been successfully used in the repair of cracks in buildings, bridges, dams, and other types of concrete structures.
However, unless the cause of the cracking has been corrected, it will probably recur near the original crack.
The general procedure are given below. 9
CRACK REPAIR TECHNIQUES Clean the cracks: The first step is to clean the cracks that have been contaminated; to the extent this is possible and practical.
Seal the surfaces: Surface cracks should be sealed to keep the epoxy from leaking out before it has gelled.
A surface can be sealed by applying an epoxy, polyester, or other
appropriate sealing material to the surface of the crack and allowing it to harden.
If high injection pressure is not required, a strippable plastic surface
sealer may be applied along the face of the crack.
10 CRACK REPAIR TECHNIQUES Bonded flush fitting: When the cracks are not V grooved , a method frequently used to provide an entry port is to bond a fitting flush with the concrete face over the crack.
The flush fitting has an opening at the top for the adhesive to enter and a flange at the bottom that is bonded to the concrete.
Remove the surface seal: After the injected epoxy has cured, the surface seal should be removed by grinding or other means as appropriate.
11 CRACK REPAIR TECHNIQUES
12 13 14 REPAIR BY ROUTING AND SEALING
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 REPAIR BY PROVIDING EXTRA REINFORCEMENT
22 It is consists of drilling down the length of the crack and grouting it to form a key. It is most often used to repair vertical cracks in retaining walls
23 24 REPAIR BY POST TENSIONING 25 26 GROUTING Grouting is a process of injecting mixture of cement, sand water at high pressure in the cracks, joints, voids etc.
Purpose of grouting:
To strengthen the porous Concrete
To prevent the seepage in dam and water retaining structures To reduce uplift pressure below dam To fill the cracks in concrete structure
27 28 29 BITS EduCampus 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ` 38 CAUSES OF DAMAGE IN MASONRY BUILDING Heavy Weight and very stiff buildings, attracting large seismic inertia forces.
Very low tensile strength particularly with poor mortars
Low shear strength Brittle behavior in tension as well as in compression Weak connection between wall and wall Weak connection between roof and wall Stress connection at corners of doors and windows Overall unsymmetry in plan and elevation of buildings 39
