Motion in Two Dimensions: Important Terms

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Chapter 3

Motion in Two Dimensions


Important Terms:

Unit Vector = has a magnitude of unity or one and indicates the vector direction

Analytical Component Method = involves the resolving the vectors into rectangular
components and adding the components for each axis independently

Relative Velocity = relative to a reference frame

Projectile Motion = two dimensional, curvilinear motion is the motion of objects that are
thrown or projected by some means

Parabola = the path of motion of the projectile

Projectile = a body which is given an initial velocity and allowed to fall under the action
of gravity. A body set into space without any motive power it its own.

Trajectory = path of projectile.

Range = maximum horizontal distance travelled

Important Equations:

Components of Initial Velocity


V Xi =V iCosθ
V Yi =V i Sinθ

Components of Displacement
X =V Xi t +1/2 ax t 2
2
Y =V Yi t +1 /2 aY t

Component of Velocity
V xf =V xi + ax t
V Yf =V Yi + aY t

Vector Representation
Magnitude Angle Form
C=√ ❑
−1
θ=tan ¿

Component Form
C=C X X +C Y Y

R=V ix t
−v i2 sin 2 θ
R=
g

Area of the Spandrel


bh
A=
n+ 1
Where: b = base
h = height
n = degree of the curve

Example 1: If the diagonally moving ball has a velocity of 0.5m/s at an angle of 37Ο
relative to the x-axis, find how far it travels in 3.0s by using the x and y components
Given:
V =0.5 m/s
θ=37 o V Y
t=3 s 37

Required: Vx

X =? Solution:
Y =? V X =VCosθ=0.5 cos 37=0.4 m/s
V Y =VSinθ=0.5 sin 37=0.30 m/s
d
V = , d=Vt
t

X =V X t=0.4 ( 3 )=1.2 m
Y =V Y t=0.3 ( 3 )=0.9 m
Example 2: Suppose that the ball has an initial velocity of 1.5m/s along the x-axis and
starting at 0s, receives an acceleration of 2.8m/ s2 in the y direction. What is the position
of the ball 3s after 0s? What is the velocity of the ball at that time?
Given: Required:
V ix =1.5 m/s a. X 3 =?
a y =2.8 m/s 2
Y 3=?
t=3 s b. V3 =?

Solution
X 3 =V ix t+ 0.5 ax t 2 =1.5 ( 3 )+ 0.5 ( 0 )( 3 )2=4.5 m
2 2
Y 3=V iy t+0.5 a y t =0+ 0.5 ( 2.8 ) (3) =12.6 m

V fx 3=V ix 3 + ax t=1.5+0 ( 3 )=1.5 m/ s


V fy 3=V iy 3+ a y t =0+2.8 ( 3 )=8.4 m/s
V f 3= √ ❑
Example 3: Consider yourself in car A traveling along a straight, level highway with a
speed of 75km/h. Another car B travels at a speed of 90km/h. Find the differences in the
velocities VBA = VB – VA the other car travels in the same direction in front of you and
approaching you travelling in the opposite direction.
Given: Required:
VA = 75km/h V BAsame=?
VB = 90km/h

V BAopposite=? Solution:
V BAsame :V b−V a=90−75=15 km/hr

V BAopposite: V b −V a=−90−75=−165 km /hr

Example 4: The current of a 500m wide straight river has a flow rate of 2.55km/h. A
motorboat that travels with a constant speed of 8.0km/h in still water crosses the river. If
the boat’s bow points directly across the river toward the opposite shore, what is the
velocity of the boat relative to the stationary observer sitting at the corner of the bridge?
How far downstream will the boat’s landing point be from the point directly opposite its
starting point? What is the distance traveled by the boat in crossing the river?
Given: c.. d = ?
w = 500m
2.55 km 1 hr 1000 m
V C= × × =0.71 m/ s
hr 3600 s 1km
8 km 1 hr 1000 m
V B= × × =2.22 m/s
hr 3600 s 1 km

Required: 500m

a . V R =?
b.. x = ?
Solution:
a.) V R=√❑

θ=tan −1 ( 0.71
2.22 )
=N 17.74 ° E

X
b . tan 17.74= ; X =500 tan 17.74=159.96 m
500

c.) d= √❑

Example 5: An airplane with an air speed of 200km/hr flies in a direction such that with
a west wind of 50km/hr blowing, it travels in a straight line northward. To maintain its
course due north, the plane must fly at an angle. What is the speed of the plane along its
northward path?
Given:
V A =200 km/ h
V W =50 km/h

Required:
a . V R =?
b . θ=?

Solution:
a . V R =√❑

b . θ= ( 200
50
)=N 14.48 ° W
Example 6: The Coordinates of a body moving in the xy plane are given as function of
time by: x = 3t2 – 4t + 1 & y = 4t2 – 4, x & y are in the m & t in sec. t2 = 2s & t3 = 3s.

Given:
2
x=3 t – 4 t +1
2
y=4 t – 4
t 2=2 s
t 3=3 s

Required:
a. Determine the position of the body during these times
b. What is the average velocity of the body during the time interval?
c. What is the instantaneous velocity of the body during these times?
d. What is the average acceleration of the body during the time interval?
e. What is the instantaneous accelerations of the body during these times?
f. What are the velocities and accelerations of a body at the instant it passes the x and y
– axes.

