PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GLASS

POWDER AND EGG SHELL(POWDER)ASH IN CONCRETE

Vijayvenkatesh.C

Final year student, Department of Civil Engineering, St. Josephs college of engineering & technology,
Thanjavur, India.

ABSTRACT:

Cement manufacturing industry is one of the carbon-di-oxide emitting sources beside

deformation and burning of fossil fuel. The global warming is caused by emission of greenhouse
gages, such as emitted Co2 to the atmosphere. The global cement industry is contributed about
7% of greenhouse green gases emission to earth atmosphere. The work examines the possibility
of using glass powder as partial replacement as 0% , 20% , 30% , 40% and for its compressive
strength up to 7 , 14 & 28 days of age and was compared with those of convertion concrete.
Leaving the waste material has been emphasized waste can be used more efficiently and the
environmental problem. Hence the reuse of waste material has been emphasized waste can be
used to produced new produced new products or can be used admixture so that natural resources
are used more efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposites. Glass powder
and eggshell powder material is very fine powder material obtained as byproducts of glass during
sawing and shaping, and not recycling its causes environmental problem in the world. The
possibility of using it glass ash powder separately as partial replacement of cement on concrete
where studied and evaluated based upon % replacement of cement on concrete where studied and
evaluated based upon % of the partial cement replacement with both glass powder.

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTIONS:

1
 The interest of the construction of community in using waste or recycled
materials in concrete is increasing because of emphasis placed on sustainable
construction .The glass is an inert material which could be recycled and used
many times without changing the chemical properties .Besides using waste glass
as cullet in glass manufacturing waste glass powder and eggshell ash powder
crushed in to specific size for uses as cement in various application.

1.2 GLASS POWDER:

Manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes are

the sources of production of numerous waste materials. Concerns related to
disposal of the generated wastes have tremendously increased with theincreasing
awareness about the environment the use of waste products in concrete not only
makes it economical, but alsohelps in reducing disposal problems. Reuse of bulky
wastes is considered the best environmental alternative for solving the problem of
disposal. One such waste is plastic, which could be used in various applications.
Sustainability is an idea for concern forthewell being of our planet with continued
growth and human development .The waste glass from in and around the small
shops is packed as a waste and disposed as landfill. Waste glass is crushed into
specified sizes for use as aggregate in various applications such as water
filtration, grit plastering, replacement of cement and sand replacement in
concrete. The crushed glass was also used as replacement of cement in concrete
production, but due to its flat and elongated nature which enhances the decrease
in the workability and attributed the drop in compressive strength.

Glass is amorphous material with high silica content,thus making it

potentially pozzolanic when particle size is less than 75μm.Studies have shown
thatfinely ground glass does not contribute to alkali – silica reaction.

2
 1.3 EGG SHELL ASH:

The aim of this study is to study the chemical composition of the egg shell to find
its suitability of replacement in the concrete. To examine the feasibility of utilizing
the egg shell as cement replacement material. To study the strength parameters of
the egg shell powder mixed specimens and to compare it with conventional
specimens.Calcium rich egg shell is a poultry waste with chemical composition
nearly same as that of limestone. Use of eggshell waste instead of natural lime to
replace cement in concrete can have benefits like minimizing use of cement,
conserving natural lime and utilizing waste material. According to a study eggshell
waste generation in India, the United States and the United Kingdom is 190000,
150000 and 11000 tons per annum respectively. Eggshell waste can be used as
fertilizer, animal feed ingredients and other such uses. However, majority of the
eggshell waste is deposited as landfills. Eggshell waste in landfills attracts vermin
due to attached membrane and causes problems associated with human health and
environment. Few investigations were conducted to use eggshell waste in civil
engineering applications.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE ON EGG SHELL ASH:

3
Freire and Holanda (2006) carried out the investigation onegg shell waste and
found out its use in a ceramic wall tile paste. Based on the presence of CaCO3 in
egg shell it canbe used as an alternative raw material in the production of wall tile
materials they also found that egg shell can beused as an excellent alternative for
material reuse and waste recycling practices.

Lau yih bling (2010) conducted the investigation in egg albumen and reported that
foamed concrete were prepared by egg albumen whichhas reduce the cost and time
of project. 1 per cent and 5 per cent egg albumen were used. From the investigation
it isconcluded that 5 per cent of EAFC consists of unstable compressive strength
and higher flexural strength withincrease density when compared with control
foamed concrete which was 64 per cent and 35 per cent. In this studyit is proved
that Egg Albumen Foamed Concrete (EAFC) can produce light weight concrete
which is moreenvironment friendly and improved properties.

Amu and Salami (2010) carried out the experiment and stated that common salt
with egg shell on lateriticsoil obtaining a good compliment for egg shell as a useful
stabilizer for road works. Stabilization obtained by adding 2-10 per cent of
common salt with optimum egg shell powder. The result showed that the addition
of common saltimproved the compaction and CBR characteristics of egg shell
stabilized soils.

