GEORGE KELLY

1.What did Kelly mean when he suggested that we all function like scientists in trying to
predict and control the events in our lives?

step 1
Mr. K says that every human act like scientists to know and control their future life:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K developed personality theory based on his own experience as a clinician. He

interpreted clinical experiences in an unusual way from other theorists and Mr. F. Mr. K
developed a personality model respect with human nature and his clinical expertise.

step 2
He stated that people act in similar way of scientists. The process of scientists is listed below:

• Construction of theory and hypothesis

• Testing theories through lab experiments against real-time situations

• If experimental results support theory it will be retained

• If results fail to support theory, then it will be modified, rejected, and retested

step 3
Likewise, the psychologists proceed and do not attribute subjects to intellectual and rational
functioning they might ascribe regard to themselves. Thereby, psychologists are considered
to follow two different theories connected to human nature. One would connect to scientists
and other towards common man.

This is corresponding to the logical and rational conflicting drives. In addition, there are
cognitive processes related to educational experiences.

Mr. K says that every human act like scientists to know and control their future life:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K developed personality theory based on his own experience as a clinician. He

interpreted clinical experiences in an unusual way from other theorists and Mr. F. Mr. K
developed a personality model respect with human nature and his clinical expertise.

He stated that people act in similar way of scientists. The process of scientists is listed below:

• Construction of theory and hypothesis

• Testing theories through lab experiments against real-time situations

• If experimental results support theory it will be retained

• If results fail to support theory, then it will be modified, rejected, and retested

Likewise, the psychologists proceed and do not attribute subjects to intellectual and rational
functioning they might ascribe regard to themselves. Thereby, psychologists are considered
to follow two different theories connected to human nature. One would connect to scientists
and other towards common man.

This is corresponding to the logical and rational conflicting drives. In addition, there are
cognitive processes related to educational experiences.

2. How does Kelly’s approach to personality differ from the other approaches we have
discussed?

step 1
Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality varies from other approaches:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

step 2
Mr. K’s system was criticized with number of viewpoints due to its focus on rational and
intellectual aspects of human functioning excluding emotional aspects. In addition, these
facts did not coincide with differential samples psychologists faced on human behavior in an
everyday basis.

In such cases, they consider Mr. K’s rational to be in abstract and not in reality. Though, Mr.
K fails to deal with emotionally explicit theory, it is recognized through personal construct
theory that he was in line with the formation.

step 3
Mr. F’s theoretical view on personality was derived with exposure in respect to neurotic V
patients. These patients were presented due to distortion and unrepresentative human nature.
Certain other theorists also are criticized similarly.

Likewise, Mr. K’s view was considered to be unrepresentative limited with MWest adults in
process of defining construct system helping cope with life in college.

Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality varies from other approaches:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a
thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

Mr. K’s system was criticized with number of viewpoints due to its focus on rational and
intellectual aspects of human functioning excluding emotional aspects. In addition, these
facts did not coincide with differential samples psychologists faced on human behavior in an
everyday basis.

In such cases, they consider Mr. K’s rational to be in abstract and not in reality. Though, Mr.
K fails to deal with emotionally explicit theory, it is recognized through personal construct
theory that he was in line with the formation.

Mr. F’s theoretical view on personality was derived with exposure in respect to neurotic V
patients. These patients were presented due to distortion and unrepresentative human nature.
Certain other theorists also are criticized similarly.

Likewise, Mr. K’s view was considered to be unrepresentative limited with MWest adults in
process of defining construct system helping cope with life in college.

3. What is the relationship between Kelly’s cognitive theory and modern cognitive
psychology?

step 1
Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

step 2
Relationship between cognitive theory and modern cognitive psychology:

K’s cognitive theory:

K’s cognitive theory or approach is a social learning that stresses how people think and view
about reality. This theory is not constant with the subject methods of the cognitive movement.

K’s modern cognitive psychology:

Cognitive psychology shows more interest on cognitive behavior and cognitive variables.
This psychology is not limited to personality. Cognitive psychologists learn to manage in
social situations. They believe that learning influence the response of individual to a stimulus
situations.

Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

Relationship between cognitive theory and modern cognitive psychology:

K’s cognitive theory:

K’s cognitive theory or approach is a social learning that stresses how people think and view
about reality. This theory is not constant with the subject methods of the cognitive movement.

