Republic of the Philippines towards B or away from B?

___________ Explain your

Department of Education
reasoning.
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOL DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan

ACTIVITY SHEETS in GENERAL PHYSICS 2

Coulomb’s Law and Gauss’ Law

Activities:
Activity 1: Direction: Use your understanding of charge to
answer the following questions
1. Two neutral conducting pop cans are touching each other. A
positively charged balloon is brought near one of the cans as
shown below. The cans are separated while the balloon is
nearby, as shown. After the balloon is removed the cans are
brought back together. When touching again, can X is _____.

Activity 5: Direction: Use your understanding of electric field

strength to complete the following table.

a. positively charged
b. negatively charged
c. neutral
d. impossible to tell

2. A positively charged balloon is brought near a neutral

conducting sphere as shown below. While the balloon is near,
the sphere is touched (grounded).
At this point, there is a movement of electrons. Electrons move
____.
a. into the sphere from the ground (hand)
b. out of the sphere into the ground (hand)
c. into the sphere from the balloon
d. out of the sphere into the balloon Activity 6: Direction: Use your understanding of electric flux
e. from the ground through the sphere to the balloon to solve the following problem.
f. from the balloon through the sphere to the ground 1.Find the flux through a spherical Gaussian surface of radius a
g. .... nonsense! Electrons do not move at all. = 1 m surrounding a charge of 8.85 pC.
3. A physics teacher rubs a glass object and a felt cloth together 2. Find the value of the electric field at a distance r= 10 cm from
and the glass becomes positively charged. Which of the the center of a non-conducting sphere of radius R= 1 cm which
following statements are true? Circle all that apply. has an extra positive charge equal to 7 C uniformly distributed
a. The glass gained protons during the rubbing process. within the volume of the sphere.
b. The felt became charged negatively during this rubbing 3. A box that is in triangular shape is kept in an electric field of
process. magnitude E = 2 × 103 N C-1 as shown in the figure. Calculate
c. Charge is created during the rubbing process; it is grabbed by the electric flux through the (a) vertical rectangular surface (b)
the more charge-hungry object. slanted surface and (c) entire surface.
d. If the glass acquired a charge of +5 units, then the felt
acquires a charge of -5 units.
e. This event violates the law of conservation of charge.
f. Electrons are transferred from glass to felt; protons are
transferred from felt to glass.
g. Once charged in this manner, the glass object and the felt
cloth should attract each other.
h. In general, glass materials must have a greater affinity for
electrons than felt materials.
Activity 2: Direction: Determine the of electric field lines to
identify the charges on the objects in the illustration below.
4. A Gaussian surface is a closed surface in three-dimensional
Activity 3: Several electric field line patterns are shown in the space through which the electric flux is calculated. Given a
diagrams below. Which of these patterns are incorrect? spherical Gaussian surface that has a radius of 0.5 meters and
_________ Explain what is wrong with all incorrect diagrams. encloses 30 electrons.
(a) Find the value of the electric flux through this surface.
(b) From the calculated value of the electric flux, determine the
Activity4: Direction: A certain Balloon A is negatively value of the electric field at a distance equal to 0.6 meters from
charged. Balloon B exerts a repulsive effect upon balloon A. the center of the surface.
Would the electric field vector created by balloon B be directed
1|P age
(c) What is the relationship between flux and the enclosed
charge? The magnitude of the electric field intensity at a
Republic of the Philippines point in space is defined as the force per unit charge
Department of Education (N/C) that would be experienced by any test charge
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOL DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA placed at that point.
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan

ACTIVITY SHEETS in GENERAL PHYSICS 2

WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD Where: E = electric field
F = Electric force
Introduction: q = point charge
Electrons are continually being knocked out of air The direction of E at a point is the same as the direction
molecules in the atmosphere by cosmic-ray particles that a positive charge would move IF placed at that point.
coming in from space. Once released, each electron Example Problem:
experiences an electric force due to the electric field 1. A +2 nC charge is placed at a distance r from a –8 mC
that is produced in the atmosphere by charged particles charge. If the charge experiences a force of 4000 N, what
already on Earth. Near Earth’s surface the electric field is the electric field intensity E at point P?
has the magnitude E = 150 N/C and is directed Solution:
downward. Given:
There is a change in the electric potential energy F = 4000 N
associated with charge’s new position in the electric q = + 2 x 10 -9 C
field. The change in the electric potential energy Unknown: E = ?
depends on the charge, q, as well as the strength of the
electric field, E, and the displacement, d. it can be
written as:
E = (4000 N)/(+2 x 10-9 C)
∆PEelectric = -qE∆d
= 2 x 10 11 N/C downward
The negative sign indicates that the electric
potential energy will increase if the charge is negative
and decrease if the charge is positive.
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
ELECTRIC FIELD Field lines and electric field strength Field line
Electric field is an idea introduced to describe diagrams represent the strength of the field at each point
electric forces. In the TV lecture the dome of a charged provided that they are correctly drawn. In a correctly
Van de Graaff generator attracts charged droplets of drawn field-line diagram each line must begin (and end)
water. This situation can be described by saying that the on equal amounts of charge. The field lines are also
charge on the dome of the generator sets up an intense drawn so that the field strength is proportional to the
electric field, and the charged drops ‘feel’ a force when concentration of the lines (figure 1.5).
they are in the space occupied by that field Think of a small imaginary surface, area A, drawn
A field is something that is defined at all points perpendicular to the field at some place in space. Count
in a region of space. A familiar example is the the number, n, of field lines that
gravitational field of the earth, which is often called the go through the surface. Then
the magnitude of the electric
field averaged across the area A
is represented by the number of
field lines per area.

ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH DEPENDS ON CHARGE AND

acceleration due to gravity (g). Another example is the DISTANCE
velocity of water in a river which has different To reformulatethe equation for electric field
magnitudes and directions at different places. Examples strength from a point charge, consider a charge q,
to be considered in this unit are electric field, located a distance, r, from a small test charge, q0.
electrostatic potential and magnetic field. An electric According to the coulomb’s Law, the magnitude of the
field is said to exist at a point in space if a charged particle force on the test charge is given by the following
placed at that point experiences a force that would not equation:
be felt by an uncharged particle.
2|P age
 𝑞 charge increases, the value of the electrical potential
𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝑘𝑐
𝑟2 energy increases. A more practical concept is is electric
Where: E = electric field strength potential (V).
Kc = Coulomb constant Electric Potential (V) at some point is defined as
q = charge producing the field the electrical potential energy associated with a charged
r = distance particle in an electric field divided by the charge of the
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH A PAIR particle.
OF CHARGES POTENTAIL DIFFERENCE
A single point charge produces a nonuniform V = ∆PEelectric/q
electric field. if a second charge is placed nearby, there Where:
will be an electrical potential energy associated with the V = potential difference
two charges. Because the electric field is not uniform, PE electric = change in electrical potential
the electrical potential energy of the system of two energy
charges requires a different expression: q = electric charge