Ngo slew kee (2010) investigated onthe topic of “Effect of coconut fiber and egg
albumen in mortar for greener environment” and reported his effect ofcoconut fiber
and egg albumen on mortar compressive and flexural strength. 3 types of samples
were tested tocompare the strength development of each others that was mortar
control, mortar containing 0.1 per cent coconut fiber with 1 percent egg albumen

4
and mortar containing 0.5 per cent coconut fiber with 5percentegg albumen.The
strength of mortar containing 0.1 per cent coconut fiber with 1 per cent egg
albumen was higher thanthe mortar control whereas the mortar containing 0.5
percent coconut fiber ± 5 per cent egg albumen was lowerstrength than the mortar
control. The strength of mortar containing 0.1 per cent coconut fiber with 1 percent
eggalbumen was higher than the mortar control whereas the mortar containing 0.5
percent coconut fiber ± 5 percent egg albumen was lower strength than the mortar
control.

Okonkwo et al., (2012) have concluded in his research that Egg Shell ash can be
used as an alternate forcement which resulted in higher compressive strength on
lateritic soil. Constant Cement of 6 and 8 per cent addedwith the egg ash powder of
0-10 per cent at 2 per cent intervals shows increase in 35 per cent of
compressivestrength but fell short of the strength requirements the durability.
Ultimately they found that soil-cement egg shellmixture can be used for road
pavements.

ArashBarazesh et al., (2012) carried out the experiment on theeffect of eggshell

powder on plasticity index in clay and expansive soils and reported that plasticity
index of the soilcan be improved by adding egg shell wastes with the clay soil and
can be used in construction projects includingearth canals and earth dams.

2.2 LITERATURE ON GLASS POWDER:

RakeshSakaleet. al.; studied the replacement of cement by waste glass powder in

steps of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively by volume of cement and its effects
on compressive strength, split tensile strength, workability and flexural strength are
determined. It is found that the compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of
5
concrete increase initially as the replacement percentage of cement by glass
powder increases and become maximum at about 20% and later decrease. The
workability of concrete reduces monotonically as the replacement percentage of
cement by glass powder increases. The replacement of cement up to about 20% by
glass powder can be done without sacrificing the compressive strength.

Olukoet. al.;investigated the compressive strength of Compressed Stabilized Earth

Block (CSEB) by partially replacing the cement (stabilizer) in the block with
Waste Glass Powder (WGP) and it was found from the results that, as WGP is
added to compressed stabilized earth block, its strength reduces. Although, the
strength for CSEB without waste glass had the highest strength, CSEB with WGP
indicated strengths higher than 3N/mm2 recommended as minimum strength for
CSEB at 28 days for the percentage of replacements used in this study, the highest
of which was 60%. No optimum value was observed for WGP addition to the
CSEB as replacement for cement, however, sufficient strengths good enough for
handling at early stages of the CSEB whether at particle size of 150 μm or 75 μm
were achieved at 20% replacement of cement with WGP in CSEB. It could be
concluded that the role of WGP in CSEB is more of filler than a binder.

Shuhua Liu et. al ;carried out a research to ascertain the inhibitory effect of waste
glass powder (WGP) on Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) expansion induced by waste
glass aggregate. These studies showed that there is ASR risk with an ASR
expansion rate over 0.2% when the sand contains more than 30% glass aggregate.
However, WGP can effectively control the ASR expansion and inhibit the
expansion rate induced by the glass aggregate to be under 0.1%. The specific

6
surface area of WGP and the ASR expansion have an anti-correlation, which leads
the pozzolanic reaction more intense and faster and higher inhibitory effect on
ASR expansion. The ASR expansion can be controlled in a safe range when WGP
content is 10%, 20% and 30% with its specific surface area greater than 1137.40,
604.37 and 71.34m2/kg, respectively, or with low average particle size according
to the calculation.

Raghavendra K. and Virendra Kumara K. N;investigated about the

compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of M40 grade of
concrete mixes with 20% constant replacement of waste glass powder in cement
and partial replacement of waste foundry sand in fine aggregate. From the test
results, strength was achieved very less on 7th and 14th days but it increases on the
28th day. High strength values were found at 40% replacement level in strength
parameters. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete at 7, 14
and 28 days increases initially as the percentage of replacement of waste glass
powder and waste foundry sand increases and becomes maximum at a proportion
respectively around A40, A40.

Ana Mafalda Matos;aimed to evaluate the use of waste glass powder in powder
type SCC. It could be concluded that waste glass powder can be used successfully
in SCC further improving chloride penetration and water absorption by capillarity,
maintaining strength levels. Although soda lime glass presents a high alkali
content, use of ground waste glass as cement replacement in mortar, improved
resistance to ASR. These results corroborate the pozzolanic nature of glass powder

7
and its behavior with time. Although glass powder is a little coarser than cement, it
still brings advantages when incorporated in cement.

