Q2W7

Gen Math
Illustrates and symbolizes
propositions,
Distinguishes between simple
and compound propositions
Performs the different types of
operations on propositions.
From the previous lesson in Geometry you have
learned a lot of propositions or statements namely
conjectures, postulates, axioms, corollaries, and
theorems. You explored and introduced
propositional logic and how to determine the truth
values. On the other hand, the importance of basic
logical operation given Conjunction, Disjunction,
and Negation. Moreover, make complex arguments
that utilized simple propositions as compound
propositions and propositional variables forming a
new proposition.
Introduction of the Topic
Lesson 1: Illustrating and Symbolizing Propositions
A Proposition is a statement and a basic element
of logic. A Mere Sentence can be both true and
false at the same time It is important to distinguish
a mere sentence from a proposition or statement.
Mastering this component makes to distinguish if
an argument is correct or incorrect
Definition
A Proposition may be defined as a declarative
sentence that is either.
True (denoted either T or 1) or
False (denoted either F or 0).
- It is usually represented by a capital letter

Propositional variable - denotes an arbitrary

proposition with unspecified true val
-it is represented by a lower case or capital letter in
the English alphabet
Example 1
The sky is blue True - proposition
7 + 4 = 12 False - proposition
What time is it? Questions not a proposition
p > 8 Not a proposition it has unknown variable
Where are you going? Not a statement
Sit down (Question and command)
Example 2
“Lions are larger than cats”
Is this a statement? Yes
Is this a proposition? Yes
If so, what is the truth value of the proposition True
100 < 50
Is this a statement? Yes
Is this a proposition? Yes
If ,what is the truth value of the proposition? False
Please do not yell
Is this a statement? No
Is this a proposition? No
This is a request
x = 14 + y
Is this a statement? Yes
Is this a proposition? No
Since the values of the variables are
unknown, this cannot be a proposition
STATEMENTS OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC
1. Identify the major connective

2. 2. Variables or constants (p and q or Y and Z)

stand for entire proposition.
3. 3. Put proper punctuation or negations.
Example1: Write the symbolic form in the following
propositions.
p: Lines are perpendicular q: Right angles
are formed by the lines
A) Rights angles are formed by the lines if the lines
are perpendicular. Answer p → q
B) The lines are not perpendicular or right angles
are formed by the lines.

Answer ~p ˇq
Example 3: Express in Symbolic Statement;
p: She is healthy ; q: She is wealthy
A. She is NOT healthy and She is NOT wealthy
Answer ~p^~q or ~(p ^ q)
B. She is NOT healthy, and she is wealthy. Answer
~p ^ q
C. She is neither healthy nor wealthy.
Answer ~(p v q) or ~p v ~q
Example 4: If the squatter settles here then the
cattlemen will be angry and there will be a
fight for water rights (p, q, r)
Conditional with conjunctive proposition as
consequent
p=the squatters settle here
q= the cattlemen will angry
r= There will be a fight for water rights.
Answer p → (q^ r)
Lesson 2: Simple and Compound Propositions
There are two types of symbolic propositions, simple
and compound.
Propositions
Definitions:
Simple proposition - composed of only one proposition,
convey one idea with no connecting word

Example: Simple Statement

1. Rodrigo Roa Duterte “Digong” is the President of
Republic of the Philippines.
2. Today is Sunday.
3. I am eating a pie.
4. Jen is watching tv.
5. It is raining today.
Definition
Compound proposition - composed of two or simple
statement using connectives. (e.g. and, or, not, if
then, if and only if )
Identify the propositions in the given Example.
Example 1: Roses are red and violets are blue
] ] ]
] connective ]
Propositions 1 Propositions 2
Example 2: Jen is singing, and Sol is dancing
Proposition 1: Jen is singing
Proposition 2: Sol is dancing
Example 3: If the road is wet, then is either it rains
today, or the fire truck spills water on the road.
Proposition 1: The road is wet,
Proposition 2: It rains today
Proposition 3: The fire truck spills water on the
road
Example 4: Determine if the following propositions are true or
false.
The sky is NOT blue
False (NOT reverses the truth value of the original statement)

The sky is blue, AND the ocean is red.

False (AND requires both parts to be TRUE for a TRUE result)

The sky is blue, OR the ocean is red.