𝑞1 𝑞2 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IN A UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD

𝑃𝐸 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐 𝑜𝑟
𝑟
∆V= -E∆d
Where:
SAMPLE Problem: V = potential difference
1. The electric potential energy associated with an -E electric = magnitude of electric field
electron and a proton is -4.35 x 10 -18J. What is the d = displacement
distance between these two point charges?
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT AT INFINITY
Given: q1 = -1.60 x 10 -19 C AND A POINT NEAR A POINT CHARGE
Q2= +1.60 x 10 -19 C
PE = -4.35 x 10 -18J ∆V=Kc q/r
Required: r=?
Where:
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑃𝐸 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐 thus 𝑟 = 𝐾𝑐 V = potential difference
𝑟 𝑃𝐸 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
Kc = Coulomb constant
Solution: q = value of point charge
r = distance to the point charge
The result for the potential difference associated with a
𝑟 point charge appears identical to the electric potential
8.99 𝑥 109 𝑁𝑚2 /𝐶 2 )( −1.60 𝑥 10−19 𝐶)( +1.60 𝑥 10−19 𝐶) associated with a point charge. The two expressions look
=(
(−4.35 𝑥 10−18 𝐽) the same only because we have chosen a special
−𝟏𝟏
= 𝟓. 𝟐𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 reference point from which to measure the potential
difference.
2. What is the potential energy if a +2 nC charge moves
from ∞ to point A, 8 cm away from a +6 mC charge? Sample Problem:
Solution: 1. A 5.0 µC point charge is at the origin,
Given: k = 8.99 x 10 9 Nm2/C2 and a point charge of -2.0 µC is on the x-
Q = +6 x 10 -6 C axis at (3.0 m,0.0 m) as shown. Find the
q = +2 x 10 -9 C total potential difference resulting from
Requried = Potential energy these charges between point P, with
Formula = cocordinates (0.0 and 4.0), and a point infinitely far away.

𝑁𝑚2
(9 𝑥 10 9 ) (+6 x 10 − 𝟔 C)(+2 x 10 − 9) Solution:
𝑈= 𝐶2
. 08 𝑚 Given: q1 = 5.0 x 10 -6 C
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 𝐦𝐉 q2 = -2.0 x 10 -6 C
r1 = 4.0 m
CHANGING ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Unknown: ∆V = ?
Electrical potential energy is useful in solving
(Hint: Use the formula for the potential difference near
problems, particularly those involving charged particles.
a point charge)
But at any point in an electric field, as the value of the

3|P age
 𝒒𝟏 Activity 3: Direction: Solve the following problems.
∆𝑽 = 𝑲𝒄 1. Two alpha particles (helium nuclei), each containing of
𝒓𝟏
𝒒𝟏
∆𝐕𝟏 = 𝒌𝒄𝒓𝟏 two protons and two neutrons, have an electrical
(8.99 x 109 Nm2 /C 2 )( 5.0 x 10−6 C) potential energy of 6.32 x 10 -19 J. What is the distance
= between these particles at this time?
4.0 𝑚
= 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑽 2. Two charges are located along the x-axis. One has a
charge of 6.4 µC, and the second has a charge of -3.4 µC.
𝑟1 = √(3. 0 𝑚)2 + (4.0 𝑚)2 = 5.0 𝑚
𝒒𝟐 if the electrical potential energy associated with the pair
∆𝐕𝟐 = 𝒌𝒄𝒓𝟐 of charges is -3.8 x 10 -2 J, what is the distance between
(8.99 x 109 Nm2 /C 2 )( −2.0 x 10−6 C) the charges?
=
5.0 𝑚 3. A charge moves 2.0 cm in the direction of a uniform
= −𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑽 electric field having a magnitude of 220 N/C. the electric
∆𝑉 = ∆𝑉1 + ∆𝑉2 potential energy of the charge decreases by 6.9 x 10 -19
= (1.1 𝑥 104 𝑉) + ( −0.36 𝑥 104 𝑉) J as it moves. Find the magnitude of the charge on the
∆𝑉 = 7000𝑉 moving particle. (Hint: the electrical potential energy
A single point charge produces a nonuniform electric depends on the distance moved in the direction of the
field. If a second charge is placed nearby, there will be an field)
electrical potential energy associated with the two 4. In a charging process, 10 13 electrons are removed
charges. Because the electric field is not uniform, the from a metal sphere and placed on a second sphere that
electrical potential energy of the system of two charges is initially uncharged. The electrical potential energy
requires a different expression: associated with the two spheres is found to be -7.2 x 10
-2 J. What is the distance between the two spheres?
Activities:
Activity 4: Direction: Solve the following problems.
Activity 1: Direction: Essay: Answer the following 1. Find the potential difference between a point infinitely
questions. Minimum of 5 sentences and maximum of far away and a point 1.0 cm from a proton?
10). 2. Two point charges of magnitude 5.0 nC and -3.0 nC are
1. Some discussions in the web refer electric field lines as separated by 35.0 cm. what is the potential difference
“lines of force”. Discuss the advisability of this between a point infinitely far away and a point midway
description. between the charges?
2. Can an electric field exist in a region of space in which 3. Four particles with charges of 5.0 µC, 3.0µC, 3.0 µC and
a electric charge would not experience a force? Explain. -5.0µC are placed at the corners of a 2.0 m x 2.0 m
Activity 2: Direction: True or False Test: Write A if the square. Determine the potential difference between the
statement is correct and B if is incorrect. center of the square and infinity.
4. What is the electric force between a glass ball that has
1. The net force due to different charges around a single +2.5 µC of charge and a rubber ball that has -5.0 µC of
charge can be determined using superposition principle. charge when they are separated by a distance of 5.0 cm?
2. According to Coulomb's Law, The greater the 5. Find the electric field at a point midway between two
separation distance between two charges the greater charges of +30.0 x 10 -9 C and +60.0 x 10 -9 separated by
the magnitude of the electric force. a distance of 30.0 cm.
3. Coulomb's Law states that the electric force is directly Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
proportional to the product of the two charges and Region III – Central Luzon
inversely proportional to the distance between them SCHOOL DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
4. The separation distance between two charges is equal City of Balanga, Bataan
to r=√(k.(q1q2/Fe))
5. Electric field is directly proportional to the charge and NAME:_____________________Year &Section:_________
inversely proportional to the magnitude of electric force.
ACTIVITY SHEETS in GENERAL PHYSICS 2
6. Electric force is also equal to the electric field multiply Capacitance and Capacitors
with a charge
7. Electric charges are created by gravitational forces Introduction:
8. A neutral object become charged by allowing gravity A capacitor is a device which stores electric charge.
to work on it. Capacitors vary in shape and size, but the basic
9. An electric field be found in the space surrounding a configuration is two conductors carrying equal but
charged object. opposite charges (Figure 1). Capacitors have many
10. The field strength increases as the distance between important applications in electronics. Some examples
two charged objects decreases. include storing electric potential energy, delaying