Jitendra B. Jangid and A.C. Saoji;studied the replacement of Glass Powder

varying partially from 0 to 40%, at interval of 10% and tested for its Workability,
Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Alkalinity test, Density
Measurement, Water Absorption test, Volume of permeability test and Ultrasonic
Pulse Velocity test for the age of 7, 28 and 56 days and was compared with those
of conventional concrete. The overall test result showed that Waste Glass Powder
could be utilized in concrete as a good substitute of cement. It was also found that
Workability of concrete decreases as percentage of glass powder increases. Slump
value of experiment’s concrete ranges from 60 to 80 mm highest compressive
strength was observed when Glass Liquid Powder (GLP) replacement is about
20%. Highest split tensile strength was observed when GLP replacement is about
20%.

Ashutosh Sharma and AshutoshSangamnerkar;showed that waste glass, if

ground finer than 600μm shows a pozzolanic behavior. It reacts with lime at early
stage of hydration forming extra CSH gel there by forming denser cement matrix.
Thus early consumption of alkalis by glass particles helps in the reduction of
alkali-silica reaction hence enhancing the durability of concrete. Numbers of test
were conducted to study the effect of 5%, 10% and 15% replacement of cement by
glass powder on compressive strength and durability. The particle size effect was
evaluated by using glass powder of size 600μm-100μm.The results showed that the
maximum increase in strength of concrete occurred when 10% replacement was
done with glass powder. Then found result Conventional concrete shows a 3 days
compressive strength as 9 N/mm and 2.5% replacement of glass powder in cement
increased the compressive strength by 37% in 3 days.10% replacement of glass

8
powder increment increased the compressive strength by 52.6% in 3 days.15%
replacement of glass powder in cement increased the compressive strength by
39.8% in 3 days.

M. Adaway and Y. Wang;aimed to determine the level of glass replacement

resulting in optimal compressive strength. Three concrete samples were tested at 7
and 28 days for glass replacement proportions of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40%.
Compressive strength was found to increase up to a level of 30% at which point the
strength developed was 9% and 6% higher than the control after 7 and 28 days
respectively. This demonstrates that concrete containing up to 30% fine glass
aggregate exhibits higher compressive strength development than traditional
concrete. The optimum percentage replacement of sand with fine glass aggregate
was determined to be 30%.Compressive strength was found to increase with the
addition of waste glass to the mix up until the optimum level of replacement.

Veena V. Bhatt and N. BhavanishankarRao;studied the influence of

replacement of cement by glass powder and found that there was an increase of
27% strength after replacing 20% glass powder, when w/c ratio was kept constant.
Slump test was carried out and the slump was found to be 70 to 72mm even with
20% replacement. It was also found that with the increase in glass content,
percentage of water absorption decrease. Considering the strength criteria, the
replacement of cement by glass powder is feasible up to 20%.

Prema Kumar W P et. al. ;concluded that cement in concrete is replaced by

waste glass powder in steps of 5% from 0% to 40% by volume and its effects on
compressive strength, split tensile strength, workability and weight density are
determined. The results were found to beThe 7 days, 28 days and 60 days
compressive strengths of concrete increase initially as the replacement percentage

9
of cement with glass powder increases, and become maximum at about 20% and
later decreases. The split tensile strength of concrete increases initially as the
replacement percentage of cement with glass powder increases, and becomes
maximum at about 20% and later decrease. The slump and weight density of
concrete decrease monotonically as the replacement percentage of cement with
glass powder increases. The workability decreases when cement is replaced
partially with glass powder. The study showed that there is a great potential for the
utilization of glass powder in concrete as partial replacement of cement. About
30% of cement may be replaced with glass powder of size less than 100 μm
without any sacrifice on the compressive strength.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

10
1) Standard concrete cube of size 150×150×150mm were casted and tested on
7days, 14 days and 28days.partial substitution of GP and ESA for cement by
20%(15% GP & 5%ESA), 30%(20% GP & 10% ESA), 40%(25% GP & 15%
ESA) was tried in the control mix and the compressive strength of the adjusted
mix proportion were studied.
2) Standard concrete cylinder of size 150mm diameter and 300mm height were
casted and tested on 7days,14 days and 28days.partial substitution of GP and
ESA for cement by 20%(15% GP & 5%ESA), 30%(20% GP & 10% ESA),
40%(25% GP & 15% ESA) was tried in the control mix and the compressive
strength and split tensile strength (cylinders) of the adjusted mix proportion
were studied.

FLOW CHART:

11
 CHAPTER 4

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS

12
4.1 Cement:

Ordinary port land cement is the most common type of cement in general
use around the world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and
most non-specialty grout . It was developed from the other type of hydraulic lime
in England in the mid 19th century and usually originates from lime stone. It is a
fine powder produced by heating materials in a kiln to form what is called clinker,
grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials. Several types of
Portland cement are available with the most common being called ordinary
Portland cement (opc) which is grey in color, but a white Portland cement is also
available.

