Chapter 2

The nature of logic

Dhennize mae pingol

1. Determine whether or not the following statements are propositions. If they are
not explain why.

a. There is an integer x such that x²=9.

Answer:

NOT PROPOSITIONS, BECAUSE THERE IS A NO. VALUE OF X

b. Please solve the equation y=2x+4.

Answer:

NOT PROPOSITIONS BECAUSE IT S A COMMAND

c. Why do we have to study logic?

Answer:

NOT PROPOSITION ITS A QUESTION

d. 5+5-15

Answer:

PROPOSITION

e. It is not true that 1 is a prime number.

Answer:

PROPOSITION

2. Which of the following are propositions?

a. Every set has an element.

Answer:

PROPOSITION

b. The perfect smallest number is 28.

Answer:
 PROPOSITION

c. Is 1.5 an irrational number.

Answer:

NOT PROPOSITION

d. Please find the popular approximation of pi

Answer:

NOT PROPOSITION

e. Can you extract the root of -25?

Answer:

NOT PROPOSITION

3. Consider the following propositions

P: 2 is the smallest prime.

Q: 6 is a perfect square.

Use logical connectives to represent propositions "2 is the smallest prime but 6 is not a
perfect square"

p^q

4. Let p: 4 is an even integer.

q: -5 is a negative prime number.

Write each of the following statements in terms p,q, and logical connectives.

a. 4 is an even integer and -5 is a negative prime number.

Answer:

p^q

b. 4 is not an even integer and -5 is a negative prime number.

Answer:
 p^q

c. If 4 is an even integer, the -5 is a negative prime number.

Answer:

p->q

d. 4 is an even integer if and only if -5 is a negative prime number.

Answer:

p<->q

e. If 4 is not an even integer, -5 is not a negative prime number. ~

Answer:

~p->~q

5. Write the following statements in the form " if p and then q" in English.

a. I will remember to send you my complete address only if you send me

Answer:

IF YOU SEND ME A TEXT MESSAGE, THEN I WILL REMEMBER TO SEND

b. A student is always caught whenever he or she cheats in a test.

Answer:

IF THE STUDENTS CHEATS IN A TEST, THEN THEY WILL BE CAUGHT.

c. When you buy a car from this car dealer, you will get 10% discount.

Answer:

IF YOU BUY A CAR FROM THIS CAR DEALER, THEN YOU WILL GET A
10% DISCOUNT

d. Classes are suspended every time there is a signal number 2 storm.

Answer:
 IF THERE IS A SIGNAL NUMBER 2 STORM, THEN THE CLASSES ARE
SUSPENDED

e. To enter another country, you need to have a passport.

Answer:

IF YOU HAVE A PASSPORT, THEN YOU CAN ENTER ANOTHER

6. Find the negation of the following statements:

a. 0≤x<5

b. q: 4+5>10

c. r: MANILA IS NOT THE CAPITAL OF THE PHILIPPINES

d. a: IT IS THE CASE THAT 2 IS NOT AN ODD INTEGER

e. b: IF N IS NOT DIVISIBLE BY 30, THEN IT IS NOT DIVISIBLE BY 2,3,

7. Construct the truth table for the following propositions.

a. (~pVq)->~q

Answer:

p q ~p ~q ~pVq (~pVq)->~q

T T F F T F

T F F T F T

F T T F T F

F F T T T T

b. (p^q)->r

Answer:

p q r ~q p^~q (p^~q)->r
 T T T F F T

T T F F F T

T F T T T T

T F F T T F

F T T F F T

F T F F F T

F F T T F T

F F F T F T

c. (p^~q)<->(qVr)

Answer:

p q r ~q p^~q qVr (p^~q)<->(qVr)

T T T F F T F

T T F F F T F

T F T T T T T

T F F T T T T

F T T F F T F

F T F F F T F

F F T T F T F

F F F T F F T

d. ~pV(q->r)

