Purwanchal Vidyamandir

SESSION- 2021-22
STUDY MATERIAL
SUBJECT- COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS

CLASS- IX
 Operators & Expressions

Operators are special symbols (characters) that carry out operations on operands (variables
and values). For example, + is an operator that performs addition.
Assignment Operator
Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example,

int age;

age = 5;

The assignment operator assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. Here, 5 is
assigned to the variable age using = operator.
There are other assignment operators too. However, to keep things simple, we will learn other
assignment operators later in this article.

Example 1: Assignment Operator

class AssignmentOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int number1, number2;

// Assigning 5 to number1
number1 = 5;
System.out.println(number1);

// Assigning value of variable number2 to number1

number2 = number1;
System.out.println(number2);
}
}

Output:

5
5
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, etc.

Operator Meaning

+ Addition (also used for string concatenation)

- Subtraction Operator

* Multiplication Operator

/ Division Operator

% Remainder Operator

Example 2: Arithmetic Operator

class ArithmeticOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

double number1 = 12.5, number2 = 3.5, result;

// Using addition operator

result = number1 + number2;
System.out.println("number1 + number2 = " + result);

// Using subtraction operator

result = number1 - number2;
System.out.println("number1 - number2 = " + result);

// Using multiplication operator

result = number1 * number2;
System.out.println("number1 * number2 = " + result);

// Using division operator

result = number1 / number2;
System.out.println("number1 / number2 = " + result);

// Using remainder operator

result = number1 % number2;
System.out.println("number1 % number2 = " + result);
}
}

Output:

number1 + number2 = 16.0

number1 - number2 = 9.0
number1 * number2 = 43.75
number1 / number2 = 3.5714285714285716
number1 % number2 = 2.0

In the above example, all operands used are variables. However, it's not necessary at all.
Operands used in arithmetic operators can be literals as well. For example,

result = number1 + 5.2;

result = 2.3 + 4.5;

number2 = number1 -2.9;

The + operator can also be used to concatenate two or more strings.

Example 3: Arithmetic Operator to Add String

class ArithmeticOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

String start, middle, end, result;

start = "Talk is cheap. ";

middle = "Show me the code. ";
end = "- Linus Torvalds";

result = start + middle + end;

System.out.println(result);
}
}

Output:

Talk is cheap. Show me the code. - Linus Torvalds

Unary Operators
The unary operator performs operations on only one operand.
Operator Meaning

+ Unary plus (not necessary to use since numbers are positive without using it)

- Unary minus: inverts the sign of an expression

++ Increment operator: increments value by 1

-- decrement operator: decrements value by 1

! Logical complement operator: inverts the value of a boolean

Example 4: Unary Operator

class UnaryOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

double number = 5.2, resultNumber;

boolean flag = false;

System.out.println("+number = " + +number);

// number is equal to 5.2 here.

System.out.println("-number = " + -number);

// number is equal to 5.2 here.

// ++number is equivalent to number = number + 1

System.out.println("number = " + ++number);
// number is equal to 6.2 here.

// -- number is equivalent to number = number - 1

System.out.println("number = " + --number);
// number is equal to 5.2 here.

System.out.println("!flag = " + !flag);

// flag is still false.
}
}

Output:

+number = 5.2
-number = -5.2
number = 6.2
number = 5.2
!flag = true
Increment and Decrement Operator

You can also use ++ and -- operator as both prefix and postfix in Java. The ++ operator
increases value by 1 and -- operator decreases the value by 1.

int myInt = 5;

++myInt // myInt becomes 6

myInt++ // myInt becomes 7

--myInt // myInt becomes 6

myInt-- // myInt becomes 5

Simple enough until now. However, there is a crucial difference while using increment and
decrement operators as prefix and postfix. Consider this example,

Example 5: Unary Operator

class UnaryOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

double number = 5.2;

System.out.println(number++);
System.out.println(number);

System.out.println(++number);
System.out.println(number);
}
}

Output:

5.2
6.2
7.2
7.2

Here, notice the line,

System.out.println(number++);
When this statement is executed, the original value is evaluated first. Then the number is
increased. This is the reason you are getting 5.2 as an output.
Now, when the line,

System.out.println(number);

will print the increased value. That is 6.2.