4.2 Water:

Combing water with cementitious materials forms a cement paste by the

process of hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids
within it, and makes it flow more freely. A lower water-to-cement ratio yields a
stronger, more durable concrete, where as more water gives a free flowing concrete
with a higher slump. Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems
when setting or in causing premature failure of the structure.

4.3 Aggregate:

Aggregates are granular materials such as sand, gravels, or crushed stone

that, along with water and Portland cement, are in essential ingredient in concrete.
Locally available sand and coarse aggregates were in this experiment. The specific
gravity of coarse aggregate was 2.74. Coarse aggregate used to 20mm size.

4.4 Glass powder:

13
 The glass is a mixture of a number of metallic silicates, one of which
is usually that of an alkali metal. It is an amorphous, transparent or translucent. It
may also be considered as a solidified super cooled solution of various metallic
silicates having infinite viscosity. The glass powder was obtained by crushing
waste glass pieces in a cone crusher mill. The 425 – micron passing friction was
used for the experiment.

4.5 Egg shell Ash:

Egg shell contains of several mutually growing layers of caco3 , the

inner most layer maxillary layer grows on a outermost egg membrane and creates
the base on which palisade layer constitutes the thickest part of the egg shell. The
top layer is vertical layer covered by the organic cuticle. The eggshell prilimilarly
contains calcium, magnesium carbonate and protein. In many other countries, it is
accepted practice for eggshell to be dried and use as a sources of calcium in animal
feed. The quality of lime in eggshell waste is influenced greatly by the extent of
explore to sunlight, raw water and harsh weather conditions. It is the grained
powder with suitable proportion which is sieved to the required size before use
with concrete /mortar.

14
F4.4 Broken glass

15
 CHAPTER 5

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

5.1 Cement:

Provided the cement conform with the appropriate standard and it has
stored correctly (i.e.in dry condition), it should be for use in concrete.

5.2 Aggregates:

Quality of aggregates, its shape, size,texture,strengthetc determines the

strength of concrete. The pressure of salts such as chlorides, sulphates, silt and clay
also reduces the strength of concrete.

5.3 Water:

Frequently the quantity of water is covered by a clause stating, “The

water should be fit for drinking.” The criterion though is not absolute and reference
should be made to respective code for testing of water construction purpose.

5.4 Water/cement ratio:

It determine the workability of the concrete so it is very important

factor in manufacturing of concrete.

5.5 Compaction of concrete:

This test is used to determine the compressive strength of a concrete

cube, which has usually been made from fresh concrete cast in a standard test
mould. The value of compressive strength can then be used in assess whether the
batch that the concrete cube represents meets the required compressive strength.
Following cube manufacture and curing, which should both be closely controlled.

16
5.6 Temperature:

The rate of hydration reaction is temperature dependent. If the

temperature increases the reaction also increases. This means that the concrete kept
at higher temperature will gain strength more quickly than a similar concrete kept
at a lower temperature. However, the final strength of the concrete kept at a higher
temperature will be lower.

This is an important point to remember because temperature has a

similar but more pronounced detrimental effect on permeability of the concrete.

5.7 Glass powder:

Powder glass beads are made from finely ground glass, the main
source being broken and unusable bottles and a great variety of other scrap glasses.
Special glasses such as old cobalt medicine bottles, cold cream jars, and many
other types of glasses from plates, ashtrays, window panes- to name only a few-
are occasionally bought new, just for purposes. Waste glass available locally in
Thanjavur shops is been collected. Glass waste is very hard material. Before
adding glass powder in concrete it has to be powder to desired size. Crushing
period: 30 to 60 minutes.

5.7.1Advantages of glass powder:

1) It’s economical.
2) It’s reduced the global warming and environmental friendly.
3) It gives more flexibility.
4) Glass powder are control the carbon- di-oxide.
5) And also reduced the cement consumption.

17
 F 5.7 Glass powder

5.8 Egg shell ash:

Egg contain of several mutually growing layer of caco3. Specific

gravity ESP was 0.84.bulk density of ESP was 0.80gm/cm3.Moisture content of
ESA was 1.17%.

5.8.1 Advantages of egg shell powder:

1) It’s more economical.

2) Its most ecofriendly and reduced the global warming.
3) Egg shells are highly in calcium, magnesium carbonate, and lime
content.
4) And also a better combination of cement mortar &concrete admixture.

18
5.9 Experimental equipment’s:

Concrete mixer:

A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement,

aggregates, such as a sand or gravel land water to form concrete. A typical
concrete mixer uses are evolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume
works portable concrete mixers are often used. So that the concrete can be made at
construction site, giving the worker sample time to use the concrete before it
hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concreter cement by hand. This is
usually done in a wheel barrow. However several companies have recently begun
to sell modified traps for this purpose. The concrete mixer was invented by
Columbus industrialist Gephardt Jaeger.

F 5.9 Concrete mixture

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5.10 Casting moulds

Cubic size: 15*15*15cm. cubic specimen is crushed after rotating those

90. To decrease the amount of friction caused by the rough finishing

F5.10Casting moulds

5.11 Damping rod:

As per IS: 10086 -1982 the damping rod shall be 16±0.5mm dia and
600±2mm long with a rounded working end and shall be made of mild steel.