Solution:
a . x=3 t 2 – 4 t +1 y=4 t 2−4
x 2=3(2)2−4 ( 2 ) +1=5 m 2
y 2=4( 2) −4=12m

2 2
x 3=3(3) −4 ( 3 ) +1=16 m y 3=4( 3) −4=32 m
b . ∆ x=16−5=11m ∆ d=√ ❑
∆ y =32−12=20 m

∆ d 22.83m
v= = =22.83 m/s
∆t 1s
dx
c . =V x =6 t−4
dt Vx 2=6 ( 2 )−4=8 m/s
Vx 3=6 ( 3 )−4=14 m/ s
Vy 2=8 (2 )=16 m/ s
dy Vy 3=8 (3 )=24 m/ s
=V y =8 t
dt
V 2= √ ❑
V 3= √ ❑
d . ∆ V x =14−8=6 m/ s ∆ V =√ ❑
∆ V y =24−16=8 m/ s

∆ V 10 2
ā= = =10 m/ s
∆t 1
dV x 2
e . A x= =6 m/ s
dt
dV
A y = y =8 m/s 2∴ a= √ ❑
dt

f.

(0,y)

(x,0)

Y =0
4 t 2−4 X =0
0=
4 0=3 t 2−4 t +1=( 3 t −1 ) (t−1)
2
t −1=0=( t+ 1 ) (t −1) 1
t 1= s
t=−1 s : no negative 3
t=1 s
t 2=1 sV X 1=6 t−4=6−4=2m/ s
V Y 1=8 t=8 m/s
V 1 =6 t−4=6
X
3
()
1
3
−4=−2 m/s

8
V 1 =8 t= m/s V 1= √❑
Y
3
3
V 1 = √❑ 2
3
Constant acceleration=10 m/s

Example 7: Suppose that the ball is projected from a height of 25m above the ground and
is thrown with an initial horizontal velocity of 8.25m/s. How long is the ball in flight
before striking the ground? How far from the building does the ball strike the ground?
Given:
V ix =8.25 m/s
H=25 m

Required:
t=?
x=? x

Solution:
2
a . y=V iy t+0.5 ¿
1 2
−25=0+ (−9.81) t
2
t=√ ❑

b . X =R=V ix t=8.25 ( 2.26 )=18.65 m

Example 8: A golf ball is hit off by the tee with an initial velocity of 30m/s at an angle of
35o to the horizontal. What is the maximum height reached by the ball? What is its
range?
Given: Required:
V i=30 m/ s a . y max =?
θ=35°
b . R=?
Solution:
V ix =V i θ=3035=24.57 m/s
V iy =V i θ=3035=17.21m/ s

a . V 2fy =V 2iy + 2 gy
ymax
0=17.212+ 2 (−9.81 ) y
(17.21)2
y= =15.1 m
2(9.81) x

b . V fy =V iy + ¿
0=17.21+ (−9.81 ) t
17.21
t= =1.75 s
9.81
t T = 2(1.75) = 3.5sec
R=V ix t=24.57(3.5)=86.00 m
2
θ sin−(30) sin(2 x 35)
R= = =86.21 m
g −9.81

Example 9: The college basketball game is close. The home team trails by two points,
and 1s remains in the game. The hometown guard takes a jump shot. The ball is
launched at the angle of 60o relative to the horizontal, with a speed of 10m/s and an initial
height of 3.05m above the floor, the same height as the hoop. The ball goes in and the
crowd goes wild. Basket was made from outside a semi - circle of radius 6.02m from
beneath the center of the hoop are given three points, whereas those made from inside the
semicircle are worth two points. Did the home team win or did the game go into
overtime in a tie? Suppose the home guard stops at a distance of 7m from a point
directly below the point nearest to him on the hoop and takes a set shot with the same
launched speed as in the first but an angle of 30o and from an initial height of 1.8m
above the floor. Is there a possibility of him making the shot?
Given:
1st scenario 2nd scenario
t=1 s θ=30°
θ=60 ° V i=10 m/ s
V i=10 m/ s h=1.8 m
h=3.05 m r =6.02m
r =6.02m Required:
Win or lose?
Required:
Win or lose?

Solution:
a.)V iy =1060=8.66 m/s
5m
V ix =10 cos 60=
s

V fy =V iy +¿
0=8.66±9.81t
8.66
t= =0.88 s
9.81
t T =2 ( 0.88 ) =1.76 s

R=V ix t=5 (1.76 )=8.8 m


3point area = win

b.. V ix =10 cos 30=8.66 m/s


V iy =10 sin 30=5 m/s

R=V ixt
7=8.66(t )
t=0.81 s

y=V iy t+0.5 g t 2
2
y=5 (0.81)+ 0.5(−9.81) ( 0.81 ) =0.83 m

hremaining =3.05−1.8=1.25 m≠ 0.83 m: no shot


Example 10: A projectile has a speed of 18m/s. It is desired to reach a target of 31m
away at the same elevation what should be the angle of projection?

Given:
V i=18 m/ s
R = 31m

Required:
θ=?

Solution: ymax
2
−V 1 sin 2θ
R=
g X = 31m
2
−18 sin 2θ
31=
−9.81
31 ( 9.81 )
sin 2 θ=
182
2 θ=
( 18
2 )
31 ( 9.81 )
θ=
( 182 )
31 ( 9.81 )

=34.9 °
Example 11: Solve for the distance traveled after 1s and 2s.
2

3m/s2

A1 A2

1s 2s

bh
Area of Spandrel=
n+1

1(3) 3
A1= = =1.5 m/s
1+1 2
1(3)
A2= =3 m/s
0+1

V 1= A 1=1.5 m/s
V 2= A 1+ A 2=1.5+3=4.5 m/s

4.5m/s

1.5m/s

bh
A=
n+ 1
1 ( 1.5 ) 1.5
A1= = =0.5 m
2+1 3
1(1.5) 1.5
A2= = =1.5m
0+1 1
1(3) 3
A3 = = =1.5 m
1+1 2

S1= A 1=0.5 m
S2= A 1+ A 2+ A 3=0.5+1.5+1.5=3.5 m

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