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Different Methods in Flood Hazard Mitigation

There are four main methods for mitigating flood hazards: 1) Flood hazard assessment and mapping to determine flood-prone areas, 2) Flood prediction using data on rainfall, river levels, and watershed characteristics, 3) Flood forecasting using hydrological models and real-time data to predict flood levels hours to days in advance, and 4) Flood control engineering measures like dams and levees to prevent flooding.

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Seth Harvey Lim Gamboa
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121 views5 pages

Different Methods in Flood Hazard Mitigation

There are four main methods for mitigating flood hazards: 1) Flood hazard assessment and mapping to determine flood-prone areas, 2) Flood prediction using data on rainfall, river levels, and watershed characteristics, 3) Flood forecasting using hydrological models and real-time data to predict flood levels hours to days in advance, and 4) Flood control engineering measures like dams and levees to prevent flooding.

Uploaded by

Seth Harvey Lim Gamboa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Different Methods in Flood Hazard Mitigation

There are several methods that can be employed in the mitigation of hazards.
These are categorized as: 1.) Flood hazard assessment and mapping, 2.) Flood
prediction, 3.) Flood forecasting and warning, and 4.) Flood-control engineering
measures.

Flood-risk assessment and mapping

Figure 1.1. Flood Prone Areas in the Philippines.


A more detailed version of the map by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) can
be viewed through
http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/TyphoonYolanda.jpg Source: Balce
et al, 1994
In mapping out areas with risk to flooding and determining the possible level of
flooding, researchers make use of information on topography, river, dimensions,
extreme rainfall data (e.g., amount of rainfall during an extreme event like Typhoon
Ondoy in 2009 that has an estimated return period of 100-150 years), and the geology
(types of rocks, soil, etc.) of an area. Geographic Information System and flood
simulation programs are tools used to manage and process data like digital elevation
models or DEMs (3D representations of land) and distribution of bodies of waters,
communities, and evacuation centers. Mapping is very essential and productive in terms
of mitigating the flood.

Flood Prediction
As with any type of hazard, prevention is always key. The best way to prevent
the loss of lives and damage to property is to conduct flood vulnerability studies for
reference in long-term development plans of communities. Flood prediction is
connected to flood forecasting that is because to predict a flood they all need a
forecasted data. Flood prediction requires quantitative knowledge about infiltration and
runoff dynamics, which is generally gained at the local scale.
Flood predictions required several amount of data according to (USGS, Science for a
Changing World), this are the following:
1. The amount of rainfall occurring on a real-time basis.
2. The rate of change in river stage on a real-time basis, which can help indicate the
severity and immediacy of the threat.
3. The rate of change in river stage on a real-time basis, which can help indicate the
severity and immediacy of the threat.
4. The rate of change in river stage on a real-time basis, which can help indicate the
severity and immediacy of the threat.

Flood forecasting and warning


Real-time or forecasted data on precipitation and streamflow, degree of
ground saturation, amount of permeable soil, and amount of vegetation can be input in
hydrological modeling software to make short-term prediction of flow rates and water
levels several hours to days in advance. State- of- the-art flood modeling software also
considers the presence of flood plains, man-made flood defenses, and the effects of
astronomical tides and storm surges in coming up with a forecast model. These are
usually effective for forecasting flooding in areas where there is a lag time between the
start of the storm and the peak discharge of water. Flash floods forecasting is more
challenging and warnings are automatically released in areas which are prone to flash
floods once it has been determined that the area will affected by heavy rainfall.

As shown figure in 1.2 below Flood forecasting is the use of forecasted precipitation and
streamflow data in rainfall-runoff and streamflow routing models to forecast flow rates
and water levels for periods ranging from a few hours to days ahead, depending on the
size of the watershed or river basin.

Figure 1.2 Flood Forecasting - an overview | Science Direct Topics


https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com
Hydrographs- graphs of channel discharge versus time, in different places- are
the outcome of flood forecasting. These can be used to decide whether releasing a
warning is warranted or not, or to decide if previously released warnings should be
withdrawn. If possible extent of the flood and the amount of time left to evacuate.

It is important to know some of the potential floods that will come in such time and we
must be prepared and eligible of what happened next in the future. For example, is the
DOST-PAGASA’s Project Noah has a website which provides information about
potential floods.

Figure 1.3. A hydrograph that plots channel discharge versus time and allows
determination of lag time of flooding.

Flood control engineering methods


Hard engineering measures can be implemented in order to prevent flooding in
certain places. The following are structures that are being utilized to control water and to
prevent water from reaching destructive levels/volumes and extents.

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