F 5.11 Damping rod

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5.12 Resources and place of work:

The proposed work shall be carried out the laboratories of civil

Engineering departments of St. Joseph College of engineering and technology,
Thanjavur. The routine testing facilities are available in our college itself.

5.13 Preparation of specimen

5.13.1 Batching

It is the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients either by volume

or by mass and introducing them into the mixture. Traditionally batching is done
by volume but most specifications require that batching be done by mass rather
than volume. Percentage of accuracy for measurement of concrete materials is as
follows:

5.13.2 Cement:

When the quantity of cement to be batched exceeds 30%of scale

capacity, the measuring accuracy should be within 1%of required mass. If
measuring quantity is less than 30% i.e. for smaller batches then the measuring
accuracy should be within 4% of the required quantity.

5.13.3 Aggregates:

If the measurement is more than 30% of scale capacity then the

measuring accuracy should be within 1%. If measurement is less than 30% then the
measuring accuracy should be within less than 30%.

5.13.4 Water:

21
 Water is measured in volumetric quantity as 1 liter =1kg. In case of
water, the measuring accuracy should be within 1%.

5.13.5 Mixing of concrete

MIX design is defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of

concrete and determining their relative proportions with the objects.

5.13.6 Placing

Cubic size: 15*15*15 cm. cubic specimens are crushed after rotating
them 90º to decrease the amount of friction caused by the rough finishing. The
cube moulds of required size (150mm for nominal size of aggregate not exceeding
38mm) shall be made in such a manner as to facility at their separation in to two
parts.

Cube moulds shall be provided with a base plate and they shall be as per
IS: 10086-1982. The dimensions tolerance and materials of cube moulds shall be
as given in table-1

5.13.7 Demolding

Test cubes should be demolded between 16 and 24 hours after they have
made. If After this period of time the concrete has not achieved Sufficient strength
to enable remolding without damaging the cube then the remolding should be
delayed for a further 24 hours. When removing the concrete cube from the mould,
take the mould apart compressive strength may be reduced.

22
5.13.8 Curing

Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of

moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range. This process results in
concrete with increased strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key
player in mitigating cracks, which can severely affect durability.

1) It is cured with water. Do not let it dry.

2) Dry concrete all reactions stop
3) keep temperature at moderate level

23
 CHAPTER 6

TESTS ON MATERIALS

6.1 LABORATORY TESTS

6.1.1 SLUMP CONE TEST

1) The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the

workability of fresh concrete.
2) More specifically, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that
specific batch. This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly
made concrete. Consistency is a term very closely related to workability.
3) It is a term which describes the states of fresh concrete. It refers it the
ease with which the concrete flows.
4) It is used to indicate the degree of wetness. Workability of concrete is
mainly affected by consistency.
5) It is also used to determine consistency between individual batches.
6) The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of
similar concrete under field.
7) Very dry mixes; having slump 0-25 mm are used in road making, low
workability mixes; having 10-40 mm are used for foundation with light
reinforcement, medium workability mixes; 50-90 mm for normal
reinforcement concrete placed with vibration, high workability
concrete;˃ 100 mm.

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APPARATUS REQUIRED

1) Weighing balance
2) Tray
3) Scale
4) Slump cone
5) Measuring jar
6) Trowel
PROCEDURE

1) Mix the concrete

2) Wipe all the tools including the mould and the base plate with a damp
cloth.
3) Put the steel plate down on a level place so that it is firm, and then put
the slump mould on it with a narrow end at the top. Stand on the foot
pieces.
4) Fill the slump mould in three layer of equal depth. Tamp through each
layer 25 times with the rounded end of the tamping rod.
5) The last layer should more than fill the mould. After damping the last
layer, strike off the excess concrete, using a sawing and rolling motion
of the tamping rod, so that mould is completely filled and leveled.
6) Hold the mould by the handles to keep it stand while you step off the
foot pieces.
7) Slowly life the slump mould straight up and off.
8) Turn the slump mould upside down and place it on the plate, next to
the concrete.
9) Reset the tamping rod on the top of the slump mould so that one end
is above the concrete.

25
 10) Carefully measure the distance between the bottom of the tamping
rod and the highest point of the concrete to the nearest 5 mm.

11) If you don’t get a true slump repeat the test. If the slump is still not a
normal, ask for advice.

MIX PROPOTION

Grade: M20

W/c ratio: 0.5

RESULT

The slump value for w/c ratio of 0.5 is 70 mm

6.1.2 STANDARD CONSISTENCY TEST:

1) Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (approx. 400 gems) with

weighed quantity of water (start from 20% - 25%) taking care that mixing
(gauging) remains between 3 to 5 minutes and mixing shall be completed
before any signs of setting becomes visible.
2) Fill the vicat mould with the paste, mould should rest on non-porous
base.
3) Place the mould undervicat’s apparatus. The plunger attached to a
movable rod is gently lowered on the paste.
4) Settlement of plunger is noted, penetration from bottom is equal to the
difference of mould height and settlement of plunger.
5) If penetration of the plunger is within 5-7mm from bottom, then water
added is correct. Otherwise, water is added and replace is repeated.