True ( OR needs only one TRUE to be TRUE )

The sky is blue, AND the ocean is NOT red

True (Combination of AND-NOT)

The sky is NOT blue, OR the ocean is red

False (both clearly the two propositions are false therefore the
entire propositions are False)
Example 5: Write the following proposition in English statements.
1. P =The sky is blue Q = Oceans are red
P AND Q P^Q The sky is blue, AND the oceans are red.
P OR Q PvQ The sky is blue, OR the oceans are red.
NOT P OR Q ~P v Q The sky is NOT blue OR oceans are red

2. p = I am eating q: I am watching
p and q p ˄ q I am eating, and I am watching television.
p or q p ˅ q I am eating, or I am watching television.

In the given example, say truth value of p is true and q is false,

then p ˄ q = true ˄ false . Likewise, p ˅ q = true ˅ false = true
Lesson 3: DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATIONS ON
PROPOSITIONS
There are five common propositions that are
results of five common connectives: Negation,
Conjunction, Disjunction, Implication, and
Equivalence.
1. NEGATION - The simplest operation of
propositions. A proposition which is the outcome
of reversing the truth value of a given proposition
If a proposition is true, its negation is false, but
then if a proposition is false, its negation is true.
The negation of a proposition p in symbol is ~ p :
read as not p
Example 1: Determine the negation of each proposition
and tell whether each negation is true or false
Given: a. Basketball is a sport.
b. 1 = 2
c. There are 400 five cents in twenty pesos.
d. All politicians are trustworthy.
Solution:
a. Basketball is not a sport. False
b. 1 ≠ 2 True
c. There are not 400 five cents in twenty pesos False
d. Not all politicians are trustworthy. True
Example 2: Write the following sentence in symbols
and indicate if it is true or false

Example 3: Construct a truth table for the negation

of x and for the negation of not x.
2. CONJUNCTION - A proposition which is the
outcome of joining two or more propositions known
as conjuncts, connected by the word and.
Example 1:
p: I am at home.
q: It is raining.
p ˄ q: I am at home and It is raining.

