Latin and Medical Terminology

The Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
of Higher Education
«Stavropol State Medical University»
The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
The Foreign Languages Department
Znamenskaya S. V., Pigaleva I. R., Znamenskaya I. A.
LATIN
AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Textbook for Foreign Medical Students
of the English Medium
Stavropol, 2017
УДК 807.1:37(07)
ББК 81.461я73
Z 80
Znamenskaya S. V. LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY. Textbook for

Foreign Medical Students of the English Medium / Znamenskaya S. V., Pigaleva I. R.,
Znamenskaya I. A. – Stavropol. Publishing house: StSMU. – 2017. – 316 p.
ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0
Authors:
Znamenskaya S. V., Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Dean of the
Foreign Students’ Faculty, Head of the Foreign Languages Department of Stavropol
State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health.
Pigaleva I. R., Candidate of Philology, senior teacher of the Foreign Languages
Department of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry
of Health.
Znamenskaya I. A., Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the
Department of Hospital Therapy of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian
Federation Ministry of Health.
The textbook is designed for foreign students studying medicine in English. It

includes the necessary theoretical and practical material on anatomical, clinical and
pharmaceutical terminologies as well as Latin proverbs, quotations and medical phrases.
УДК 807.1:37(07)
ББК 81.461я73
Z 80
Reviewers:
Baturin V. A., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of
Clinical Pharmacology of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Health.
Korobkeev A. A., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Anatomy
Department of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry
of Health.
Shibkova O. S., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign
Languages for Natural Sciences and Economic Specialties of North-Caucasian Federal
University of the Ministry of Education and Science.
Recommended for publication by the Publishing Council

of Stavropol State Medical University
© Stavropol State
ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0
Medical University, 2017
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное
учреждение высшего образования
«Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет»
Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации
Кафедра иностранных языков
С. В. Знаменская, И. Р. Пигалева, И. А. Знаменская
ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ
Учебное пособие
для иностранных студентов-медиков
англоязычного отделения
Ставрополь, 2017
УДК 807.1:37(07)
ББК 81.461я73
Знаменская С. В. ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ТЕРМИНО-

ЛОГИЯ: учебное пособие для иностранных студентов-медиков англоязычного
отделения (на английском языке) / сост.: Знаменская С. В., Пигалева И. Р., Зна-
менская И. А., − Ставрополь. Изд-во: СтГМУ. − 2017. − 316 с.
ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0
Авторы:
Знаменская С. В., кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, декан факультета
иностранных студентов, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВО
«Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства
здравоохранения Российской Федерации.
Пигалева И. Р., кандидат филологических наук, старший преподаватель кафе-
дры иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный меди-
цинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.
Знаменская И. А., кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры госпитальной
терапии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский универси-
тет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.
Учебное пособие предназначено для иностранных студентов, изучающих ме-

дицину на английском языке. Оно включает необходимый теоретический и прак-
тический материал по анатомической, клинической и фармацевтической терми-
нологии, а также латинские афоризмы, специальные выражения, пословицы.
УДК 807.1:37(07)
ББК 81.461я73
Рецензенты:
Батурин В. А., доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой
клинической фармакологии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный ме-
дицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.
Коробкеев А. А., доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой
анатомии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский универ-
ситет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.
Шибкова О. С., доктор филологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафе-
дрой иностранных языков естественнонаучных и экономических специальностей
ФГАОУ ВО «Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет» Министерства обра-
зования и науки Российской Федерации.
Рекомендовано к печати редакционно-издательским советом СтГМУ.
© Ставропольский государственный
ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 медицинский университет, 2017
THE INTRODUCTION
Latin language is a basis of studying and use of medical terminology not

only in a higher educational institution, but also at the subsequent professional
work, and means of perfection of the person of the future physician. The need
to master a set of professional terms is underlined by the design and content
of the present textbook. It is prepared according to the Program of medical
higher schools in Latin language and medical terminology and includes three
sections: terminology of morphological disciplines – anatomy and histology;
terminology of a complex of pathological anatomy and clinical disciplines;
pharmaceutical terminology with the nomenclature of medical products.
The first section Anatomical Terminology includes 18 units. Each
unit contains the Grammatik Commentary explaining the basic points of
Latin grammar. The Grammatik Commentary is followed by exercises for
development of practical skills in reading, accenting syllables, doing English-
Latin and back translation of terms. There are Vocabulary Extensions listing
anatomy terms of frequent occurrence at the end of each unit.
The second section Clinical Terminology consists of 7 units which include
general clinical terms signifying various aspects of diagnostic and therapeutic
processes. The practical exercises will help our students to construct medical
terms and give the definitions to the scientific notions, expressed through
medical terms in English. The Vocabulary Extensions contain the most
common clinical terms and Greek stems for deriving new words as well as
Greek and Latin prefixes.
The third section deals with Pharmaceutical Terms and is arranged in 10
units including information about units commonly used in generic drug names,
dosage forms, names of vegetation materials, medicinal herbs, medicines,
names of chemical element, acids, oxides, salts and ethers. There is a list of
most common prescription formulas. The practical exercises have a number of
prescriptions in English to be translated into Latin.
The textbook also includes Tests after each Section, English-Latin-Russian
Glossary and Latin-English-Russian Glossary, Appendix of Latin Proverbs,
Quotations and Medical Phrases.
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LATIN
LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY − is a new subject, which is

traditionally learned by the future doctors, pharmacists and representatives
of other specialties. All of them know well the Latin proverb «Invia est in
medicina via sine lingua Latina» − «The way to medicine is impossible
without Latin language».
5
Why are Latin and ancient Greek language of particular importance and
applying for physicians and pharmacists? Why are Latin alphabet, phonetics
and grammar used for spelling, pronunciation and functioning of modern
medical terms?
To understand this it is necessary get to know the history of Latin.
Latin (lingua Latina) belongs to the Italic group of the Indo-European
family of languages. Originally it was the native language of a small tribe
Latini living in the central part of Apennines in the region called Latium. The
capital was Rome founded in 753 B.C. In course of the time Latin became the
state language of the great Roman Empire included till V A.B. all countries
of Mediterranean basin, including territories of modern Italy, Spain, France,
Greece and also a part of Britain, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Moldova and
other countries. Latin alphabet is now used in all European countries.
Inscriptions are the first monuments of the Latin language. The oldest Latin
inscriptions written in existence date from the VI century B.C., but inscriptions
written earlier than about 200 B.C. are few and short. The earliest extant Latin
literature is the comedies by Plautus (254-184 B.C.) and comedies by Terence
(190-159 B.C.).
The Latin language of the classical time is presented by the remarkable
works created in Rome during I century B.C. − at the beginning of I century
A.D. One studies the classical Latin in higher educational establishments of
humanities.
The period of the I–II centuries A.D. is called postclassical. The so-called
Late Latin (III-IV centuries A.D.) is the last period of the Latin language. At
the time of the late Empire, its downfall (476 A.D.) and the emergence of
barbarian states the difference between the written Latin language, its literary
and popular colloquial forms becomes wider. During this period, Christianity
spreads in the region and the Christian literature appears. In the works by
Hieronymus (340-420) and Augustine (345-430) and other late Latin authors
we find a lot of morphologic and syntactic forms preparing the transition to the
young Roman languages, which got this name from the main city of Romans:
Rome − Roma, among them are such modern languages as Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese, French, Romanian, Moldavian and others.
The Latin language of the Middle Ages mainly remains the language of
science. Teaching was conducted in Latin not only in primary schools, but also
at Universities, which had appeared at that time in Europe.
Latin was used in contemporary literature, jurisprudence, diplomacy,
Catholic Church service as well.
The outstanding scientists, philosophers, physicians of the European
countries wrote and published their works in Latin during the movement of
Renaissance in the XIV– XVI centuries. Tradition to write scientific works and
6
treatises in Latin remained until the second part of the XIX century.
At present, Latin is called a dead language, as it is no longer the means of
communication, it exists in modern Roman languages, and it is widely used in
terminology of all sciences and humanities.
OUTLINE OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY FORMATION
Medicine of Europe as an independent science began in Greece. Its founder

was the greatest physician of ancient times Hippocrates (460–370 B.C.), so
the whole system of medicinal terms was Greek too. It was further developed
in the works of the Alexandrian school in Egypt, which made a number of
important discoveries in the structure of the human body.
These are the works of Herophilus (the last third of the IV (fourth)
century B.C.), who is considered to be the father of the descriptive anatomy,
and Erasistrates (300–240 B.C.), who described cardiac and venous valves,
intestinal peristalsis.
Doctor Aulus Cornelius Celsus (the end of the I (first) century B.C. − the
first part of the I century A.D.), a Roman scientist, a person of encyclopedic
knowledge, the author of the work «On Medicine» made a great contribution
to the medicinal terminology. He introduced into the Roman medicine new
Latin names of diseases. The most interesting fact was that he also used many
traditional Greek terms in combination with their Latin equivalents. Later this
duplication became a remarkable feature of the medical terminology.
Practicing physicians were mostly of the Greek origin that is why Greek
borrowings took root in Latin very quickly. One of such doctors, Rufus
Ephessian (I-II centuries A.D.), wrote in Greek a short manual for students
«On Naming Parts of the Human Body».
Another author Dioscorides Kilikian (the second part of I century A.D.),
being a physician in Rome, wrote the work «On Medical Substances», in
which he described nearly 400 medicinal plants. It served a kind of a textbook
on pharmacology for the whole Middle Ages.
Claudius Galen (129, 130, or 131–200 A.D.) was an outstanding doctor,
anatomist, pharmacologist, and philosopher of Antiquity. Nowadays his
name is associated with so-called the «Galen’s Preparations». He compiled a
dictionary and commentary to the works of Hippocrates and he was the author
of such new terms as thalamos, phlebs azygos, etc.
One of the best medical schools of the Middle Ages − the Salernian, the first
school in the West Europe, began to work in the IX century. It left a number of
dietary and hygienic directions, which remain actually in our days.
Arabic scientists made a great contribution to the development of medicine
in the Middle Ages mainly the remarkable physician of the East Ibn Sina
7
(Avicenna) (980–1037). His basic work «Canon of Medical Science» was
translated into Latin in the XVIII century and was well known in the West.
The new rise and development of medicine is connected with the epoch of
Renaissance. In 1478 in Florence, the work by Cornelius Celsus «Of Medicine»
was published for the first time. The great Italian painter and scientist Leonardo
de Vinci (1452–1519) studied the structure of the human body very attentively
and left more than 200 anatomical drawings (sketches).
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), the great reformer of anatomy and medical
terminology, lived in the first part of the XVI century. He is the author of
the capital work «On the Structure of the Human Body» written in Latin and
published in 1543. He taught anatomy in Latin too. Our modern anatomical
terminology is inherited from the works of Vesalius, who used for the first time
such Latin names as atlas, scapula etc. In the works of his pupil Fallopius one
can find such terms as tuba uterina, labyrinthus, placenta, etc., which are
included in the International Anatomical Nomenclature − Nomina Anatomica.
Such scientists, philosophers, physicians and doctors of European countries
as Bartholomew Eustachius (1510–1574), Rene Descartes (1596–1650),
Thomas More (1478–1535), Newton (1643–1727), Copernicus (1473–1543)
and in the XVIII century botanist Charles Linney (1707–1778) and others
wrote their works in Latin.
The contribution of Renaissance anatomists to the anatomical dictionary is
great: about 700 names were inherited from the Greeks by the end of the XVIII
century, the number of terms grew up to 30 000.
Progressive ideas of Vesalius came to Russia as early as the middle of the
XVIII century. Epiphanies Slavinetskii translated into the Slavonic language
the short variant of anatomic works of Vesalius. The first Russian anatomical
Atlas was published in 1774.
Among the Russian scientists and physicians of the XVIII−XlX
centuries, who wrote in Latin, were M.V. Lomonosov (1711–1765),
botanist N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodic (1744–1812), microscopist-histologist
A.M. Schumlansky (1748–1795), his brother-clinicist P.M. Schumlansky, the
Great Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov (1810-1881) and many others.
Nowadays the Latin and Greek languages serve the basis for creation of
new medical terms, because the roots of the words are not associated with
conversational practice and have definite special meaning and these roots are
practically internationally known.
THE TERM
Any specialist must correctly understand and use the appropriate special
vocabulary or terminology for successful work in any field of science,
technique, and industry.
8
The main function of the term (in Latin «terminus» – limit, boundary) is to
express exactly the appropriate scientific concept.
The term may be expressed by one word (e.g. appendicitis, bone, chest,
etc.) and by a word combination (e.g. arch of vertebra, transverse process,
vertebral column, etc.).
The term expresses the scientific and scientific-technical concept. The
scientific concept is a result of scientific theoretical generalization and reflects
a fragment of the scientific system of knowledge.
THE DEFINITION
Unlike ordinary concept, scientific concept has definition (or in Latin

«definitio»). Some important signs of scientific concept are revealed in
definition.
In special (terminological) encyclopedic dictionaries, terms have definitions
(e.g. «pneumonia» is the process of inflammation in the tissues of the lungs
that comes as independent disease or as complication of illness).
A specialist knows the main points of the scientific determination and may
judge about it by definition, although both a specialist and not a specialist may
use the same words and the same word combinations of the literary language
(e.g. pneumonia, tuberculosis, sclerosis, etc.).
To know the main points of a scientific definition is to be able to use the
given term in combination with other terms, and classify it in the system of
definitions (terms) of this science.
In the definition associations and place in the system of definitions is
revealed in some aspects only.
TERMINOLOGY –
SYSTEM OF TERMS
Terminology of a definite field of science is a system of names, words and

word combinations, which are used for expression of the scientific concept
in the system of concepts, which are in a certain relation with each other. In
contrast to other layers of dictionary, terminology is the subject of systematic
regulation.
Terminology is in constant change: some words are changed, died; others
are added and become unused. Many well-known special words get the new
scientific meaning.
Terminology is a considerable organic part of language in the science and
scientific literature.
9
SUBSYSTEMS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology is the «system of systems». It includes many

terminological subsystems (medical, medical-biological and other scientific
fields connected with medicine).There are three main subsystems using terms
in Latin for naming objects and concepts:
− Anatomical and Histological Terminology,
− Clinical Terminology,
− Pharmaceutical Terminology.
Anatomical and histological terminology includes all the names of well-
known anatomical and histological units. There is International Anatomical
Nomenclature. Parisiensia Nomina Anatomica was primarily adopted in
Paris at the 6-th international Congress of Anatomists in 1955 that is why it is
abbreviated as PNA. Since then it has been corrected and supplemented. Now
it includes more than 6000 of anatomical terms.
Besides, there is International Histological Nomenclature − Nomina
Histologica, which was adopted in Leningrad at the 9-th International
Congress of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists in 1970, that is why
it is abbreviated as LNH. It is also corrected and supplemented regularly and
includes nearly 3000 well-known histological terms. To use the nomenclatures
in the right way it is necessary to pronounce the Latin terms correctly, to
understand their grammatical form with or without a dictionary, to form the
terms in Latin. That is why, as the ancient people said: «Ad opus! » − Start
working!
10
SECTION I
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
UNIT 1
THE LATIN ALPHABET
Printed letter Name Transcription

A a [a]
Bb be [b]
Cc tse [ts; k]
Dd de [d]
Ee e [e]
Ff ef [f]
Gg ge [g]
Hh ha [h]
li i [i]
Jj jot [j]
Kk ka [k]
LI el [l]
Mm em [m]
Nn en [n]
Oo o [o]
Pp pe [p]
Qq ku [kv]
Rr er [r]
Ss es [s; z]
Tt te [t]
Uu u [u]
Vv ve [v]
Xx iks [ks]
ypsilon;
Yy [i]
i grek
Zz zeta [z; ts]
11
You are already acquainted with the Latin letters studying English.
Nevertheless, some of them are written and pronounced in another way. The
word «alphabet» comes from the names of the first and second letters of the
Greek alphabet. The Latin alphabet originates from the Greek.
In the classical period, it consisted of 23 letters, while now it includes 25
letters.
The letters are divided into vowels and consonants. The Latin alphabet
consists of 6 vowels and 19 consonants.
The Vowels
The vowels are a, e, o, i, u, y. They are short and long, for example: mălum
− evil; mālum − apple. The long vowels were pronounced twice as long as
short ones. Now this difference is not observed, as it is not peculiar to modern
languages. Nevertheless, the notion of length (a line over a letter) and brevity
(a tick over a letter) is important for the stress (see below).
The letter A a is pronounced as [a], as in the English words «father or
footpath», e.g.: árcus − arch.
The letter E e is pronounced as [e], as in the English words «bed or pencil»,
e.g.: médius − middle.
The letter O o is pronounced as [o], as in the English words «not or frog»,
e.g.: cor − heart.
The letter I i is pronounced as [i], as in the English words «pit or kitten»,
e.g.: bis − twice and represents not only a vowel sound, but also the semivowel
sound like that of the English [j] in «yet». When this letter is used for the [j]
sound, it is generally called a «consonantal i» and is sometimes written «j».
This [j] sound is used in two cases:
1) Between two vowels, e.g.: májor − greater;
2) At the beginning of a word before a vowel, e.g.: júgum − yoke, eminence;
jejúnum − jejunum. For this reason, the letter j was introduced into the alphabet
in the 16-th century.
Note:
It is not used in words borrowed from Greek, e.g.: Iódum − iodine, iáter −
doctor, etc.
In the 16-th century, the letter U u was introduced to denote a vowel-sound
and is pronounced as [u], as in the English word «full». In earlier ages the letter
V v represented both a vowel sound and a semivowel sound like that of the
English [w], e.g.: únus − one, single, the only one.
In the times of Augustus, the letter Y y was introduced to be used in the
words borrowed from Greek. Its French name «i-grek» literally means «i taken
from the Greek language». In medicine, it is pronounced as [i], e.g.: týmpanon
− tambourine, drum.
12
Combinations of Vowels
Besides single vowels, there are four combinations of vowels called digraphs,
such as ae, oe, au, eu. Originally, all of them were diphthongs pronounced as
one syllable. At present, the first two changed into monophthongs, while the
other two remained diphthongs.
The digraph ae is pronounced as [e], as in the English word «elephant»,
e.g.: cóstae − ribs.
The digraph oe is pronounced in the same way, e.g.: foétor − stench.
Note:
1. If these letters are pronounced separately, two dots are put over the
second letter (ё), but sometimes the sign of length may be put over it (ē), e.g.:
aёr – air, poёta – poet.
2. In writing the letters a, o are sometimes omitted in combinations of
vowels ae, oe. In this case, it is necessary to put the sign of the length above
the vowel (ē), e.g.: peritonēum = peritonáeum.
The diphthong au is pronounced as [au], as in the English word «house»,
e.g.: auris – ear.
The diphthong eu is pronounced as [eu], e.g.: Europa – Europe.
Note:
1. Sometimes, you can see the digraph eu at the end of a word. Nevertheless,
this combination of vowels is not a true diphthong, because its vowels are in
different syllables, e.g.: mem-bra-ná-ce-us – membranous.
2. Nowadays, the new combination of vowels ou appeared under the
influence of Modern English. The digraph ou is pronounced as [u], e.g.: croup.
The Consonants
The letter B b is pronounced as [b], e.g.: béne – well.

In the classical period, the letter C c was pronounced as [k], e.g.: Cáesar,
córpus – body. Moreover, in this way it must be pronounced by modern
philologists, due to the Decree of the International Academy of the Latin
Philology concerning its pronunciation. Nevertheless, in medicine it is
pronounced in two ways:
1) As [k] before the vowels a, o, u; and all the consonants or at the end of a
word, e.g.: cáput – head; córnu – horn; Cúprum – copper; lac – milk; crísta
– crest.
2) As [ts] in front of the vowels e, i, y or combinations of vowels ae, oe, e.g.:
cíto – quickly; céntum – hundred; cýtus – cell; cóena – dinner; plícae – folds.
The letter D d is pronounced as [d], e.g.: dens – tooth.
The letter F f is pronounced as [f], e.g.: flos – flower.
The letter G g was formed in the 3-d century B.C. and is pronounced as
[g], e.g.: génu – knee. The combination of letters gu before the vowels is
pronounced as [gv], e.g.: língua – tongue, language.
13
The letter H h is pronounced as [h], e.g.: hépar – liver.
The letter K k is very rare. It remains only in a very few words, e.g.:
Kaléndae (abbreviated Kal. or K.) – calends. In medicine, it is used only in
Greek words such as keratóma, leukaemía, etc. or in the words borrowed from
Arabic or other languages, e.g.: Kálium, kala-azar.
The letter L I always sounds mild in medicine, e.g.: lámina – thin plate,
layer.
The letter M m is pronounced as [m], e.g.: mórbus – sickness, disease.
The letter N n is pronounced as [n], e.g.: nómen – name, appellation.
The letter P p is pronounced as [p], e.g.: palatínus – palatine.
The letter Q q was used only before the «consonantal u» (quáero – seek,
search for). The combination qu is pronounced as [kv], e.g.: áqua – water.
The letter R r was called a dog’s letter – líttera canína – by the Romans and
is pronounced as [r], e.g.: rámus – branch.
The letter S s is pronounced in two ways:
1) As [z] between two vowels and before the consonant m or after the
consonant n, e.g.: básis – base; ménsis – month; organísmus – organism;
2) As [s] in most cases, e.g.: súlcus – groove, furrow; óssa – bones;
cósta – rib.
The letter T t is pronounced as [t], e.g.: túba – tube. The combination of
letters ti before the vowels is pronounced as [tsi], e.g.: substántia – substance;
articulátio – joint, articulation. However, after the letters s, x the syllable ti is
pronounced as [ti], e.g.: míxtio – mixture; óstium – mouth, entrance, opening.
The letter X x is pronounced as [ks], e.g.: rádix – root.
At the times of Augustus the letter Z z was introduced into the alphabet. In
the Greek language, it was pronounced as [dz], e.g.: Glycyrrhíza. In the words
borrowed from Greek, it is pronounced as [z], e.g.: zóna – zone; zygomáticus
– zygomatic. In the words borrowed from other languages, it is pronounced as
[ts], e.g.: Zíncum – Zinc. This word is borrowed from German.
NB! (Take notice!) The letter W w (dubl ve) borrowed from the modern
languages is pronounced as [w] and used in a very few terms, e.g.: ánuli
Lóweri –Lower’s rings.
The Digraphs of Consonants
There are four combinations of consonants: ph, th, ch, rh. These digraphs
are used in the words borrowed from Greek to represent the Greek letters: phi,
theta, chi and rho.
Digraph ph is pronounced as [f], e.g.: phálanx – phalanx.
Digraph th is pronounced as [t], e.g.: euthanasía – euthanasia.
Digraph ch is pronounced as [h], e.g.: chóle – bile.
Digraph rh is pronounced as [r], e.g.: rháphe – raphe.
Note: The combination of consonants sch is pronounced as [sh], e.g.:
schizophrenía – schizophrenia.
14
Winged Words
In the British and American lexicography, the term «winged words» is not
used. The German linguist George Büchmann compiled the first dictionary of
winged words in 1864. George Büchmann gave the name «geflügelte Worte»
to words, phrases and sentences, which came directly or indirectly from a
literary or historical sources and which are commonly used in speech and
writing as lexical units.
• Alma máter –– literally means «A feeding mother». It is usually applied to
a university or academy in diminutive or humorous sense. These words come
from the medieval students’ appellation of a university supplying spiritual
nourishment.
• Académia –– «Academy». In modern languages, this word is used to
indicate an institution of higher education. Actually, it originated from the
Latin name of the Greek hero Academ. There was the sacred olive’s grove
around his grave (near Athens) where philosopher Plato gave lectures. It was in
the IV century B.C. He founded the school, which he called «Academy» after
Academ. This word came later to be applied to schools for higher education,
usually for special purposes (e.g.: Academy of Sciences or Military Academy,
etc.).
• Cf. = cónfer –– «Compare with».
• e.g. = exémpli grátia –– «For example, for instance».
• etc. = et cétera –– «And other things: and so on; and the rest: and all the
others».
• i.e. = id est –– «That is to say; that is».
• NB! = Nóta béne! –– The Latin phrase means «Take special notice», used
for paying or drawing attention.
• Salvéte, studéntes! –– A form of greeting students at a meeting.
• Sálve, magístra (magister)! –– A form of greeting a teacher at a meeting.
• Vále, magístra (magíster)! –– A form of greeting a teacher by leave-
taking.
• Valéte, studéntes! –– A form of greeting students by leave-taking.
TEST YOURSELF
Fill in the blanks with missing words or letters:

1. The letters …and… are borrowed from Greek.
2. The letters …and …were introduced into usage in the XVI-th century.
3. The consonant-sound [h] is represented by the Latin letter … and by the
Greek combination of letters ….
4. The combination of letters ti before ... is pronounced as [tsi].
5. The letter … is pronounced as [z] between two vowels and before the
consonant … or after the consonant....
15
EXERCISES
I. Read aloud paying attention to the pronunciation of the vowels and

consonants:
ála wing крыло
artéria artery артерия
abdómen abdomen, belly живот
átlas atlas (I cervical vertebra) атлант
déxter right правый
infundíbulum funnel воронка
intestinális intestinal кишечный
pálma palm ладонь
gingíva gum, gingival десна
gýrus convolution, gyrus извилина
génu knee колено
membrána membrane перепонка
hómo man, person человек
hépar liver печень
húmerus shoulder bone плечевая кость
juvenílis juvenile юношеский
iódidum iodide иодид
fórnix vault, fornix свод
zóna zone зона
jejúnum empty intestine тощая кишка
juguláris jugular яремный
véna ázygos azygous vein непарная вена
índex second finger, forefinger указательный палец
úlna elbow bone локтевая кость
úvula uvula язычок
tíbia tibia, shin bone большеберцовая кость
2. Read and explain the rules of pronunciation of the letters “i” and “j”:
intérnus inner, internal внутренний

infraspinátus infraspinal подостный
jejúnum jejunum тощая кишка
juguláris jugular яремный
16
páries inférior inferior wall нижняя стенка
ínsula island островок
intestínum intestine, bowel, gut кишка
iáter doctor врач
júgum ridge, eminence возвышение
ligaméntum ligament связка
junctúra junction соединение
ilíacus iliac подвздошный
3. Read and explain the rules of pronunciation of the letter “c”:

с [ts] – before e, i, у, ae, oe;
с [k] – before a, o, u, all consonants, at the end of the word.
accessórius additional, accessory добавочный

búcca cheek щека
búccae cheeks щёки
bíceps biceps (muscle) двуглавая мышца
cérebrum cerebrum, brain большой
(головной) мозг
ceméntum cement цемент
cóllum neck шея
claviculáris clavicular ключичный
cávum cránii skull cavity полость черепа
cáput head голова
cávitas cavity, hollow, pit полость
céllula cell клетка
córpus body тело
cartilágo cartilage, gristle хрящ
fácies face, surface поверхность
lacrimális lacrimal слёзный
músculus muscle мышца
os coccýgis coccygeal bone, coccyx копчиковая кость
scápula shoulder blade лопатка
súlcus palatínus palatal shallow/furrow нёбная борозда
súlci palatíni palatal furrows нёбные борозды
trúncus torso, trunk, body туловище
vértebrae cervicales cervical vertebrae шейные позвонки
17
4. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the letters “ss” and “s”:
s [s]
ss [s]
s [z] – between vowels,
– between vowel and a consonant ″m″ or ″n″,
in the words of Greek origin.
mesentérium mesentery брыжейка

incisúra incisure, notch вырезка
séptum nási partition of the nose перегородка носа
stérnum breastbone грудина
fissúra fissure, cleft, crack щель
mucósus mucous слизистый
sínus sinus, cavity синус, пазуха
fóssa depression, pit, hollow ямка
impréssio impression вдавление
sigmoídeus sigmoid сигмовидный
nasolacrimális nasolacrimal носослезный
canális hypoglossális sublingual duct подъязычный канал
círculus venósus venous circle венозный круг
procéssus styloídeus styloid process шиловидный отросток
dens incisívus incisor резцовый зуб
pars petrósa petrous part каменистая часть
platýsma subcutaneous muscle подкожная мышца шеи
mesogástrium mesogastrium средняя часть живота
básis cránii base of the skull основание черепа
segméntum segment сегмент
chiásma chiasm, crossing перекрест
fissúra fissure, cleft, groove щель
5. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the letters “x” and “z”:
x [ks]
z [z]
Exception: Zincum, influenza [ts]
índex forefinger указательный палец

fórnix vault, arch свод
pléxus plexus сплетение
maxilláris maxillary верхнечелюстной
os cóxae hip bone тазовая кость
18
déxter right правый
rádix root, radix корень
fléxio flexion, bending сгибание
extérnus external наружный
púnctum fíxum fixed point точка прикрепления
lárynx larynx гортань
maxílla upper jaw верхняя челюсть
extrémitas 1. extremity, limb; 2. end конец
strátum zonále zonal layer поясной слой
zygomáticus zygomatic скуловой
véna ázygos azygos vein непарная вена
zóna orbiculáris orbicular zone круговая зона
trapézius trapeziform трапециевидный
6. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the diphthongs:

ae [e] aё [ae]
oe [e] oё [oe]
au [au] eu [eu]
pléura pleural membrane плевра

auriculáris auricular ушной
aponeurósis aponeurosis, sheath апоневроз
uropoё́ticus uropoetic мочеобразующий
oedéma dropsy, hydrops отёк
áuris ear ухо
caécus blind слепой
vértebrae vertebrae позвонки
cóstae ribs ребра
córpus vesícae félleae body of the gallbladder тело желчного пузыря
pseudomembrána false membrane ложная мембрана
díploё diploe диплоэ
áёr air воздух
haematopoё́ticus haematopoetic кроветворный
régio glutaéa gluteal area ягодичная область
peronaéus peroneal, fibular малоберцовый
aurícula auricle ушная раковина
oesóphagus gullet пищевод
caudális caudal хвостовой
dýspnoё shortness of breath одышка
19
7. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the letters “qu”, “ngu”,
“gu»:
qu [kv]
ngu [ngv] – before vowels
[ngu] – before consonants
gu [gu]
vértebra quínta the fifth vertebra пятый позвонок

quadrátus square квадратный
squáma occipitális occipital scale затылочная чешуя
aqu(a)edúctus aqueduct, conduit акведук, водопровод
línea oblíqua oblique line косая линия
squamósus scaly чешуйчатый
sublinguális sublingual подъязычный
ángulus corner; angle угол
inguinális inguinal паховый
língua tongue язык
língula uvula язычок
únguis nail ноготь
os tríquetrum triangular bone трёхгранная кость
sánguis blood кровь
sanguíneus sanguineous кровеносный
gústus taste вкус
gútta drop капля
Quércus oak дуб
8. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the letters “ti”:

ti [tsi] – before vowels
[ti] – after consonants “x” and “s”
articulátio articulation, joint сустав

addúctio adduction приведение
abdúctio abduction отведение
periodóntium periodontal membrane периодонт
tíbia shin bone большеберцовая кость
eminéntia eminence возвышение
masticátio mastication жевание
míxtio mixture смесь
óstium entrance отверстие, вход
20
digéstio digestion пищеварение
substántia spongiósa spongy substance губчатое вещество
intestínum intestine кишка
9. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the digraphs and

combinations of letters:
ch [h] ph [f]
rh [r] th [t]
tubérculum pharyngéum pharyngeal tubercle глоточный бугорок

os sphenoidále wedge-shaped bone клиновидная кость
fóssa hypophysiális hypophyseal hollow гипофизарная ямка
labyrínthus ethmoidális ethmoidal labyrinth решетчатый лабиринт
hemisphérium hemisphere полушарие
brónchus bronchus бронх
núcha nape of the neck, задняя часть шеи, выя
nucha
sphíncter sphincter (muscle) сфинктер
thyr(e)oídeus thyroid щитовидный
ischiádicus ischiatic, sciatic подвздошный
chiásma chiasm, decussation перекрест
thórax breast, chest грудная клетка
rhomboídeus rhomboid(al) ромбовидный
théa tea чай
rhizóma rhizome корневище
anaesthesía anesthesia анестезия
splanchnológia splanchnology спланхнология
dúctus cholédochus common bile duct общий желчный
проток
véna saphéna subcutaneous vein подкожная вена
nódus lympháticus lymph node лимфатический узел
artéria ophthálmica ophthalmic artery глазная артерия
VOCABULARY EXTENSION
Latin English Russian

ala ala, wing; крыло;
anterior anterior, front; передний;
21
arcus arch (arc); дуга;
caput head (of bones, internal голова, головка (костей,
organs); внутренних органов);
cerebralis cerebral; мозговой, относящийся

к головному мозгу;
collum neck (of bones, internal шея, шейка (костей,
organs); внутренних органов);
columna column; столб;
corpus body; тело;
cranium cranium, skull; череп;
cranialis cranial; черепной;
crista crista, crest (ridge); гребень;
dexter dexter, right; правый;
distalis distal (distant); дистальный, более
удаленный от центра;
dorsum dorsum, back; спина, спинка; тыл;
dorsalis dorsal (back); дорсальный, спинной,
тыльный;
externus external; наружный;
foramen foramen (hole, opening); отверстие;
homo human (human being, man); человек;
horizontalis horizontal; горизонтальный;
inferior inferior, lower; нижний;
internus internal; внутренний;
lateralis lateral (sidelong); латеральный, боковой;
major larger, greater; большой;
medialis medial; медиальный;
medianus median; срединный;
medius middle; средний;
minor lesser; малый;
os bone; кость;
pars part; часть
posterior posterior задний;
(located behind
or at the back);
profundus profound, deep; глубокий;
22
proximalis proximal (closest/nearest проксимальный,
to the body); ближайший к туловищу;
sinister left; левый;
skeleton skeleton; скелет;
(sceleton)
superficialis superficial поверхностный;
(located on the surface);
superior superior, upper; верхний;
thorax thorax, chest; грудная клетка;
thoracicus thoracic; грудной;
truncus trunk; туловище, ствол;
ventralis ventral (front); вентральный (передний);
vertebra vertebra позвонок;
(a section of the backbone);
vertebralis vertebral; позвоночный.
UNIT 2
ACCENT
Every word has as many syllables, as it has vowels or diphthongs: re-

a-ni-má-ti-o (6 syllables) – reanimation, oe-só-pha-gus – oesophagus.
In the division of words into syllables, a single consonant between two
vowels is written and pronounced with the following vowel: a-lá-ris
– alate, winged. Doubled consonants are separated: com-mis-sú-ra –
commissure.
Latin accent is dynamic. A syllable is pronounced at a higher musical pitch
than the neighbouring syllables (pitch accent or musical accent), or with more
force of the breath (stress-accent or «expiratory» accent). In Greek and some
other Indo-European languages, it was mainly a pitch accent. In English
and German, it is mainly a stress-accent. In the late and modern Latin, it is
accentuated as in Russian.
Its position is bound up with the quantity of the Penult (the second from the
word’s end syllable).
The Basic Rules
A. Words of two syllables are accented on the first syllable: Ró-ma – Rome,
á-la – wing, rá-mus – branch, etc.
B. Words of more than two syllables are accented:
23
1) On the Penult (second from the end syllable), if that is long: co-lúm-
na –column, fo-rā-men – opening, car-ti lā go – cartilage.
2) On the Antepenult (third from the end syllable), if the Penult is
short: sub-stán-ti-a – substance; cá-psu-la – capsule, small box; en-cé-pha-
lon – encephalon, brain.
In order to determine the position of the accent in a word, first of all, it is
necessary to count the syllables, beginning from the end of the word, and then
it is important to determine the length or brevity of the penultimate (second)
syllable: in-ci-sú-ra (4 syllables) – notch.
Pay attention to the fact that qu, ch, ph, th, rh are counted as single
consonants: á-qua (2 syllables) – water; cho-lé-dŏ-chus (4 syllables) – bilious;
é-lĕ-phas (3 syllables) – elephant.
Note:
1. The diphthongs or monophthongs are one syllable too: gan-gráe-na (3
syllables) – gangrene; cen-táu-rus (3 syllables) – centaur.
2. The combination of vowels eu used at the end of a word is counted as two
syllables: cu-tá-ne-us (4 syllables) – cutaneous.
The following are the main rules for determining the length of a syllable:
1. All syllables containing a diphthong (monophthong) or a sign of length
are long by nature: di-aē -ta – diet; va-gī-na − sheath.
2. All syllables containing long suffixes: -ūr-, -īt-,-ōm- for nouns or -āl-,
-ār-, -āt-, -ōs-, -ē-, -īn-, (of Greek origin), -iv- for adjectives, are also long
by nature: tinctūra – tincture; frontālis – frontal; alāris – alar; serrātus –
serrate; fibrōsus –fibrous; coccygēus – coccygeal; datīvus – dative; palatīnus
– palatine. (Exceptions: serótĭnus – overdue, late; trigémĭnus – trigeminal).
3. All syllables in which a vowel is before the letter x or z, before two or
more consonants put together, are always long by a position: reflēxus – reflex;
Glycyrrhīza – liquorice; procēssus − process, outgrowth.
The following are the main rules for determining the brevity of the
penultimate syllable:
1. All syllables containing a sign of brevity are short by nature: lámĭna –
layer, coat; túnĭca – tunic.
2. All syllables, in which two vowels follow each other, are always short by
a position: fácĭes – surface; médĭus – middle.
3. All syllables containing short suffixes -ŏ1-, -ŭl-, -cŭl- for nouns or -ĭc-
, -ĕ- (of Latin origin) for adjectives are always short by nature: alveŏlus –
alveole; fossŭla – small pit; tubercŭlum – tubercle; thoracĭcus – thoracic;
cartilaginĕus – cartilaginous.
4. All syllables, in which a vowel is before the Greek combination (ch, ph,
th, rh) or before the consonant-groups, consisting of a mute letter (p, b, t, d, c,
g) with the letters l or r, are always short by a position: stómăchus – stomach;
pálpebra –eyelid; philósŏphus – philosopher; tríquĕtrus – triangular.
There are also words to which we cannot apply the rules; the quantity of
the vowel is shown in the dictionary form: lamĭna, forāmen, vagīna, aspĕra.
24
Winged Words
· Alpha et omēga –– «Alpha and omega», i.e. «The beginning and the end».
Alpha is the first letter in the Greek alphabet and omega is the last.
· Amor patriae nostra lex –– «Love of the fatherland is our law».
· Ars longa, vita brevis –– «Art (of medicine) is long, life is short». The
Latin translation by Horace of a phrase from Hippocrates. The art referred to
in the original aphorism was the craft of medicine, which took a lifetime to
acquire.
· Finis corōnat opus –– «All’s well that ends well».
TEST YOURSELF
Fill in the blanks with missing words or letters:

1. Only the…or…syllables can be stressed.
2. If there is a sign of length above the penultimate syllable, it is …and ….
3. If there is a sign of brevity above the penultimate syllable, we stress the
… syllable.
4. In anatomical terminology the suffixes of nouns -ol-, -ul-, -cul- are …and
…such as the suffixes of adjectives …, … .
5. If a vowel of the penultimate syllable is before the Greek combinations
…, …, …, …, we stress the ... syllable.
EXERCISES
1. Read two-syllable words:
ala wing крыло

atlas (I-st cervical первый шейный
atlas
vertebra) позвонок
arcus arch дуга
apex apex, tip верхушка
barba beard борода
bursa pouch, sac сумка
bulbus bulb луковица
costa rib ребро
collum neck шея, шейка
cauda tail хвост
cornu corn, horn рог, рожок
cavum cavity полость
femur thigh bone бедро
25
larynx larynx гортань
manus hand кисть руки
minor lesser малый
ramus branch ветвь
sella saddle седло
sternum breastbone грудина
vomer vomer сошник
vena vein вена
2. Define whether the second (last but one) syllable is long or short and
stress the following words:
arcus vertebrae arch of the vertebra дуга позвонка

cochlea cochlea улитка
corpus maxillae body of the upper jaw тело верхней челюсти
cerebrum cerebrum, brain большой (головной)
мозг
ductus choledochus bile duct желчный проток
epigastrium epigastric region, надчревье
epigastrium
facies poplitea popliteal surface подколенная
поверхность
ligamentum ligament связка
medulla ossium bone marrow костный мозг
membrum inferius inferior limb (extremity) нижняя конечность
patella patella, knee-cap надколенник
processus transversus transversal process поперечный отросток
periosteum periosteum, periost надкостница
palpebra superior upper eyelid верхнее веко
quadruplex quadruple четвертной
3. Stress the words paying attention to the long and short syllables:
incisura vertebralis vertebral notch позвоночная вырезка

mentalis mental (genial) подбородочный
clavicularis clavicular ключичный
fossa pterygopalatina pterygopalatine крыло-нёбная ямка
depression
forāmen spinosum spinal opening остистое отверстие
26
sulcus pulmonalis pulmonary furrow легочная борозда
pars squamosa scaly part чешуйчатая часть
processus zygomaticus zygomatic process скуловой отросток
incisura supraorbitalis supraorbital notch надглазничная
вырезка
incisura mandibulae notch of the lower jaw вырезка нижней
челюсти
cribrosus cribriform решетчатый
pelvinus pelvic тазовый
glomerulus glomerule клубочек
pubicus pubic лобковый
foveolae granulares minute pits зернистые ямочки
4. Stress Latin terms. Pick out borrowings from Greek:
osteologia osteology остеология

trachea trachea трахея
gingīva gum десна
cartilagineus cartilaginous хрящевой
carpēus carpal запястный
alae vomĕris wings of the plowshare крылья сошника
corpus mandibulae body of lower jaw тело нижней челюсти
peritonēum peritoneum брюшина
glutēus gluteal ягодичный
pylōrus pylorus, pyloric orifice привратник
glossopharyngēus glossopharyngeal языкоглоточный
orbĭta oculi orbit глазница
orgănon gustus organ of taste орган вкуса
minĭmus least, smallest наименьший
sinus maxillaris maxillary sinus верхнечелюстная
пазуха
arcus vertebrae arch of vertebra дуга позвонка
lamĭna medialis medial plate медиальная пластинка
vertebrae thoracicae thoracic vertebrae грудные позвонки
hiātus sacralis sacral hiatus крестцовая щель
nervus hypoglossus sublingual nerve подъязычный нерв
processus wing-shaped processes крыловидные
pterygoidei отростки
27
facies phrenic surface диафрагмальная
diaphragmatica поверхность
regio inguinalis right inguinal region правая паховая область
dextra
rete genus articulare articular network of knee коленная
суставная сеть
pars nasalis nasal part носовая часть
apertura externa external orifice (of) наружная апертура
juga alveolaria alveolar eminences альвеолярные
возвышения
apex partis petrosae tip of petrous part верхушка каменистой
части
margo linguae edge of tongue край языка
corpus maxillae body of the upper jaw тело верхней челюсти
canāles alveolares alveolar canals альвеолярные каналы
cauda pancreatis tail of pancreas хвост поджелудочной
железы
lamĭna horizontalis horizontal plate горизонтальная
пластинка
os palatinum palatine bone нёбная кость

acromion acromion, outward акромион
extension (process) of the shoulder (гребень лопатки);
bone forming the point of the
shoulder;
acromialis acromial; акромиальный;
articulatio articulation, joint; сустав;
articularis articular; суставной ;
brachium brachium, shoulder; плечо;
brachialis brachial; плечевой;
canālis canal; канал
cingulum cingulum, cincture, (girdle); пояс;
clavicula clavicle, collarbone; ключица;
clavicularis clavicular; ключичный;
coccyx coccyx; копчик;
coccygēus coccygeal; копчиковый;
costa rib; ребро;
28
costalis costal; реберный;
fissura fissure, narrow, deep, щель, борозда;
slitlike opening;
forāmen foramen, opening for отверстие;
passage of blood vessels
and nerves into and from a bone;
fossa fossa: depression яма, ямка
or cavity in bone; (удлиненной
формы);
fovea fovea (a round hollow, pit); ямка (округлая);
humĕrus humerus (upper arm плечевая кость;
bone, shoulder bone);
incisura incisure, notch; вырезка;
jugularis jugular; яремный;
mandibula mandible, lower jaw; нижняя челюсть;
maxilla maxilla, upper jaw; верхняя челюсть;
mandibularis mandibular; нижнечелюстной;
maxillaris maxillary; верхнечелюстной;
membrum member, limb, extremity; член тела,
конечность;
olecrănon olecranon, process on the medial олекранон
lower arm bone (ulna) which (локтевой
extends behind the elbow joint отросток);
(elbow process);
periosteum periosteum (strong, fibrous, надкостница;
vascular membrane covering
the surface of a long bone except
at the ends);
pharyngeus pharyngeal; глоточный;
processus process; отросток;
radius radius, lateral lower arm bone; лучевая кость;
radialis radial; лучевой;
scapula scapula, shoulder blade; лопатка;
scapularis scapular; лопаточный;
thoracicus thoracic; грудной;
transversus transverse; поперечный;
tuber tuber, rounded process on a bone; бугор;
serves for attachment
of muscles or tendons;
29
tuberculum tubercle, smaller rounded process бугорок;
on a bone; serves for attachment of
muscles or tendons;
ulna ulna, medial lower локтевая кость;
arm bone (elbow bone);
ulnaris ulnar; локтевой.
UNIT 3
THE NOUN
All the words of the Latin language are grouped into different types of
classes. This classification is based on three main principles:
· their grammatical meaning;
· their form;
· their syntactical characteristics.
In Latin, the noun is called Nomen substantivum.

The noun is a word expressing subject in the widest sense of the word. Thus
nouns name things (liber, libellus – book; os – bone), living beings (homo –
man; Tigris – tiger), places (vallis – valley), materials (Ferrum – iron; oleum
– oil), processes (vita – life), state (somnus – sleep), abstract notions (tristis,
tristitia – melancholy; anĭmus – soul, mind) and qualities (virtus – courage),
etc.
Grammatical Categories of Nouns
Morphologically nouns are characterized by the grammatical categories of

number, case and gender.
The Latin nouns have three genders:
Genus masculinum – masculine gender;
Genus femininum – feminine gender;
Genus neutrum – neuter gender.
In the dictionary, the gender is designated by the letters m, f, n. The nouns
cannot change their gender. The gender of the Latin nouns and those of modern
languages may not coincide.
The Latin nouns that are inflected for number (numerus) have singular and
plural forms. Singular (numerus singularis) denotes «one»; plural (numerus
pluralis) denotes «more than one». In writing, you should give shortened
forms – Sing., Plur.
Unlike English nouns in Latin are changed in cases and numbers. Case is a
30
grammatical category, which shows relation of the noun with other words in a
sentence. It is expressed by the form of the noun.
There are six cases in Latin:
Nominative case (Casus Nominatīvus) answers the questions beginning
with «Who? What? » and is the subject of the term.
Genitive case (Casus Genetīvus). The noun in this case answers the
questions beginning with «Of what? Of whom? Which? Whose? » and is the
object. The syntactical function of the genitive case is that of an uncoordinated
attribute.
Dative case (Casus Datīvus). The noun in this case answers the questions
beginning with «Whom ... for? What... for? Who... with? What... with? ».
Accusative case (Casus Accusatīvus). The noun in this case answers the
questions beginning with «Whom? What? Where? Through which? ».
Ablative case (Casus Ablatīvus). The noun in this case answers the questions
beginning with «By (with) whom? By (with) what? About who? About what?
When? Where? Who ...with? What... with? ».
Vocative case (Casus Vocatīvus) is used to address somebody.
The Nominative and the Genitive are cases more commonly used in
anatomical terminology. The Dative and the Vocative are cases not used in
medicine except in the winged words. In writing, the word «casus» (case) may
be omitted and you should give shortened forms, such as Nom., Gen.
Declension of Nouns
The Latin nouns have five declensions, which differ in case endings. The
declension is determined by the ending of the Genitive Singular (Genetivus
Singularis), because in the Nominative Singular (Nominativus Singularis)
the endings of different declensions may coincide.
Declension 1 2 3 4 5
Ending of the
-ae -i -is -us -ēi
Genetivus Singularis
The Dictionary Form of a Noun
The dictionary form of a noun is a form you can find in the dictionary. It
includes three parts:
1) The form of the Nominative Singular (Nom. Sing.);
2) The ending of the Genitive Singular (Gen. Sing.);
3) Gender (m, f, n). E.g.: tubercle – tuberculum, i n.
Latin is one of the several inflected languages. Grammatical relations are
mainly expressed by inflections of the word form, i.e. by the addition to the
31
stem of a word suffixes or endings. Thus, it is important to be able to determine
the stem of a word.
The Stem of a Noun
The stem of a noun is a part of a word without ending. It needs to be

determined for:
· Inflexion of noun by numbers and cases;
· Formation of adjectives from nouns;
· Formation of clinical terms.
The stem of the nouns of the 1-st, 2-nd, 4-th, 5-th declensions may be
defined in the Nominative Singular; we cut off the ending, because the stem of
the Nominative and the Genitive cases is the same:
Dictionary form Declension Stem Translation

ala, ae f 1 al- wing
nasus, i m 2 nas- nose
sternum, i n 2 stern- breast bone
arcus, us m 4 arc- arch
facies, ēi f 5 faci- surface
Nevertheless, sometimes the stem of the noun of the 2-nd declension with
the ending -er in the Nominative Singular can be defined only in the Genitive
Singular, because in this ending the letter «e» may be dropped in all oblique
cases. Therefore, it is necessary to write the part of the stem in front of the
ending of the Genitive case in the dictionary form, e.g.: paediāter, tri m –
children’s doctor (pediadrist).
The stem is paediatr-.
If only the ending of the Genitive case is written in the dictionary form, it
means that the stem of the Nominative and Genitive cases is the same, e.g.:
puer, ĕri m – child, boy, servant. The stem is puer-.
As a result of phonetic processes in the 3-d declension the stem in the
Nominative Singular may be changed, that is why it can be determined only by
the Genitive Singular by cutting off the ending -is, e.g.: dens, dentis т – tooth.
The stem is dent-.
Thus in the dictionary form, the nouns of the 3-d declension are written with
a part of the stem in the Genitive Singular, e.g.: corpus, ŏris n – body. The stem
is corpor-.
Nevertheless, there are some words of the 3-d declension, which have the
same stem in the both cases, such as: auris, is f – ear. The stem is aur-. For this
reason, only the ending of the Genitive case is written in the dictionary form.
The sign of a grammatical gender of the Latin noun is the ending of the
Nominative Singular.
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So, all nouns with the endings -um or -on in the Nominative Singular are
the neuter nouns of the 2-nd declension, e.g.: septum, i n – septum; ganglion,
i n – ganglion.
NB! The words with the ending -on are borrowed from Greek, e.g.: orgănon,
i n – organ.
All nouns with the ending -u in the Nominative Singular are also the neuter
nouns, but they belong to the 4-th declension, e.g.: genu, us n – knee.
The nouns with the ending -a in the Nominative Singular are the feminine
nouns of the 1-st declension, e.g.: arteria, ae f – artery.
The nouns with the ending -men in the Nominative Singular are the neuter
nouns and they belong to the 3-d declension, e.g.: abdōmen, ĭnis n – belly,
abdomen.
The nouns with the ending -io in the Nominative Singular are the feminine
nouns of the 3-d declension, e. g.: regio, ōnis f – region.
The nouns with the ending -us in the Nominative Singular may be of
different genders and declensions, as a rule, they are masculine of the 2-nd and
4-th declensions, and some are neuter and feminine of the 3-d declension, e.g.:
The Ending of the

Nominative Genitive Gender Declension Translation
Singular Singular
sulcus -i m 2 sulcus
ductus -us m 4 duct
corpus -ŏris n 3 body
genus -ĕris n 3 gender, origin
incus -ūdis f 3 anvil
senectus -ūtis f 3 old age
It is necessary for students to learn by heart not only the Nominative case,
but also the Genitive case.
Summary of inflections
Declension 1 2 3 4 5
Gender f m n m, f, n m n f
-us -um various
Nom. Sing. -a -us -u -es
-er -on endings
Gen. Sing. -ae -i -is -us -ēi
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There are some words which true meaning does not coincide with their
formal sign of gender due to some unknown reason. Their lists should be
memorized!
Collēga, ae m f – a partner in office, colleague;
virus, i n – virus;
diamĕter, tri f – diameter;
periŏdus, i f – period;
methŏdus, i f – method;
humus, i f – earth;
bolus, i f – clay;
manus, us f – hand.
The Structure of Anatomical Terms
Every anatomical organ has its anatomical term, which may consist of:
1) One word. This is only a noun in singular or plural number, e.g.: hepar –
liver; pulmōnes – lungs;
2) Two words. They are a noun with an attribute. In Latin, an attribute
always follows the headword, but in English, it precedes the headword.
The attribute may be coordinated (adjective) or uncoordinated (noun),
e.g.: columna vertebralis – vertebral column; cervix uteri – neck of the
uterus;
3) Verbose. This is a noun with some attributes, e.g.: basis cranii externa –
external base of the skull; sulcus nervi petrosi majoris – sulcus of the greater
petrosal nerve; pars lateralis ossis occipitalis – lateral part of the occipital
bone.
NB! In the anatomical terminology, almost all terms begin with a noun in
the Nominative case.
The Uncoordinated Attribute
In anatomical terminology, the uncoordinated attribute is used very often. It

is expressed by a noun in the Genitive case and stands after another noun, e.g.:
collum costae: «collum» is a headword in the Nominative Singular; «costae»
is a noun in the Genitive Singular, i.e. uncoordinated attribute.
In this case, the direct translation into English is necessary: neck of the rib.
The Genitive case of the Latin noun is translated with the help of the
preposition «of».
Nevertheless, sometimes, the uncoordinated attribute may be translated as
an adjective into English. It is important to memorize these terms, e.g.: fossa
cranii – cranial fossa:
«fossa» is a headword in the Nominative Singular; «cranii» is a noun in
the Genitive Singular, which stands after another noun as an uncoordinated
34
attribute, and is translated into English as an adjective. In English terms,
adjectives precede nouns.
NB! The term «os coccýgis» is translated into English as one noun
«coccyx». The word «coccyx, coccýgis m» means «cuckoo». This term is
literally translated as «bone of cuckoo». The ancient people called this bone
so, because it resembled a cuckoo beak.
There are the anatomical terms with two uncoordinated attributes, e.g.:
crista colli costae:
«crista» is a headword in the Nominative Singular;
«colli» is a noun in the Genitive Singular, which stands after another noun
as an uncoordinated attribute;
«costae» is a noun also in the Genitive Singular as an uncoordinated
attribute.
All three nouns are translated one after another into English. The
nouns in the Genitive Singular are translated from Latin into English as
noun+of+noun+of+noun – crest of the neck of the rib.
The Latin grammatical structure is different from that of English. The
English ending of the Genitive is the same as that of the Nominative. However,
in Latin the endings of the Nominative and the Genitive are different. In spite
of this, the anatomical terms with two uncoordinated attributes in Latin and in
English have direct word order.
Winged Words
· Habĭtus aegrōti –– «The patient’s outward appearance».