26
1.TABULATION OF CONSISTENSY TEST:

Water content Depth of penetration

S.NO Water cement ratio
% ml (mm)

1 0.25 28 100 39

2 0.27 26 108 37

3 0.31 32 124 16

4 0.33 34 132 5

CALCULATION:

Water content = weight of cement × % of water content

= 400 × 25/100 = 100 ml

= 400 × 27/100 = 108 ml

Standard consistency of cement = 30 %

2. FINENESS OF CEMENT:

S.NO Weight of cement Weight of cement Fineness modulus of

taken (W1) in gms retained (W2) in gms cement in %

1 100 1 1

27
 2 100 2 2

3 100 1 1

CALCLULATION:

Fineness modulus of cement = (w2 /w1) x 100

= (1/100) x 100

Average fineness of cement = 1%

6.1.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON AGGREGATE:

PROCEDURE:

1) Dry the pycnometer and weight it with its cap (W1).

2) Take about 200gms of oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve
into the pycnometer and weight again (W2).
3) Add sufficient de-aired water to cover the soil and screw on the cap.

28
 4) Thoroughly dry the pycnometer from outside and weight it (W3).
5) Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water up to its stop with
cap screw on.
6) Weight the pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4).
7) Repeat the procedure for three samples and obtain the average value
of specific gravity.
FORMULA USED:

G=W2-W1/ (W2-W1)-(W3-W4)

Where,

W1=empty weight of pycnometer

W2=weight of pycnometer +oven dry soil

W3=weight of pycnometer+oven dry soil+water

W4=weight of pycnometer+water

3.TABULATION FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE:

Weight Weight in grams

W1 628

29
 W2 1663

W3 2179

W4 1524

CALCULATION:

G=W2-W1/ (W2-W1)-(W3-W4)

G=1663-628/ (1663-628)-(2179-1524)

G =2.65

RESULT:

Specific gravity of river sand G =2.65

4.TABULATION FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

Weight Weight in grams

W1 700

30
 W2 1350

W3 1950

W4 1540

CALCULATION:

G=W2-W1/ (W2-W1)-(W3-W4)

G=1350-700/ (1350-700)-(1950-1540)

G=2.8

RESULT:

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate G=2.8

6.1.5 FINENESS MODULUS TEST:

PROCEDURE:

1) For a 500gms of oven dry soil sample, grain size distribution has to be
studied.
2) Take the soil sample into 75µ sieve.

31
 3) Wash the soil sample keeping it in the sieve by placing the soil in the
sieve and gently pour water over the soil so that it wets the soil
4) And remove the fine particles in the form of mud, leaving only the sand
and gravel size particles in the sieve.
5.TABLE FOR FINENESS MODULUS OF RIVER SAND:

IS-Sieve Weight % Weight Cumulative % %

S.NO No.(mm) retained (gms) retained Weight retained Passing

1 4.75 60 1.2 1.2 98.8

2 2.36 535 10.7 11.9 88.1

3 1.188 1100 22 33.9 66.1

4 600µ 1230 24.6 58.5 41.5

5 300µ 1430 28.6 87.1 12.9

6 150µ 235 4.7 91.8 8.2

7 75µ 265 5.3 97.1 2.9

8 Pan 145 2.9 100 0.0

CALCLULATION:

Fineness modulus = Cumulative % weight retained / 100

= 481.5/100

Fineness modulus = 4.81

32
6.TABLE FOR FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

S.NO Is-sieve no Weight % weight Cumulative %

(mm) Retained(gms) retained % weight passing
retained
1 40 _ _ _ _
2 25 0.055 1.1 1.1 98.9
3 20 1.255 24.5 25.6 74.4
4 16 2.230 44.6 70.2 29.8
5 12.5 1.270 25.4 95.6 4.4
6 10 0.140 2.8 98.4 1.6
7 PAN 0.08 1.6 100 0

CALCULATION:

Fineness modulus = cumulative % weight retained / 100

= 390.7/100

Fineness modulus = 3.9

6.1.6 IMPACT VALUE TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE

PROCEDURE:

1) The test sample consist of aggregate passing through 12.5mm sieve and
retained on 10mm sieve and dried in oven for four hours at a temperature
100ºc and cooled.