K’s modern cognitive psychology:

Cognitive psychology shows more interest on cognitive behavior and cognitive variables.
This psychology is not limited to personality. Cognitive psychologists learn to manage in
social situations. They believe that learning influence the response of individual to a stimulus
situations.

4. How might Kelly’s theory have been influenced by the kinds of clients he treated?

step 1
Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

step 2
K’s and his clients:

K’s clients are more competent of discussing and expressing their difficulties in intellectual
and academic terms. Their rational attitude approved from classroom to the counseling
circumstance. K requested their clients to participate in the series of experiments regarding
the lifestyle of clients. Thus, K has been influenced by the clients he treated.

Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

K’s and his clients:

K’s clients are more competent of discussing and expressing their difficulties in intellectual
and academic terms. Their rational attitude approved from classroom to the counseling
circumstance. K requested their clients to participate in the series of experiments regarding
the lifestyle of clients. Thus, K has been influenced by the clients he treated.

5. What is Kelly’s definition of the term construct? Why must constructs be

dichotomous?

step 1
Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

step 2
“Construct” from the viewpoint of K:

Construct is an individual exclusive way of appearing at life. It is also considered as

intellectual theory worked out to interpret or explain events. Construct must be dichotomous.
Dichotomous is a biological tool used to identify indefinite organisms. It is constructed of a
sequence of couplets.

Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.
Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

“Construct” from the viewpoint of K:

Construct is an individual exclusive way of appearing at life. It is also considered as

intellectual theory worked out to interpret or explain events. Construct must be dichotomous.
Dichotomous is a biological tool used to identify indefinite organisms. It is constructed of a
sequence of couplets.

6. Why did Kelly believe that we must always be revising our constructs?

Step 1

Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

Step 2

“Construct” from the viewpoint of K:

Construct is an individual exclusive way of appearing at life. It is also considered as

intellectual theory worked out to interpret or explain events.

Revising constructs:

Revision of constructs is a continuous and necessary process. People should always have a
substitute construct to apply to a certain circumstances. It is difficult to cope with some new
situations when constructs were incompetent and rigid of being revised.

7. What factors influence the ways we anticipate those events that are similar to past events?

Step 1

Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.
Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

Step 2

Factors influences the way of anticipating events:

The following are the factors that influence the way of anticipating events that are similar to
past events:

• Similarities among the events

• Individuality in interpreting events

• Relationship among constructs

• Exclusive alternatives

• Freedom of alternatives

• Range of convenience

• Exposure of and adapting to new experience

• Competition

• Interpersonal relationship

8. How do we choose between the two alternatives offered by a construct?

Step 1

Mr. K’s approach in regard to personality:

Personal construct theory is cognitive way of describing one’s personality. It delivers a

thought that an individual can interpret events and behaviors understanding ways to guide
and forecast his/her behavior. This helps them to predict behavior of another person.

Mr. K’s theory was unique and did not derive or was build from other theories. This emerged
from interpreting a person’s own constructive system and data provided with clinical
practice. In personal view, its originality exhibits parallel message capable to develop life’s
framework.

,Step 2

Way of choosing the alternatives:

It is important to choose the alternatives that are appropriate and work best for every
situation. The chosen alternatives should allow predicting or anticipating the result of future
events. People should select the alternatives between the high risk, high-reward adventurous
choice and the low-risk, low-reward secure choice.

9. How does our anticipation of events, and of how other people will behave, influence our
personality?

Step 1

Anticipation of events and impact of behavior influences individual personality:

The construction corollary is the similarity within repeated events. Mr. K believed no life
event or experience reproduced what has occurred exactly in the first. A event is repeated,
however it does not experience same precisely.

For example: In case one watches a movie that he had already seen last month. The
experience of it will vary.

An individual’s mood will not remain same and during the month that elapsed. In
consideration, that the person was exposed to other events affecting his/her attitudes and
emotions.

,Step 2

Moreover the repetition of events is not experienced to be identical, with recurring aspects.
Certain situational aspects are similar to earlier experience; while others are not. In regard to
the similarities one predicts or establishes anticipation of how to deal on different future
events.

The predictions rely on idea of future events and not duplicates of past. Here, the others
behavior influences the current thinking of the individual.