· Ignorantia non est argumentum –– «Lack of knowledge is no excuse
(ignorance is no argument) », Spinosa.
· Modus vivendi –– «Mode of life, way of life».
· Medĭca mente, non medicamentis –– «Cure with your knowledge rather
than drugs».
TEST YOURSELF
Fill in the blanks with missing words or endings:
1. The dictionary form of the noun includes three parts: the form of the …
case of the … form; the ending of the … case (for definition of the declension)
and designation of ... (for co-ordination with …).
2. The Latin nouns have … declensions, which are defined by the ending of
the … case of the … form.
3. The Latin nouns are changed in … and ….
4. The Latin nouns of all three genders with the ending … in the ... form of
the ... case belong to the 3-d declension.
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5. The nouns with the ending -a in Nominative Singular are the nouns of
the ... declension.
6. In Latin, the uncoordinated attribute is expressed by the ... in ... case.
EXERCISES
1. State the declension of nouns:
thalămus, i m; tympănum, i n; ostium, i n;

apex, ĭcis m; sella, ae f; pubes, is f;
sinus, us m; species, ēi f; genu, us n;
vertebra, ae f; crus, cruris n; paries, ĕtis m;
cornu, us n; vena, ae f; systema, ătis n;
encephălon, i n; ductus, us m; facies, ēi f;
textus, us m; sulcus, i m; arcus, us m;
dens, dentis m; forāmen, ĭnis n; tempus, ŏris n;
digĭtus, i m; scapula, ae f; vestibulum, i n;
rete, is n; recessus, us m; urēter, ēris m.
2. Complete the Genitive Singular form:
Declension Nom. Sing. Gen. Sing.

I clavicula clavicul...
II acromion acromi...
II tuberculum tubercul...
III tuber tuber...
IV hiātus hiat...
I squama squam...
III dens dent...
II septum sept...
V facies faci...
III zygōma zygomat...
III femur femor...
III pecten pectin...
III os oss...
V superficies superfici...
IV genu gen...
III axis ax...
II oculus ocul...
36
3. Complete the dictionary form of the following nouns:
vertebra; palatum; meātus, us;

tuberculum; incisura; acromion;
ramus, i; ductus, us; processus, us;
mandibula; encephălon; lingua;
arcus, us; sinus, us; lamina;
cornu; dorsum; textus, us;
skelĕton; clavicula; genu;
cerebrum; septum; brachium;
humĕrus, i; ganglion; retinaculum;
olecrănon; nasus, i; recessus, us;
cranium; scapula; tegmen;
concha; oculus, i; digĭtus, i;
fossa; glandula; labyrinthus, i;
malleolus, i; angulus, i; lingua;
vena; frenulum; dentinum;
collum; papilla; bucca.
4. Define the gender, the declension and the stem of the nouns and
memorize them:
calcaneus, i ... calcaneus, heel bone

genu, us ... knee
aorta, ae ... aorta
abdōmen, ĭnis ... abdomen, belly
scabies, ēi ... scabies
meātus, us... passage, meatus
plexus, us ... plexus
septum, i ... septum
rabies., ēi ... rabies, lyssa
carpus, i ... wrist, carpus
scapula, ae ... scapula, shoulder blade
acetabulum, i ... acetabulum, cotyloid cavity
cornu, us ... horn
5. Translate these anatomical terms into Latin:

arch of the aorta; neck of the radius;
body of a vertebra; base of the skull;
ligament of the atlas; head of the ulna;
capsule of the ganglion; crest of the vestibule;
37
head of the phalanx; vestibule of the nose;
neck of the femur; cavity of the larynx;
tubercle of a rib; apex of the patella;
manubrium of the sternum; cavity of the nose;
head of the fibula; tip of the nose;
tuberosity of the radius; surface of the cerebrum;
body of the mandible; tuber of the upper jaw.
6. Translate the following terms into Latin:
ligament of the tubercle of a rib; ligament of the head of the femur;

apex of the head of the fibula; peduncle of the arch of a vertebra;
crest of the neck of the rib; surface of the head of the fibula.

alа, ae f ala; крыло;
angulus, i m angle; угол;
aōrta, ae f aorta; аорта;
arcus, us m arch; дуга;
arteria, ae f artery; артерия;
alveolus, i m alveole; альвеола, ячейка;
brachium, i n brachium, shoulder; плечо;
bucca, ae f cheek; щека;
caput, ĭtis n head (also of bones, internal голова, головка
organs); (костей, внутренних
органов)
cavum, i n cavum, cavity; полость;
cavĭtas, ātis f cavity; полость;
concha, ae f concha, shell; раковина;
costa, ae f rib; ребро;
corpus, ŏris n body; тело;
cornu, us n horn; рог, рожок;
cranium, i n cranium, skull; череп;
crista, ae f crista, crest (ridge); гебень;
calcaneus, i m calcaneus, calcaneum; пяточная кость;
сrus, cruris n crus (leg, shin, shank); ножка, голень;
digĭtus, i m digit, finger; палец;
ductus, us m duct; проток;
38
frenulum, i n frenulum (retaining band) of уздечка;
the tongue;
genu, us n genu (knee); колено;
gingīva, ae f gum; десна;
humerus, i m humerus (shoulder bone); плечевая кость;
incisura, ae f incisure, notch; вырезка;
labium, i n lip; губа;
lamĭna, ae f lamina (plate); пластинка;
ligamentum, i n ligament; связка;
linea, ae f line; линия;
lingua, ae f 1. tongue; 2. language; язык;
mandibula, ae f mandible, lower jaw; нижняя челюсть;
maxilla, ae f maxilla, upper jaw; верхняя челюсть;
meātus, us m meatus, passage, channel; проход, ход;
musculus, I m muscle; мышца;
manubrium, i n manubrium, presternum; рукоятка;
orbĭta, ae f orbit (eye-socket, orbit cavity; глазница;
os, ossis n bone; кость;
patella, ae f patella, knee-cap, knee-pan; надколенник;
radius, i m radius; лучевая кость;
raphe, es f raphe, seam (tissue seam); шов (на мягких
тканях);
scapula, ae f scapula, shoulder blade; лопатка;
septum, i n septum перегородка;
(dividing wall, partition);
spina, ae f spine; ость;
sternum, i n sternum, breastbone; грудина;
sulcus, i m sulcus, furrow depression in борозда;
the surface of the cerebral
cortex; also called fissure;
sutura, ae f suture (a bone seam); шов (костный);
tuba, ae f tube; труба;
tympănum, i n ear-drum; барабан;
ulna, ae f ulna (elbow bone); локтевая кость;
vena, ae f vein; вена;
vertebra, ae f vertebra (a section позвонок;
of the backbone);
vestibulum, i n vestibule, antrum, heelbone; преддверие
39
UNIT 4
THE ADJECTIVE
In Latin, the adjective is called nomen adjectīvum. The adjective is a part of

speech, which denotes a quality or state of a substance.
Adjectives fall into two groups – qualitative and relative. Qualitative
adjectives denote properties of a substance directly (albus, a, um – white;
latus, a, um – broad), etc.
Relative adjectives describe properties of a substance through relation to
materials (ligneus, a, um – wooden; laneus, a, um – woollen, etc.), to organs
(hepaticus, a, um – hepatic; gasiricus, a, um – gastric), to place (barbarus,
a, um – foreign, strange), to time (annuus, a, um – lasting a year, yearly),
etc. Due to the number and the type of the gender endings, the adjectives are
divided into two large groups.
The first group is the adjectives of the 1-st and 2-nd declensions.
They have three gender endings and are changed according to the 1-st and
2-nd declensions, like nouns having the same endings, e.g.: longus, a, um –
long; liber, ĕra, ĕrum – free.
Gender Gender endings Declensions Examples

m -us, -er 2 longus, libĕr, dexter
f -a, -(ĕ)ra 1 longa, libĕra, dextra
longum, libĕrum,
n -um, -(ĕ)rum 2
dextrum
NB! In some feminine and neuter adjectives with the ending -er in
Nominative Singular the letter «e» may be dropped and in all oblique cases too.
Therefore, it is necessary to write the part of the stem in front of the endings
of feminine and neuter genders in the dictionary form, e.g.: right – dexter, tra,
trum. The feminine form defines the stem, if we cut off the ending -a, e.g.:
dextr- is the stem.
The adjectives of the 1-st and 2-nd declensions are called so, because they
are changed according to the 1-st and 2-nd declensions in accordance with
their endings:
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. Sing. long-us long-a long-um
Gen. Sing. long-i long-ae long-i
40
Nom. Sing liber libĕr-a libĕr-um
Gen. Sing libĕr-i libĕr-ae libĕr-i
Nom. Sing dexter dextr-a dextr-um
Gen. Sing dextr-i dextr-ae dextr-i
The 2-nd group is the adjectives of the 3-d declension.

The adjectives are called so because they are changed according to the 3-d
declension. They may be of three kinds:
1) The adjectives with three gender endings:
E.g.: paluster, tris, tre – marshy, swampy (Gen. Sing. palustris);
celer, ĕris, ĕre – swift, quick, speedy (Gen. Sing. celĕris).
The form of the Genitive Singular in these adjectives coincides with the form
of the Nominative Singular of the feminine gender. There are no such adjectives
in the anatomical terminology, but they can be found in pharmaceutical and
clinical terms.
2) The adjectives with two gender endings. In the dictionary form they
have one common form for masculine and feminine genders with the ending
-is and the ending -e for neuter gender, e.g.: frontalis, e – frontal.
The form of the Genitive Singular of the adjective with two gender endings
for all three genders coincides with the form of the Nominative Singular of the
feminine and masculine genders.
3) The adjectives with one gender ending. The dictionary form of the
adjective with one gender ending (-ns, -s, -x, -r) consists of the common form
of the Nominative Singular for all three genders and the ending of the Genitive
Singular with the part of the stem, e.g.:
permănens, ntis – permanence ( the stem is permănent-);
teres, ĕtis – round (the stem is teret-);
biceps, ĭpitis – bicipital, two-headed (the stem is bicipit-);
simplex, ĭcis – simple (the stem is simplic-);
impar, ăris – impare (the stem is impar-).
There are no adjectives of the 4-th and 5-th declensions.
The stem of the adjective of the 3-d declension as well as of the 1-st
and 2-nd declensions is defined in the Genitive Singular with cutting of the
ending:
Nom. Sing. Gen. Sing. Stem Translation

salūber, bris, bre salūbr-is salubr- healthy
vertebralis, e vertebral-is vertebral- vertebral
simplex simplĭc-is simplic- simple
permănens permanent-is permanent- permanent
41
The Coordinated Attribute
In Latin, the coordinated attribute is expressed by the adjective and by

ordinal numerals and participles similar in forms with them. They agree in
gender, case and number with nouns, which they modify.
NB! In Latin, the coordinated attribute stands after a noun, while in English
the adjectives precede their headword.
In order to agree the adjective with the noun it is important to memorize the
dictionary form of the noun and the adjective and it is necessary to coordinate
an adjective with a noun in gender, case and number, e.g.: palatine (canal,
surface, bone):
canālis, is m canālis palatin-us

facies, ēi f facies palatin-a
palatinus, a, um
os, ossis n os palatin-um
There are not any endings in English adjectives to express agreement with
headword, but in Latin, the ending of an adjective is a sign of the grammatical
agreement.
The declension of the nouns and adjectives may be non co-ordinated,
e.g.: temporal surface – facies temporalis: the noun «facies» is of the 5-th
declension and the adjective is of the 3-d declension; e.g.: temporal process –
processus temporalis: the noun «processus» is of the 4-th declension and the
adjective is of the 3-d declension.
Nevertheless, sometimes it may be the same, e.g.: temporal bone – os
temporale. The both words are of the 3-d declension.
If there are several adjectives coordinated with one headword they have
define position assignments. In Latin, the adjectives expressing relation to an
organ or a part of a body precede the adjectives denoting size, colour, form,
place or position. These assignments are fixed. In this case, a back word order
is used in English, e.g.: ramus cutaneus medialis – medial cutaneous branch.
The adjectives are not separate by commas, because the adjective denoting
size, form, etc. are related to the word combination.
E.g.: ganglion cervicale medium – middle cervical ganglion; e.g.: ganglion
cervicale superius – superior cervical ganglion.
As a rule the terms with coordinated attributes are translated into English
with the help of that part of speech, which is given in Latin, but using the
back word order, e.g.: nervus occipitalis tertius – third occipital nerve.
Ordinal numeral «tertius» is translated as «third»; the adjective «occipitalis»
is translated as «occipital».
NB! The Latin term os sacrum is translated into English as one word
«sacrum». The adjective sacer, cra, crum means «sacred». This term is literally
42
translated as «sacred bone». The ancient people called this bone so, because it
was a tasty morsel of a sacrificed animal; by the way, it is the biggest, fattest
and the last to decay.
Winged Words
• Ars longa, vita brevis –– «Art (of medicine) is long, life is short». Seneca
translated this quotation from Hippocrates into Latin.
• Audiātur et altĕra pars –– «Hear the other side». (A legal fairness
principle).
• Facies Hippocratĭca –– «Hippocrates’ face». This word combination is
used to mean a face of a dying man. It is one of the medical expressions, which
include the name of Hippocrates, the founder of medicine. It is known that
Hippocrates was the first to describe a face of a man with signs of coming
death in his work «Prognostic».
• Tabŭla rasa –– «Blank (scraped) board». Ancient Greeks and Romans
wrote on waxed plates with sharpened sticks. The text was easy to rub, and this
fact led to the figurative meaning of this expression «А foolish man».
TEST YOURSELF

1. If the adjective of masculine gender has the ending -us or -er in the
Nominative Singular, in feminine gender it has the ending ..., in neuter gender
it has the ending ... .
2. If the adjective has two gender endings, the form of the Genitive Singular
coincides with the form of the Nominative Singular of ... or ... genders.
3. The stem of the adjective with one gender ending is defined according to
the form of the ... Singular, if we cut off the ending ... .
4. The adjectives agree in ..., ... and ... with the nouns, which they modify.
5. The co-ordinated attribute is expressed by... and stands after ... in Latin.
EXERCISES
1. Read the words. State their Dictionary Form:

A.
Vertebra thoracica; arcus costalis;
arcus vertebrae; glandula alveolaris simplex;
basis ossis sacri; sinus maxillaris;
labium mediale lineae aspĕrae; facies maxillae;
sulcus sinus sigmoidei; foramen vertebrale;
tuber maxillae; facies articularis;
43
tunĭca mucosa linguae; processus articularis;
ductus biliferi; cornu sacrale;
os frontale; crista sacralis.
B.
Corpus vertebrae thoracicae; arteria temporalis media;

sinus petrosus; sulcus arteriae temporalis mediae;
sulcus sinus petrosi; os occipitale;
lamĭna horizontalis ossis palatini; pars petrosa ossis occipitalis;
lamĭna orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis; sinus trunci pulmonalis.
2. Make the following adjectives agree with the given nouns, translate
them into Latin. Mind the word order:
A. Zygomatic (muscle, arch, bone); sphenoid (concha, bone, sinus); frontal

(angle, suture, tuber, sinus, process, squama, bone); nasal (sinus, spine, bone);
articular (process, face, tubercle); mastoid (process, notch); sciatic (tuber,
notch, spine).
B. Alveolar (process, arch, prominence); infraorbital (canal, opening,
sulcus); ethmoid (foramen, crest, labyrinth = labyrinthus, i m); mental
(tubercle, protuberance, foramen, spine).
3. Write the adjectives in their dictionary form

and define the declension:
intermedius, ..., ... intermediate

lateralis, ... lateral
niger, gra, ... black
nasalis,... nasal
asper, ĕra, ... rough
costalis,... costal
4. Translate into Latin:
sacral vertebra; thoracic vertebra; lateral thoracic artery;

gluteal tuberosity; transverse septum; median sacral crest;
perforating branch; round muscle; external occipital crest;
sacral horn; mental tubercle; deep temporal nerve;
medial septum; deep branch; medial pterygoid nerve.
44
5. Agree the adjectives with the nouns:
vertebral (artery, foramen, canal); transverse (sinus, head, crest);

frontal (bone, angle, notch); right (lobe, ligament, artery);
palatine (bone, process, spine); internal (base, meatus, foramen).
6. Translate into English:
columna vertebralis; tuberculum articulare;

foramen palatinum; facies externa;
nervus vertebralis; canālis palatinus;
musculus transversus; processus transversus;
processus articularis; ligamentum transversum;
ramus dexter; arteria vertebralis.
7. Write in Nominativus Singularis and form Genetivus Singularis:
frontal bone; parietal bone;

pterygoid canal; occipital artery;
vertebral artery; middle temporal artery;
transverse sinus; zygomatic bone;
round ligament; sphenoid bone.
Adjectives of the 1-st group (I, II Declensions)

A.
dexter, tra, trum dexter, right; правый;
obliquus, a, um oblique; косой;
osseus, a, um osseous, bony; костный;
palatinus, a, um palatine; (referring небный;
to the palate/
roof of the mouth);
pterygoideus, a, um pterygoid, wing-shaped; крыловидный;
rectus, a, um straight, upright; прямой;
sinister, tra, trum left; левый;
thoracicus, a, um thoracic; грудной;
thyroideus, a, um thyroid; щитовидный;
45
transversus, a, um transverse; поперечный;
venosus, a, um venous; венозный;
zygomaticus, a, um zygomatic; скуловой;
В.
albus, a, um white; белый;
asper, ĕra, ĕrum asperous (rough); шероховатый;
coronarius, a, um coronary; венечный;
iliacus, a, um iliac; подвздошный;
liber, era, erum free; свободный;
niger, gra, grum black; черный;
ruber, bra, brum red; красный;
sacer, cra, crum sacred, sacral; крестцовый;
C.
durus, a, um hard; твердый;
mylohyoideus, a, um mylohyoid; челюстно-
подъязычный;
palatoglossus, a, um palatoglossal; небно-язычный.
Adjectives of the 2-nd group (III Declension)

A.
alaris, e alar; крыльный;
cerebralis, e cerebral; мозговой,
относящийся
к головному мозгу;
cervicalis, e cervical; шейный;
ethmoidalis, e ethmoid; решетчатый;
frontalis, e frontal; лобный;
mandibularis, e mandibular; нижнечелюстной;
maxillaris, e maxillary; верхнечелюстной;
nasalis, e nasal; носовой;
occipitalis, e occipital; затылочный;
orbitalis, e orbital; глазничный;
sphenoidalis, e sphenoid, wedge-shaped; клиновидный;
temporalis, e temporal; височный;
46
В.
vertebralis, e vertebral; позвоночный;
jugularis, e jugular; яремный;
sacralis, e sacral; крестцовый;
С.
alveolaris, e alveolar; альвеолярный;
buccalis, e buccal; щечный;
dentalis, e dental; зубной;
infraorbitalis, e infraorbital; подглазничный;
mentalis, e mental подбородочный;
(referring to the chin);
mollis, e soft; мягкий.
Nouns

A.
calcaneus, i m calcaneus, calcaneum пяточная кость;
heelbone;
clavicula, ae f clavicle, collarbone; ключица;
condўlus, i m condyle; мыщелок;
fascia, ae f fascia; фасция;
fonticulus, i m fonticulus, fontanelle; родничок;
soft spot (incomplete
bone formation)
between the bones of
the skull of an infant;
meniscus, i m meniscus; мениск;
nasus, i m nose; нос;
nucha, ae f back of the neck, выя;
nape of the neck;
palātum, i n palate; небо;
talus, i m ankle-bone, astragalus; таранная кость;
tonsilla, ae f tonsil, tonsilla; миндалина;
vestibulum, i n vestibule; преддверие;
В.
fibula, ae f fibula, calf-bone, малоберцовая кость;
peroneal bone;
47
orgănum, i n; organ; орган;
(orgănon, i n)
segmentum, i n segment, section; сегмент;
squama, ae f squama, squame, scale; чешуя;
tibia, ae f tibia, hin-bone; большеберцовая кость;
ulna, ae f ulna, elbow bone; локтевая кость;
С.
os, oris n mouth; рот;
porus, i m pore; пора, отверстие;
UNIT 5
DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
The Latin qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison as in

English: gradus positivus – the positive degree (the adjective in the dictionary
form); gradus comparativus – the comparative degree (a higher degree of a
quality); gradus superlativus – the superlative degree (the highest degree of
a quality).
Formation of the Comparative Degree of Adjectives
The comparative degree is formed by adding the suffix -ior for the masculine
and feminine genders and the suffix -ius for the neuter gender to the stem of an
adjective. Its equivalent in English is the suffix -er.
Comparative
Positive Degree Stem Translation
Degree
latus, a, um lat- latior (m, f), latius (n) broader
ruber, bra, brum rubr- rubrior (m, f), rubrius (n) redder
brevis, e brev- brevior (m, f), brevius (n) shorter
simplex, ĭcis simplic- simplicior (m, f) simplicius (n) simpler
Irregular Degrees of Comparison
The adjectives with the meaning «great, large, small» form the degrees of
comparison from different stems.
48
Gradus positivus Gradus comparativus
magnus, a, um major, (m, f), majus (n)
parvus, a, um minor (m, f), minus (n)
The stem of the comparative degree coincides with the common form of the
masculine and feminine genders of the Nominative Singular.
The adjectives in the comparative degree are changed according to the 3-d
declension by adding the ending -is to the stem of an adjective.
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. Sing. major major majus
Gen. Sing. majōris majōris majōris
In anatomical terminology, the comparative degree of these adjectives

is usually used in anatomical units forming antonymous pairs, which are
translated into English as «greater, lesser», e.g.:
forāmen ischiadicum majus –- greater sciatic foramen;
forāmen ischiadicum minus – lesser sciatic foramen.
The positive degree is used in single anatomical units and is translated as
«great» into English, e.g.: forāmen (occipitale) magnum – great foramen.
Defective Degrees of Comparison
The adjectives with the meaning «spacious»; (they are 4) have no positive
degree. The adjectives superior, ius; inferior, ius are sometimes translated as
«upper, lower».
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Translation

--------- anterior (m, f), ius (n) anterior
--------- posterior (m, f), ius (n) posterior
--------- superior (m, f), ius (n) superior, upper
--------- inferior (m, f), ius (n) inferior, lower
The adjectives in comparative degree are co-ordinated with a noun in

gender, case and number.
In anatomical terms with several co-ordinated attributes, they occupy the
last place in the Latin term; and we should translate the term into English from
the end, e.g.: incisura thyroidea superior –- superior thyroid notch.
49
Formation of the Superlative Degree of Adjectives
The superlative degree (except the adjectives with the ending -er) is formed
by adding the suffix -issim- and the gender endings (of the 1-st and 2-nd
declensions) -us (m), -a (f), -um (n) to the stem of an adjective in the positive
degree.
Its equivalent in English is the suffix -est.
Translation
Positive Comparative Superlative
of the Superlative
Degree Degree Degree
Degree
latus, a, um latior, ius latissĭmus, a, um the widest
brevis, e brevior, ius brevissĭmus, a, um the shortest
simplicissĭmus,
simplex, ĭcis simplicior, ius the simplest
a, um
The superlative degree of the adjectives with the ending -er is formed by
adding the suffix -rim- and the gender endings -us (m), -a (f), -um (n) to the
form of the masculine gender of the Nominative Singular of an adjective in the
positive degree.
Comparative Superlative Translation of the

Positive Degree
Degree Degree Superlative Degree
ruber, bra, brum rubrior, ius ruberrĭmus, a, um the reddest
Irregular Degrees of Comparison
Comparative
Positive Degree Superlative Degree
Degree
magnus, a, um major, majus maxĭmus, a, um
parvus, a, um minor, minus minĭmus, a, um
The superlative degree of the adjectives with the meaning «great, large,
small» is formed from the different stems.
In anatomical terminology, the superlative degree of these adjectives is
used very seldom and may be translated into English in various ways: as the
comparative degree (greater) or the superlative degree (least, smallest) or it
may be not translated. That is why it is necessary to memorize the most well
known anatomical terms (see below).
50
Defective Degrees of Comparison
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

------ anterior, ius ------
------ posterior, ius ------
------ superior, ius suprēmus, a, um
------ inferior, ius imus, a, um
The adjective «suprēmus, a, um» is translated into English as «highest».