Answer:

p q r ~p q->r ~pV(q->r)
T T T F T T

T T F F F F

T F T F T T

T F F F T T

F T T T T T

F T F T F T

F F T T T T

F F F T T T

e.[(pVq)V(p^q)->r

Answer:

p q r ~p pVq ~p^q (pVq)V(~p^q) [(pVQq)V(~p^q)->r

T T T F T F T T

T T F F T F T F

T F T F T F T T

T F F F T F T F

F T T T T T T T

F T F T T T T F

F F T T F F F T

F F F T F F F T

8. Construct the truth table for the following propositions.

a. (pVq)^r]->p
Answer:

p q r pVq (pVq)^r (pVq)^r->p

T T T T T T

T T F T F T

T F T T T T

T F F T F T

F T T T T F

F T F T F T

F F T F F T

F F F F F T

b. (p->r)<->(q->)

Answer:

p q r p->r q->r (p->r)<->(q-

T T T T T T

T T F F F T

T F T T T T

T F F F T F

F T T T T T

F T F T F F

F F T T T T

F F F T T T
c. [pV(~pVq)]^~(q^~r)

Answer:

p q r ~p ~r ~pVq q^~r ~(q^~r) pV(~pVq) [pV(~pVq)]^~(q^~r)

T T T F F T F T T T

T T F F T T T F T F

T F T F F F F T T T

T F F F T F F T T T

F T T T F T F T T T

F T F T T T T F T F

F F T T F T F T T T

F F F T T T F T T T

d. [p->(q->r)]<->[(p^q)->r]

Answer:

p q r p^q q->r p->(q->r) (p^q)->r [p->(q->r)]<->[(p^q)->r]

T T T T T T T T

T T F T F F F T

T F T F T T T T

T F F F T T T T

F T T F T T T T

F T F F F T T T
 F F T F T T T T

F F F F T T T T

e.[p->(q->r)]<->[(pVq)->r)

Answer:

p q r pVq q->r p->(q->r) (pVq)->r [p->(q->r)]<->[(pVq)->r)

T T T T T T T T

T T F T F F F T

T F T T T T T T

T F F T T T F F

F T T T T T T T

F T F T F T F F

F F T F T T T T

F F F F T T T T

9. Construct the truth table for the following propositions.

a. p⊕ p

Answer:

p p⊕ p

F F

T F
b. (p⊕ p)⊕ r

Answer:

p r p⊕ p (p⊕ p)⊕ r

T T F T

T F F F

F T F T

F F F F

c. p⊕ (q⊕ r)

Answer:

p q r q⊕ r p⊕ (q⊕ r)

T T T F T

T T F T F

T F T T F

T F F F T

F T T F F

F T F T T

F F T T T

F F F F F
 10. Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statements.

a. If ABCD is a square, then ABCD is rectangle

b. If the decimal expansion of r is terminating, the r is a rational.

c. If a number is divisible by 9, then the number is divisible by 3.

d. If 2 is an even integer, then -3 is a nwgative integer

e. If ABCD is a triangle, then m∆A+m∆B+m∆C=180°

11. Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following statements.

b. If today is Sunday, then I will attend my dancing classes.

c. If it rains, then I will not go to park.

d. If it is hot outside, then you will buy an ice cream.

12. Using the Sheffor stroke or NAND (not and) operator, p|q, show that the
following are logically equivalent.

13. Using the Peirce arrow or nor operator p↓q , find equivalent expressions which use ONLY

14. Use truth tables to establish which of the following propositional forms are
tautologies, contradictions, or contingencies.

15. For the given if-then statements, find its (a) converse, (b) contrapositive, (c)
inverse.

A. If Jun-Jun's average in his exams is less than 75, then Jun-Jun fails.

b. If it rains very hard, then the outing is cancelled.

c. If Lola Tinang is getting bettering her health, then she is joining the trip abroad.
d. If today is Saturday, then I will jog in the Oval.

e. If my computer program has no syntax error, then it will compile.