,Step 3

For example: The individual has seen a chasing in reality as in movie. He has also seen the
outsider suffering. Here, the individual would have seen the heroic effects previously. Now,
he would see the struggles of third party in specific event.

However, the base behavior on anticipation is like chasing that explains how to choose to see
the movie again.

10. Explain how the individuality corollary differs from the organization corollary.

Step 1

Ways an individual corollary is different from organizational corollary:

Individual differences of interpreting events are individual corollary. Mr. K’s notion towards
individual differences specifies people differ from either in perceiving or interpreting events.
These occur at instance of construing events under varied constructs.

,Step 2

Relationship among different constructs arriving from organizing individual constructs on a

pattern is an organizational corollary. These view interrelationships along with similarity
and differences. Group holding same constructs that differ from either on organizing those
constructs over variety of patterns.

11. What is a construct’s range of convenience?

Step 1

Construct’s range of convenience:

Construct is a unique way one looks at his/her life. Range of convenience is spectrum
consisting events over which construct is applied. Certain constructs remain relevant to
stipulated number of people or situation and others remain broad.

These changes might include taller versus shorter with limited range of convenience and
tendency of application. This is more useful for building, tree, or players of a game; whereas
does not have value to describe pizza or weather.

Step 2

Considering these fluctuations selective constructs are applied at number of situations to

different people. Others are limited to appropriate individual or relative situation. Hence, this
range of convenience or significance of construct is related to personal choice. For Example:
Loyal versus disloyal is applied to each person one meets or to one’s family.

According to Mr. K for understanding personality it is vital to know exclusions of construct’s

range of convenience as inclusions are already known.

12. In your construct system, what is the range of convenience for the construct cheerful
versus sad?

Step 1

Range of convenience for construct of cheerful and sad:

Range of convenience is spectrum consisting events over which construct is applied. Certain
constructs remain relevant to stipulated number of people or situation and others remain
broad.

These changes might include taller versus shorter with limited range of convenience and
tendency of application. This is more useful for building, tree, or players of a game; whereas
does not have value to describe pizza or weather.
Step 2

Considering these fluctuations selective constructs are applied at number of situations to

different people. Others are limited to appropriate individual or relative situation. Hence, this
range of convenience or significance of construct is related to personal choice. For Example:
Loyal versus disloyal is applied to each person one meets or to one’s family.

According to Mr. K for understanding personality it is vital to know exclusions of construct’s

range of convenience as inclusions are already known. In respect to the construct of cheerful
versus sad, For Example: Ms. S feels cheerful when she visits her mother’s house, however
she is sad to stay alone.

13. What mechanism did Kelly propose to account for changes in a construct’s range of
convenience?

Step 1

Mechanism proposed by Mr. K in reference to fluctuations in construct’s range of

convenience:

Range of convenience is spectrum consisting events over which construct is applied. Certain
constructs remain relevant to stipulated number of people or situation and others remain
broad.

These changes might include taller versus shorter with limited range of convenience and
tendency of application. This is more useful for building, tree, or players of a game; whereas
does not have value to describe pizza or weather.

,Step 2

Considering these fluctuations selective constructs are applied at number of situations to

different people. Others are limited to appropriate individual or relative situation. Hence, this
range of convenience or significance of construct is related to personal choice. For Example:
Loyal versus disloyal is applied to each person one meets or to one’s family.

According to Mr. K for understanding personality it is vital to know exclusions of construct’s

range of convenience as inclusions are already known.

14. How is it possible to hold incompatible or inconsistent constructs?

Step 1

Possibility of incompatible or inconsistent constructs:

Mr. K believed in construct system certain are incompatible, though coexisting in an overall
pattern. It has to be recalled that the construct system changes with evaluation of brand new
experiences. Moreover, new constructs are not necessarily required to be derived from older
ones.
New construct will be compatible or consistent along with older ones for a particular
situation. However, incase situation changes constructs turn to be inconsistent.

Step 2

For Example:

Mr. X meets Ms. Y in class and decides he is attracted towards her. She has psychology as
major and they seem to have like interests. She satisfies to be a friend in the friend versus
enemy construct. Hence, she seems to be a person more respected and liked.

Next day, he finds her in a political rally and gets disappointed to see her expressing her
conservatism loudly. This is opposite to his liberal opinions. Certainly now Ms. Y fits into an
alternate construct of enemy.