The adjective «imus, a, um» is translated into English as «lowest» and is
used very seldom, e.g.:
linea nuchae suprēma – highest nuchal line;
arteria thyroidea ima – lowest thyroid artery.
The adjectives in the superlative degree are changed in the same way as the
adjectives of the 1-st group.
Word Building
A great number of adjectives in Latin are formed from nouns with the help
of suffixes. These adjectives may be of the 1-st, 2-nd or of the 3-d declensions.
In anatomical terminology, the majority of the adjectives of the 3-d
declension with two gender endings are formed with the help of the suffixes
-al/ar-. For formation of the adjectives from nouns, it is necessary first to
define the stem of a noun.
If a stem of a noun ends on the letter «l», we add the suffix -ar-, then the
endings -is, -e; e.g.: clavicul +ar + is, e – clavicular.
The suffix -alis added to the stem of the nouns in the rest of the cases, then
the endings -is, -e are added, e.g.: cost + al + is, e – costal.
The adjectives formed in this way acquired the meaning «pertaining to ...»,
e.g.: pertaining to a clavicle – clavicularis, e; pertaining to a rib – costalis, e.
The Latin adjectives with the suffixes -al/ar- are usually transliterated into
English, e.g.: synovialis, e – synovial, dorsalis, e – dorsal.
Winged Words
· A posteriōri –– «Based on practice». It literally means «coming from the

posterior experience»; usually it is used in Latin.
· A priōri –– «Independently of experience». It is usually cited in Latin.
· Optĭmum medicamentum quīes est – «Peace is the best medicine» (the
words of Celsus).
51
· Omnium artium medicīna nobilissĭma est –– «Medicine is the noblest
of all arts».
· Salus popŭli – suprēma lex –– «The welfare of the people is the supreme
law», said Cicero in his work «Of laws».
· «Salus aegrōti – suprēma lex», which means that «The well-being of the
patient is the sacred law for doctors».
TEST YOURSELF
Fill the blanks with missing words:

1. The sign of the comparative degree of an adjective for the Masculine and
Feminine genders is the suffix ..., for the Neuter gender is the suffix ... .
2. The comparative degree is changed according to the ... declension, i. e. it
has the ending ... in the Genitive Singular.
3. The dictionary form of the comparative degree consists of the common
form for the ... and ... genders and the form for the ... gender of the ... Singular.
4. The sign of the superlative degree of an adjective is double consonants
... or .... .
5 The adjectives in the superlative degree are changed according to the ...
and ... declensions.
EXERCISES
1. Translate the following terms:
petrosal branch; thoracic fascia; superficial vein;

parietal lobe; oval opening; thyroid gland;
superficial vein; right scapula; spinous process;
spinous opening; cutaneous vein; articular process;
internal capsule; profound vein; vertebral opening.
2. Translate the nominations of bones:
ethmoid bone; occipital bone; thigh bone;

palatine bone; zygomatic bone; calf-bone/
lower jaw bone; lacrimal bone; peroneal bone;
upper jaw bone; hyoid bone; shin-bone;
radius; coccyx; ankle bone.
temporal bone; innominate bone/hip bone;
humerus; sacred bone;
elbow bone; nasal bone;
heel bone; knee-cap;
frontal bone; trapezoid bone;
52
A.
Palatine process of the lower jaw; left lumbar trunk;
articular process of the vertebra; right horn of the womb (uterus);
jugular notch of the breast bone; lateral condyle;
profound cervical lymphatic node; aperture of the frontal sinus;
transverse sinus of the pericardium; round ligament of the womb.
B.
Articular face of the acromion; marrow of the thymus;
lamina of the vertebra arch; fibrous capsule of the thyroid gland.
C.
Soft palate; median sulcus of tongue;
hard palate; external dental epithelium;
nasal surface of the upper jaw; accessory nasal cartilage;
perpendicular plate of palatine bone; middle nasal conch;
intermedial part of lip of the mouth; masseteric fascia
(massetericus, a, um).
profound vein of the face; mucosa of the nose;
middle passage of the nose; furrow of the radial nerve.
A.
Posterior ethmoid opening; great palatine opening;
front longitudinal ligament; front medial surface;
great palatine furrow; upper cervical ganglion.
B.
Front sacral opening; back gluteal line;
upper posterior iliac spine; tonsil of the cerebellum;
lower articular process; front cutaneous branch;
A.
Right branch of portal vein; process of the lower nasal conch;
entrance of the lower hollow vein; sulcus of the greater petrosal nerve;
greater horn of hyoid bone; temporal face of the greater ala;
53
sulcus of the lower petrosal sinus; muscle of the upper eyelid;
crest of the greater tubercle; frenulum of the upper lip;
lower dental arch; posterior artery of the brain.
B.
Maxillary process; smaller ala of the sphenoid bone;
process of the lower nasal conch; bottom of the urinary bladder;
entrance of the upper hollow vein; anterior lobe of the cerebellum;
skeleton of the upper limb; lower face of the tongue.
C.
Posterior ethmoid opening; greater palatine opening;
anterior longitudinal ligament; frontal medial surface;
greater palatine sulcus; superior cervical ganglion.
greater palatine canal; anterior gluteal line;

lacrimal crest; lesser horn;
posterior ethmoidal foramen; inferior articular process;
superior thyroid tubercle; inferior articular surface.
7. Write the following terms in Nominativus Singularis and form Genetivus

Singularis:
lesser tubercle; greater petrosal nerve;

superior laryngeal nerve; greater wing;
free upper limb; lower eyelid;
lower lip; posterior segment.
crest of the greater tubercle; artery of the posterior segment;

skeleton of the free lower limb; tubercle of the upper lip;
sulcus of the lesser petrosal nerve; frenulum of the upper lip.
9. Translate the following terms into English:
ductus sublingualis major; crista tuberculi minoris;

vena cava superior; frenulum labii inferiōris;
forāmen ethmoidale anterius; ligamentum transversum acetabuli;
musculus teres minor; musculus transversus linguae;
54
palpebra superior; facies inferior cerebri;
tuberculum thyroideum inferius; processus zygomaticus maxillae;
bursa musculi teretis majōris; cornu majus ossis hyoidei;
ostium venae cavae superiōris; processus frontalis ossis zygomatici.
10. Translate the following anatomical terms into Latin, e.g.: anterior
surface of the maxilla – facies anterior maxillae:
transverse nerve of the neck; cutaneous nerve of the thigh;

frontal process of the maxilla; inferior surface of the tongue;
transverse muscle of the abdomen; medial surface of the cerebrum;
superior angle of the scapula; anterior surface of the patella;
transverse ligament of the atlas; posterior tubercle of the atlas;
medial border of the scapula; pterygoid tuberosity of the mandible.
11. Translate the following terms into Latin, e.g. cecal foramen of the
frontal bone -foramen caecum ossis frontalis:
frontal angle of the parietal bone; temporal surface of the greater wing;
mastoid branch lesser horn of the hyoid bone;
of the occipital artery;
nasal spine of the frontal bone; lesser wing of the sphenoid bone;
pterygoid angle of the parietal bone; jugular tubercle of the occipital bone;
external lip of the iliac crest; superior branch of the inferior lobe.
12. Translate the following anatomical terms into Latin:
lowest lumbar artery; long bone;

long artery; highest thoracic artery;
highest intercostal vein; broad fascia;
broadest muscle; lowest splanchnic nerve;
lowest thyroid artery; broad ligament;
longissimus muscle; long process.

А.
anterior, ius anterior; передний;
auricularis, e auricular; ушной;
bulbus, i, m bulbus, bulb; луковица;
bulbus oculi eyeball, globe of the eye; глазное яблоко;
55
bursa, ae f bursa, pouch сумка;
(sac of fluid located
at and round joints which
act as cushions
and reduce friction);
cavus, a, um hollow, sunken; полый;
cerebellum, i n cerebellum; мозжечок;
cerebrum, i n cerebrum; большой головной
мозг;
curvatura, ae f curvature, bending; кривизна;
dorsalis, e dorsal; тыльный, спинной,
(задний), дорсальный;
encephălon, i n encephalon, brain; головной мозг;
facialis, e facial; лицевой;
ganglion, i n ganglion; ганглий, узел
(нервный);
inferior, ius inferior, lower; нижний;
laryngēus, a, um laryngeal; гортанный;
magnus, a, um great, large; большой;
major, jus greater; большой;
maxĭmus, a, um greatest, biggest; наибольший,
наивысший;
medulla, ae f medulla, marrow or мозговое вещество,
inner portion; мозг;
minor, us smaller, lesser; малый;
minĭmus, a, um minimal, smallest; наименьший;
nervus, i m nerve; нерв;
nodus, i m node, knot; узел;
oculus, i m eye; глаз;
ostium, i n mouth, entrance, устье (вход, отверстие);
small opening;
parietalis, e parietal; теменной;
parvus, a, um small, little; маленький;
pharyngēus, a, um pharyngeal; глоточный;
pleura, ae f pleura, pleural плевра;
membrane;
posterior, ius posterior; задний;
56
profundus, a, um profound, deep; глубокий;
superior, ius superior, upper; верхний;
suprēmus, a, um highest; наивысший;
thymus, i m thymus; вилочковая железа,
тимус;
urethra, ae f urethra, the urinary мочеиспускательный
tract, the tube leading канал, уретра;
from the urinary bladder
to the external surface;
vena portae portal vein; воротная вена;
ventralis, e ventral; вентральный
(передний);
vesīca, ae f bladder; пузырь;
В.
cutaneus, a, um cutaneous; кожный;
ischiadicus, a, um ischiadic, ischiatic, седалищный;
sciatic;
latus, a, um broad, wide; широкий;
longus, a, um long; длинный;
mastoideus, a, um mastoid; сосцевидный;
squamosus, a, um squamous, squamosal; чешуйчатый;
trapezoideus, a, um trapezoid; трапециевидный;
urinarius, a, um urinary; мочевой;
С.
lacrimalis, e lacrimal; слезный;
lingualis, e lingual; язычный.
NB! Word combinations

concha nasalis suprēma – supreme turbinate bone;
digitus minĭmus – little finger, fifth finger;
musculus adductor magnus – adductor magnus muscle;
musculus glutēus maxĭmus – greater gluteal muscle, gluteus maximus
muscle; musculus glutēus minĭmus – least gluteal muscle, gluteus minimus
muscle;
musculus scalēnus minĭmus – minimus scalenus muscle;
venae cordis minĭmae – smallest cardiac veins.
57
UNIT 6
SUBSTANTIVATION OF ADJECTIVES
The process of converting adjectives and participles into nouns is called

substantiation of adjectives or participles. That means that adjectives acquire
characteristics of nouns and start functioning as nouns in a sentence. E.g.:
rich people – the rich. This process gave rise to a number of words denoting
intestines, coats/tunics. These words preserve the form of the gender of their
original nouns where they were used as attributes.
In Latin, the names of all kinds of intestines are substantivized neuter
adjectives. The implied noun is intestīnum, i n – intestine, e.g.: rectum, i n –
rectum (straight intestine).
There are two exceptions: the names of large intestine and small intestine
are the word combinations with co-ordinated attribute, e.g.: intestīnum tenue
– small intestine; e.g.: intestīnum crassum – large intestine.
INTESTINES

intestīnum, i n intestine кишка
c(a)ecum, i n cecum слепая кишка
colon, i n colon ободочная кишка
duodēnum, i n duodenum 12-перстная кишка
ileum, i n ileum подвздошная кишка
jejūnum, i n jejunum тощая кишка
rectum, i n rectum прямая кишка
intestīnum tenue small intestine тонкая кишка
intestīnum crassum large intestine толстая кишка
COATS/TUNICS
The names of all kinds of coats/tunics are
substantivized feminine adjectives:

conjunctīva, ae f conjunctiva соединительная оболочка
глаза, конъюнктива
cornea, ae f cornea роговица,
роговая оболочка глаза
decidua, ae f decidua (deciduous coat) отпадающая оболочка
mucosa, ae f mucosa слизистая (оболочка)
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ADJECTIVE COMPOUNDS
Adjective compounds are adjectives consisting of two or three roots. They

are used to denote anatomic formations, either spreading from one organ to
another or related to two organs. As a rule, when several roots are combined to
make one adjective, the linking ″o″ is used.
E.g.: nervus musculocutaneus – musculocutaneous nerve
musculus brachioradialis – brachioradial muscle
CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMERALS
Arab Roman
Cardinal Numerals Ordinal Numerals
Ciphers Ciphers
1 unus, a, um primus, -a, -um I

2 duo, duae, duo secundus, -a, -um II
3 tres, tria tertius, -a, -um III
4 quattuor quartus, -a, -um IV
5 quinque quintus, -a, -um V
6 sex sextus, -a, -um VI
7 septem septĭmus, -a, -um VII
8 octo octāvus, -a, -um VIII
9 novem nonus, -a, -um IX
10 decem decĭmus, -a, -um X
11 undĕcim undecĭmus, -a, -um XI
12 duodĕcim duodecĭmus, -a, -um XII
13 tredĕcim tetrius decĭmus XIII
14 quattuordĕcim quartus decĭmus XIV
15 quindĕcim quintus decĭmus XV
Ordinal numerals show the order of things in a series. In anatomical

terminology, they are used in the names of fingers, toes and ventricles of the
brain.
In anatomy, pairs of nerves, ribs, vertebrae, fingers, metatarsal bones are
designated by Roman ciphers.
Ordinal numerals are co-ordinated and changed in the same way as the
adjectives of the 1-st group (according to the 1-st and 2-nd declensions); e.g.
digitus quartus – fourth finger.
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PREFIXES IN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
For specification of topography of the anatomical formation, prefixed

adjectives are often used.
When a prefix is added to an adjective its dictionary form does not change,
it is equal in its form to the unprefixed adjective.
The following prefixes are recommended to be memorized:
The Greek
Meaning Examples
and Latin Prefixes
epi- upon, on, above, over epigastricus, a, um
hypo- under hypoglossus, a, um
infra- below, inferior, under infratemporalis, e
inter- between intervertebralis, e
intra- within, inside, in intracranialis, e
para- near, beside, at, next to paravertebralis, e
peri- surrounding, around periarterialis, e
post- after, behind postnatalis, e;
postcentralis, e
pr(a)e- before, in front of praevertebralis, e
retro- behind, back, retromandibularis, e,
at the back of retroperitonealis, e
semi- half semilunaris, e
sub- under submucosus. a, um
supra- above, over supramastoideus, a, um
syn-, sym- together, with sympathicus, a, um
NB! Before the letters h, p and m, syn- becomes sym-.
Winged Words
• Aliis inserviendo consūmor –– «I burn serving others». This is the motto

accompanying a flaming candle and serving an emblem of healing, used since
the ancient time, just like the main emblem of healing – a cup with a snake.
• Exĭtus letālis –– «A lethal (mortal) outcome».
• Medĭcus curat, natūra sanat — «The doctor cares [for his patient],
nature heals [him] » or «Doctor cures, nature saves».
• Per aspĕra ad astra –– «By steep and toil some ways to the stars».
(Seneca). The British Air force motto. It is used to mean, «Through toil to
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victory; achieving one’s aim, realizing one has cherished dream by overcoming
all the difficulties».
• Pro analўsi –– «For analysis».
EXERCISES
1. Translate the following terms into Latin; agree the adjectives with the
nouns in Nominativus Singularis and form Genetivus Singularis:
eighth nerve; third occipital nerve;

second perforating artery; third ventricle;
second toe; first perforating artery;
fifth metatarsal bone; first metatarsal bone;
fourth ventricle; fourth metatarsal bone.
2. Build the adjectives matching the descriptions below using prefixes.

State their Dictionary Form:
‘Under the ribs’ ‘Behind the pharynx’ ‘Behind the nerve node’
‘Between the bones’ ‘Above the collar bone’ ‘Above the kidney’
‘Under a mucosa’ ‘Inside the muscle’ ‘Above the breastbone’
‘Under the eye orbit’ ‘Under the lower jaw’ ‘Near the nose’
A.
The smallest gluteal muscle; the biggest gluteal muscle;
the broadest muscle of the back; the longest muscle of the chest;
the longest muscle of the neck; the highest nasal conch.
B.
Stylohyoid muscle; molar tooth;
decidual tooth; upper canine tooth;
wisdom tooth (=late tooth); tubercle of lower canine tooth;
lower incisor (tooth); root of medial upper incisor tooth.
upper cervical ganglion; lower collateral elbow vein;

incision of the round ligament; entrance of the lower hollow vein;
artery of the back segment; small sternal muscle;
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long muscle of the neck; large curvature of the stomach;
fibrous capsule of the thyroid gland; front horn of the spinal cord;
greater occipital opening; front iliac bone;
front surface of elbow bone; bottom of the urinary bladder.
A.
Bottom of the stomach; cardial entrance of the stomach;
gastroduodenal artery; intestinal surface of the uterus;
longitudinal fold of the duodenum; round ligament of the uterus;
right flexure of the colon; bottom of the uterus;
horizontal part of the duodenum; uterine tube;
ampoule of the rectum; left ventricle;
muscular coat of the small intestine; large round muscle;
sigmoid colon; iliac tuber;
sacral flexure of the rectum; iliac crest.
B.
Retropharyngeal lymph node; stylopharyngeal muscle;
general iliac artery; semilunar fold of the conjunctiva;
rectovaginal partition; sternothyroid muscle.
fundus of the stomach; ampulla of the uterine tube;

neck of the gall bladder; ventricle of the heart;
fundus of the uterus; lobe of the thyroid gland;
body of the urinary bladder; ventricle of the brain;
ampulla of the rectum; apex of the urinary bladder.
intestinal surface; uterine tube;

serous membrane; fibrous tunic;
internal capsule; superficial fascia;
thyroid gland; mucous coat;
muscular layer; fibrous capsule.
muscular layer of the stomach (2, 1, 3); round ligament of the uterus;
mucous membrane of the stomach; muscular layer of the colon;
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longitudinal fold of the duodenum; intestinal surface of the uterus;
sacral flexure of the rectum; superficial fascia of the perineum.
tunica mucosa laryngis; tunica mucosa intestini tenuis;

tunica muscularis pharyngis; tunica muscularis vesicae felleae;
tunica mucosa linguae; tunica serosa vesicae urinariae;
ligamentum transversum perinei; tunica mucosa tubae uterinae;
tunica mucosa oesophagi; tunica muscularis intestini tenuis;
tunica serosa peritonei; capsula fibrosa glandulae thyroideae.

A.
gastricus, a, um gastric; желудочный;
hyoideus, a, um hyoid; подъязычный (кость и др.)
hypoglossus, a, um hypoglossal; подъязычный (нерв и др.);
iliăcus, a, um iliac; подвздошный;
intestinalis, e intestinal; кишечный;
mucōsa, ae f mucosa; слизистая (оболочка);
mucosus, a, um mucous; слизистый;
oesophăgus, i m (o)esophagus; пищевод;
oesophagēus, a, um (o)esophageal; пищеводный;
peritonēum, i n peritoneum брюшина;
peritonealis, e peritoneal; брюшинный;
В.
anus, i m anus; задний проход;
analis, e anal; анальный;
flexura, ae f flexura, flexure; изгиб;
fundus, i m fundus, bottom; дно;
ovarium, i n ovarium, ovary; яичник;
perin(a)eum, i n perineum; промежность;
pylōrus, i m pylorus; привратник;
pyloricus, a, um pyloric; привратниковый;
sacrococcygēus, a, um sacrococcygeal; крестцово-копчиковый;
stylopharyngēus, a,um stylopharyngeal; шило-глоточный;
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tenuis, e slender, slim; тонкий;
truncus, i m trunk; ствол, туловище;
С.
infrahyoideus, a, um infrahyoid; подподъязычный;
sternohyoideus, a, um sternohyoid; грудино-подъязычный;
stylohyoideus, a, um stylohyoid; шило-подъязычный;
suprahyoideus, a, um suprahyoid; надподъязычный;
thyrohyoideus, a, um thyrohyoid; щитоподъязычный.
N.B.Word combinations:
Nom. Sing. intestīnum crassum – large intestine
Gen. Sing. intestīni crassi
Nom. Sing. intestīnum tenue – small intestine
Gen. Sing. intestīni tenuis
Nom. Sing. vesīca fellea – gall bladder, bile cyst
Gen. Sing. vesīcae felleae
Nom. Sing. vesīca urinaria – urinary bladder
Gen. Sing. vesīcae urinariae
UNIT 7
REVISION OF UNITS 3-6
1. Translate these anatomical terms into Latin. The adjectives are

translated as the nouns in the Genitive Singular, e. g.: cranial fossa – fossa
cranii:
costal angle; aortic arch; scapular notch;

sternal angle; costal groove; nasal passage;
nasal cavity; acetabular fossa; aortic vestibule;
cerebral peduncle; carpal groove; lingual septum.
2. Translate these anatomical terms into Latin.

Example: sulcus of the vertebral artery – sulcus arteriae vertebralis:
artery of the round ligament; nerve of the pterygoid canal;

sulcus of the occipital artery; sulcus of the transverse sinus;
artery of the pterygoid canal; notch of the round ligament;
body of the sphenoid bone; sulcus of the middle temporal artery.
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ligament of the atlas; ligament of the knee;

angle of the scapula; process of the maxilla;
nerve of the neck; ligament of the acetabulum;
muscle of the tongue; muscle of the abdomen.
4. Translate the following anatomical terms into Latin. The adjectives are
translated as the nouns in Gen. Sing., e.g.: cerebral vein – vena cerebri:
nuchal line; nasal partition; nuchal ligament;

cardiac vein; cerebral artery; nasal passage;
aortic arch; nuchal fascia; cranial fossa.
5. Translate these anatomical terms into English:
linea nuchae suprēma; septum nasi osseum; fossa cranii media;

meātus nasi communis; linea nuchae superior; fossa cranii posterior;
arteria cerebri inferior; arteria cerebri anterior; meātus nasi medius.
6. Translate these anatomical terms into Latin. The adjectives «great,

greater, large» are translated as «magnus, a, um» in these terms.
great auricular nerve; great cerebral vein;

large saphenous vein; great cardiac vein;
adductor magnus muscle (3, I, 2); great occipital foramen.
7. Translate these anatomical terms into English:
ramus muscularis; labium vestibulare; cranium cerebrale;

sinus maxillaris; septum femorale; linea scapularis;
arteria angularis; aorta abdominalis; ligamentum dorsale;
fossa mandibularis; incisura fibularis; nervus facialis.
branch of the great auricular nerve; bursa of the broadest muscle;

tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle; apex of the sacrum;
nerve of the external acoustic meatus; base of the sacrum;
bursa of the greater gluteal muscle; lateral part of the sacrum;
bursa of the least gluteal muscle; auricular surface of the sacrum.
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9. Agree the following adjectives with the nouns. Translate the word-
combinations into Latin:
Greater (ala, horn, head, sulcus, curvature, papilla); lesser (muscle, horn,
fossa, curvature, ala); anterior (crest, sulcus, tubercle, hole); posterior (face,
arch, ligament); lower (sinus, limb, artery, ligament); upper (limb, ganglion,
incisure, foramen, process).
UNIT 8
CONTROL TESTS
ON ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
Fulfill the control tests in written form:
Variant 1
1. Translate the words into Latin. State their Dictionary Form:
1. part 11. collarbone

2. shoulder blade 12. shin-bone
3. ligament 13. maxillary
4. red 14. breastbone
5. upper 15. ear-drum
6. intestinal 16. rib
7. blind gut 17. transverse
8. small intestine 18. hole/opening
9. calf-bone/peroneal bone 19. skull
10. sacred/sacral 20. left
1. right jugular trunk 6. frontal sinus

2. articular process 7. internal jugular vein
3. arch of the vertebra 8. nerve of the brain
4. greater straight muscle of the head 9. temporal face of the greater ala
5. sulcus of the greater petrous 10. cutaneous ramus of the ulnar
nerve nerve
Variant 2
1. Translate the words into Latin. State their Dictionary Form:
1. arch 3. coccygeal
2. middle 4. tubercle
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5. line 13. portal vein
6. black 14. hyoid
7. ankle-bone 15. uterine
8. node 16. greater
9. urinary 17. bulb
10. bottom 18. hollow
11. straight 19. lower jaw
12. vestibule 20. bone
1. profound vein 6. facial muscle

2. left lumbar trunk 7. nasal bone
3. head of the humerus 8. frenulum of the upper lip
4. smaller ala 9. process of the upper jaw
5. broad ligament of the uterus 10. lower horn of the lateral ventricle
UNIT 9
THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

The First Declension
In Latin, the first declension is called declinatio prima.

Only the nouns of the feminine gender with the ending -a in the Nominative
Singular and the ending -ae in the Genitive Singular belong to the 1-st
declension.
In Plural, they have the ending -ae in the Nominative case and the ending
-arum in the Genitive case.
Endings of the Cases
Case Ending Example

Nominativus Singularis -a lamĭna
Genetivus Singularis -ae lamĭnae
Nominativus Pluralis -ae lamĭnae
Genetivus Pluralis -arum laminārum
The Genitive Singular and the Nominative Plural have the same ending -ae.
These forms of words differ by their positions in terms. In terms, a word in the
Genitive Singular is always placed after another noun, e.g.: collum costae –
neck of a rib.
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A noun in the Nominative Plural is the first in the term, e.g. costae spuriae
– false ribs.
The Plural form in Latin corresponds to the ending -s in English, e.g.: linea
– line; lineae – lines.
As to the adjectives of the 1-st declension, they are changed in the same way
as the nouns of the 1-st declension.
Example of Declension
Case Ending Example

Nominativus Singularis -a zygomatĭca, dextra, libĕra
Genetivus Singularis -ae zygomatĭcae, dextrae, libĕrae
Nominativus Pluralis -ae zygomatĭcae, dextrae, libĕrae
zygomaticārum, dextrārum,
Genetivus Pluralis -ārum
liberārum
In English adjectives do not change. However, in Latin they change

according to the nouns, they can be in Plural and Singular, in the Genitive and
the Nominative cases.
E.g.: transverse line – linea transversa;
e.g.: transverse lines – lineae transversae;
e.g.: sulcus of the auditory tube – sulcus tubae auditīvae.
The Second Declension
In Latin, the second declension is called declinatio secunda.