4|P age
voltage changes when coupled with resistors, filtering
out unwanted frequency signals, forming resonant
circuits and making frequency-dependent and An alternative equation for computing the elelectric field
independent voltage dividers when combined with intensity was derived using Gauss’s Law. It relates the
resistors. field intensity E to the charge density ơ as follows

𝑬 = 𝝈/𝝐𝒐 = 𝑸/𝑨𝝐𝟎
Formula 2

Where: Q = charge stored in a capacitor plates

(Coulomb)
A = Area of either place
𝝐𝟎 = Permittivity of vacuum (8.85 x 10 -12
C2/N.m2)
For a capacitor with a vacuum between its plates, the
Figure 1
formula use will be:
In the uncharged state, the charge on either one of the
conductors in the capacitor is zero. During the charging 𝐶0 = 𝑄/𝑉 = 𝜖0 𝐴/𝑑
process, a charge Q is moved from one conductor to the
Activities:
other one, giving one conductor a charge +Q , and the
other one a charge . A potential difference is created, Ativity 1: Direction: Essay:
with the positively charged conductor at a higher 1. Discuss several factors that may limit the ability of a
potential than the negatively charged conductor. Note capacitor to store charge.
that whether charged or uncharged, the net charge on 2. Air is pumped from one metal tank to another,
the capacitor as a whole is zero. creating a partial vacuum in one tank and high pressure
The simplest example of a capacitor consists of two in the other. When the pump is removed, potential
conductingplates of area , which are parallel to each energy is stored. The energy is released if the two tanks
other, and separated by a distance d, as shown in Figure are reconnected and the pressure in each tank becomes
2. equal. In what ways is this mechanical example
analogous to charging and discharging a capacitor?

Activity 2: Direction: Solving problems

1. A certain capacitor has a capacitance of 4µF when its
plates are separated by 0.2 mm of vacant space. A
battery is used to charge the plate to a potential
Figure 2 difference of 500 V and is then disconnected from the
COMPUTING THE CAPACITANCE system. (a) What will be the potential differnce across
Experiments show that the amount of charge Q stored in the plates if a sheet of mica 0.2 mm thick is inserted
a capacitor is linearly proportional to ∆V, the electric between the plates? (b) What will the capacitance be
potential difference between the plates. Thus, we may after the dielectric is inserted? (c) What is he
write permittivity of mica?
2. Assume that the source of voltage remains connected
to the 4 µF capacitor in problem number 1. What will be
Formula 1 the increase in charge as a result of the insertion of the
Where: Q = charge stored in a capacitor plates sheet of mica?
(Coulomb)
C = Capacitance (Farad)
Republic of the Philippines
V = Potential difference across the capacitor Department of Education
plates (volts) Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOL DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
The capacitance C of a conductor is defined as the ratio BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
of the charge Q on the conductor to the potential V City of Balanga, Bataan

produced.
ACTIVITY SHEETS in GENERAL PHYSICS 2
CAPACITANCE ON SPHERICAL CONDUCTOR Electric Potential in Capacitors

Series Connection

5|P age
Suppose two initially uncharged capacitors C1 and C2 are and the final potential difference by V. The average
connected in series, as shown in Figure 3. A potential potential difference through which the charge is moved
difference | ∆V | is then applied across both capacitors. is given by
The left plate of capacitor 1 is connected to the positive 𝑽𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 + 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑽+𝟎 𝟏
terminal of the battery and becomes positively charged
𝑽𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝑽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
with a charge +Q, while the right plate of capacitor 2 is
Since the total charge transferred is Q, the total
connected to the negative terminal and becomes
work done against electric forces is equal to the product
negatively charged with charge –Q as electrons flow in.
of Q and the average potential difference Vav, Thus
What about the inner plates? They were initially
𝟏 𝟏
uncharged; now the outside plates each attract an equal 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑸 ( 𝑽) = 𝑸𝑽
and opposite charge. So the right plate of capacitor 1 will 𝟐 𝟐
This work is equivalent to the electrostatic potential
acquire a charge –Q and the left plate of capacitor +Q
energy of a charged capacitor. From the definition of
capacitance (Q =CV), this potential energy can be written
in alternative forms:
𝟏 𝟏 𝑸𝟐
𝑼= 𝑸𝑽 = 𝑪𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝑪
Where C = capacitance in farads
Figure 3: Capacitors in Series and equivalent capacitor V = potential difference in Volts
Q = charge in Coulombs
Parallel Connection: PE = potential energy in Joules
Suppose we have two capacitors C1 with charge Q1 and
C2 with charge Q2 that are connected in parallel, as DIELECTRIC CONSTANT: PERMITTIVITY
shown in Figure 4. The amount of charge that can be put on a
conductor is determined to a large degree by the
dielectric strength of the surrounding medium. Similarly,
the dielectric strength of the material between the plates
of a capacitor limits its ability to store charge. Most
capacitors have a nonconducting material, called
dielectric, between the plates to provide a dielectric
strength greater than that of air. The following
Figure 4: Capacitors in Parallel and equivalent advantages are realized:
capacitor
1. A dielectric material provides for a small plate
Summary Table for Capacitors in Series and Parallel separation without contact
Connection 2. A dielectric increases the capapcitance of a
TYPE OF SERIES PARALLEL capacitor
CIRCUIT 3. Higher voltages fcan be used without danger of
Charge Q Q = Q1 = Q2 Q = Q1 + Q2 dielec tric breakdown
= Q3 + Q3
Voltage V V = V1 + V2 + V = V1 = V2 =
V3 V3
Equivalence 𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 Ce = C1 + C2
Capacitance 𝑪𝒆 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑 + C3
Capacitance 𝑪𝒆
for two 𝑪𝟏𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝒆
=
plates 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐

ENERGY OF CHARGED CAPACITOR 4. A dielectric often provides greater mechanical

Consider a capacitor that is initially uncharged. strength
When a source of potential difference is connected to
the capacitor, the potential difference between the
plates increases as charge is transferred. As more and
more charge build up on the capacitor, it becomes
increasingly difficult to transfer additional charge.
Suppose it represents the total charge transferred by Q

6|P age
 Common dielectric materials are mica, paraffined Activity 2: Diretion: Solving Problems
paper, ceramics, and plastics. Alternating sheets of 1. What is the potential energy stored in the electric field
metal foil and paraffin-coated paper can be rolled up to of a 200-µF capacitor when it is charged to a voltage of
provide a compact capacitor with a capacitance of 2400 V?
several microfarads. 2. What is the energy stored on a 25-µF capacitor when
the charge on each plate is 2400 µC? What is the voltage
across the capacitor?
3. How much work is required to charge a capacitor to a

potential difference of 30kv if 800 µC is on each place?