Step 3

Here, it is clear that there are always chances of inconsistencies between man and woman
constructs at subordinate level in the overall construct system. In specific situation one person
who is a friend can always become an enemy in another.

The broad construct of liberals being friends and conservatives being enemies are not
disturbed. According Mr. K’s view, this process is tolerated with subordinate inconsistencies
with nil damages on overall system of constructs.

15. Why is it important to construe the constructs of other people in our daily lives?

Step 1

Importance of construing constructs of others in ones daily life:

Though, commonality corollary expresses the individuality of a person. Sociality corollary

bring a unity with society, culture, and relationship aspects. These commonalities of people
do not bring positive social relations. This might not make one person construe or understand
experiences similar way other person does.

Here, the first person is required to construe another’s constructs. More clearly, an
individual’s thoughts need to be understood before anticipating his/her future predictions.

,Step 2

Construing constructs of another person is done on routine basis. For Example: Driving a
car. A driver tries to anticipate another driver’s activity, though it might risk self. Certain
anticipations are made in regard to traffic rules like red to stop and green to move.

While other cases certainty changes when a person follows a friend, teacher, or boss adjusting
his/her behavior to theirs. They tend to do the same for those who follow too.
Hence, each individual assume role in respect of others. Like one with their child, other with
their partners, another with an official supervisor. These roles emerge with the behavioral
pattern and understanding how other person construes one’s events.

16. What is Kelly’s position on the issue of free will versus determinism?

Step 1

Mr. K’s position on issues of free will versus determinism:

Mr. K’s theory of personality was optimistic with human nature. He treated people as rational
being who are capable to form framework of constructs from which world is viewed. He
believed himself as an author and not victim towards a destiny.

His view on free will is an individual has all ability to choose a good direction. One can
change through revising old constructs forming newer ones as and when required. An
individual is never committed towards path laid in childhood or in his/her adolescence. Their
attitude is obviously towards future formulation, prediction, and anticipation of events.
Therefore, Mr. K refused acceptance of historical determinism.

Step 2

He failed to consider his past to determine his behavior in present. He says that one cannot be
prisoners of toilet training, parental rejections, early sexual experiences, nor one is curtailed
by instincts or unconscious forces. People have to be pushed from internal drivers and
requirements to be motivated being alive. Mr. K saw nil reason for summarization of more
explanations.

Step 3

Even though Mr. K failed to discuss heredity’s role in personality, however he specified that
no one is completely environmentally influenced. An individual lives based on constructs that
interpreted events. Hence, it remains as an operation of one’s rational mental process not
specific to events influencing in creation of a personality.

Mr. K failed to posit important and required life goal, he inferred that one’s goal were
established in construct system enabling others to predict individual’s events. In reference to
uniqueness versus universality Mr. K took moderate position. His commonality corollary
says people of similar culture will develop same constructs, but individuality corollary
emphasize uniqueness over number of constructs and self.

17. What is a self-characterization sketch? How is it used in therapy?

Step 1

Self-characterization sketch and its usages:

A technique constructed to access an individual’s construct system and ways an individual
perceive themselves relation with others is called as self characterization sketch. This is
another system used for assessing construct system.

Step 2

Mr. K’s instructions to clients are:

• Sketch character of Mr. X (Client’s name)

• Consider Mr. X as hero of the play

• Express as if Mr. X is a best friend

• Have sympathy over principal character

• Provide details better than reality

Mr. K says this technique is highly useful to learn ways clients recognize them in relation to
others.

18. Describe how the Role Construct Repertory Test works with clients.

Step 1

Role Construct Repertory test work along with clients:

Mr. K developed Role Construct Repertory test (REP) that reveals constructs an individual
applies to important people in their lives. A client was asked to list names of people who
played a vital role in their lives like mother, friend, spouse, father, and intelligent person or
an interesting person they know.

These names have been sorted three at once and clients have to select from each group two
like people and note how they differ from the third. For Example: Clients are asked to
segregate an individual based on highly threatening, successful, and attractive person.
Considering two are selected under similar factor, other differentiates it from third person.