The masculine nouns with the ending -us, -er in the Nominative Singular
and the endings -i in the Genitive Singular belong to the 2-nd declension.
In Plural, they have the ending -i in the Nominative case and the ending
-orum in the Genitive case.
Case Ending Example

Nominativus Singularis -us, -er sulcus, cancer
Genetivus Singularis -i sulci, cancri
Nominativus Pluralis -i sulci, cancri
Genetivus Pluralis -ōrum sulcōrum, cancrōrum
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The Genitive Singular and the Nominative Plural have the same ending -i.
Words with this ending differ by their place in a term.
A noun in the Nominative Plural occupies the first position in terms, e.g.:
musculi linguae – muscles of the tongue.
A noun in the Genitive Singular is on the second place in a term, e.g.: bursa
musculi – bursa of the muscle.
The neuter nouns with the endings -um, -on in the Nominative Singular and
the ending -i in the Genitive Singular also belong to the 2-nd declension.
In Plural they have the ending -a in the Nominative case and the ending
-orum in the Genitive case.
Case Ending Example

Nominativus Singularis -um, -on tuberculum, acromion
Genetivus Singularis -i tuberculi, acromii
Nominativus Pluralis -a tubercula, acromia
Genetivus Pluralis -ōrum tuberculōrum, acromiōrum
As to the adjectives of the second declension, they change in the same way
as the nouns of the 2-nd declension.
Examples of Declension of the Masculine and Neuter Genders
Ending Example
Case
m n m n
-us, -um, zygomatĭcus, zygomatĭcum,
Nom. Sing.
-er -on dexter, libĕr dextrum, libĕrum
zygomatĭci, zygomatĭci,
Gen. Sing. -i
dextri, libĕri dextri, libĕri
zygomatĭci, zygomatĭca,
Nom. Plur. -i -a
dextri, libĕri dextra, libĕra
zygomaticōrum, zygomaticōrum,
Gen. Plur. -ōrum
dextrōrum, liberōrum dextrōrum, liberōrum
Pay attention to the adjectives with the ending -er in the Nominative
Singular, remembering that in some of them the letter «e» is dropped in all
oblique cases.
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Winged Words
• Casus extraordinarius –– «An extraordinary case».

• Casus ordinarius –– «An ordinary case».
• Dum spiro, spero — «As long as I breathe, I hope».
• Quot capĭta, tot sensus –– «So many heads, so many minds».
• Repetitio est mater studiōrum –– «Repetition is the mother of learning».
TEST YOURSELF

1. The nouns of the 1-st declension in the Nominative Plural have the
ending ... and the ending ... in the Genitive Plural.
2. The nouns of the 2-nd declension in the Nominative Plural have the
ending ... for the masculine gender and the ending ... for the neuter gender, in
the Genitive Plural all of them have the ending ....
3. The adjectives of the 1-st group in the Nominative Plural have the
ending... for the masculine gender, the ending ... for the feminine gender and
the ending ... for the neuter gender.
EXERCISES
ribs fibers fingers

branches tubercles fontanels
nodes veins muscles
ligaments sutures segments
wings arteries spaces
glands lips nerves
lines organs lobules
ganglions spines follicles
grooves trunks capsules
glands of the skin arteries of the kidney

muscles of the neck organs of the
folds of the colon follicles of the larynx
ligaments of the knee wings of the vomer
veins of the kidney ligaments of the liver
lobes of the cerebrum folds of the iris
glands of the uterus follicles of the rectum
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veins of the neck fibers of the lens
fascicles of the pons muscles of the head
nuclei of the pons lobules of the liver
trunks of the plexus muscles of the larynx
3. The adjectives are translated as the nouns in the Genitive case, e. g.

cerebral veins – venae cerebri. Translate into Latin:
cerebral arteries cardiac veins

cerebral sulci cerebral gyri
abdominal veins cerebellar veins
oral glands femoral veins
dorsal muscles lingual veins
skeletal muscles cranial sutures
4. Translate these anatomical terms into Singular and Plural:
pterygoid branch interosseous ligament

false rib thoracic nerve
true rib thoracic segment
thoracic vertebra thoracic ganglion

Accessory organs of the eye; broad ligaments of the uterus (2, 1, 3); lymphatic
follicles of the rectum; transverse veins of the neck; cruciate ligaments of the
knee; arcuate arteries of the kidney.
6. Write in Nominativus Pluralis:
palatine grooves pancreatic branches

transverse fascicles interosseous spaces
palatine spines accessory thyroid glands
transverse lines transverse palatine folds
accessory ligaments internal thoracic veins
transverse convolutions gastric lymphatic follicles
interosseous muscles right gastric lymph nodes
Memorize the following word combinations:

Nom. Sing. glandula mammaria – mammary gland;
Gen. Sing. glandulae mammariae;
Nom. Sing. medulla oblongata – oblongatal medulla, oblongated marrow;
Gen. Sing. medullae oblongatae;
Nom. Sing. medulla spinalis – spinal marrow, spinal cord;
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Gen. Sing. medullae spinalis;
Nom. Sing. nodus lymphaticus – lymph node;
Gen. Sing. nodi lymphatici.
UNIT 10
THE THIRD DECLENSION
In Latin, the third declension is called declinatio tertia.

Nouns of all three genders with the ending -is in the Genitive Singular
belong to the third declension. In the Nominative Singular, their endings are
different.
The stem of a noun of the third declension is defined according to the form
of the Genitive case, if we cut off the ending -is.
The third declension is divided into three types; they are:
• consonant,
• mixed,
• vowel.
In order to define the type of the declension it is necessary, first, to count
the syllables in the Nominative and Genitive cases and then to define the stem
of a noun.
The nouns fall into two groups – unequal or equal compound nouns.
The nouns, which have one more syllable in the Genitive Singular than
in the Nominative Singular, are called unequal compound nouns (non-
parisyllabic forms).
The nouns, which have the same quantity (number) of syllables in the
Nominative and Genitive Singular, are called nouns of the equal compound
syllables (parisyllabic forms).
The stem of nouns can end on one, two, or three consonants.
Let us illustrate these rules:
E.g.: corpus, corpŏris n – this word has two syllables in the Nominative
Singular and three syllables in the Genitive Singular, thus it belongs to unequal
compound nouns. The stem ends in one consonant.
E.g.: canalis, canalis т – this word has three syllables in the Nominative
and in the Genitive Singular; that is why it belongs to the equal compound
nouns. The stem ends in one consonant.
E.g.: dens, dentis т – this word has one syllable in the Nominative Singular
and two syllables in the Genitive Singular; that is why it belongs to the unequal
compound nouns. The stem ends in two consonants.
The following are the basic rules for determining the types of declension.
The consonant type includes the unequal compound nouns of all three
genders with one consonant at the end of a stem.
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The mixed type includes, primarily, the unequal compound nouns of three
genders with two or more consonants at the end of a stem and, secondly, the
equal compound nouns of feminine (masculine) genders with the ending -is in
the Nominative Singular.
The vowel type includes only the neuter nouns with the endings -e, -al, -ar
in the Nominative Singular.
The types differ by endings of the Genitive and the Ablative Plural.
One should remember that endings are added to stems!
Consonant type Mixed type Vowel type

m, f n m, f n n
Nom. Plur. -es -a -es -a -ia
Gen. Plur. -um -ium -ium
Therefore, the word corpus, ŏris n belongs to the consonant type; the words
canalis, canalis m and dens, dentis m belong to mixed type.
Examples of Declension of Types
Consonant type Mixed type Mixed type Vowel type

n m m n
Nom. Sing. corpus canālis dens rete
Gen. Sing. corporis canālis dentis retis
Nom. Plur. corpora canāles dentes retia
Gen. Plur. corporum canālium dentium retium
NB! The word vas, vasis n has the endings of the 3-d declension in the
Singular form, but it is remarkable by the fact that in the Plural form it has the
endings of the 2-nd declension.
MASCULINE NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
Masculine nouns of the Third Declension may have one of the following
terminations in the Nominative Case: -o -os; -or; -es; -ex; -er. The Genitive
case form is used for defining the stem of the word. As has been mentioned
earlier the stems differ in final letters or their combinations. In the table below
the Nominative Singular terminations are contrasted to those of Genitive
Singular preceded by the final letters differentiating word-stems.
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Endings of the Masculine Nouns of the Third Declension
Nom. Sing. -o -os -or -es -ex -er

-o/-i -or -or -t/-d -ic -r/-er
Gen. Sing.
+ nis + is + is + is + is + is
NOTE. Nouns ending in -es may be either masculine or feminine. It depends

on the fact whether the number of syllables in their Nominative Singular and
Genitive Singular forms is different or similar. If it is similar the noun is
feminine (pubes, is f). If it is different, the noun is masculine (paries, etis m).
Words exemplifying the above-stated peculiarities of Masculine Nouns of
the Third Declension together with Exceptions are included in Vocabulary
Extension.
MUSCLES NOMINATIONS ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS
Muscles are nominated in three possible ways. They are named:

• according to their shape: musculus rhomboideus – rhomboid muscle;
• according to the anatomic formation they are related to: musculus
auricularis – auricular muscle;
• according to their function. In this case, they are word combinations
consisting of two nouns: the word musculus is on the first place and the name
of the muscle indicating its function is on the second place. E.g.: musculus
extensor, musculus flexor. Both words agree in number and case.
As to the English term, a muscle’s name according to its function is on the
first place, the word «muscle» is on the second one.
As a rule, the 1-st word is used in the abbreviated form (т.). The second
word is always a masculine noun of the third declension with the ending -or,
-er in the Nominative Singular (Gen. Sing. -oris, -eris).
Nom. Sing. Musculus levātor, musculus massēter
Gen. Sing. Musculi levatōris, musculi massetēris
The compound terms including names of muscles signifying their functions
may be also complemented by subordinate nouns specifying their meaning. In
this case, they have the following pattern: т. levator scapulae – (M. + Name
of the Muscle + Subordinate Noun in the Genitive Case).
Latin English Function Description

m. abductor abductor muscle drawing a limb
towards the body
m. adductor adductor muscle drawing a limb
away from the body
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m. buccinātor buccinator muscle moving cheeks
m. constrictor constrictor muscle narrowing
(e.g. pharynx)
m. depressor depressor muscle driving down
m. levātor levator muscle driving up/lifting
m. massēter masseter muscle for chewing
m. rotātor rotator rotating muscle (making
a circular movement)
m. sphincter sphincter round contracting muscle
m. tensor tensor straining muscle
m. corrugātor corrugator wrinkling muscle
m. cremaster cremaster muscle lifting the testicle
m. dilatātor dilatator dilating muscle
m. extensor extensor extending muscle
m. flexor flexor flexing muscle
m. pronātor pronator turning the palm/foot
face down
m. supinātor supinator turning the palm/foot
face up
Winged Words
• Anamnēsis morbi –– «Present case history».

• Anamnēsis vitae –– «Past history».
• Finis corōnat opus –– «All’s well that ends well».
• О tempŏra, о mores! –– «Oh what time, oh what habits! » (Cicero).
TEST YOURSELF

1. The ... compound nouns with ... consonant at the end of a stem are
included into the consonant type.
2. The nouns of the vowel type of the third declension in the
Nominative Plural have the ending ..., in the Genitive Plural they have
the ending ....
3. The equal compound nouns with the ending... in the Nominative Singular
and the ... compound nouns with ... or... consonants at the end of a stem are
included into the ... type.
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EXERCISES
Palatine bone; sulcus of the petrosal sinus;

parietal bone; internal vertebral venous plexus;
frontal bone; petrosal sinus; lateral pterygoid muscle;
facial muscle; upper trunk of the brachial plexus;
peritoneum cavity; broad ligament of the uterus;
bottom of the stomach; upper cervical ganglion;
lower nasal passage; greater straight muscle of the head;
anterior cerebrospinal artery; lateral horn of the spinal cord.

forāmen zygomaticofaciale; musculus palatopharyngēus;
musculus palatoglossus; processus palatinus maxillae;
cavum nasi; crista lacrimalis posterior;
plexus dentalis superior; raphe pterygomandibularis;
collum mandibulae; facies palatina lamĭnae horizontalis.
3. Find the stems (bases) of the following nouns:
pars, partis f; ramus, i m; tuber, ĕris n;

ala, ae f; plexus, us m; foramen, ĭnis n;
nervus, i m; cervix, icis f; cartilago, ĭnis f;
genu, us n; diaphragma, ătis, n; tempus, ŏris n;
magister, tri m; canālis, is m; facies, ēi f; colon, i n.
ligamentum, i n; articulatio, ōnis f;
4. Make adjectives agree with nouns; put the resulting word combinations
into Genetivus Singularis:
A.
Trochanter (major, jus; minor, us);
Paries (mastoideus, a, um; jugularis, e; anterior, ius);
Pulmo (dexter, tra, trum);
Pes (calcaneus, a, um; planus, a, um);
Liquor (cerebrospinalis, e; flavus, a, um);
Humor (aquosus, a, um; vitreus, a, um).
B. Exceptions!
Os, ossis n (sphenoidalis, e; hyoideus, a, um; occipitalis, e; sacer, cra, crum);
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Tuber, ĕris n (cinereus, a, um; frontalis, e; ischiadicus, a, um);
Mater, tris f (pius, a, um; durus, a, um; arachnoideus, a, um);
Cor, cordis n (adiposus, a, um; mobĭlis, e; pulmonalis, e).
A.
Pulmonary face of the heart; hyoid bone;
cortex of the lymphatic node; ethmoid furrow of the nasal bone;
greater and lesser trochanter; cardiac notch of the left lung;
cortex of the brain; jugular wall of the tympanic cavity;
cortex of the cerebellum; the right and the left lung;
notch of the heart apex; anterior wall of the stomach.
B.
Belly of the muscle; apex of the posterior horn;
apex of the sacred bone; muscular coat of the stomach;
pia mater of the brain; jugular wall;
front wall of the vagina; membrane of the stirrup bone;
branch of the sciatic bone; apex of the heart.
C.
Blind (= cecalis, e) foramen of tongue; vestibule of mouth;
angle of mouth; temporal process of zygomatic
lateral surface of zygomatic bone; bone;
partition of the nose.
6. Translate into Latin using terms instead of descriptions:
A.
Muscle lifting the thyroid gland; muscle straining the broad fascia;
muscle rotating the thorax; muscle dilating a pupil;
muscle rotating the neck; long radial muscle extending the wrist;
muscle lifting shoulderblade; lower muscle narrowing pharynx.
Musculus adductor pollĭcis (hallūcis); musculus sphincter ductus

musculus flexor digĭti minĭmi brevis; choledochi;
musculus pronātor teres; musculus depressor septi nasi;
musculus rotātor cervĭcis;
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musculus sphincter ani; musculus flexor pollĭcis longus.
musculus extensor indĭcis; musculus massēter;
musculus abductor digĭti minĭmi; musculus buccinātor.

A.
apex, ĭcis m apex, tip; верхушка, кончик
(носа, языка);
cortex, ĭcis m cortex, bark; кора, корковое вещество;
flos, floris m flower; цветок;
homo, ĭnis m human, man; человек;
index, ĭcis m index, forefinger; указательный палец
(II палец);
humor, ōris m humor, fluid, moisture; влага, жидкость
как составная часть тела;
liquor, ōris, m liquor, liquid; жидкость
(спинно-мозговая);
paries, ĕtis m paries, wall; стенка;
pulmo, ōnis m lung; легкое;
trochanter, ēris m trochanter, large process вертел;
below the neck
of the femur for muscle
attachments;
venter, ntris m venter, abdomen, брюшко (мышцы),
belly; живот;
vertex, ĭcis m vertex, crown of the темя, вершина;
head;
vomer, ĕris m vomer, plowshare; сошник;
В.
pes, pedis m foot; 1) стопа (нога);
2) структура,
подобная ножке;
pollex, ĭcis m thumb; большой палец руки;
stapes, ĕdis m stapes, stirrup bone; стремя (стременная
слуховая косточка);
urēter, ēris m ureter; мочеточник.
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EXCEPTIONS
Nouns of the Neuter Gender

os, oris n mouth; рот;
os, ossis n bone; кость;
cor, cordis n hurt; сердце;
tuber, ĕris n tuber; бугор;
Nouns of Feminine Gender

mater, tris f 1) mother; 1) мать;
2) coat of the encephalon; 2) мозговая оболочка;
pia mater pia mater: thin, delicate, inner мягкая мозговая
membrane of the оболочка;
meninges (sort coat);
dura mater dura mater: outermost of the three твердая мозговая
membranes surrounding the brain оболочка;
and spinal cord (hard coat);
arachnoidea arachnoid membrane: паутинная мозговая
the second (mater) layer around оболочка;
the brain and spinal cord;
gaster, tris f stomach; желудок.
UNIT 11
FEMININE NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
A number of typical terminations may help to distinguish the feminine

nouns of the Third Declension. In the Nominative Singular, they have the
following endings:
-do, -go, -io;
-vowels + s (exception: -os); consonants + s;
-vowels + x (exception: -ex); consonants + x;
In the table below you will find both the Nominative Singular endings as
well as final letters of the Genitive Singular stem together with the Genitive
Singular endings. The table shows that there are certain correlations between
the Nominative Singular endings and stem types manifesting themselves in the
Genitive Singular.
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Gender Feminine
Nom. -n/-r -a/-i/-u -n/-l
-do -go -io -as -es -is -us
Sing. +s +x +x
Gen. -din -gin -ion -at -t/-d -t/-d -nt-/rt -ac-/-ic/-uc -ng/-lc
-is -is
Sing. +is +is +is +is +is +is +is +is +is
Note 1. The stem of feminine nouns with different number of syllables in

the Nominative and Genitive Singular forms (non-parisyllabic forms) ending
in -is in the Nominative ends in -id: iris, ĭdis f (stem -irid-) as in carōtis, ĭdis,
f (stem -carotid-); pyrămis, ĭdis, f (stem -pyramid-). In feminine nouns with
parisyllabic Nominative and Genitive Singular forms (having the same number
of syllables) these forms are also identical as auris, is f; cutis, is f.
Note 2. The suffix -io may be added to verbal stems (supines) to derive
nouns giving names to a number of actions, functions or processes: supinatio
(turning the palm/foot face down), pronatio (turning the palm/foot face up),
flexio (flexing), extensio (extending), etc. Names of many types of surgery are
also nouns ending in -io: amputatio pedis, resectio pulmōnis, resectio gastris
Examples of Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension together with
Exceptions are included in Active Words.
Winged Words
• Omnia praeclāra rara –– «Everything which is beautiful is rare».

• Praesente medĭco nihil nocet — «In the presence of a doctor nothing can
harm».
• Qui scribit, bis legit — «Who writes, reads twice».
• Simīlia similĭbus curāntur — «Like cures like» (Samuel Hahnemann,
founder of homeopathy).
• Terra incognĭta –– «An unknown country». This is the inscription on the
ancient maps and terrestrial globes of unexplored areas. It also means «The
unknown sphere of knowledge».
EXERCISES
1. Form Genetivus Singularis and name the derivational basis:
cavĭtas impressio asperĭtas

salus pars juventus
cervix radix fornix
tendo articulatio dens
tuberosĭtas longitūdo terminatio
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larynx senectus auris
lens frons pubes
cartilāgo appendix iris
cuspis bifurcatio unguis
2. Make the adjectives agree with nouns; translate into Latin:

A.
Part (petrosal, medial, parietal, upper, anterior, pyloric, cardiac, lumbar,
sternal, osseous, spongous, right, lateral, profound);
Canal (palatine, optical, lacrimal, facial, sacral, vertebral, carotic, greater,
incisive);
Cavity (cerebral, pleural, articular, tympanic, proper);
Tuberosity (deltoid, iliac, masseteric);
Ear (middle, internal, external);
Cartilage (thyroid, articular, costal, alar, pterygoid, greater);
Joint (mandibular, transverse, simple, complex).
B.
Impression (renal, gastric, cardiac, duodenal, esophageal);
Edge (frontal, squamous, lacrimal, mastoid, anterior, free, right);
End (sternal, acromial, uterine, upper);
Tooth (incisive, deciduous, canine, molar, premolar, of wisdom);
Vessel (lymphatic, capillary, collateral);
Area (femoral, anterior, calcaneal);
Cusp (cuspis, ĭdis f) (posterior, ventral, anterior).
A.
Free part of the lower limb; pyloric canal;
facial area; body of the pubic bone;
vault of pharynx; capsule of the pancreas;
bigger petrosal nerve canal; tympanic cavity of the middle ear;
abdominal part of the esophagus; cartilage of the septum of the nose;
humeral joint; basis of the phalanx;
nasal part of the pharynx; heel bone area;
tree of life of the cerebellum; hard coat of the encephalon.
B.
Canal of the cervix of the uterus; root of the nail;
upper aperture of the pelvis; lower vault of the conjunctiva;
lateral surface of the testis; ciliary part of the retina.
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C.
Greater palatine canal; root, back and apex of nose;
cartilage of partition of nose; vestibular surface of tooth;
cavity of tooth; medial upper incisor;
oral fissure (fissure of mouth); infraorbital canal of upper jaw.

A.
a. carōtis, tĭdis f carotid artery; сонная артерия;
appendix, ĭcis f appendix; аппендикс, придаток,
отросток;
articulatio, ōnis f articulation, joint; сустав;
auris, is f ear; ухо ;
basis, is f basis; основание;
cartilāgo, ĭnis f cartilage; хрящ;
cavĭtas, ātis f cavity (cavum, i n); полость, впадина;
cervix, īcis f cervix, neck; 1) шея;
2) шейка (матки,
мочевого пузыря;
cutis, is f cutis, skin; кожа;
frons, frontis f frons, forehead; лоб;
gl. parōtis, tĭdis f parotid gland; околоушная железа;
meninx, ngis f meninx, coat of the brain; мозговая оболочка;
pars, partis f part; часть;
radix, īcis, f radix, root; корень, корешок;
pelvis, is f pelvis; таз;
pelvis renalis renal pelvis, лоханка почечная;
pelvis of the kidney;
pyrămis, ĭdis f pyramid; пирамида;
regio, ōnis f region, area; область;
symphўsis, is f symphysis (connection/ симфиз (сращение);
junction of two bones
by means of cartilage
tissue);
synchondrosis, is f synchondrosis (primary синхондроз;
cartilaginous joint);
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tuberosĭtas, ātis f tuberosity: large, rounded бугристость
process on bone; serves for
attachment of muscles or
tendons;
В.
bilis, is, f bile; желчь;
extremĭtas, ātis, f end; конец;
impressio, ōnis f impression, mark; вдавление;
iris, ĭdis f iris (the coloured part round радужка, радужная
the pupil of the eye); оболочка глаза;
lens, lentis f lens (the transparent part хрусталик;
of the eye behind; the pupil
that focuses the light);
phalanx, ngis f phalanx; фаланга, косточка,
членик пальца;
pubes, is f pubic region, pubic bone; лобок.
EXCEPTIONS
Nouns of the Masculine Gender

axis, is m axis: (1) a line that 1) ось;
divides a regular 2) II шейный
shape into 2 equal позвонок;
parts; (2) 2-nd cervical
vertebra;
canālis, is m canal, channel; канал;
dens, dentis m tooth; зуб;
margo, ĭnis m margin, border, edge; край;
sanguis, ĭnis m blood; кровь;
tendo, ĭnis m tendon, tendo; сухожилие;
coccyx, ýgis m coccyx / os coccyges; копчик;
fornix, ĭcis m fornix, vault; свод;
larynx, ngis m larynx; гортань;
pharynx, ngis m pharynx; глотка;
thorax, ācis m thorax; грудь, грудная
клетка.
83
Nouns of the Neuter Gender

pancreas, ătis n pancreas, abdominal поджелудочная железа;
salivary gland;
vas, vasis, n vessel; сосуд.
Adjectives of the 1-3 Declinations

canīnus, a, um canine; клыковый;
deciduus, a, um decidual, milk (tooth); молочный;
incisīvus, a, um incisive резцовый
molaris, e molar, большой коренной;
multicuspid;
premolaris, e premolar, малый коренной;
bicuspid;
serotĭnus, a, um late (about teeth); поздний.
UNIT 12
NEUTER NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
Neuter nouns of the Third Declension may also vary both in their Nominative
Singular terminations and in their Genitive Singular forms showing their stem
types. The table below gives a clear idea of the endings in the Nominative
Singular and their correlations in the Genitive Singular:
Gender Neuter
Nom. Sing. -en -us -ur -e -l -ar -ut -ma
-il/-al
Gen. Sing. -in+is -o/-e/-u+ris -is -ar+is -it+is -at+is
+is
The table shows that there are certain correlations between the Nominative
Singular endings and stem types manifesting themselves in the Genitive
Singular.
NOTE 1. The stem of Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension ending in the
Nominative Singular in -us ends in -r, while that of Feminine Nouns ends in
-t/-d:
-ut-is, -ud-is f
-or-is, -er-is, -r-is n
NOTE 2. One should distinguish Latin neuter nouns of the third declension
84
ending in -e from Greek feminine nouns ending in -e (Genitive Singular ending
-es). Compare: rete, is n; raphe, es f; diploë, ёs f.
NOTE 3. One should also distinguish between Greek third declension
neuter nouns ending in -ma and Latin first declension nouns ending in -ma.
Compare stroma, ătis n and squama, ae f.
The Neuter words of III Declension together with exceptions are listed in
Active Words.
Winged Words
· Ex oriente lux — «From the East [comes] the light [i.e. culture] ».
· Fiat lux! — «Let there be light! »
· Gratis –– «Free of charge».
· Hygiena amica valetudĭnis –– «Hygiene is a friend of health».
· In statu praesenti –– «In the present condition».
· In statu quo ante –– «In the same condition as before».
EXERCISES
1. Build the Genitive Singular form. Find the stem of the word:
abdōmen pus fel (fellis)

nomen sulfur calcar
forāmen femur thenar
pectus systēma caput
crus zygōma rete
A.
Lower mediastinum; cortex of ovary;
incisure of pancreas; abdominal part of aorta;
broncho-esophageal muscle; greater curvature of stomach;
basis of renal pyramid; uterine end;
upper part of duodenum; superior vault of conjunctiva.
B.
Lateral region of the neck; the longest muscle of the head;
upper constrictor of the pharynx; anterior region of the face;
palatine aponeurosis; membranaceous wall of the trachea;
mucosa of the mouth; mastoid margin of the occipital bone;
body of the hyoid bone; ala of the plowshare.
85
C.
Cartilage of partition of nose; lateral cartilage of nose;
buccal muscle; free part of gum;
straight part of larynx; neck of tooth;
root of upper canine tooth; basis and body of lower jaw.
3. Translate into Latin. Make adjectives agree with nouns:
Head (lateral, profound, oblique, transverse, long, short);

Glomus (carotid, coccygeal, aortal);
Crus (membranaceous, osseous, simple, medial, lateral, common (=
communis, e),
right, left, short, long);
Foramen (great / occipital, mastoid, spinous, jugular, incisive, round, oval);
System (nervous, lymphatic, urogenital);
Body (ciliary, cavernous);
Kidney (right, left; cystic; mobile);
Net (arterial; palmar; articular).
4. Derive adjectives of the 1-st group from nouns using:
a) The suffix -ic(us):

