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Notes - Quantitative Methods

This document discusses three methods for solving systems of equations: 1. Inverse method - The lecturer previously discussed this method and provided an exercise for students to practice. 2. Gauss-Jordan method - This method reduces the coefficient matrix to an identity matrix through elementary row operations. An example using a 2x2 system is shown. Students are given an exercise to practice this method. 3. Cramer's rule - This method uses determinants to find the solution. The formula for Cramer's rule is defined. An example of a 2x2 system is worked out. Students are given another exercise using this method.

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Kelvin mwai
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30 views

Notes - Quantitative Methods

This document discusses three methods for solving systems of equations: 1. Inverse method - The lecturer previously discussed this method and provided an exercise for students to practice. 2. Gauss-Jordan method - This method reduces the coefficient matrix to an identity matrix through elementary row operations. An example using a 2x2 system is shown. Students are given an exercise to practice this method. 3. Cramer's rule - This method uses determinants to find the solution. The formula for Cramer's rule is defined. An example of a 2x2 system is worked out. Students are given another exercise using this method.

Uploaded by

Kelvin mwai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF EMBU

Department of Business and Economics


RECAP

Unit Code and Name: BMS 114: QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF BUSINESS

Lecturer’s Name: KHATALI Anne

RECAP

A system of equation can be solved by three methods:

 Inverse method
 Gauss – Jordan Method
 Cramer’s rule

 Inverse method.

We earlier discussed this method during our last class and I expect everyone to
send me the solved exercise for revision if need be:

Exercise: solve the systems of equations using INVERSE METHOD.

2X + Z =3
3X+5Y+7Z=1
3Z=7
 The Gauss – Jordan Method

This method works through several operations to reduce a given matrix of


coefficients of a system of equations into an identity matrix.

Example:

Solve the following system of two equations

2x1 +3x2 =5
X1 + x2 =3
Solution:
a) Form an augmented matrix A consisting of the coefficients of X1 and X2,
and the column of the right hand side of the system. i.e.

2 3 5
A= 1 1 3

b) Reduce the coefficient matrix ( the 1st two columns of A ) into an Identity
matrix of dimension 2x2
c) Multiply the first row by ½ keeping the second row intact i.e.

2 3 5 1 1.5 2.5
½ 1 1 3 = 1 1 3
d) The first element of the first row is 1, since the first row is the pivotal row
to perform the operation need. We need to make the first element of the
second row (0). Keep the first row intact , multiply it by (-1) and add the
result to the second row which yields:
e)
-1 x 1 1.5 2.5 1 1.5 2.5
1 1 3 = 0 -0.5 0.5

e) Now we need to convert the (-1/2) into 1 to create a pivotal row, i.e.

1 1.5 2.5 1 1.5 2.5


-2 x 0 -0.5 0.5 = 0 1 -1

f) We need to convert (1.5) into (0). Keeping the second row intact ,
multiply it by (-1.5) and add the results to the first row

1 1.5 2.5 1 1.5 2.5


(-1.5) x 0 1 -1 = 0 -1.5 1.5 which yields

1 0 4
0 1 -1

g) We have therefore reduced the coefficient matrix into an identity matrix


of dimension 2x2. The last column of the above matrix is the solution for
X1 and X2
Exercise:

 Solve the system of equations using the Gauss- Jordan


Method…………. (Please submit the answer only for clarity)

3X1 +2X2 = 6
X1 + X2 = 4

 CRAMER’S RULE

It’s also called the determinant method which works according to the following
formulae:

Xi = AiJ / |A| where:

Xi Indicates the variable we want to solve for and |Ai| is the determinant
obtained by putting the right hand side of the system in place of the column of
coefficients of variables whose solution is needed and |A| is the determinant of
the system.

Example:

Solve the system of equations 3X1 + 2X2 = 5


X1 + 3X2 = 7
Solution

|A| = | 3 2 | = 7, |A1| = |5 2| =1 |A2| = |3 5| = 16


|1 3| |7 3| | 1 7|

Therefore:
X1 = |A1| /|A| = 1/7 X2 = |A2|/|A| = 16/7

Exercise:
Solve the system of equation using Cramer’s rule:
5X1 + 3X2 = 13
4X2 =11
(Please submit only the answer for clarity)
READ MORE AND SOLVE AS MANY QUESTIONS AS POSSIBLE ON
THE SAME TOPIC.

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