Step 2

This information is given in a diagram called repertory grid. In each row, client judge over
three people and indicate as circles. Their constructs are formulated (happy versus sad). Then,
client puts a phrase describing two people in Emergent pole column. The third person is
described with opposite phrase in column called implicit pole. The client keeps a check mark
to anyone else, who could be described same as in emergent pole.

Assumption underlying REP test, construe events in dichotomy as per the dichotomy
corollary (For example: similar versus dissimilar).
Step 3

Repeated judgments regarding social relations can uncover expectations and anticipations.
This dichotomy or alternative guiding individual’s life can display personal constructs
pattern.

Interpretation regarding REP test rely on skill and training the psychologist would administer.
Mr. K failed to standardize the test, objective self report inventory. He designed this in a way
that assesses constructs required in psychotherapy stage inducing clients to reveal constructs
organizing their world. Conversely, computer programs have been developed to analyze
individual repertory grids.

19. What is fixed role therapy? How does it relate to role playing?

Step 1

Fixed role therapy and its relation to role playing:

A psychotherapeutic technique is the way client acts appropriate constructs respect to an

imaginary person is called fixed role therapy. This depicts how clients use new constructs
effectively than older ones.

On assessing the client system of personal constructs, Mr. K brought changes over ineffective
or undesirable constructs. Once after describing himself as a lead character in terms of self-
characterization sketch; clients have to form new constructs and discard older ones.

Step 2

Fixed role play enables clients to do so. Here, the therapist drafts sketch of fixed role
containing constructs different from negative self-perception of a client revealed in self
characterization. The client is informed that this fixed role sketch is fictitious and to act it out
in therapist office. Slowly, the clients are asked to follow the same in everyday life.

This role-play is used to project personal requirements and values into a fictitious character.
The clients also have to discover new constructs in fixed role sketch and work to anticipate
such events compensating the old ones. On realization to incorporate new constructs in the
overall system of constructs, an individual can work satisfying and in an efficient manner.

20. How do people high in cognitive complexity differ from people high in cognitive
simplicity?

Step 1

People with high cognitive complexity differ with people of high cognitive simplicity:

Cognitive complexity is the style or way that construes environment characterized through
the ability perceiving difference among people.
People who are high in cognitive complexity can view variety among people who can place a
person in number of categories.

Step 2

Cognitive simplicity is the style or way construing environment characterizing relative

inabilities that distinguish variance among people.

Person who are high in cognitive simplicity likely place others in specifically one or two
categories, with less variety.

Step 3

Research has affirmed differences in personality terms of cognitive style. Individuals with
increased cognitive complexity makes good predictions regarding others behavior.

Ready recognition of differences between self and third party remain empathetic and deals
good using inconsistent details construing others than individuals with cognitive simplicity.

Step 4

Cognitive complexity increase with respect to age of a person, adults possess great cognitive
complexity from children. Moreover age does not remain as complete explanation to
cognitive complexities, as number of adults possesses cognitive simplicity. It depends more
on the complex level of one’s childhood.

An adult with high cognitive complexity remain more diverse in experience of childhood;
considering their parents to be least authoritarian and grants independence than parents of
high cognitive simplicity adults.

21. How do people who are high in attributional complexity view the behavior of those
around them, compared to people who are low in attributional complexity?

Step 1

The way people with higher attribution complexity view behavior of people with less
attributional complexity:

Attribution complexity remains as differences in cognitive complexity. This is defined as

extent in which people consider complex than simpler explanations respect to social
behavior. Otherwise, they attribute other’s behaviors to be complicated, multifaceted, and due
to number of sophisticated causes.

Step 2

Here, people measuring high in attributions complexity show immensely sensitive and
perceptive regard to subtle racism signs. They also portray great empathy to understand other
(low attribution complexity) people enormously.
22. Discuss some of the criticisms that have been made of Kelly’s approach to
personality.

Step 1

Criticisms made on Mr. K’s approach to personality:

Mr. K’s work was not popular in U.S. due to numerous reasons. They are:

• Number of psychologists views Mr. K’s philosophy as very different from current ideas.
Notably, aspects of motivation, emotion, unconscious needs, forces, and drives are not a part
of his theory.

Step 2

• Mr. K published very less number of articles, books, and case studies. He spent most of his
time in clinical work and for training student graduates.

• His writing style is much scholarly not intended to public or therapists who need
explanations of passion, love, emotions, fear, hatred, and dreams.