33
 2) Test aggregate are filled up to about one third full in cylindrical measure
and tamped 25 times with rounded end of tamping rod.
3) Further quantity of aggregate is then added up two-third full in
cylindrical and 25 stocks of the tamping rod are given.
4) The surplus aggregate are stuck off using the tamping rod as straight
edge. The net weight of the measure is determined to the largest gram
and its weight of the aggregate is used for carrying out duplicate test on
the same material.
5) The impact machine is placed with the bottom plate flat on the floor so
that the hammer guide columns are vertical.
6) The whole of the test sample from the cylindrical measure is transferred
to the cup and compacted by tamping with 5 strokes.
7) The hammer is raised and allowed to fall freely on the aggregates.
8) The crushed aggregate is then removed from the cup and the whole of it
sieved on the 2.36mm sieve until no further significant amount passes.
9) The fraction passing the sieve is also weighted and if the total weight of
the fraction passing and retained on the sieve is added it should not be
less than the original weight of the specimen by more than one gram, if
the total weight is less than the original by one gram the result should be
discarded and a fresh test made.

7.TABULATION FOR AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST:

S.NO DETERMINATION TRAIL 1 TRAIL 2 TRAIL 3

34
 1 Total weight of 405 427 413
aggregate sample(w1)g

2 Weight of the mould 2067 2089 2075

(w2)

3 Weight of the 258 271 261

aggregate retained on
2.36 mm sieve

4 Impact value 15.52 16.3 16.06

AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST:

Impact value = w3 / (w2-w1) × 100

= 258 / (2067-405) ×100

=15.52

Average impact value = (15.52+16.3+16.06)/3

= 15.96%

6.1.7 WATER ABSORPTION TEST

PROCEDURE:

35
 1) The fine aggregate passing through IS 4.75mm sieve is taken about
1kg and dried in an oven at a temperature of 110ºc±5ºc for 24 hours
and cooled to room temperature.
2) Its weight is taken as (w1 g).
3) The dried fine aggregate is immersed in clean water at a temperature
27ºc±2ºc for 24 hours.
4) The fine aggregate is removed from the water.
5) Within three minutes from the removal of water, the weight of fine
aggregate w2 is found out.
6) The above procedure is repeated for various samples.
FORMULA USED

Percentage of water absorption = (w2-w1) ×100/w1

8.TABULATION FOR WATER ABSORPTION:

Weight of Weight of Weight of % of water

Sample no oven dried saturated absorbed absorption
specimen specimen W3=(W2-W1)g =(w3/w1)×100
(w1)g (w2)g

1 0.955 1.01 0.015 1.5

RESULT: The % of Water Absorption is 1.5%

9. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF GLASS POWDER:

36
10. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF EGG SHELL ASH:

6.4 RESULTS
37
11.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT:

S.NO Physical Properties Value

1 Standard consistence of cement 30%

2 Fineness of cement 1.33%

12.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE:

S.NO Physical Properties Value

1 Specific gravity 2.54

2 Bulk Relative Density (Kg/m3) 1460

3 Fineness modulus 4.81

13.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

S.NO Physical properties Value

1 Specific gravity 2.52

2 Bulk Relative Density (Kg/m3) 1691

3 Fineness modulus 3.9

14.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS POWDER:

38
S.NO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VALUES
1 Specific gravity 2.6
2 Fineness Passing 150μm 99.5
3 Fineness Passing 90μm 98

15.CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS POWDER:

S.NO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES VALUES

1 pH 10.25
2 Color Grayish white

16.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EGG SHELL ASH:

S.NO PHYSICAL PROPERTY VALUES

1 Specific Gravity 0.85
2 Moisture Content 1.18
3 Bulk Density (g/m3) 0.8
4 Particle Density (g/m3) 1.012
5 Porosity (%) 22.4 BET
6 Surface Area (m2/g) 21.2

CHAPTER 7

39
 TESTS RESULTS ON CONCRETE

7.1 General

A concrete test is performed to learn more about the properties of a specific

sample of concrete. A number of different tests can be performed on concrete
both, on a job site and in a laboratory. Because concrete is an important structural
elements, testing is mandatory in many regions of the world, and construction
companies must provide documentation of their testing and results when asked to
do so by government representatives.

7.2 CONCEPT OF MIX DESIGN

1) The concrete mix design was proposed by using Indian standard for control
concrete.
2) The grade was M20.
3) The mixture will be prepared with the cement contend of 6kg.
4) The water cement ratio is 0.53.Then natural fine aggregate is used.
5) The replacement levels of cement, glass powder &egg shell powder were
used in terms of 20%, 30%, 40%.

7.3 Workability:

Slump test the workability of all concrete mixture was determine

through slump test utilizing a metallic slump mould. The difference in level
between the height of mould and that of highest point of the subsided concrete was
measured and reported as slump. This test is performed to check the consistency of
freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term very closely related to workability.

7.4 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

40
7.4.1 COMPRESSIVE TEST

The determination of compressive strength is primarily mean to withstand

compressive stress as concrete is strong in compression .Higher the compressive
strength better is the durability and bond strength which is very important in
quality control of concrete

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1) Compressive testing machine

2) Concrete cube mould (150mm×150mm×150mm)
3) Damping rod
4) Tray
5) Trowel

PROCEDURE

1) Select a suitable proportion of cement, fine aggregate and coarse

aggregate.
2) The mould greased with oil and the concrete was compacted in it with
the tamping rod and trowel.
3) The mould after filling with concrete was placed on placed on the
vibration table.
4) Number of concrete are prepared like this were placed for curing
which are taken out at different time periods and then placed in
compression testing machine.
5) The load was gradually applied and the value at which the maximum
failure was noted and the values are tabulated.