Electrons in the dielectric are not free to leave
their parent atoms, but they do shift toward the positive Activity 3: Direction: Write A if the statement is correct
plate. The material is said to become polarized, and the and B if is incorrect
atoms form dipoles. All the positive and the negative
1. The dielectric constant is the ability of a material to
charges inside the plates neutralize each other, however,
establish an electric field.
a layer of negative charge on one surface and a layer of
2. A dielectric is always an insulator. But an insulator is
positive charge on the other are not neutralized. An
not necessarily a dielectric
electric field is set up in the dielectric opposing the field
3. Ceramics is a good dielectric material.
which would exist without the dielectric. The resulting
4. A dielectric can be made a conductor by compression.
electric field intensity is
5. Superconductors are characterized by diamagnetism
𝑬 = 𝑬𝑶 − 𝑬𝑫 behavior and zero resistivity
6. Critical Field is the magnetic field which destroys
Therefore, insertion of a dielectric results in a reduction superconductivity.
of the field intensity between the capacitor plate. 7. The magnetic susceptibility in a superconductor will be
The dielectric constant K for a particular material is positive.
defined as the ration of the capacitance C of a capacitor 8. The dielectric constant is the ability of a material to
with the material between its plates to the capacitance establish an electric field
Co for a vacuum. 9. Five time constants are required for a capacitor to
charge fully or discharge fully.
𝑪 10. Voltage leads current by 90° in a capacitor.
𝑲=
𝑪𝑶
Activities:

Activity 1: Direction: Answer the following questions Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
1. Find the equivalent capacitance of a 6-µF capacitor SCHOOL DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
and a 12 µF capacitor connected in (a) series, (b) parallel. BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
2. Find the effective capacitance of a 5 µF capacitor and
a 12 µF capacitor connected in (a) series ang (b) parallel.
ACTIVITY SHEETS in GENERAL PHYSICS 2
3. A 20 and a 60-µF capacitor are connected in parallel. Current on Different Materials
Then the pair are connected in series with a 40-µF
capacitor. What is the equivalent capacitance? Introduction:
4. Find the equivalent capacitance of the ff. illustrations. CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
Reformulate the formula given in the table to be able to
come up with the answer.
5. Solve for the equivalent capacitance of the ff.
connection.

7|P age
 continuous path for current to flow. Each individual path
(through R1, R2, and R3) is called a branch.
Component Function
Switch A switch is a component that can break the Series-Parallel Circuit
circuit allowing other components to be In this circuit, we have two loops for the current to flow
turned on and off. A light switch is an through: one from 1-2-5-6-1, and another from 1-2-3-4-
example of a switch. 5-6-1. Notice how both current paths pass through R1
Lamp A lamp is a component with a filament that (from point 1 to point 2). In
glows when a current is passed through it. this configuration, we’d say
Lamps can be used to see things in the
that R2 and R3 are in parallel
dark.
with each other, while R1 is in
Fuse A fuse is a device, which is used to protect
series with the parallel
circuits from over current, overload and
make sure the protection of the circuit. combination of R2 and R3.
Capacitor A capacitor is a device that stores electrical
energy in an electric field. It is a passive In 1752, prior to electricity being identified with
electronic component with two terminals.
the electron, Ben Franklin chose a convention regarding
Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure the size of
the direction of current flow. Franklin assumed that
a current in a circuit.
positive charge carriers flowed from positive to negative
Voltmeter A voltmeter is used to measure the
potential difference or amount of push terminals. We now know this is incorrect. In metals, the
between two parts in a circuit. charge carrier is the electron whose charge is negative by
Cell A cell is a device used to power electrical definition (note negative sign): (−1.6 × 10−19 C)
circuits. It has two terminals; positive and The flow of electrons is termed electron current.
negative.
Battery A battery provides the push to move the
charge around the circuit.
Resistor A resistor is a component that reduces the
current in a circuit.
Variable A variable resistor is a resistor which can
Resistor have its resistance changed.

Circuit Diagram
A circuit diagram is a simplified representation of the
components of an electrical circuit using either the
images of the distinct parts or standard symbols. It shows
Electrons flow from the negative terminal to the positive.
the relative positions of all the elements and their
Conventional current or simply current, behaves as if
connections to one another.
positive charge carriers cause current flow. Conventional
Series Circuit current flows from the positive terminal to the negative.
there is only one path for current to flow. In this circuit, Perhaps the clearest way to think about this is to pretend
there are 3 resistors and the as if movement of positive charge carriers constituted
current flows in a clockwise current flow.
direction, from point 1 to point 2
to point 3 to point 4 and back
It is important to realize that the difference
around to 1.
between conventional current flow and electron flow in
Parallel Circuit no way effects any real-world behavior or computational
all components are connected between the same set of results. In general, analyzing an
electrical circuit yields result that are independent of the
assumed direction of current flow. Conventional current
flow is the standard that most all of the world follows.

electrically common points.