However, the line,

System.out.println(++number);

will increase the number by 1 first and then the statement is executed. Hence the output is 7.2.

Similar is the case for decrement -- operator.

Equality and Relational Operators

The equality and relational operators determine the relationship between the two operands. It
checks if an operand is greater than, less than, equal to, not equal to and so on. Depending on
the relationship, it is evaluated to either true or false.
Operator Description Example

== equal to 5 == 3 is evaluated to false

!= not equal to 5 != 3 is evaluated to true

> greater than 5 > 3 is evaluated to true

< less than 5 < 3 is evaluated to false

>= greater than or equal to 5 >= 5 is evaluated to true

<= less than or equal to 5 <= 5 is evaluated to true

Equality and relational operators are used in decision making and loops (which will be
discussed later). For now, check this simple example.
Example 6: Equality and Relational Operators

class RelationalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int number1 = 5, number2 = 6;

if (number1 > number2) {

System.out.println("number1 is greater than number2.");
}
else {
System.out.println("number2 is greater than number1.");
}
}
}

Output:

number2 is greater than number1.

Here, we have used > operator to check if number1 is greater than number2 or not.
Since number2 is greater than number1, the expression number1 > number2 is evaluated to false.
Hence, the block of code inside else is executed and the block of code inside if is skipped.
If you didn't understand the above code, don't worry. You will learn it in detail in Java
if...else article.
For now, just remember that the equality and relational operators compare two operands and
is evaluated to either true or false

Logical Operators
The logical operators || (conditional-OR) and && (conditional-AND) operate on boolean
expressions. Here's how they work.
Operator Description Example

conditional-OR: true if either of the boolean false || true is evaluated

||
expression is true to true

conditional-AND: true if all boolean expressions false && true is evaluated

&&
are true to false
 Example 8: Logical Operators

class LogicalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int number1 = 1, number2 = 2, number3 = 9;

boolean result;

// At least one expression needs to be true for the result to be true

result = (number1 > number2) || (number3 > number1);

// result will be true because (number1 > number2) is true

System.out.println(result);

// All expression must be true from result to be true

result = (number1 > number2) && (number3 > number1);

// result will be false because (number3 > number1) is false

System.out.println(result);
}
}

Output:

true
false

Note: Logical operators are used in decision making and looping.

Ternary Operator
The conditional operator or ternary operator ?: is shorthand for the if-then-else statement. The
syntax of the conditional operator is:

variable = Expression ? expression1 : expression2

Here's how it works.

 If the Expression is true, expression1 is assigned to the variable.

 If the Expression is false, expression2 is assigned to the variable.
Example 9: Ternary Operator

class ConditionalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int februaryDays = 29;

String result;

result = (februaryDays == 28) ? "Not a leap year" : "Leap year";

System.out.println(result);
}
}

Output:

Leap year
 PURWANCHAL VIDYAMANDIR
SESSION : 2021-2022
CLASS : IX
SUBJECT : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
TOPIC : OPERATORS

1. a. What is the utility of Operators ?

b. Write the difference between Unary , Binary and ternary Operator ?
c. What is increment / decrement operators with example ?
d. Difference between “ % ” and “ / ” operator with example .
e. What is conditional assignment operators ? with example

2. Define a class circle to find out the area and perimeter of circle with following data
members.
Data members
double radius
double area
double cir
Member methods
void input() : input radius
void area() : calculate the area and display
void cirm() : calculate the perimeter and display .

3. Write the program that defines the class Simple_interest with the following data members-

Data members :
int principle
double rate
int time
double amount
MEMBER METHODS
void input ()-to store the principle, rate &time
void interest_calculate ()-to calculate the simple interest and total amount
void print ()-to print the principle & the total amount.