7.4.2 SPLIT TENSILE TEST

41
 1) Cylinder splitting test: this is also sometimes referred as, “Brazilian test”
2) This test developed in brazil in 1943

SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH TEST ON CONCRETE CYLINDERS

1) The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and important

properties. Splitting tensile strength test on concrete cylinder is a method
to determine the tensile strength of concrete.
2) The concrete is very weak in tension due to its brittle nature and is not
expected to resist the direct tension.
3) The concrete develops cracks when subjected to tensile forces. Thus it is
necessary to determine the tensile strength of concrete to determine the
load at which the concrete members may crack.
4) To determine the splitting tensile of concrete.

EQUIPMENT FOR SPLITTING TENSILE TEST OF CONCRETE:

1) Compression testing machine,

2) Two packing strips of plywood 30 cm long and 12mm wide.

SAMPLING OF CONCRETE CYLINDERS:

The cylinder mould shall is of metal, 3mm thick. Each mould is capable of
being opened longitudinally to facilitate the removal of the specimen and is
provided with a means of keeping it closed while in use. The mean internal
diameter of the mould is 15 cm + 0.2mm and the height is 30+\- 0.1 cm. each
mould is provided with a metal base plate mould is provided with a metal base
plate should be coated with a thin film of mould oil before use, in order to prevent
adhesion of concrete.

TAMPING BAR:

42
 The tamping bar is a steel bar of 16mm diameter, 60 cm long and bullet
pointed at the lower end.

COMPACTING OF CONCRETE

The test specimen should be made as soon as practicable after the concrete is
filled into the mould in layers approximately 5 cm deep each layer is compacted
either by hand or by vibration.

CURING OF SPECIMEN:

The water or solution in which the specimen is kept should be renewed

every seven days and should be maintained at a temperature of 270 +\- 20c.

PROCEDURE OF SPLIT TENSILE TEST:

1) Take the wet specimen from water after 7 days of curing.

2) Wipe out water from the surface of specimen.
3) Draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that
they are on the same axial place.
4) Note the weight and dimension of the specimen.
5) Set the compression testing machine for the required range.
6) Keep are plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen.
7) Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and
centered over the bottom place.
8) Place the other plywood strip above the specimen.
9) Bring down the upper plate to touch the plywood strip.

10) Apply the load continuously and note down the breaking load (p).

FORMULA:

43
 STRESS =2P/ 𝝅LD

P-load on the cylinder

L- Length of the cylinder

D- Diameter of the cylinder

17.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE CUBE (N/mm2).

44
 S.NO % OF GP & COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
ESA (N/mm2).
7DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS
1 0% 15.24 17.87 23.54

2 20% 15.43 19.54 24.59

3 30% 13.56 16.54 23.59

4 40% 12.65 15.31 20.20

30

25

20
7 DAYS
15
14 DAYS
10 28 DAYS

0
0% 20% 30% 40%

7.5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE CUBE (N/mm2).

18.SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CYLINDER (N/mm2):

45
 S.NO % OF GP & SPLIT TENSIE STRENGTH
ESA (N/mm2).
7DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS
1 0% 2.9 4 7.8

2 20% 2.5 3.6 7.4

3 30% 2.75 3.9 7.75

4 40% 1.5 3 6.5

9
8
7
6
5 7 DAYS
4 14 DAYS
3 28 DAYS

2
1
0
0% 20% 30% 40%

7.6SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CYLINDER (N/mm2):

46
RESULT:

The result in variation of compressive strength and split tensile strength of

concrete produced by replacing cement with glass powder with Egg shell ash for
7,14 & 28 days. From the above said combinations 30% (20% glass powder and
10% egg shell ash) achieve good workability, compressive strength and split
tensile strength of concrete than the other combinations. So it is optimum and
recommended for the structural purposes.

47
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

From our investigation for m20 grade concrete by replacing 40% also it attain
20km/m3.So we can make it as a practice by replacing 40% in all conventional
buildings. It also make it as a economical and eco friendly building.

The above mentioned work of various researchers and our present experimental
work, it is clear that glass powder and egg shell ash can be used as a partial
replacement of cement in concrete because of its increased workability, strength
parameters like compressive strength and split tensile strength. As disposal,
utilization of waste glass powder and egg shell ash in concrete will not only
provide economic, it will also help in reducing disposal problems.

48
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Characteristics of Pre Cast Concrete Blocks Incorporating Waste Glass

Powder” ISCA Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol. 1(1)July, [International

Science Congress Association]

2) JangidJitendra B. and Saoji A.C. (2014) “Experimental investigation of

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in Developing Countries ENSET Oran (Algeria)

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