Pubes, is f; pylōrus, i m; urēter, ēris m;
trochanter, eris m; pancreas, atis n; hepar, ătis n;
massēter, ēris m; carōtis, ĭdis f; diaphragma, ătis n;
gaster, tris f; pectus, ŏris n; pelvis, is f.
b) The suffix -e(us):
larynx, ngis m; tendo, ĭnis m; metacarpus, i m;
pharynx, ngis m; cartilāgo, ĭnis f; coccyx, ýgis m.
5. Derive the adjectives of the 2-nd group using the suffix -al:
sternum, i n; margo, ĭnis m; peritonēum, i n;

frons, frontis f; os, oris n; tempus, ŏris n;
pulmo, ōnis m; dens, dentis m; lien, ēnis m;
occĭput, ĭtis n; abdōmen, ĭnis n; ren, renis m;
apex, ĭcis m; paries, ĭtis m; cortex, ĭcis m.
pyloric part of the stomach; body of the shin-bone;

wing of the vomer; abdominal part of the ureter;
86
basis of the heart; superficial lymph vessel;
uterine cavity; palatine aponeurosis;
root of the lung; tuber of the heelbone;
cortex of the suprarenal gland; knee joint;
capsule of the pancreas; body of the hyoid bone;
oral mucosa; alveolar opening of the lower jaw;
front part of the face; symphysis of the lower jaw;

A.
abdōmen, ĭnis n abdomen, belly; живот, брюхо;
caput, ĭtis n head; голова, головка;
corpus, ŏris n body; тело;
crus, cruris n 1) crus; голень, ножка;
2) leg, shank;
diaphragma, ătis n diaphragm; диафрагма;
femur, ŏris n femur, thigh-bone; бедро;
forāmen, ĭnis n foramen (hole, opening); отверстие;
hepar, ătis n liver; печень;
nomen, ĭnis n name; имя (название);
occĭput, ĭtis n occiput; затылок;
pectus, ŏris n breast; грудь;
stroma, ătis n stroma, framework; строма, остов – опор-
ная структура органа;
tempus, ŏris n 1) temple; 1) висок;
2) time; 2) время;
zygōma, ătis n zygoma, cheekbone; скула;
В.
chiasma, ătis n chiasm, decussation; перекрест;
glomus, ĕris n glomus; клубок;
systema, ătis n system; система;
tegmen, ĭnis n roof; крыша;
viscus, ĕris n organ; внутренний орган;
viscera (usually plural) внутренности.
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EXCEPTIONS
Nouns of the Masculine Gender

ren, renis m kidney; почка;
lien, enis m spleen; селезенка.
UNIT 13
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
The adjectives of the 3-d declension can be changed according to the consonant
or vowel types. No adjectives are changed according to the mixed type.
1. The adjectives with one, two or three gender endings change according
to the vowel type.
Examples of Declension
mf n
Nominativus Singularis frontal-is frontal-e
Genetivus Singularis frontal-is
Nominativus Pluralis frontal-es frontal-ia
Genetivus Pluralis frontal-ium
2. The adjectives in the comparative degree are changed according to the

consonant type.
Examples of Declension
mf n
Nominativus Singularis major majus
Genetivus Singularis major-is
Nominativus Pluralis major-es major-a
Genetivus Pluralis major-um
Winged Words
• Non scholae, sed vitae discĭmus — «We don’t learn for school but for
life».
• Nulla res tam necessaria est quam medicīna — «Nothing is so necessary
as medicine».
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• Oculi plus vident quam oculus — «Several eyes see more than only
one».
• Omnia mea mecum porto –– «All I have I carry with me». These words
are ascribed by Cicero to Byas, one of seven wisemen of Old Greece. It means
that the true wealth of a man is his inner dignity.
• Omnia praeclāra rara –– «Everything which is beautiful is rare» (Cicero).
TEST YOURSELF

1. The adjectives of the 2-nd group in the Nominative Plural have the ending
... for the Masculine and Feminine genders and the ending … for the Neuter
gender, in the Genitive Plural all of them have the ending ....
2. The adjectives in comparative degree in the Nominative Plural have the
ending ... for the Masculine and Feminine genders and the ending ... for the
Neuter gender, in the Genitive Plural all of them have the ending ....
EXERCISES
1. Translate these terms into Singular and Plural:
afferent vessel; lumbar trunk;

permanent tooth; anterior tooth;
lumbar ganglion; costal notch;
mental spine; lacrimal gland;
ampullary crest; cervical fascia;
intermuscular septum; frontal tuber;
lymphatic vessel; renal pyramids.
interosseous intercarpal ligaments; accessory nasal cartilages;

lesser vestibular glands; pelvic sacral foramina;
palmar interosseous muscles; superior alveolar nerves;
lesser palatine canals; lesser palatine arteries.
nervi cervicales; forāmina sacralia dorsalia;

venae inferiōres; glandulae cervicales uteri;
vasa afferentia; arteriae interlobares renis;
arteriae perforantes; nuclei laterales thalāmi;
89
rami perforantes; arteriae interlobulares hepătis;
tubercula mentalia; fibrae pontis longitudinales;
incisurae vertebrales inferiōres; lobuli thymi accessorii;
glandulae linguales anteriōres; partes laterales ossis occipitalis;
foramĭna palatina minōra; glandulae intestinales intestīni tenuis;
rami gastrici posteriōres; glandulae intestinales intestīni crassi;
sulci temporales transversi; partes laterales ossis sacri.
4. Translate into Latin; e.g. interlobular arteries of the kidney – arteriae

interlobulares renis:
semilunar folds of the colon; costal notches of the sternum;

medial nuclei of the thalamus; central veins of the liver;
alveolar foramina of the maxilla; intestinal glands of the rectum;
longitudinal fascicles of the pons; interosseous spaces of the metacarpus.
5. Put the following terms into Nominativus et Genetivus Singularis et

Pluralis:
os frontale; trochanter major;

lamĭna horizontalis; tuber parietale;
forāmen occipitale; musculus orbicularis;
pars anterior; margo liber;
paries lateralis; facies posterior.
VOCABULARY EXTENTION

Nouns of the 1-st – 4-th declensions
commissura, ae f commissure, спайка;
adhesion;
metacarpus, i m metacarpus; пясть;
thalămus, i m thalamus; зрительный бугор;
thymus, i m thymus; вилочковая (внутренняя
грудная) железа;
aponeurosis, is f aponeurosis; апоневроз;
tractus, us m tract, tractus; путь.
Adjectives of the I-st and 2-nd declensions|
albus, a, um white; белый;
circumflexus, a, um circumflex; огибающий;
hepaticus, a, um hepatic; печеночный.
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Adjectives of the 3-d declension
abdūcens, ēntis abducent, abducting; отводящий (нерв);
affĕrens, ēntis afferent; афферентный (центростреми-
тельный), приносящий;
ampullaris, e ampullary; ампулярный;
ascendens, ēntis ascending; восходящий;
cerebellaris, e cerebellar; мозжечковый;
communĭcans, āntis communicating; соединительный,
соединяющий;
corticalis, e cortical; корковый;
descendens, ēntis descending; нисходящий, спускающийся;
dorsalis, e dorsal; спинной, тыльный,
дорсальный;
effĕrens, ēntis efferent; эфферентный,
выносящий, выводящий;
follicularis, e follicular; фолликулярный;
labialis, e labial; губной;
interlobaris, e interlobar; междолевой;
interlobularis, e interlobular; междольковый;
medullaris, e medullar; мозговой;
muscularis, e muscular; мышечный;
oppōnens, ēntis opposer; противопоставляющий,
противополагающий;
orbitalis,e orbital; глазничный;
palmaris, e palmar; ладонный;
palpebralis, e palpebral; пальпебральный
(относящийся к веку);
permanens, ēntis permanent; постоянный (перманентный);
plantaris, e plantar; подошвенный
promĭnens, ēntis prominent; выступающий, выдающийся;
pulmonalis, e pulmonary; легочный;
pyramidalis, e pyramidal; пирамидальный;
radialis, e radial; радиальный (лучевой);
recurrens, ēntis recurrent; возвратный, повторяющийся,
рекуррентный;
renalis, e renal; почечный;
semilunaris, e semilunar; полулунный, серповидный;
ulnaris, e ulnar; локтевой;
vestibularis, e vestibular; преддверный
(вестибулярный).
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UNIT 14
REVISION OF UNITS 9–13
1. Form Genetivus Singularis and name the derivational basis:

trochanter mater cartilāgo
rete liquor cor
paries foramen mandibula
tendo fornix frons
pulmo dens appendix
tuberculum terminatio bifurcatio
pars larynx auris
radix humor pubes
iris unguis cavĭtas

A.
Anterior lip of the womb; proper ligament of the ovary;
profound infrapatellar bursa; left lumbar trunk;
lateral ventricle; interosseous space;
vaginal venous plexus; subparietal furrow;
right jugular trunk; vagina of the eyeball;
oblique sinus of the pericardium; intraparietal furrow;
lower horn of the lateral ventricle; marrow of the ovary.
B.
Upper canine tooth; triangle of sublingual nerve;
lateral surface of zygomatic bone; root of medial upper incisor;
wisdom tooth; tubercle of lower canine;
submandibular ganglion; superior and middle nasal concha;
upper molar; body of hyoid bone;
masseteric nerve; alveolar part of lower jaw;
trigeminal nerve; frenulum of lower lip;
omohyoid muscle; alar process of ethmoid bone;
mucosa of tongue; milk tooth;
surface of the crown of upper molar; notch of lower jaw.
3. Translate into Latin using terms instead of descriptions:
Muscle wrinkling the brow; muscle depressing the lower lip;

ulnar muscle flexing the wrist; muscle depressing the angle of mouth;
muscle lifting the palatine velum. muscle straining the palatine velum.
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superficial lymph vessel; symphysis of the lower jaw;

left lobe of the liver; longest muscle of the head;
internal carotid artery; root of the tongue;
renal pelvis; membranaceous wall of the trachea;
thyroid cartilage; back nucleus of the trapezoid body.
UNIT 15
THE FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS
The Fourth Declension
In Latin, the fourth declension is called declinatio quarta.

The Masculine nouns with the ending -us and Neuter nouns with the ending
-u in the Nominative Singular and the ending -us for both genders in the
Genitive Singular are of the fourth declension.
There is one exception from this rule, the word manus, us f – «hand»
belongs to the Feminine gender, though it has the ending of the Masculine
gender.
In Plural, they have the ending -us for the Masculine gender and the ending
-ua for the Neuter gender in the Nominative case; in the Genitive case, they
have the ending -uum for both genders.
Examples of Declension of the Masculine and Neuter Nouns
m n
Nominativus Singularis duct-us corn-u
Genetivus Singularis duct-us corn-us
Nominativus Pluralis duct-us corn-ua
Genetivus Pluralis duct-uum corn-uum
The nouns in the Nominative Plural and Singular differ by the ending of an
adjective in a word combination:
E.g. processus pterygoideus – the adjective has the ending -us; it is
the ending of the Singular form; therefore, the noun is in the Singular
form too.
E.g. processus pterygoidei – the adjective has the ending -i; this is the
ending of the Plural form; therefore, the noun is in the Plural form too.
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The Fifth Declension
In Latin, the fifth declension is called declinatio quinta.

The Feminine nouns with the ending -ēi in the Genitive Singular and
the ending -es in the Nominative Singular are included into the fifth
declension.
In Plural, they have the ending -es in the Nominative case and the ending
-ērum in the Genitive case. There is only one word of the fifth declension
rather widely used in the anatomical terminology.
Endings of the cases
Singularis Pluralis
Nominativus -es -es
Genetivus -ēi -ērum
Example of the fifth declension
f
Nominativus Singularis faci-es
Genetivus Singularis faci-ēi
Nominativus Pluralis faci-es
Genetivus Pluralis faci-ērum
The nouns of the Nominative Singular and Plural have the same ending,
which differs from one another by the ending of an adjective in a word
combination:
E.g.: facies articulares – the noun «facies» in the plural form, as the
adjective has the ending of the plural form;
E.g.: facies articularis – the noun «facies» is in the singular form, as the
adjective has the ending of the singular form.
Winged Words
• Optĭmum medicamentum quies est –– «Peace is the best medicine» (the

words of Celsus).
• Plenus venter non studet libenter — «A full belly doesn’t like studying».
• Post mortem –– «Аfter death».
• Post partum –– «After delivery».
• Potius sero quam nunquam — «Better late then never» (Livy).
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EXERCISES
1. Put the nouns into the Nominativus and Genetivus Pluralis:

ductus, us m; fascia, ae f; genu, us n;
cellula, ae f; lobus, i m; dens, dentis m;
fonticulus, i m; caverna, ae f; sectio, ōnis f;
bursa, ae f; planum, i n; pyrămis, ĭdis f;
processus, us m; folium, i n; terminatio, ōnis f;
ampulla, ae f; labium, i n; pars, partis f;
recessus, us m; ganglion, i n; articulatio, ōnis f;
junctura, ae f; corpus, ŏris n; phalanx, ngis f;
ramus, i m; forāmen, ĭnis n; tendo, ĭnis m;
palpebra, ae f; septum, i n; margo, ĭnis m;
meātus, us m; nomen, ĭnis n; pulmo, ōnis m;
rete, is n; canalis, is m; canaliculus, i m.
2. Translate orally:
joints muscles fingers
regions vertebrae nuclei
lungs ribs arches
cartilages teeth papillas
tendons partitions borders
impressions sinuses branches
3. Put the adjectives into the Nominativus and Genetivus Pluralis:

buccalis vertebrale bronchialis
lata brevis sacrale
posterius flava zygomaticum
labiale liber longus
major dorsale alaris
craniale osseus minima
4. Translate in writing:
upper incisors; muscles of abdomen;
articular surfaces; bones of skull;
canines; bones of face;
veins of kidney; sutures of skull;
cartilages of nose; knee (= genu, us n) veins;
retinacula of skin; cartilages of larynx;
rotating muscles of neck; muscles of eyeball.
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termini generales; glandulae labiales;

sinus intermedii; alveoli dentales;
musculi subcostales; lobi renales;
regiones abdominales; arteriae ciliares posteriōres longae;
tubuli seminiferi; facies articulares;
plicae gastricae; ganglia cardiaca;
pyramides renales; corpŏra paraaortica;
vasa sinusoidea lienis; radii lentis;
juga alveolaria; rami dentales inferiōres.
6. Translate into Latin, make the nouns in the Nominative case plural and
agree the adjectives with them.
A.
Small alar cartilage; accessory nasal cartilages.
lower vein of the encephalon; pelvic ganglion;
small sublingual duct; section of the spinal cord;
superficial lymphatic vessel; lobe of the mamma;
interspinous muscle of the neck; sacral pelvic hole;
short posterior ciliary artery; semilunar band of the colon;
thoracic cardiac branch; bone of the lower extremity.
B.
Small sublingual duct; upper molar;
lower canine; great and small horn;
small palatine canal; superior gingival branch;
ophthalmic fascia; superior and inferior nasal conch;
accessory nasal cartilage; orbital part of frontal bone.

incisurae cartilagĭnis; plicae transversales recti;
partes orbitales ossis frontalis; venae cerebri inferiōres;
tubercula mentalia; conchae nasales superior et inferior;
cuspis corōnae dentis posterior; dentes premolares et molares;
musculi infrahyoidei; glandulae buccales.
8. Translate into Latin in writing:

adrenal glands; synovial pouches and vaginas;
cartilages of nose; subhepatic recesses;
96
borders of shoulder blade; cerebrospinal nerves;
vertebral joints; ventricles of larynx;
inferior cervical cardiac branches; pharyngeal glands;
cerebrospinal roots; pelvic openings;
arteries of heart; muscles of the back.
9. Make adjectives agree with nouns, translate into Latin:
Branches (mastoid, glandular, intermedial, duodenal, gastric);

Openings (alveolar, papillary, intervertebral, sacral);
Muscles (facial, transverse, infraoccipital);
Ligaments (auricular, ventral, yellow (= flavus, a, um);
Joints (cartilaginous, fibrous, vertebral, synovial).
10. Translate into Latin. Write in Nominativus Singularis:
osseous maxillary sinus; common hepatic duct;

suboccipital venous plexus; sacral horn;
abdominal aortic plexus; thyroid articular surface;
accessory pancreatic duct; right lymphatic duct.
А.
alveŏlus, i m alveolus, alveole; альвеола
ampulla, ae f ampule, ampulla, ampoule; ампула
apertura, ae f aperture, opening; апертура, отверстие
cavernosus, a, um cavernous; пещеристый
cellula, ae f cell, cellule; ячейка, клетка
communis, e common; общий
corticalis, e cortical; корковый
facialis, e facial8 лицевой
fibra, ae f fibra, fiber; волокно
fibrosus, a, um fibrous; фиброзный
folium, i n folium, leaf; лист, листок
genitalis, e genital; половой
gingīva, ae f gingiva, gum; десна
glandula, ae f gland, glandula; железа
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glandularis, e glandular; железистый
hepaticus, a, um hepatic; печеночный
lumbalis, e lumbar; поясничный
lymphaticus, a, um lymphatic; лимфатический
manus, us f manus, hand; кисть (рука)
medulla oblongata medulla oblongata, rachidian продолговатый мозг
bulb, myelencephalon;
nucleus, i m nucleus; ядро;
nutricius, a, um nutritious, nourishing; питательный;
pectoralis, e pectoral; грудной (относящийся
к передней стенке
грудной клетки);
pelvicus, a, um pelvic; тазовый;
pelvinus, a, um
proprius, a, um proper, personal, ‘one’s own; собственный
pulmonalis, e pulmonary; легочный
ramus, i m ramus, branch; ветвь
recessus, us m recess, small; hollow, углубление, карман
shallow; pocket, niche;
retinaculum, i n retinaculum, retaining удерживатель
band or ligament;
spatium, i n space, spatium; пространство,
промежуток
spinalis, e spinal; спинно-мозговой
superficialis, e superficial; поверхностный
В.
accessorius, accessory, additional, добавочный;
a, um supplementary;
brevis, e short; короткий;
flavus, a, um yellow; желтый;
glut(a)eus, a, um gluteal; ягодичный;
gyrus, i m gyrus, convolution; извилина;
metacarpus, i m metacarpus; пясть;
metatarsus, i m metatarsus; плюсна;
palpebra, ae f palpebra, eyelid; веко;
plica, ae f plica, fold, plait; складка;
radialis, e radial; лучевой, радиальный;
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subcutaneus, a, um subcutaneous; подкожный;
ulnaris, e ulnar; локтевой;
С.
cilium, i n eyelash, cilium; ресница;
ciliaris, e ciliary; ресничный;
labialis, e labial; губной;
papillaris, e papillary; сосочковый;
supercilium, i n eyebrow; бровь.
UNIT 16
SUMMARY OF INFLECSIONS OF THE NOMINATIVE AND

GENITIVE SINGULAR AND PLURAL
1 2 3 4 5
f m n mf n m n f
-us, -um, various
Nom. Sing. -a -us -u -es
-er -on endings
Gen. Sing. -ae -i -is -us -ēi
Nom. Plur. -ae -i -a -es -a (-ia) -us -ua -es
Gen. Plur. -ārum ōrum -um (-ium) -uum -ērum
In the III declention ending -ia is given to:

• Neuter nouns having the Nominative Singular -e, -al, -ar: rete – retia;
animal – animalia; calcar – calcaria;
• Neuter adjectives of the 2-nd group: frontale – frontalia; occipitale –
occipitalia; simplex – simplicia.
The ending -ium is given to:
• Neuter nouns ending in -e, -al, -ar: retium, animalium, calcarium;
• Nouns which stem ends in more than one consonant: partium (pars,
partis f); dentium (dens, dentis m), ossium (os, ossis n). Exseption: nouns of
Greek origin (larynx, pharynx, meninx, phalanx); they have a Genitive Plural
ending -um.
• Nouns of the equal compound syllables in -es, -is: famium (fames, is f);
canalium (canalis, is m);
• all adjectives of the 2-nd group: frontalium (m, f, n);
In order to form the Nominative Plural it is necessary to determine the
99
declension (by the ending of the Genitive Singular), the stem and the gender of
a noun. Endings are added to stems according to their declensions.
Note. 1. The noun vas, vasis n (vessel) is in the III declension when it is
singular and in the II declension when it is plural: vas, vasis, vasa, vasorum.
2. The words lumbi, ōrum m – «loins» and fauces, ium f (fauces) are used
in Latin only in the plural, e.g.: musculus quadratus lumbōrum – quadrate
muscle of loins; isthmus faucium – isthmus faucium.
Basic Abbreviations Used in the PNA
Some nouns in the Nominative Singular and Plural are usually abbreviated
to two, three or four letters. It is necessary to memorize these generally
accepted abbreviations:
Singularis Pluralis
a. = arteria (artery) aa. = arteriae (arteries)
b. = bursa (bursa) bb. = bursae (bursae)
gl. = glandula (gland) gll. = glandulae (glands)
lig. = ligamentum (ligament) ligg. = ligamenta (ligaments)
in. = musculus (muscle) mm. = musculi (muscles)
n. = nervus (nerve) nn. = nervi (nerves)
r. = ramus (branch) rr. = rami (branches)
vag. = vagīna (sheath) vagg. = vagīnae (sheaths)
v. = vena (vein) vv. = venae (veins)
for. = forāmen (foramen, opening) forr. = forāmina (foramina, openings)
Winged Words
• Ab ovo (usque ad mala) –– «From eggs to apples, i.e. from the very
beginning up to the end». It comes from the Roman custom to begin breakfast
with an egg and end it with an apple.
• Homo quadratus –– «A highly educated and perfectly built person». A
drawing of a man placed into a circle and into a square was an emblem of
artistic anatomy. It comes from sculptural canon, adopted in ancient art.
• Pro auctōre seu pro me –– «For the author or for myself» (when the
doctor makes out a prescription for himself).
• Prognōsis optĭma (pessĭma) –– «Favourable (unfavourable) prognosis».
• Statim! — «Immediately! (Urgently!) ».
• Status commūnis –– «A general state (of the patient) ».
100
• Status locālis –– «A local state».
• Status naturālis –– «A natural state».
• Status praesens aegrōti –– «The patient’s present condition».
EXERCISES
1. Translate the given words into Latin, state their Dictionary Form. Put
them into Nominativus et Genetivus Singularis et Pluralis:
spine angle gland

ventricle cheek process
atrium muscle ganglion
node sinus knee
gum joint foramen
plexus lung tendon
2. Translate into Latin and put these adjectives into Genetivus Pluralis:
long simple front

radial greater minimal
deep upper maximal
short lesser lumbal
A.
Palatine bone; internal vertebral venous plexus;
parietal bone; zygomatic process of the frontal bone;
frontal bone; lateral pterygoid muscle;
petrosal sinus; upper trunk of the brachial plexus;
facial muscle; broad ligament of the uterus;
peritoneum cavity; upper cervical ganglion;
bottom of the stomach; horizontal lamina of the palatine bone;
lower nasal passage; greater straight muscle of the head;
sulcus of the petrosal sinus; lateral horn of the spinal cord.
B.
Anterior lip of the womb; proper ligament of the ovary;
profound infrapatellar bursa; left lumbar trunk;
lateral ventricle; interosseous space;
vaginal venous plexus; subparietal furrow;
right jugular trunk; vagina of the eyeball;
101
oblique sinus of the pericardium; intraparietal furrow;
lower horn of the lateral ventricle; marrow of the ovary.
C.
Upper canine tooth; mucous part of lip of mouth;
lateral surface of zygomatic bone; surface of the crown of upper molar;
wisdom tooth; triangle of sublingual nerve;
submandibular ganglion; root of medial upper incisor;
superior orbital fissure of lesser ala; tubercle of lower canine;
occipitopalatine muscle; superior and middle nasal conch;
upper molar; body of hyoid bone;
masseteric nerve; alveolar part of lower jaw;
trigeminal nerve; frenulum of lower lip;
omohyoid muscle; alar process of ethmoid bone;
mucosa of tongue; milk tooth; notch of lower jaw.
Forāmen zygomaticofaciale; musculus palatoglossus; cavum nasi;

plexus dentalis superior; collum mandibulae; musculus palatopharyngēus;
processus palatinus maxillae; facies lingualis corōnae dentis canini
inferiōris; crista lacrimalis posterior; raphe pterygomandibularis; ductus
sublingualis major glandulae sublingualis; facies palatina lamĭnae
horizontalis.
5. Find the stems (bases) of the following nouns:
Pars, partis f; ramus, i m; tuber, ĕris n;

ala, ae f; plexus, us m; forāmen, ĭnis n;
nervus, i m; cervix, īcis f; cartilāgo, ĭnis f;
genu, us n; diaphragma, ătis n; tempus, ŏris n;
meniscus, i m; canalis, is m; facies, ēi f;
ligamentum, i n; articulatio, ōnis f; colon, i n.
mm. palāti et faucium; medulla ossium rubra et flava;

rr. trigeminales et trochleares; vasa vasōrum;
m. flexor digitōrum; sinus venārum cavārum;
nodŭli valvulārum semilunarium. plexus cavernosi conchārum;
forr. venārum minimarum; tunica conjunctīva palpebrārum;
cavernae corpŏrum cavernosōrum; ganglia plexuum sympathicōrum.
102
A.
Partition of the frontal sinuses; sinus of the hollow veins of the right heart
atrium; opening of the pulmonary veins of the left heart atrium; chiasm of the
tendons; long muscles driving up ribs; retaining band of the tendons of the
flexors; interbuccal pouches of gluteal muscles; vessels of the vessels.
B.
Ligaments of tendons; fibrous vaginas of fingers; upper retaining band of
tendons of fibular muscles; short muscles driving up ribs; medial and-lateral
plates of pterygoid processes.
C.
Medial surface of incisors and canines; canals of greater and lesser petrosal
nerves; lateral commissure of eyelids; lingual surface of incisors and premolars;
partition of sphenoid sinuses; commissures of lips.