In this circuit, there are 3
resistors, but this time they form more than one

8|P age
 Electric current I is the rate of by the changing activity of the atoms that make up the
the flow of charge Q through a material.
cross-section A in a unit of time
In a material where the resistance INCREASES
t.
with an increase in temperature, the material is said to
Where: I = current in ampere
have a POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT.
Q = charge in coulomb
t = time in second When resistance FALLS with an increase in
𝑄 temperature, the material is said to have a NEGATIVE
𝐼 = 𝑡 TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT.
One ampere A is charge flowing at the rate of one
coulomb per second In general, conductors have a POSITIVE
temperature coefficient, whilst (at high temperatures)
Example 1. The electric current in a wire is 6 A. How insulators have a NEGATIVE temperature coefficient.
many electrons flow past a given point in a time of 3 s? ELECTRICAL CONDUCTING MATERIALS
Given: I = 6 A 1. COPPER: Pure annealed copper is used for the winding
T=3s of electrical machines. High purity copper is obtained by
No of Electrons = ? electrolytic refining. Traces (0.1%) of iron, silicon or
Solution: 𝑞 = 𝐼𝑡 = 6 𝐴 ( 3 𝑠 ) = 18 𝐶 phosphorous seriously reduce the conductivity of
Recall that 1 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝐶, then copper. The conductivity of copper is also decreased
converting the answer when it is hard drawn into wires for use in machines.
1 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 Annealing is therefore necessary before the material can
18 𝐶 = =
1.6 𝑥 10−19 be used in machines Hard drawn copper because of its
1.125 𝑥 1020 electrons increased mechanical strength compared with annealed
Thus in 3 s = there are 1.125 electrons copper is used for conductors in low voltage overhead
The resistance in most metallic conductors tend distribution lines. Long span lines of thin cross section
to increase due to the increase in temperature. It is require conductors of higher mechanical strength. This is
said that the increase in atomic and molecular achieved by adding a small percentage of cadmium to
movement in the conductor hinders the flow of copper. Cadmium increases the mechanical strength of
charges. This increase in the resistance for most metals copper without affecting its conductivity adversely. The
is approximately linear when compared with the usual addition of cadmium are between 0.8% and 1%.
temperature change. Copper conductors having a steel core are also employed
for long span transmission lines, where a combination of
How Temperature Changes Resistance high conductivity, small sag and minimum cross section
Although the resistance of a conductor changes are desired. In such conductors, an insulating tape over
with the size of the conductor (e.g. thicker wires have the wire has to be provided in order to prevent the
less resistance to current flow than thinner wires), the corrosive action of steel on copper. Copper is employed
resistance of a conductor also changes with changing in machine windings because it is easily workable
temperature. This may be expected to happen because, without any likelihood of fracture. Further, it can be
as temperature changes, the dimensions of the soldered easily thus simplifying the jointing operation.
conductor will change as it expands or contracts.
2. ALUMINUM: Aluminum conductors are particularly
However, materials that are classed as suitable for operations in very high ambient
CONDUCTORS tend to INCREASE their resistance with temperatures. Use of aluminum as an electrical material
an increase in temperature. INSULATORS however are particularly in the aircraft industry has considerable
liable to DECREASE their resistance with an increase in advantages because of the saving in weight involved.
temperature. Materials used for practical insulators Again electrochemical plants are enormous user of
(glass, plastic etc.) only exhibit a marked drop in their aluminum bush bars. This is because electrolytic cells
resistance at very high temperatures. They remain good operate with heavy current wit low voltages and to carry
insulators over all temperatures they are likely to these currents massive bars are required. Aluminum
encounter in use. because of its lightness is being used more and more for
such bush bars. The current carrying capacity of
These changes in resistance cannot therefore
aluminum being 75% that of copper and its density being
be explained by a change in dimensions due to thermal
approximately one-third that of copper an aluminum
expansion or contraction. In fact for a given size of
bush bar is only half the weight of copper bush bar of
conductor the change in resistance is due mainly to a
equal current carrying capacity. Since aluminum costs a
change in the resistivity of the material, and is caused
little less than copper, an aluminum bush bar will cost
9|P age
only about half as much as its copper counterpart. The (about 13% manganese) has the further property of
steel reinforced aluminum conductor (A.C.S.R.) is being practically non-magnetic. Steel alloyed with
extensively being used for long span transmission lines. chromium and aluminum is used for making starter
In the commercial form aluminum is obtainable with a rheostats where lightness combined with robustness and
purity of about 99% but it is generally alloyed with small good heat dissipation are important considerations. Cast
quantities of copper, zinc, nickel or magnesium to iron is used in the manufacturing of “resistance grids” to
improve its hardness and strength. be used in the starting of the large dc motors.

3. TUNGSTEN: Tungsten has the highest melting point 6. NICKEL: The material is used extensively for making
among metals. It is therefore suitable for applications the electrodes of thermionic valves, and sparking plugs.
requiring high operating conditions, such as lamp and It is also, used to form the positive plate of the Nife
valves filaments. The resistivity of tungsten is 5 Ω-cm accumulator which has distinct advantages over the
which is twice as poor as that of aluminum. However the ordinary lead acid accumulator. LEAD: Lead has two
great hardness and the high boiling point and melting important electrical applications. It is used to form(a)
points of tungsten coupled with its resistance to cable sheaths and (b) the plates of lead acid accumulator.
abrasion. Establish this metal as an outstanding material Lead sheaths are required to protect the insulation of the
for electrical contacts in certain applications. It is cable from effects of moisture.
extremely resistant to the destructive forces of arcing.
7. TIN: The important electrical use of tin is in the
Typical operating conditions for tungsten contacts are: manufacture of low current fuses.

Voltage a.c. or d.c.up to 230V 8. ALLOYS: Alloy materials are used for making resistors
Current up to 15A for laboratory instruments and for laboratory standards
where a high constancy of resistance is desirable. They
Typical applications of tungsten contacts are in battery
are also used for making heater and thermo-couple
ignition systems, vibrators are electric razors.
elements. The important alloys are:
4. CARBON AND GRAPHITE: The severity of sparking and a. Constantan or Eureka[(55-60%) Cu, (45-40%) Ni]
the rate of commuter wear in electrical machines is b. German silver (an alloy of Cu,Zn and Ni)
greatly reduced by using brushes mad of carbon. Carbon c. Manganin (86% Cu, 2% Ni , 12% Mn)
is also used in automatic voltage regulators for making d. Nichrome (60% Ni, 15% Cr, 24% Fe)
the pressure sensitive pile resistors. Among other uses of
Length and Resistance
carbon are for making arc wielding electrodes, fixed and
variable resistors for light currents and contacts of Just like the capacitance that is independent of
certain classes of d.c. switchgear which are subjected to the voltage and the quantity of charge, the resistance of
arcing. The action of carbon in a microphone is that of a conductor is independent of current and voltage. Both
providing a material, the resistance of which decreases are inherent properties of a conductor.
when it is compressed. The resistance temperature
The resistance of a wire of uniform cross-
coefficient of carbon is negative.
sectional area, which are determined by the following
5. IRON AND STEEL: Steel is employed as conductor rail four (4) factors:
in traction on account of its cheapness and rigidity. The kind of material
Galvanized steel and iron wires which are generally used Length of the material
for earth conductor in low voltage distribution system Cross-sectional area
may also be used for the phase conductors in rural areas The temperature

Resistivity of a Material

The resistivity ρ is a property of a material that

determines its electrical resistance R. Recalling that R is
directly proportional to length L and inversely
proportional to area A, we may write:

The unit of
resistivity is the
ohm-meter (Ω·m)
where cheapness is the main consideration. Such lines
will however have large voltage drops because of the Sample Problem:
high resistance and inductance. Addition of manganese
has a hardening effect on steel and manganese steel