Example 2: Determine whether each conjunction is

true or false.
A. 7 is odd and prime
Solution: If p is the conjunct “7 is odd “which states a
true statement, and q is the conjunct
“7 is prime “also states a true statement, then the
conjunction p ˄ q
“7 is odd and prime. “is definitely a true statement
since both conjuncts are true statements.
B. 2 and －2 are roots of
Solution : If p is the conjunct “ 2 is a root of
which states a false
statement, and q is the conjunct “ －2 is a root of
“ states a true statement,
then the conjunction p ˄ q “ 2 and －2 are roots
“ is a false statement
since one of the conjuncts is a false statements.
C. 8 is a factor and a multiple of 32
Solution : If p is the conjunct “ 8 is a factor of 32 “
which states a true statement, and q is
the conjunct “ 8 is a multiple of 32 “ states a false
statement, then the conjunction p ˄ q
“ 8 is a factor and a multiple of 32 “ is a false
statement since one of the conjuncts is a false
statements.
3. DISJUNCTION - A proposition which is the
outcome of joining two or more propositions
known as disjuncts, connected by the word or.
Example 1:
p: I eat ampalaya. q: I eat ampalaya or kangkong.
q: I eat Kangkong.
p˅ q : I eat ampalaya or kangkong
Example 2: Determine whether each disjunction is
true or false.
A. A group of dogs is a herd, or a group of horses is
a flock.
Solution : If p is the disjunct “ A group of dogs is a
herd “ which states a false statement, and q is the
disjunct “ A group of horses is a flock “ also states
a false statement, then the disjunction p ˅ q “ A
group of dogs is a herd, or a group of horses is a
flock.“ is a false statement since both disjuncts are
false statements.
B. 2 is a prime, or even number
Solution : If p is the disjunct “ 2 is a prime number
“ which states a true statement, and q
is the disjunct “ 2 is an even number “ states a true
statement, then the disjunction p ˅ q
“ 2 is a prime or even number “ is a true statement
since both disjuncts is a true statements.
C. Platypus is a fish, or it lay eggs
Solution : If p is the disjunct “ Platypus is a fish “
which states a false statement, and q is
the disjunct “ Platypus lays eggs “ states a true
statement, then the disjunction p ˅ q
“ Platypus is a fish or it lay eggs “ is a true
statement since one of the disjuncts is a true
statement
4.IMPLICATION - A proposition, also known as
conditional proposition, sometimes called as
if - then statements. It is the outcome of joining a
hypothesis or antecedent which is the if
part to the then part known as the conclusion or
consequent.
Example 1: p: A student got 60% or more points
from the written tests.
q: He will pass the subject Math.
p → q: If a student got 60% or more points from
the written test, then he will
pass the subject Math.
Example 2: Analyze whether each implication is
true or false.
a. If 3 ＋ 7 = 10, then (3)(7) = 21
Solution : If p is the hypothesis “ 3 ＋ 7 = 10“
which states a true statement, and q is the
conclusion “ (3)(7) = 21 “ also states a true
statement, then the implication p →q “
If 3 ＋ 7 = 10 , then (3)(7) = 21“ is a true
statement since both hypothesis and conclusion
are true statements
b. If － 4 < 0, then there are only 12 cities in the
region of NCR.
Solution: If p is the hypothesis “－ 4 < 0 “ which
states a true statement, and q is the
conclusion “ There are only 12 cities in the region
of NCR. “ states a false statement, then the
implication p → q “ If － 4 < 0 , then there are only
12 cities in the region of NCR.“ is a false statement
Example 3: Write a scenario wherein the
implication p → q is false.
Mang Luis had a conversation with his wife, he
says: “If I get a motorcycle, then I will stop
smoking.” Let p be the statement “Mang Luis gets
a motorcycle “and let q be the statement “Mang
Luis will stop smoking “.
Solution: Scenario: Mang Luis got a motorcycle but
then he realized that smoking has become a habit
that he cannot stop easily. According to the
definition it says that p → q is false when the
hypothesis is true, and the conclusion is false.
From the statement Mang Luis got his motorcycle
but broke his promise.
5.BICONDITIONAL - A proposition which is obtain
from two conditional propositions.
The Biconditional p and q is the proposition that is
true if both p and q are true or if both p and q are
false. If either one is false, the statement is false.
The biconditional of propositions p and q in symbol
is p q : read as p if and only if q
Example 1:
p : This musical instruments are interesting.
q : I am staying at home.
p ↔ q : This musical instrument are
interesting if and only if I am staying at home
Example 2: Express p ↔ q as a sentence. Then
determine its truth values p ↔ q
P: x － 8 = 2 ;
q: x = 10
Solution: The biconditional p ↔q represents the
sentence “ x － 8 = 2 if and only if x = 10 „. Both p
and q are true. When x # 10, then both p and q are
false
Example 3: If a triangle is isosceles then it has two
congruent sides. Name the p and q
statement then express it to p ↔ q.
Solution: p: A triangle is isosceles. ; q: A triangle
has two congruent sides p↔q : A triangle is
isosceles if and only if it has two congruent sides.
Remember:
Proposition may be defined as a declarative
sentence that is either.
True (denoted either T or 1) or
False (denoted either F or 0).
- It is usually represented by a capital letter
Propositional variable - denotes an arbitrary
proposition with unspecified true value
-it is represented by a lower case or capital letter in
the English alphabet
Simple proposition - composed of only one
propositions, convey one idea with no connecting
word
Compound proposition - composed of two or simple
statement using connectives. (e.g. and, or, not, if
then, if and only if)
Can be combined using AND or OR Can be
reversed using NOT
1. If a proposition is true, its negation is false, but
then if a proposition is false, its
negation is true. The negation of a proposition p in
symbol is ~ p: read as not p.
2. The conjunction of two statements is true only if
both conjuncts are true, otherwise it is
false. The conjunction of propositions p and q in
symbol is p ˄q: read as p and q.
3. The disjunction of two statements is false only if
both disjuncts are false, otherwise it is
true. The disjunction of propositions p and q in
symbol is p ˅ q: read as p or q
4. In all instances the implication is true, except
when the hypothesis is true, and the
conclusion is false. It means, a true hypothesis
cannot imply a false conclusion. The
implication of propositions p and q in symbol is p
→ q: read as if p, then q; p implies q ; p is
sufficient for q
5. The Biconditional p and q is the proposition that
is true if both p and q are true or if both p and q are
false. If either one is false, the statement is false.
The biconditional of propositions p and q in symbol
is p ↔ q : read as p if and only if q.