10 | P a g e
1. What length L of copper wire is required to produce a One device, which, because of its chemical
4 mΩ resistor? Assume the diameter of the wire is 1 mm energy, is able to maintain an electric field within a
and that the resistivity r of copper is 1.72 x 10 -8 Ω.m . conductor, is a "cell". When a conductor is connected to
the terminal of a cell, a steady current results. The cell is
Solution:
said to be a source of "electromotive force", or to posses
Given: D = 1 mm ( 0.001 m)
an emf. In the situation in which charges drift in straight
Ρ = 1.72 x 10-8 Ω.m .
lines through a conductor it is true that they drift along
R = 4 mΩ
the lines of electric field; but, since the equipotential
Step 1: Solve for the cross sectional area of the wire. surfaces are everywhere perpendicular to the field lines,
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(0.001𝑚)2 it is equally true that the charges move between points
𝐴= = at different potential. In fact, instead of the statement
4 4
= 7.85 𝑥 10−7 𝑚2 that the presence of an electric field within a conductor
Step 2: Applying the formula for Resistivity causes a current, it could just as well be said that when a
potential difference exists between points in a conductor
𝑅𝐴 0.004 𝛺 (7.85 𝑥 10−7 𝑚2 ) a current is set up between those points.
𝐿= = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝒎
𝜌 1.72 𝑥 10−8 𝛺𝑚
When in the laboratory it is much more
2. A 20-m length of copper wire has a diameter of 0.8 convenient to relate a current to a potential difference
mm. the ends of the wire are placed across the terminals than to an electric field. Ammeters and voltmeters,
of a 1.5-V battery. What current passes through the instruments designed to read current and potential
wire? difference, are readily available.
Given: D = 8 mm ( 0.008 m) a. Ohmic Conduction In experimenting with wire-like
V = 1.5 V metallic conductors, in 1826, George Simon Ohm
L = 20 m found that, for a given conductor, the current, I, in
I =? the conductor and the potential difference, V,
Step 1: Solve for the cross sectional area of the wire between its ends are directly proportional, that is:
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(0.008𝑚)2
𝐴= = = 5.03 𝑥 10−7 𝑚2
4 4
Step 2: Solve for the resistance using the formula
𝜌𝐿 (1.72 𝑥 10−8 𝛺𝑚)(20 𝑚)
𝑅= = = 0.684 𝛺 where the proportionality constant, R, determined by
𝐴 5.03 𝑥 10−7 𝑚2
Step 3: Finally from the Ohm’s Law physical and electrical properties of the conductor, is the
𝑉 1.5 𝑉
𝐼= = = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗 𝑨 "resistance", measured in "ohms". (The unit of
𝑅 0.684 𝛺 resistance, the ohm, is such that when one ampere of
Ohmic and Non-Ohmic current exists between a potential difference of one volt,
the conductor has a resistance of one ohm.)
In the study of electrostatics it is found that
The linear relationship embodied in equation (1),
above, is known as "Ohm's law", and any device, which
exhibits this type of electrical behavior, is said to be
ohmic. When the potential difference across an ohmic
device is reversed in polarity, the current reverses
direction, but the proportionality constant, R, in Ohm's
when an excess charge is placed on a metallic conductor law remains constant.
it arranges itself on the surface of the conductor in such
a way that there is no electric field inside the conductor. b. Non-Ohmic Conduction A conductor is a
During the short-lived process of arrangement, however, material, which at room temperature contains a
a field does exist within the conductor, and it is this field large number of free charges (electrons) per unit
which causes the motion of the charges. Similarly, if a volume, while an insulator is a material, which
metallic conductor, without any excess charge, is placed under the same conditions contains
in an electric field, the many free electrons within the comparatively few free charges. The relative
metal rearrange themselves in such a way that there is abundance or scarcity of free charges affects
no electric field within the conductor. strongly the electrical properties of a material.
Between the two extremes, conductors and
insulators, lies a group of materials called "semi-

11 | P a g e
 Basis for Electromotive Potential current and potential difference for a typical
Comparison Force Difference non-ohmic diode is shown in Fig. 1 (b), above.
Definition It is the amount of The amount of Source and Potential Difference
energy supply to energy used by
one coulomb of one coulomb of The potential difference and electromotive force
charge. charge in moving (emf) both is the form of energy. One of the major
from one point to
another. difference between the emf and potential difference is
that the emf is caused by converting the other form of
Unit Volt Volt energy into electrical energy whereas in potential
difference the electrical energy is converted into other
Symbol ε V
forms of energy. The table below shows the diffent basis
Source Dynamo or Battery in identifying the difference between emf and potential
Battery difference.

Resistance Independent from Proportional to

the resistance of the resistance of
the circuit the circuit. ELECTRIC POWER AND HEAT LOSS

Current It transmits It transmits

Electric charge gains energy within a generating
current throughout current between source of emf and loses energy in passing through
the circuit. any two points. external resistance. Work is done by the source in raising
the potential energy of charge inside the source of emf.
Magnitude Greater than the Always less than
As the charge passes through the external circuit, work is
potential the maximum
difference value of emf when done by the charge on the components of the circuit. In
between any two the the case of a pure resistor, the energy is dissipated in the
points battery is fully form of heat. The energy loss is divided between heat
charged.
and useful work if a motor is being attached to a circuit.
Variation It remains Does not remain In any case, the energy gained in the source of emf must
constant constant. equal the energy lost in the entire circuit.

Relation Cause Effect By definition, 1 joule of work accomplished for

each coulomb of charge moved through a potential
No current Not Zero Zero difference of 1 volt. Thus,

Voltage It is the maximum It is less than the 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 (𝑾) = 𝑽𝒒

voltage that the maximum voltage Where: q = charge in Coulomb
battery can that cell can
t = time in second
transfer deliver.
I = electric current in Ampere
Field Causes in Induces only in
magnetic, electric field Therefore:
gravitational and
electric field. 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 (𝑾) = 𝑽𝑰𝒕
This work represents the energy gained by a
Energy Gain energy Loss energy
charge in passing through the source of emf during the
Measuring EMF Meter Voltmeter time t. An equivalent amount of energy will be
Instrument dissipated in the form of heat as the charge moves
c. conductors", whose electrical properties may be through an external resistance.
altered by causing the material to undergo The rate at which heat is dissipated in an electric
rather slight physical or chemical changes. At a circuit is referred to as the power loss. When charge
certain type of junction, for example, between flowing continuously through a circuit, this power loss is
two types of semi-conductors it is found that given by
charge flows more freely through the junction in
one direction than in the other. Moreover, the 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑽𝑰𝒕
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝑷) = = = 𝑽𝑰
current through the junction and potential 𝒕 𝒕
difference across it are not linearly related. Thus, When V is in volts and I is in amperes, the power
the junction device called a diode will not, in loss is measured in watts. That the product of voltage
general, obey Ohm's law, and is said, therefore, and current will give a unit of power
to be non-ohmic The relationship between

12 | P a g e
 𝑱𝑪 𝑱 connected to a 100-V battery. How much energy is
(𝑽)(𝑨) = = =𝑾
𝑪𝒔 𝒔 stored in the capacitor?
The equation can be expressed in alternative forms by 3. Find the capacitance C and the charge Q if connected
using Ohm’s Law (V = IR) then substituting for V , we can to 200-V battery. Assume the dielectric constant is K =
write 5.0.

𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 4. A capacitor has a capacitance of 6mF with air as the

dielectric. A battery charges the capacitor to 400 V and is
Another variation is when this formula for I, this will give
then disconnected. What is the new voltage if a sheet of
the following
mica (K = 5) is inserted? What is new capacitance C ?
𝑽𝟐
𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 = 5. Find the equivalent capacitance of a circuit in which a
𝑹 6-µF capacitor is connected in series with two parallel
This relationship expressed by the above equation is
capacitors whose capacitances are 5 and 4 µF.
used in electrical work tht heat loss in electrical wiring
referred to as “I-squared-R” loss. Activity 2: Direction: Write T if the statement is correct
and if it incorrect write the correct word/s that would
Sample Problem:
make the statement true. Answers only.
1. A small office fan has a label on its base tht reads 120
1. The electronic current flows opposite to the
V, 65 W. What is the operating current of this fan, and
conventional current.
what is its electric resistance” if the fan is left running
2. Conventional current consists of the flow of protons.
overnight for 10 hours, jow much energy is lost?
3. Conventional current is the flow of electrons.
Solution: 4. There is only one path for current to flow in a parallel
Given: V = 120 V circuit.
P = 65 W 5. Conventional current is just a way to indicate current
I=? direction.
𝑃 65 𝑊
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑜𝑟 𝐼 = 𝑉 = 120 𝑉 = Activity 3: Direction: Solve the following problems.
𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝑨 Show your solutions in your answer sheet.
The resistance can be found from Ohm’s law, but we will 1. How many electrons pass a point in 5 s if a constant
use current of 8 A is maintained in a conductor?
𝑉 2 (120 𝑣)2 2. How many electrons pass a point every second in a
𝑃= = = 221.54 𝛺 wire carrying a current of 20 A? How much time is
𝑝 65 𝑊
needed to transport 40C of charge past this point?
Since 1 hour is 3600 seconds, we convert the time from 3. If 600 C of charge passes a given point in 3 s, what is
10 hours to 3.6 x 104 s. Recognizing that power is equal the electric current in amperes?
to the work (energy) per unit time, we can solve for the 4. Find the current in amperes when 690 C of charge
energy loss as follows: passes a given point in 3 s?
5. If a current of 24 A exists for 50 s. how many coulombs
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑃𝑡 = (65 𝑊 )( 3.6 𝑥 104 𝑠) of charges haved passed through the wire.
= 2.340 𝑥 106
Activity 3: Direction: Multiple Choice: Write the letter
This energy loss could be expressed as (0.065 kW )(10 of the correct answer on your answer sheet. Answers
hour) = 0.65 kW.h . At typical rates, that might cost only.
about a nickel
1. After an incandescent lamp is turned on, the
Activities: temperature of its filament rapidly increases from room
Activity 1: Direction: Solve the following problems temperature to its operating temperature. As the
temperature of the filament increases, what happens to
1. A capacitor of plate area A m2 and a plate separation the resistance of the filament and the current through
of 4 mm has a potential difference of 300 V when air is the filament?
the dielectric. What is the capacitance for dielectrics of a. The resistance increases and the current decreases.
air (K= 1) and mica (K = 5)? b. The resistance increases and the current increases.
2. A parallel plate capacitor has a plate area of cm2 and c. The resistance decreases and the current decreases.
a separation of 2 mm. A dielectric of constant K = 4.3 is d. The resistance decreases and the current increases.
placed between the plates, and the capacitor is 2. Which change decreases the resistance of a piece of
copper wire?
13 | P a g e
a. increasing the wire’s length c. decreasing 6. Materials that allow electricity to pass through them
the wire’s temperature are called insulators.
b. increasing the wire’s resistivity d. 7. Since metals are good conductors of electricity,
decreasing the wire’s diameter electric wires are made of metals.
3. A complete circuit is left on for several minutes, 8. We receive electric shocks because our bodies are also
causing the connecting copper wire to become hot. As good conductors of electricity.
the temperature of the wire increases, the electrical 9. Materials that do not allow electricity to pass through
resistance of the wire them are called conductors.
a. Increases b. decreases c. remains the 10. Gold is a good conductor of an electricity.
same d. all of the above
Activity 5: Direction: Solving Problems: Show your
4. A circuit consists of a resistor and a battery. Increasing
solution.
the voltage of the battery while keeping the temperature
of the circuit constant would result in an increase in 1. What length of copper (ρ = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝜴𝒎) wire
a. current, only c. both 1.2 mm in diameter is needed to make a 20-Ω resistor at
current and resistance 20 oC? What length of nichrome wire is needed? (ρ =
b. resistance, only d. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝜴𝒎)
neither current nor resistance
2. A 3.0 length of copper wire (ρ = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝜴𝒎)
5. The resistance of a metallic conductor increases with
at 20 oC has a cross section area of 4mm2. What is the
temperature due to:
electric resistance of this wire?
a. Change in carrier density
3. Find the resistance of 40 m of tungsten wire having a
b. increase in the number of particle collision
diameter of 0.8 mm at 20 oC (ρ = 𝟓. 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝜴𝒎)
c. Change in the dimension of conduction
d. Increase in the number of collision between the 4. A nichrome wire has a length of 40 m at 20 oC. What
carriers and the vibrating atoms of the conductor is the diameter if the total resistance is 5 Ω?
6. When the temperature of a metallic conductor is 5. What is the resistance of 200 ft of iron (ρ =
increased its resistance : 𝟗. 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝜴𝒎) wire with a diameter of 0.002 in at 20
oC?
a. Decreases c. may increase
or decrease
Activity 6: Direction: True or False Test: Write A if the
b. increases c. remains the
statement is correct and B if is incorrect.
same
1. A changing magnetic field can induce an emf (an emf
7. Ohm's law is the relationship between voltage, power,
is like a battery voltage which can power a circuit).
and resistance in an electrical circuit
2. An emf (and therefore a current as well) can be
a. True b. false
induced in various process that involves a change in a
8. The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional
magnetic flux.
to its length
3. When a magnetic bar is moving toward a loop of
a. True b. false
wire, current will be induced in the wire.
9. The conductor with the lowest resistivity is silver
4. When a magnetic bar is inside a loop of wire without
a. True b. false
motion, current will be induced in the wire.
10. Some alloys have been developed specifically to have
5. When a magnetic bar is leaving a loop of wire, no
a small temperature dependence.
current will be induced in the wire.
a. True b. false
6. "The terminal voltage is usually greater than the
Activity 4: Direction: True or False Test: Write A if the emf."
statement is correct and B if is incorrect. 7. Electrons are the mobile charge carriers in an electric
circuit.
1. Most conducting materials have different resistances 8. In an electric circuit of an automobile, the 12-Volt car
at different temperatures. battery is sometimes referred to as the internal circuit
2. The materials, which do not allow electric current to because it is located inside of the hood of the car.
pass through them easily, are poor conductors of 9. Charge is supplied with energy in the internal circuit
electricity. and the energy is transformed into other forms in the
3. In order for current electricity to flow, electrons need external circuit.
a good conductor to allow them to move 10. A battery is used to power a flashlight circuit. When
4. in a typical household wire, the metal interior (ie. the battery no longer works, it is because it has run out
copper) is a good conductor and the coating (ie. plastic) of charge.
is an insulator.
5. The stored energy in a battery is called "Kinetic Activity 7: Direction: Problem solving: Show your
Energy". solution
14 | P a g e
1. A soldering iron draws 0.80 A at 120 V. How much Introduction:
energy will it used in 20 minutes? Formula
2. An electric iron has an 100 Ω filament connected to a
220 V a.c line. What is the current through the Resistance in series: Req = R1 + R2 + .... Rn
filament. What is the power loss in watts?
Resistance in parallel: 𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
1
3. A 120-V dc generator delivers 3.0 kW to an electric 1+1+1+1
furnace. What current is supplied? What is the 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑛
resistance? Voltage (Volts-V): V= IR, √𝑃𝑅 , P/I
𝑉2
4. Assume the cost of energy in a home is 10 cents per Power (Watts-W): P= I2R, , VI
𝑅
kilowatt-hour. A family goes on a 16-day vacation
𝑃
leaving a single 75 W light bulb burning. What is the Current (Amps-A): I=V/R , P/V , √
𝑉
cost? 𝑉2 𝑉 𝑃
5. A resistor develops heat at the rate of 250 W when Resistance (Ohms- Ω): R= , ,
𝑃 𝐼 𝐼
the potential difference across its ends is 120 V. What Kirchhoff’s Rule
is its resistance?

Activity 8: Direction: Solving Problem: Show your

solution

1. A water turbine delivers 2000kW to an electric

generator that is 80 percent efficient and has an output
terminal voltage of 1200 V. what current is delivered,
and what is the electric resistance?
2. A 110 V radiant heater draws a current of 6.0 A. How
much heat energy in Joules is delivered in 1 hour?
3. The resistivity of a certain wire is 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝜴𝒎 A junction in a circuit is a point where three or more
at 20 oC. A 6-V battery is connected to a 20-m coil of conductors meet. Points a and b are junctions, but points
c and d are not.
this wire, which has a diameter of 0.8 mm. What is the
A loop is any closed conducting path.
current in the wire?
4. A certain wire has a resistivity of 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝜴𝒎 at Kirchhoff’s junction rule: The algebraic sum of the
20oC. If its length is 200 m and its cross section is 4 currents into any junction
mm2, what will be its electric resistance at 100 oC? is zero. That is ∑I = 0.
Assume that α = 0.005/ oC for this material.
5. If the resistance of a conductor is 100Ω at 20 oC and Kirchhoff’s loop rule: The algebraic sum of the potential
116Ω at 60 oC, what is its temperature coefficient of differences in any loop, including those associated with
resistivity? emfs and those of resistive elements, must equal zero.
That is ∑V=0.
Activity 9: Direction: The following question is
referring to the concept of Currents, Voltages and Use these sign conventions when you apply Kirchhoff’s
circuit diagrams with power sources. Draw a circuit loop rule. In each part of the figure “Travel” is the
diagram from the following: direction that we imagine going around the loop, which
is not necessarily the direction of the current.
1. 2 cells in parallel, 2 light bulb series, 1 switch (OFF)
that will control all the bulbs Everybody uses magnetic forces. They are at the
heart of electric motors, microwave ovens,
2. 2 cells in series, 3 light bulbs in parallel, 3 switches loudspeakers, computer printers, and disk drives. The
(OFF) per bulb most familiar examples of magnetism are permanent
magnets, which attract unmagnetized iron objects and
3. 1 cell (24V), 1 resistor in series (5Ω) and 2 resistors in
can also attract or repel other magnets. A compass
parallel (4Ω and 12Ω).
needle aligning itself with the earth’s magnetism is an
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOL DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan

ACTIVITY SHEETS in GENERAL PHYSICS 2 example of this interaction.

Kirchhoff’s Principle

15 | P a g e
 But the fundamental nature of magnetism is the The force is always perpendicular to both the
interaction of moving electric charges. Unlike electric conductor and the field, with the direction determined
forces, which act on electric charges whether they are by the same right-hand rule we used for a moving
moving or not, magnetic forces act only on moving positive charge (Figure
charges. at the side). Hence this
Electric force arises in two stages: force can be expressed
as a vector product,
(1) a charge produces an electric field in the space
just like the force on a
around it, and
single moving charge.
(2) a second charge responds to this field. We represent the
Magnetic forces also arise in two stages. segment of wire with a
(1) a moving charge or a collection of moving charges vector along the wire
in the direction of the
(that is, an electric current) produces a magnetic field.
current; then the force
(2) a second current or moving charge responds to this
F on this segment is
magnetic field, and so experiences a magnetic force.

The magnetic flux

through an area Activities:
element dA is defined
to be Activity 1: Direction: The following question is
referring to the concept of equivalent resistance,
current and voltage in a given network of resistors
connection in series and/or parallel. Solve for the
unknown quantities

1. Reduce a combination of resistors to a single

Motion of a charged particle under the action of a
equivalent resistor and calculate the current flowing.
magnetic field alone is always motion with constant
speed.
𝑣2
𝐹 = |𝑞|𝑣𝐵 = 𝑚
𝑅
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟
B = magnetic field magnitude (Tesla, T)
μo = permeability of free space (4𝜋 x 10−7 𝑇. 𝑚/𝐴
I = magnitude of the electric current (Amperes, A)
r = distance (m)
2. Consider the circuit shown below. (a) Calculate the
|q|= magnitude of charge
equivalent resistance of the circuit (b) Calculate the
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field 0.10 current flowing through each resistor (c) Calculate the
m away from a wire carrying a 3.00 A current? If the voltage across the resistor (d) Determine the power
current has a vector direction out of the page (or screen), absorbed by each resistor (e) Calculate the power
what is the direction of the magnetic field? delivered by the battery.

Activity 2: Direction: The following question is referring

to the concept of current and voltage through and
across circuit elements using Kirchhoff’s loop and
junction rules. Solve for the unknown quantities

16 | P a g e
1. Calculate the current flowing through each resistor
(I1, I2 and I3). Provide solutions and redraw the circuit
with complete label.

Activity 6: Direction: The following question is

referring to the concept of motion of charged particle
in a magnetic field in terms of its speed, acceleration,
cyclotron radius, cyclotron frequency, and kinetic
Activity 3: Direction: The following question is energy. Solve for the unknown quantities
referring to the concept of currents and potential 1. An electron at point A in the figure below has a speed
difference in circuits consisting of batteries, resistors of 1.41x106 m/s. Find (a) the magnitude and direction of
and capacitors. Solve for the unknown quantities. the magnetic field that will cause the electron to follow
1. (a) calculate the current that flows in the circuit, (b) the semi-circular path from A to B, and (b) the time
calculate the potential difference between point a and b required for the electron to move from A to B.
in the figure and (c) identify which point is at the higher
potential.

Activity 4: Direction: The following question is referring

to the concept of electric and magnetic interactions,
and total magnetic flux through an open surface. Solve
for the unknown quantities.

1. Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic

interactions from your own understanding.
(a) Electric Interaction
(b) Magnetic Interaction
2. A magnetic field of 30T is directed perpendicular to
face a circular coil with a radius of 30cm. Calculate the
magnetic flux in this coil.

R=30cm

3. A magnetic field of 30T is directed parallel to the face

of the square coil (50cmx50cm). Calculate the magnetic
flux.

17 | P a g e