A.
arteriosus, a, um arterial; артериальный
atrium, i n atrium; предсердие
bronchus, i m bronchus; бронх
cardiăcus, a, um cardiac; сердечный
commissura, ae f commissure, спайка
commissura;
generalis, e general; генеральный, родовой,
общий
glandula suprarenalis suprarenal gland; надпочечник (железа́);
lobus, i m lobe; доля;
medulla ossium bone marrow; костный мозг;
medulla spinalis spinal cord / marrow; спинной мозг;
medullaris, e medullar; мозговой;
paranasalis, e paranasal; околоносовой;
sanguineus, a, um sanguineous, bloody; кровеносный;
stratum, i n layer; слой;
thalămus, i m thalamus; таламус, зрительный;
бугор мозга;
thymus, i m thymus; вилочковая железа, тимус;
103
trachea, ae f trachea, windpipe трахея
(дыхательное горло);
vagīna, ae f vagina; влагалище;
В.
carpus, i m carpus, wris;t запястье;
lumbus, i m lumbus, loin; поясница;
membranaceus, a, um membranaceous, перепончатый;
membranous;
nodulus, i m nodule; узелок;
opticus, a, um optic, optical; зрительный;
peron(a)eus, a, um peroneal (or fibular); малоберцовый;
(seu fibularis, e)
valvula, ae f valve, valvule; заслонка;
vesīca biliaris (seu gallbladder, cholecyst; желчный пузырь.
vesīca fellea)
UNIT 17
REVISION OF UNITS 14–16
1. Read aloud, translate:

Tunica serosa esophăgi, curvatura major gastris, forāmen magnum, fornix
pharýngis, ductus hepaticus sinister, tunĭca serosa intestini tenuis, articulatio
simplex, articulatio composĭta, impressio cardiăca hepătis, retinaculum mm.
extensōrum inferius, hiātus canālis nervi petrosi minōris, apex radīcis dentis,
tractus spinalis nervi trigemĭni, commissura labiōrum, pars libĕra gingīvae,
ramus lateralis tubuli dentini.
2. Read the terms below replacing the abbreviations with full (non-
abbreviated) words:
aa. nutriciae; mm. interspinales;

gll. intestinales; nn. articulares;
bb. trochanterĭcae; nn. profundi;
aa. superiōres; nn. cardiaci;
aa. sigmoideae; rr. orbitales;
forr. incisīva; rr. oesophagēi;
forr. palatina minora; vagg. synoviales;
ligg. interossea; vv. cavernosae;
mm. interossei; vv. centrales.
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3. Agree the adjectives with the nouns, and write these anatomical terms
in Nominativus Pluralis:
plexuses (cardiac, iliac, gastric, cavernous);

ducts (paraurethral, semicircular, papillar, lymphatic);
tracts ( pyramidal, nervous);
sinuses (anal, ethmoidal, intercavernous, anterior, middle, pleural);
processes (ciliary, pterygoid);
surfaces (interlobar, palmar, plantar).
4. Write in Nominativus Pluralis:
external vertebral venous plexuses; radial lateral surfaces;

minor sublingual ducts; superior articular processes;
commissural nervous tracts; ulnar medial surfaces.
lesser horn of the hyoid bone; venous sinus of the sclera;

lateral recess of the fourth ventricle; posterior arch of the atlas;
posterior horn of the fourth ventricle; papillary process of the liver;
central canal of the spinal cord; alveolar arch of the maxilla (2, 1, 3);
cardiac notch of the left lung; oblique fissure of the lung;
horizontal fissure of the right lung; dorsal venous arch of the foot.
A. Posterior ligament of the peroneal bone head; visceral face of the spleen;
lobes of the liver; general carotid plexus; furrows of the dura mater of the brain;
general hepatic duct; muscle driving up the partition of the nose; short gastric
veins; cerebrospinal ganglion; head muscles; sphincter of the common bile
duct; broadest muscle of the back; vessels of the vessels; fibrous and synovial
joints; internal acoustic passage; bulb of the occipital horn; ligaments of the
liver; greater tympanic spine; parietal tuber; lesser palatine canals; sacroiliac
posterior ligaments; cartilage incisures; bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk;
venous network (rete, is, n); upper constrictor of the pharynx; gluteal muscles;
red bone marrow; sinus of the hollow veins of the right heart atrium; nuclei of
the cranial nerves; right and left kidneys; pelvic ganglions; renal pelvis; alar
ligaments, buccal glands.
B. Trochanteric pouch of the biggest gluteal muscle; parietal peritoneum;

body of the gallbladder; external entrance of the urethra; vagina of the styloid
105
process; additional vertebral vein; areas of the body; muscles of larynx,
abdomen, chest; diaphragm of the pelvis; knee ligaments; fibrous vagina of
fingers of the hand; muscular coat of the urinary bladder; upper edge of the
suprarenal gland; muscles of the perinaeum; right pulmonary veins.
C. Posterior lingual glands; median furrow of tongue; accessory nasal

cartilages; greater and lesser petrosal nerves; alveolar part of lower jaw;
superior and inferior walls of orbit; glands of mouth; muscles of face;
masseteric muscles; submandibular lymphatic nodes; inferior dental arch;
interdental space; incisive canal.
UNIT 18
THE FINAL TESTS

ON ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
Do the Final Tests on Anatomical Terminology in written form:
Test 1
1. Translate the following terms into Latin and put them into
Nominativus and Genetivus Singularis and Pluralis:
Zygomatic muscle; sphenoid bone; frontal process; nasal sinus; articular
tubercle.

Gluteal muscles; right pulmonary veins; horizontal lamina of the palatine
bone; oblique fissure of the lung.

Tunĭca serosa intestini tenuis; musculus flexor pollĭcis longus; musculus
rotātor cervĭcis.
Test 2
Zygomatic arch; sphenoid concha; frontal angle; nasal bone; articular
process.

Lesser palatine canals; nuclei of the cranial nerves; zygomatic process of
the frontal bone; posterior arch of the atlas.
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Ductus hepaticus sinister; musculus flexor digĭti minĭmi brevis; musculus
depressor septi nasi.
Test 3
Zygomatic bone; sphenoid sinus; frontal tuber; nasal spine; articular face.

Submandibular lymphatic nodes; inferior dental arch; sulcus of the
petrosal sinus; papillary process of the liver.

Facies palatina lamĭnae horizontalis; musculus sphincter ductus choledochi;
Musculus adductor pollĭcis.
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SECTION II
CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY
The most clinical terms are of Greek origin. The notion clinical terms
embraces a number of terminological systems functioning in the sphere of
medical and biological science, which studies a sick organism. This sphere
is traditionally called pathology (Greek pathos – suffering, disease + logos
- science, theory). Pathology studies the clinical picture of a disease, i.e. its
symptoms and signs, disturbances of physiological functions and structural
changes in organs and tissues. The terminological subsystems of pathological
anatomy and pathological physiology underlie clinical terminology in general.
Clinical terms proper designate various objects, processes and phenomena
related to prevention and diagnostics of diseases, their differentiation with
the help of the names of specific nosological (Greek nosos – disease)
units or combining forms as well as to the ways of examining and treating
patients. Clinical terms are also names of medical devices, instruments,
equipment, etc.
UNIT I
CLINICAL TERMS. TERM BUILDING
The word may be divided into smaller meaningful elements. All these
minimal word elements are called morphemes (Greek morph - form). They
are Combining forms: prefix, root, suffix, ending (termination). A Combining
form is reiterational part of the word, helping to form the new term (it may
include the root, prefix, and suffix).
The root expresses the main meaning of the word. Prefixes and suffixes
are added to the root to derive new words. The ending of the word contains
information about its gender, number and case.
Inter — muscul — ar –– is, e
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Prefix root suffix ending
The part of the word preceding the ending makes its stem.
Words may be derived both using affixes (prefixes and suffixes) and without
using them. In the former case, affixes are joined to the derivational stems
(bases). The latter way is the way of making compound words. A compound
word is the word consisting of more than one derivational stem. A simple word
includes only one stem, e.g. sternal-is, costal-is; compound words consist of
more than one stem, e.g. stern-o-costal -is.
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Suffixation
Adding a suffix to the derivational stem is suffixation. Suffixes may be
joined to the stems of nouns, adjectives and verbs.
Most of adjectives are formed from the nouns with the help of the suffixes -al,
-ar of the third declension and the suffix -ic of the first and second declensions
with the general meaning «belonging to or related to what is indicated by the
stem».
NB! The adjectives having the endings -aris, -alis, -ilis, -icus in Latin have
the endings -ar,-al, -ile, -ic in English.
Latin adjectives English equivalents

clavicularis, e clavicular
medialis medial
hormonalis, e hormonal
infantilis, e infantile
juvenilis, e juvenile
senilis, e senile
zygomaticus, a, um zygomatic
thoracicus, a, um thoracic
gastricus, a, um gastric
Adjectives with the general meaning «characterized by / rich in the quality

indicated by the stem» having the suffix -os (us, a, um) in Latin, have -ous in
English.

fibrosus, a, um fibrous
infectiosus, a, um infectious
squamosus, a, um squamous
Adjectives with the general meaning «producing/causing a thing designated

by the stem» or «produced / caused by a thing designated by the stem» are used
in the clinical terminology with the suffix -gĕn (us, a, um).

cancerogĕnus, a, um cancerogenic, causing cancer;
pyogĕnus, a, um pyogenic, caused by pus collection;
enterogĕnus, a, um enterogenic, caused by an
intestinal disorder;
cardiogĕnus, a, um caused by heat.
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The suffix -io (-tio, -sio, -xio) means the «process» or «action» and
forms the nouns from verbs with the meanings of the operations, methods of
observations, and methods of treatment.
NB! Most of nouns, having the endings -tio, -sio, -xio in Latin, have the
endings -tion, -sion, -xion in English.
Latin nouns English equivalents

sanatio, ōnis f sanation
rehabilitatio, ōnis f rehabilitation
amputatio, ōnis f amputation
remissio, ōnis f remission
depressio, ōnis f depression
All the nouns with the suffixes -ul (-cul), -ol-, -ell, -ill belong to the class
of diminutives, that is, they have a diminishing meaning (an indication of a
smaller size):
Latin nouns English equivalents

vena, ae f vein
venula, ae f venule
genu, us n knee
geniculum, i n geniculum (small knee)
bronchus, i n bronchus
bronchiolus, i n bronchiole
lamina, ae f plate
lamella, ae f lamella, thin plate
mamma, ae f breast
mamilla, ae f nipple
Suffixes starting with a consonant are joined to roots with the help of the
linking vowel, as a rule, -i- in Latin words and -o- in Greek words, e.g. Latin
cruc-i-formis (crosslike); Greek bronch-o-genus (bronchogenic).
While deriving adjectives suffixes are added to the stem of a noun (Genitive
Singular form ending), e.g. thorax, acis m – thorac-ic-us; cartilago, inis f –
cartilagin-e-us.
Prefixation
Prefixation which is joining the prefix to the root does not change the
meaning of the word but merely adds a semantic component specifying either
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spatial localization (above, below, ahead, behind), or direction (approaching,
receding), or time reference (preceding or following something); it may also
indicate the absence of something or negate it.
Prefixes developed mainly from prepositions; therefore, their direct
meanings are similar to the meanings of the corresponding prepositions.
Greek and Latin prefixes are in wide use in various subsystems of medical
terminology and biology. Moreover, Latin prefixes are predominant in
anatomical terms while Greek prefixes are abundant in the terms of pathological
anatomy, physiology, clinical subjects.
As a rule, Latin prefixes are joined to Latin roots. However, there are some
exceptional cases when the so-called hybrid words are built, e.g. the words epi-
fascialis (epifascial), endo-cervicalis (endocervical) include Greek prefixes
and Latin derivational stems. When building terms with the help of prefixes
whole words are used as derivational stems.
Greek Prefixes
Examples
№ Prefix Meaning
Latin English
endo-
1 inside, intra- endogenus of internal origin
ento-
around,
2 peri- periosteum periosteum
surrounding smth.
1. near/next to; paranasal
3 para 2. deviation from paranasalis paramnesia (false
the norm recollection)
4 ecto-, exo- out of, outside exogenus of external origin
increased function
hyper-,
5 above hyperthyreosis of the thyroid
epi-
gland
6 hypo- below/under hypofunctio decreased function
7 pro- fore-/pre- prognosis prognosis, forecast
back encephalon;
1. behind metencephalon;
8 meta- spread of
2. transition metastasis
pathogens
between, in the
9 meso- mesencephalon middle brain
middle (of)
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middle part
1. between diaphysis
of the diaphysis
10 dia- (tubulous bone);
2. through diarrhoea
diarrhea;
3. division diagnosis
diagnosis
connection with
with, together
11 syn-, sym- synostosis the help of
with
bone tissue
12 anti- against antibacterialis antibacterial
part of the pulse
1. upwards; anacrota;
wave going
13 ana-
upwards;
2. resuming anabiosis
recovery to life
1. downwards; part of the pulse
14 cata- catacrota wave going
2. reinforcement downwards
encephalon
15 en- in, inside encephalon (literally – in
the head)
16 ex-, ec- out of ectomia excision
lack of nutrition;
absence, lack; atrophia;
17 a-, an- making numb,
negation anaesthesia
unable to feel
difficulty in
disorder,
18 dys- dysuria urination
dysfunction
normal
19 eu- eupnoё normal respiration
functioning
NB! When combined with the names of different organs the prefixes endo-,
peri-, para- mean their coatings.
endo- inner coating, e. g. endometritis (inflammation of the uterine inner
coating);
peri- outer coating, e.g. perimetritis (inflammation of the uterine outer
coating);
para- tissue near the organ, e.g. parametrium (the tissue near the uterus).
NB! anamnesis – finding out the events preceding a disease by questioning
patients; catamnesis – case history of the patient after the treatment.
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Latin Prefixes
Examples
№ Prefix Meaning
Latin English
ad- (ac-, approaching, adductio adduction
1
af-, ap-) connecting appendix appendix
2 ab- driving aside abductio abduction
3 intra- inside intracapsularis intracapsular
4 extra- outside extracapsularis extracapsular
infraorbitalis; infraorbital;
5 infra-, sub- under
sublingualis sublingual
suprarenalis; suprarenal;
6 supra-, super- above
superficialis superficial
antebrachium,
antebrachium
7 ante-, prae- pre-, fore- forearm;
praesenilis
presenile
8 post- post- postnatalis postnatal
9 inter- inter-, between intermuscularis intermuscular
through, transfusio; transfusion;
10 trans-, per-
transition peroralis peroral
resuming,
repeating reanimatio; resuscitation;
11 re-
response, reactio reaction
reaction
con- (com-, with, together conjunctiva, conjunctiva,
12
col-) with compositus complex
13 contra- contra- contralateralis contralateral
14 in-, im- in, inside inflammatio inflammation
15 ex-, e-(ef-) out of externus external
insufficientia, insufficiency,
16 -in, (-im-, -il) negation
immobilis immobile
division, dislocatio, dislocation,
17 dis-(dif-)
disintegration diffusus diffused
eliminating, degeneratio, degeneration,
18 de-, des-, se- depriving of desinfectio, disinfecting,
smth. separatio separation
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abscessus, us т abscess, a collection of pus, нарыв, гнойник;
white blood cells, and protein,
which are present at the site of
infection;
acūtus, a, um acute (sharp and sudden); острый;
benignus, a, um benign (not harmful for life); добро-
качественный
cancer, cri т cancer (any malignant рак;
neoplasm);
cancerosus, a, um cancerous; раковый;
caries, ei f caries; кариес
(костоеда);
chronicus, a, um chronic (of long duration); хронический;
colĭca, ae f colic, a sudden attack of pain внезапные
in the stomach or abdomen; приступы
боли в животе;
coma, ătis n coma, deep sleep or кома,
unconsciousness due to бессознательное
surgery or illness; состояние;
comatosus, a, um comatose (in a state of coma); коматозный;
cysta, ae f cyst: киста;
1) any bladder;
2) sac, containing gas, fluid,
etc.
cystosus, a, um cystic, cystous (pertaining to кистозный;
the cyst);
diabētes, ae т diabetes (disease having the диабет;
symptoms polyuria);
diabeticus, a, um diabetic (relating to diabetes); диабетический;
diffūsus, a, um diffuse; диффузный,

разлитой,
рараспростра-
ненный;
eczĕma, ătis n eczema (skin eruption); экзема, лишай;
fractura, ae f fracture, a break (of a bone or перелом;
cartilage);
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gangraena, ae f gangrene (death of body гангрена;
tissue, usually resulting from
obstructed circulation);
gangraenosus, gangrenous; гангренозный;

a, um
infantilis, e infantile, of children; инфантильный,
детский;
infectio, ōnis f infection (penetration of инфекция;
infectious agents into the
body);
infectiosus, a, um infectious; инфекционный;
inflammatio, ōnis f inflammation; воспаление;
juvenīlis, e juvenile, of young people; ювенильный,
юношеский;
malignus, a, um malignant (harmful for life); злокачественный;
morbus, i т disease, malady, illness; болезнь;
oedema, ătis n edema (swelling, fluid in the отек;
sells, tissues or serous
cavities);
paralўsis, is f paralysis (stop of function); паралич;
paralyticus, a, um paralytic паралитический;
(relating to paralysis)
parēsis, is f paresis (partial or incomplete парез, неполный
paralysis); паралич;
pneumonia, ae f pneumonia (inflammation of пневмония,
the lung parenchyma); воспаление
легких;
senīlis, e senile, of old age; сенильный,
старческий;
spasmus, i т spasm (sudden, violent, спазм, судорога;
involuntary muscular
contraction);
spasticus, a, um spastic; спастический;
trauma, ătis n trauma (an injury); травма;
traumaticus, a, um traumatic (relating to травматический;
or caused by trauma);
ulcus, ĕris n ulcer (a lesion on the mucous язва;
or skin surface);
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ulcerosus, a, um ulcerous; язвенный;
glaucoma, ătis n glaucoma: increased глаукома;
intraocular pressure results
in the lens becoming opaque
(impenetrable by light);
hernia, ae f hernia (bulging forth, or грыжа
protrusion, of an organ or the
muscular wall of an organ
through the cavity which
normally contains it);
hernialis, e hernial; грыжевой;
ictĕrus,i т icterus, jaundice (yellow желтуха;
colouring of the tissues);
ileus, i т ileus (intestinal obstruction); кишечная
непроходимость;
varix, icis m/f varix, venous node, dilated варикс,
vein; венозный узел,
расширенная
вена;
varicosus, a, um varicose; варикозный;
volvulus, i т volvulus (twisting of the заворот кишок.
intestine upon itself);
EXERCISES
1. Explain the meaning of the suffixes, translate the terms:

Ductus pancreaticus, fossa condylaris, incisura fibularis, processus
styloideus, ductus hepaticus, os scaphoideum, palatum osseum, vena gastrica,
musculus gluteus, arteria meningēa, fossa canina maxillae, cavĭtas medullaris,
cornu sacrale, tuber ischiadicum, systēma nervōsum centrale.
2. Build Latin adjectives with the general meaning

«rich in»:
Fibers (fibrous), mucus (mucous), caverns (cavernous), ganglions, granules,
tubers, pigment;
«related to/ pertaining to»:
Thorax, tympanum, diaphragm, carotid, stomach, thalamus, lymph, ureter.
3. Use the verbal stem below to build nouns with the suffix -io. Translate
the derived words:
Extractum (extract); resectum (excise, cut out); punctum (puncture);
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exstirpatum (eradicate, extirpate); sectum (incise, cut open); extensum
(extend); contractum (contract); injectum (inject); transfusum (transfuse);
selectum (select); depressum (depress, press down); compressum (compress,
squeeze), perforatum (perforate).
4. Translate the clinical terms; explain the meaning of the suffixes:

Abscessus chronicus, perforatio appendicis, abscessus hepatis ascaridosus,
polypus fibrosus, glaucoma juvenile, cancer papillaris, cancer pulmonis,
eruptio medicamentosa, ulcus gangraenosum, cysta dentalis radicularis, cysta
palatina.

Diabetic coma, hepatic coma, lymphogenic cyst of the neck, longitudinal
fracture, diffuse abscess, varicose ulcer, chronic ulcer, diaphragmatic hernia,
femoral hernia, dental apical cyst, acute duodenal ileus, acute caries of the
tooth, hypertonic disease.
6. Translate the following adjectives into Latin:

NB! Sublingual (duct), hypoglossal (nerve), hyoid (bone), submandibular,
suboccipital, intercostal, intermuscular, extraperitoneal, intracapsular,
suprathoracic, supramarginal, suprarenal, retrosternal, retrobuccal,
retroperitoneal, retropharyngeal.
NB! The adjectives hyoideus, hypoglossus, sublingualis have the

meaning “located under the tongue”, but the fist one designates “the bone
under the tongue” (os hyoideum); the second one – “the nerve under the
tongue” (nervus hypoglossus), and the third one has a more general meaning
of “any structure except the two mentioned above” (ductus sublingualis,
lamina sublingualis etc.)
7. Write prefixes with the meaning opposite to:

Extra-; hypo-; super-; in-; epi-; post-; ana-, ad-.
UNIT 2
COMPOUND WORDS
General Information
A compound word is a word, which is composed of two or three stems.

Many words of both Greek and Latin origin are compound words. Compound
words may be built in two different ways:
• by joining two or more stems together;
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• by joining two or more stems together and adding a suffix.
E.g. rhinencephalon, occipitofrontalis.
There are a few noun compounds among anatomical terms, while
adjective compounds are quite common. The stems used for them may be
monolingual (either Latin or Greek), e.g. (Latin) septomarginalis, (Greek)
thoracoacromialis. At the same time, there are many «hybrid» compounds:
musculoperoneus (Latin musculus + Greek peroneus), zygomaticofrontalis
(Greek zygomaticus + Latin frontalis), etc.
While in Latin there were very few compounds, in Greek compound words
were very common. All anatomical compound terms were derived from Greek
stems. They are also numerous among histological terms (e.g. cytus – cell
from Greek kytos - vessel, cavity, blastus - immature cell from Greek blastos
– embryo, etc).
Different fields of medical science tend to use either Latin or Greek terms
to designate the same organ. In normal anatomy (studying the anatomical
structure of a normal body), Latin independent stems are traditionally used.
In pathological anatomy (studying disorders of the organism’s development)
derivatives of Greek stems are in wide use.
There are just a few cases when in both fields similar words borrowed from
the same language are in use: Greek hepar, oesophagus, larynx, pharynx,
tonsilla, thorax, ureter, urethra, encephalon, etc. These words may also
become part of compound clinical terms: hepatomegalia, encephalitis,
etc. Therefore, anatomical words are predominantly Latin, while clinical
compounds were derived from Greek bound stems.
There are some exceptions from this rule. For example, the word
pulmonologia (a science of lung diseases and their treatment) includes the
Latin stem pulmon- (lung), while clinical term pneumonia (lung inflammation)
includes the Greek stem pneumo- (lung).
Stems are joined into a single word by means of a linking vowel (interfix).
The most common linking vowel is -o-. The vowel -i- is of rare occurrence.
A linking vowel is not used when the first stem ends in a vowel or the
second stem begins with a vowel: brady-cardia; rhin-encephalon.
Any part of a derivative (a morpheme or a block of morphemes) regularly
reproduced without any change in the existing and newly constructed terms
and preserving its terminological meaning is a Combining form.
In compound terms, the Combining forms with anatomical meaning are
used as initial motivying bases as a rule. The final components express the
essence and have a classifying function. Some of them are concerned with
some class of pathological phenomena, others – with surgical operations or
some diagnostic manipulations.
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As an example, the terms with the initial combining form “cardio-“(heart)
are the following:
cardiologia – a science of heart;
cardiologus – physician specializing in cardiology;
cardiopathia – any disease of the heart;
cardiotherapia – treatment of the heart;
cardialgia – pain in the heart;
cardiogramma – the graphic tracing made by the stylet of a cardiograph;
cardiometria – measurement of the dimensions of the heart;
cardiogenesis – formation of the heart in embryo;
cardiomegalia – enlargement of the heart.
For consistency of interpretation of a compound term, one should start
analyzing its final stem putting the question “what?” and then go over to the
initial part of the term putting the question “of what?” or “where?”:
myologia (myo – muscle; logia – science) – (what?) science (of what?) of
muscle;
myalgia (myo – muscle; algia – pain) – (what?) pain (where?) in muscle.
Combining forms are mainly monosemantic (have one meaning), though,
some of them may be polysemantic (have two or more meanings), e.g. the
stem onco- (Greek onkos – heap, mass, volume) in some words has the
meaning «volume, mass»: (oncogramma – a curve showing changes in
volume; oncometria – measuring the volume of tissues and organs), while
in others it means «tumour» (oncogenesis process of tumour development;
oncologus physician specializing in treating tumours and preventing their
development).
The Combining forms haemo-, haemato- and -aemia convey the general
meaning «related to blood». At the same time the final -aemia denotes blood
as a medium, where some substances are found. Besides, their presence
and concentration in this medium are considered to be pathological factors
(azotaemia, uraemia, bacteriaemia).
If haemo- or haemato- combines with the name of an organ, the summarized
meaning is collection of blood in the cavity of an organ, bleeding, e.g.
haematomyelia – spinal cord bleeding; haemarthrosis – collection of blood
in the cavity of a joint.
NB! Almost every Latin term of the Normal Anatomy has its Greek duplicate
in the Pathological Anatomy. Greek designations of organs and tissues occur as
Combining forms and are usually not used as independent words, but we single
them out in the structure of a compound term.
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NOTE SPECIAL CLINICAL EXPRESSIONS!
Habĭtus aegrōti appearance of a sick person in general;

Status praesens (aegrōti) the present condition of a patient
(at the moment of examination);
Praesente medĭco in the presence of the doctor;
Absente aegrōto in the absence of the patient;
Exĭtus letalis lethal outcome;
Facies Hippocratica Hippocrates’ face (face of a dying person);
Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor Redness, swelling, fever, pain and
et functio laesa disturbed function;
Prognōsis dubia doubtful prognosis;
Prognōsis mala bad / discouraging prognosis;
Prognōsis pessĭma very bad prognosis;
Prognōsis letalis lethal (death) prognosis;
Prognōsis bona good / encouraging prognosis;
Prognōsis optĭma very good prognosis;
Symptomăta et diagnōsis symptoms and diagnosis;
Complicatiōnes complications.
GREEK AND LATIN DUPLICATES:

NAMES OF ORGANS AND BODY PARTS
Greek Latin English Russian

kephalo-, cephalo-, caput, ĭtis n head; голова;
-cephalia
somato-, soma- corpus, ŏris n body; тело;
osteo- os, ossis n bone; кость;
acro-, acria membrum, i n member, дистальный отдел
limb, части тела,
extremity; конечность,
заостренность;
stetho- pectus, ŏris n; breast, грудь, грудная
thorax, ācis m chest, thorax; клетка (Greek);
spondylo- vertebra, ae f vertebra; позвонок;
cardio-, -cardium cor, cordis n heart; сердце;
arthro- articulatio, ōnis f articulation, joint; сустав;
stomato- os, oris n mouth; рот;
glosso-, -glossia lingua, ae f tongue; язык;
rhino- nasus, i m nose; нoc;
odonto-, odontia dens, dentis m tooth; зуб;
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cheiro-, chiro-, manus, us f hand; рука;
-cheiria, -chiria
podo-,-podia pes, pedis m foot; стопа, нога;
gon- genu, us n knee; колено;
r(h)achi- columna spinal column; позвоночный
vertebralis столб;
odonto-,- odontia dens, dentis m tooth; зуб;
cheilo-, -cheilia labium, i n lip; губа;
urano- palātum, i n palate; нёбо;
ul-, ulo- gingīva, ae f gum; десна;
melo- bucca, ae f cheek; щека;
gnatho-, -gnathia maxilla, ae f upper jaw; верхняя челюсть;
-genia mandibula, ae f lower jaw; нижняя челюсть;
-genia mentum, i n chin; подбородок.
COMBINING FORMS DENOTING SCIENCE, METHODS

OF DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT, DISEASE
Greek English Russian

-logia a science, study; наука, раздел научной
дисциплины;
-logo- related to speech disorders; относящийся к
нарушениям речи;
-scopia instrumental examination, инструментальный
observation; осмотр, наблюдение,
исследование;
-metria measuring; измерение;
-graphia roentgenography (X-ray рентгенография;
examination), radiography; процесс записывания
the process of recording a изображения;
signal; графическая регистрация
сигналов;
-gramma the result of X-ray рентгеновский снимок,
examination or of registering результат изображения
smth. или регистрации чего-л.
-therapia treatment (non-operative); лечение
(нехирургическое);
noso- a disease; болезнь;
patho-, -pathia feeling, suffering, disease; страдание, заболевание;
-algia,- odynia pain, ache; болезненная
чувствительность, боль.
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EXERCISES
1. Explain the meaning of Latin terms:

Osteoarthropathia, osteologia, stomatologia, pathologia, chiroscopia,
chirospasmus, somatoscopia, arthropathia, logopathia, cardiographia,
hormonotherapia, brachialgia, spondylographia, rhinologia, osteogenus,
odontogenus, hepatogenus, glossalgia, meloplastica, gnathoplastica, podalgia,
odontalgia, pancreatodynia, gonalgia, acroalgia, spondylodynia, cheilodynia,
ulodynia, gnathodynia, otalgia, cardiogramma, encephalogramma,
gnathospasmus.
2. Build terms matching the description:
-pathia disease of the teeth;

disease of the brain;
disease of the extremities;
disease of the joints;
disease of the nose;
disease of the heart;
disease of bones;
-genus caused by the heart, i.e. of cardiac origin;
caused by liver condition;
-scopia examination of the mouth;
examination of the nose;
examination of the body;
-graphia X-ray examination of the brain;
X-ray examination of the vertebra;
-algia, -odynia pain in the joint;
pain in the lip;
pain in the foot;
toothache;
heartache;
-therapia treatment of the teeth;
treatment of the heart;
-logia a science of the heart;
-metria measuring of the head.
3. Explain the meaning of the terms below:

Cardiogram, cardiospasm (ostium cardiacum), glossospasm, craniometry,
122
somatometry, pancreatalgia, heliotherapy (Greek helios – sun), logotherapy,
electrotherapy, aerotherapy, hormonotherapy, peritoneoscopy, vasodilation,
cephalogram, cephalograph, cephalography, duodenography, pelvigraphy,
rectoscope, pathogenic, pathology, cardiologist, cardiology, osteogenic.
UNIT 3
GREEK SUFFIXES IN CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY
I. Suffixes -ōsis, is f, -iāsis, is f are commonly used to derive new words

with the meaning «process or result of what is indicated by the stem»,
e.g. stenōsis – narrowing (process and its result); sclerōsis – hardening
(process and its result); narcōsis – narcosis, numbness; lithiāsis – stone
formation.
The bulk of derivatives with the suffix -ōsis have the general meaning
«pathological process, a degenerative disease, a chronic morbid condition».
The derivational stems may convey one of the following meanings:
• tissue, organ, part of a body or system of an organism affected by a disease,
e.g. fibrōsis – fibrous transformation; nephrōsis – a degenerative disease
of renal tubules; neurōsis – a functional disturbance of the nervous system;
psychōsis – a mental disorder;
• substance causing a disease, e.g. toxicōsis (Gr. toxicon – poison) – a
disease caused by toxic, poisonous substances;
• causative agent or infection, e.g. ascaridōsis – a disease caused by
ascarides.
NB! If a stem denotes a blood corpuscle or tumour, the derivative acquires
the meaning «spread, dissemination, proliferation» of what is designated by
the derivational stem, e.g. leucocytōsis – increase in the number of leucocytes
in the peripheral blood; fibromatōsis – multiple fibromas (fibroma, ătis n).
II. Suffix -ītis, -itĭdis f is used in the names of inflammatory diseases, e.g.
gastrītis – inflammation of the gastric mucosa; nephrītis – inflammation of
kidneys.
III. Suffix -ōma, -ătis n is used in the names of tumours.

In medical terminology, the stems of nouns and adjectives denoting tissues
are combined with the suffix -ōma to build the names of tumours, e.g. fibrōma
– benign tumour of fibrous connective tissue; osteōma – benign tumour of
osseous tissue.
Names of malignant tumours are derived from the stems whose meaning has
no indication to a tissue, e.g. carcinōma (Gr. karkinos – cancer, Gr. karkinoma
123
– ulcer, cancer) – cancer, malignant tumour of epithelium; sarcōma (Gr. sarks,
sarkos - meat, flesh, Gr. sarkōma – fleshy wart, tumour) – malignant tumour
of mesenchymal origin.
NB! The general meaning «tumour» is conveyed by a number of terms:
tumor, ōris m; blastōma, ătis n (Gr. blastos – embryonic or immature cell);
neoplasma, ătis n – newgrowth, as well as by the stem onco- (Gr. oncos -
mass, volume).
NB! In ancient Greek the suffix -ōma was used to build verbal nouns having
the general meaning «result of the action designated by the derivational stem
of a verb», e.g. symptōma – symptom; stōma – stome as well as names of eye
diseases: glaucōma, trachōma.
IV. Suffix -īsmus.

The meanings of nouns derived by means of this suffix may vary. They may
denote phenomena, properties or facts marked with a characteristic signified
by the stem, e.g. infantilīsmus (Lat. infantilis – infantile) – pathological state
characterized by retarded physical or mental development when infantile
or juvenile qualities are preserved; strabīsmus (Gr.) – strabismus, squint;
alcoholīsmus (Arab.) – alcoholism; daltonīsmus (after the English chemist
and physicist Dalton) – colour-blindness.
COMBINING FORMS DESIGNATING ORGANS AND TISSUES

splanchno- viscĕra pl. inner organs; внутренние
органы
(внутренности);
gastro-, ventriculus, i m stomach; желудок
-gastria
entero- intestīnum, i n; intestine, кишка,
intestīnum tenue small кишечник,
intestine; тонкая кишка;
laparo- abdōmen, ĭnis n; abdomen, живот, чрево,
venter, ntris m belly; брюхо;
procto- anus, i m ; anus, задний проход,
rectum, i n rectum; прямая кишка;
pneumono-, pulmo, ōnis m lung; легкое;
pneumo-
nephro- ren, renis m kidney; почка;
spleno- lien, lienis m spleen; селезенка;
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pyelo- pelvis renalis renal pelvis; почечная
лоханка;
cysto- vesīca, ae f; urinary пузырь, мешок,
vesīca urinaria bladder; мочевой пузырь;
cholecysto- vesīca fellea s. gallbladder; желчный
vesīca biliaris пузырь;
choledocho- ductus common bile общий желчный
choledochus duct; проток;
cholangio- ductus bilifĕri bile ducts; желчные
протоки;
metro-, uterus, i m uterus, womb; матка.
-metra,
-metrium
hystero-
COMBINING FORMS DESIGNATING PATHOLOGICAL

CONDITIONS
IN ORGANS AND TISSUES AND THERAPEUTICAL
AND SURGICAL METHORDS

-iatria,- iater treatment; physician; врачевание-лечение,
врач;
-ptosis ptosis, sinking, prolapse опущение, смещение
of an organ; органа книзу;
-ectasia,-ectasis dilation, enlargement; растяжение,
расширение;
-steno-, -stenosis narrowing, tightening, сужение, стеноз, узкий,
stricture; тесный;
-sclerosis hardening, becoming уплотнение,
denser; затвердение, твердый;
-malacia softening or loss размягченность;
consistency and
contiguity in any of the
organs or tissues;
-lysis 1) destruction, 1) разрушение,
dissolution; растворение;
2) operation for 2) хирургическая
eliminating операция освобождения
(dissecting)commissures, (рассечения) сращений,
adhesions, scars; спаек, рубцов;
125
-plastica plastic / reparative пластическая
operation; восстановительная
операция;
-tomo body section, относящийся к слою,
Ex.: sectional (послойная
tomographia roentgenography; рентгенография);
-tomia an operation of хирургическая
dissecting an organ; операция рассечения,
incision of an organ; вскрытия
органа;
-ectomia an operation of excising хирургическая операция
(removing) an organ, удаления, иссечения
tissue; органа, ткани;
excision of an organ,
tissue;
-stomia an operation of making a хирургическая
mouth (fistula) between операция наложения
organs, vessels; искусственного
отверстия, свища
или соустья
между органами,
кровеносными
сосудами;
-pexia an operation of fixing an хирургическая
organ; операция
прикрепления органа,
фиксация;
-rhaphia an operation of putting хирургическая
a rhaphe (seam) on an операция
organ; наложения шва;
-schisis a cleft organ; расщепление,
расслаивание органа.
EXERCISES
1. Translate the following into English:

Sectio caesarea, hernia vaginalis, hernia subcutanea, lymphocytosis
infectiosa acuta, colitis cystosa, colitis superficialis, pyelitis cystosa, ductus
biliferi, hernia femoralis, refluxus intestinorenalis, splenitis maligna,
pyelonephrosis chronica, carcinoma fibrosum, tumor malignus, tumor
benignus, osteoarthrosis senilis, lien mobilis.
126
2. a) Form names of inflammatory diseases of the following organs:
Stomach, peritoneum, rectum, ureter, kidney, spleen, liver, mouth, tongue,
urethra, bladder, gallbladder, nose, ear, larynx, pharynx, meninges, trachea,
tonsil, joint, uterus, renal pelvis, spine, brain, pleura, pancreas, biliary ducts.
b) Form names of tumours developing from the tissues of:
Muscle, cartilage, bone, liver, tooth, connective tissue (fibr-), epithelium,
endothelium, lymph.
3. Single out derivational stems / morphemes. Explain their meaning:

Gastroenterologia, splanchnologia, intestinoplastica, spondylotomia,
laparotomia, gastrectasia, enteroptosis, proctospasmus, thoracolaparotomia,
hydrotherapia, pneumonopexia, choledochoplastica, choledochostomia,
chondromalacia, acroparalysis, hysteroscopia, nephrotomographia,
splenorrhaphia, nephrostomia, splenitis, osteomalacia, metroplastica,
stenocardia, colostoma, osteolysis.
4. Build single-word Latin terms:
1. -ectasia dilation of the lungs;

2. -ectomia removal of tonsils;
3. -pexia fixation of the kidney;
4. metr- removal of the uterus;
5. -odynia pain in the spine;
6. -ptosis kidney prolapse;
7. splanchno- prolapse of inner organs;
8. -tomia dissection of the abdomen;
9. nephro- dissection of the kidney;
10. -pexia fixation of the colon;
11. spleno- fixation of the spleen;
12. -spasmus spasm of the colon;
13. proct- pain in the region of the rectum;
14. -malacia softening of a bone;
15. chondro- softening of a cartilage;
16. -plastica restorative surgery on the larynx;
17. -stomia placing a new opening on the colon;
18. colo- a new opening of the colon;
19. -rhaphia putting a rhaphe on the spleen;
20. cholang- inflammation of the gallbladder.
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5. Name Greek and Latin duplicates of organs:
Stomach knee
lung tooth
renal pelvis mouth
kidney cheek
joint upper jaw
nose hand
tongue abdomen
vertebra womb
urinary bladder inner organs
UNIT 4
COMBINING FORMS DESIGNATING TISSURES,

ORGANS, SEX, AGE, SECRETION

haemo-, haemato- sanguis, ĭnis m blood; кровь;
-aemia
histo-, histio- textus, us m tissue; ткань;
myo-, -mysium musculus, i m muscle; мышца,

мышечный;
cyto-, -cytus cellula, ae f cell; клетка;
chondro- cartilago, ĭnis f cartilage; хрящ, хрящевой;
-cele hernia, ae f hernia; грыжа; вздутие,

выбухание;
neuro-, neuri- nervus, i m nerve; нерв;
adeno- l) glandula, 1) gland; 1) железа,

ae f 2) lymph железистый
2) nodus node; эпителий;
lymphaticus 2) лимфатический
(lymphonodus) узел;
angio- vas, vasis n; vessel; сосуд (преиму-
vasculum, i n щественно
кровеносный);
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blasto-, -blastus germen, ĭnis, n embryonic, зачаток, бласт,
immature cell; зародышевая
клетка или
ранняя
эмбриональная
стадия;
phlebo- vena, ae f vein; вена;
teno- tendo, ĭnis m tendon; сухожилие;
dermo-, dermato-, cutis, is f skin; кожа;
-derma
uro-, -uresis, urina, ae f urine; моча;
-uria
chole-, -cholia fel, fellis n; bile; желчь;
bilis, is f
chylo-, -chylia lympha, ae f 1) chyle относящийся
(gastric or к лимфе,
intestinal к хилусу –
juice), млечному соку;
2) related
to the lymph;
pyo- pus, puris n pus; гной;

hidro- sudor, ōris m sweat, пот;
perspiration;
hydro- aqua, ae f 1) water; 1) вода;
2) liquid; 2) жидкость;
toxo-, toxico-, venēnum, i n poison; яд, ядовитый,
toxi- токсический;
litho-, lithiasis calculus, i m calculus, наличие
stone; конкрементов,
камня;
onco- tumor, ōris m tumour, 1) опухоль;
swelling; 2) объем;
carcino- cancer, cri m cancer; рак, раковая
опухоль;
myelo-, -myelia medulla spinal cord/ спинной мозг
spinalis; marrow; или
medulla ossium bone-marrow; костный мозг;
masto- mamma, ae f mammary женская грудь,

gland; молочная
железа;
129
oto-, otia auris, is f ear; ухо;
ophthalmo-, oculus, i m eye; глаз;
-ophthalmia
sphygmo-, pulsus, us m pulse; пульс;
-sphygmia
gyno-, femina, ae f woman; женщина,
-gynaeco femininus, a,um female; женский;
andro-, -andria mas, maris m; man; мужчина,
masculinus, a, male; мужской;
um; vir, viri m
paedio-, infans, ntis m, f infant, ребенок, дитя,
paedo-, infantile; детский;
-paedia methods of методы
correcting исправления
disorders, нарушений,
deformities; деформаций;
geri-, gero-, senex, senis m; old person; старик,
geronto- senilis, e senile; старческий;
topo- locus, i m place; место;
pharmaco- medicamentum, drug; лекарство;
in
COMBINING FORMS DESIGNATING FUNCTIONAL AND

PATHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

bio- life, life processes; жизнь, жизненные процессы;
-рпоё, рпоеа breath; дыхание;
geno-, -genēsis, generation, origin, рождение, порождение,
-genesia, development; происхождение, развитие,
-genia генез;
aesthesio-, feeling, sensitivity; чувство, ощущение;
-aesthesia чувствительность;
astheno- weakness; слабость, ослабление,
астения;
spiro- related to respiration; относящийся
к дыханию,
дыхательный;
130
pneumo-, air inside an organ; воздух, газ, находящийся в
pneumato- органе;
aёro- air; воздух, воздушный;
-kinesia, related to movement, относящийся к движению;
kinemato-, kinetic function;
kinemo-,
kineto-
-crin-, -crinia secretion; отделение, выделение,
секреция;
-penia shortage /deficit/ недостаток, уменьшение
decrease of (mostly количества, главным образом,
blood cells); кровяных телец;
-cytosis increase in the number повышение содержания
of cells; количества клеток
в сравнении с нормой;
-rhoea discharge of liquid / течение, истечение секрета
secretion; или жидкости;
-rhagia hemorrhage from the кровотечение из сосудов
vessels of an organ; какого-либо органа;
-stasis controlling; stagnation, застой, естественная
congestion; остановка, стаз (крови,
желчи, мочи, слюны);
tono-, -tonia tone, pressure; напряжение, тонус;
-plasia formation, образование, развитие ткани,
development; клеток, органов;
-tensio tension; гидростатическое давление
в сосудах, полых органах;
-tropho-, related to the относящийся к питанию
-trophia nourishment and или зависящий от него,
development of organs, от кровоснабжения органов
tissues; и тканей;
оху-, -oxia related to oxygen; 1) окисленный;
2) относящийся к кислороду;
phago-, phagia 1) swallowing; eating; 1) глотание;
2) поедание, поглощение;
philo-, philia predisposition for склонность,
something; предрасположение к чему-
либо; любовь;
phobo-, fear of something; боязнь; болезненное
-phobia отвращение к чему-либо;
131
tropo-, -tropia affecting something; направление,
направленность;
действующий на что-либо;
psycho-, psychic (related to the относящийся к душевным,
-psychia human soul); духовным свойствам,
к психике.
NB! When combined with the name of an organ pneumo- denotes «presence
of air in this organ». If the term includes -graphia, then pneumo- means
«introduction of a gas into an organ» to perform contrast radiography. The
stems pneumon- and seldom -pneum- are used to denote the lung.
NB! The initial haemo- or haemato- joined to the name of an organ means
«bleeding in this organ’s cavity». Moreover, the name of an organ is used, as
a rule, in the Nominative Case without any suffixes (haematocolpos).Terms
indicating collection of fluid or pus in the organ’s cavity are built in the similar
way (hydrometra – fluid in the uterus).
EXERCISES
1. Make up the clinical terms in writing:
1. -uria blood in urine;

2. -aemia urine in blood;
3. py- pus in urine;
4. haemo- treatment with the help of blood;
5. haemato- a science about blood and blood-producing organs;
6. -aemia sugar (glyk-)/glucose in the blood;
NB! anaemia decreased number of erythrocytes;
7. chondro- a disease of bones and cartilages;
8. -cele stomach hernia;
9. neuro- a specialist in nervous system diseases;
10. ot- a pain in the ear;
11. dermat- skin inflammation;
12. adeno- tightening of a gland;
13. angi- dilation of a vessel;
14. phleb- inflammation of veins resulting in thrombus formation;
15. onco- a science about tumours;
16. masto- a disease of the mammary gland;
132
17. gynaeco- a science about women’s diseases;
18. pharmaco- a science about medicines.
2. Explain the meanings of the derivational morphemes in the words

below:
Haematoma (circumscribed accumulation of blood in tissues), haemostasis,
haemarthrōsis, haemotherapia, haemangiōma, haematologia, anaemia,
toxaemia, haemophilia, cholaemia, uraemia, pyaemia, pyorrhoea, pyothorax,
pyuria, pyodermia, lymphocytus, lympho(cyto)penia, ureterītis, myōma,
myoblastus, myoblastoma, myocardium, chondroblastus, hidradenītis,
anhidrōsis, neurōsis, neurītis, lithotomia, cholelithiāsis, geriatria, myelopathia,
myelodysplasia, ophthalmologia, odontorrhagia, gerontologia, gynaecologia,
oncogenesis, odontolĭthus.
3. Build clinical terms in writing:
1. bio- a science about microorganisms;

NB! biopsia examination of the living tissue with the help of a
microscope;
2. -рпоё normal breathing / respiration;
3. -genesis tissue generation, development;
4. -aesthesia disrupted sensitivity;
5. -asthenia nervous weakness;
NB! spirometria measuring the volume of the air in lungs;
6. pneumo- air in the thorax;
7. -kinesia absence of movement (kinetic function);
NB! endocrinologia a science about diseases of internal secretion
glands;
8. -penia shortage of white blood cells;
9. -cytosis increased number of white blood cells;
10. -rhoea discharge of pus from the ear;
NB! diarrhoea diarrhea;
11. -rhagia liver hemorrhage;
NB! haemostasis arresting hemorrhage;
12. tono- blood pressure measuring;
13. -plasia malformation of an organ / tissue;
14. -trophia insufficient tissue / organ nourishment,
development;
15. -phagia swallowing the air;
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16. -philia predisposition for hemorrhage;
17. -phobia fear of women;
18. -tropus affecting muscles;
19. psycho - 1) affecting psychic processes;
2) a science about psychic diseases and their
treatment;
20. -stasis congestion of blood (arresting hemorrhage).
4. Translate the word-combinations into Latin:

Retropharyngeal abscess, senile psychosis, renal anuria, chronic tonsillitis,
intra-arterial anesthesia, post-traumatic glaucoma, acute hematogenous
osteomyelitis, hepatocellular jaundice, intrauterine infection, subcutaneous
injection.
UNIT 5
COMBINING FORMS DESIGNATING

VARIOUS PROPERTIES,
QUALITIES AND RELATIONS

auto- 1) own; 1) сам, тот же самый, свой,
2) automatic; собственный;
2) автоматический;
allo- other, different; другой, иной, измененный,
необычный;
hetero- different, один из двух, другой,
heterogeneous; непохожий;
соотв. русск. разно-;
homeo-, homo- similar, same; сходный, одинаковый,
тождественный;
iso- equal, similar; равный, соразмерный,
одинаковый;
aniso- unequal; неравный, несоразмерный;
neo- new; новый, молодой; вновь
созданный или возникший;
134
tele-, teleo-, telo- 1) distant; 1) отдаленный
2) ending; (в пространстве и во
времени); 2) окончание,
завершение;
atelo- incomplete; неполный;
pseudo- false, pseudo-; ложный, мнимый;
соответствует русским
ложно-, лже-;
ortho- 1) straight, vertical; 1) прямой, вертикально
2) right; направленный;
2) правильный,
соответствующий
нормальному положению;
xero- dry; сухой;
cryo- related to cold / относящийся к холоду,
freezing; низкой температуре,
замерзанию;
thermo-, -thermia warm; heat; теплый; относящийся к
температуре;
руr-, руrо-, pyreto- fever; жар; лихорадочное
состояние;
macro- big ; большой, крупный;
micro- small; малый, маленький;
megalo-, -megalia large; большой, увеличенный;
oligo- small, insufficient; малый, незначительный,
недостаточный;
poly- a great number of / много, множество; больше,
multiple; чем в норме;
pan-, panto- whole, all; все, весь, целиком;
brachy- short; короткий, укороченный;
brady- slow; медленный, замедленный;
tachy-, tacho- quick, fast; быстрый, скорый, частый;
chroma-, colour; 1) цвет, окраска;
chromato- 2) относящийся к хрому;
leuco- 1) white; 1) белый;
2) related 2) относящийся
to leucocytes; к лейкоцитам;
erythro- 1) red; 1) красный;
2) related 2) относящийся
to erythrocytes; к эритроцитам;
135
cyano- 1) dark blue; 1) темно-синий,
синюшный;
2) относящийся
к синильной кислоте;
melano- 1) black; 1) темный, черный;
2) содержащий меланин;
glyco-, gluco- sweet; glucose; сладкий; наличие сахара;
глюкоза;
polio- grey; 1) серый;
2) относящийся к серому
веществу головного мозга.
NB! When combined with -plastica and -transplantatio initial auto-, allo-,
xeno- may have the following meanings: auto- using tissues or organs within
the same organism; allo- using tissues and organs of other people; xeno- using
tissues and organs of animals.
EXERCISES
1. Explain the following terms:

Alloplastica, autoplastica, heterotopia, xerodermia, orthopaedia,
pseudostenōsis, orthopnoё, melanodermia, leucodermia, melanōma,
melanomatōsis, cyanodermia, oligophrenia, hemiparēsis, poliomyelītis,
tachycardia, bradycardia, neoplasma, panophthalmītis, pachymeninx,
leptomeninx, dolichocephalia, allergia, thermoplegia, acromegalia,
neonatologia, hyperglycaemia, xerophthalmia, brachyphalangia,
splanchnomegalia.
2. Build clinical terms in writing:
1. -ectomia removal of the mammary gland;

2. geronto- science about old age;
3. mast- pain in the mammary gland;
4. -oxia decreased content of oxygen in blood;
5. xero- dry skin;
6. -uria disorder of urination;
7. -gnathia small upper jaw;
8. micro- small lower jaw;
9. -rhagia uterine bleeding;
10.-aesthesia increased sensitivity;
11. dys- disturbed sensitivity;
136
12. -pnoё respiratory disorder (shortness of breath);
13. -cardia fast heart beat;
14. metr- complete removal of the uterus;
15. -penia low count of erythrocytes in blood;
16. cysto- examination of the urinary bladder;
17. leuco- increased count of leucocytes in blood;
18. -trophia nutritional disorder;
19.-tensio increased hydrostatic pressure;
20.-cheilia dry lips;
21. metro- prolapse of the uterus;
22. cholecysto- X-ray examination of the gallbladder.
2. Build Latin terms for the following:
1. cryo- treating with cold;

2. tele- transmitting feelings and thoughts to a distant person;
3. ortho- correction of dental deformities;
4. thermo- body temperature measuring;
5. macro- abnormally large head;
6. micro- abnormally small head;
7. poly- multiple inflammation of joints;
8. olig- small amount of urine, insufficient urination;
9. brady- slow heartbeat;
10. tachy- fast breathing;
11. erythro- fear of red colour;
12. polio- inflammation of grey spinal marrow.
UNIT 6
REVISION
The aim of this Revision Unit is to systematize the studied material and to
prepare for the final test on the Clinical terminology.
1. Name both Greek and Latin stems for the following:

Head, lung, muscle, cartilage, joint, vertebra, nerve, vessel, vein, stomach,
womb, spleen, bone, bone marrow, spinal marrow, tissue, cell, leg, foot, gland,
lymph, chest, rectum, abdomen, heart, mouth, eye, ear, nose, tooth, kidney,
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mammary gland, vagina, ovary, urinary bladder, gallbladder, upper jaw, lower
jaw, chin, palate, gum.
2. Translate the following terms in writing:

Juvenile progressive paralysis, gangrenous stomatitis, gangrenous adenitis,
infectious adenitis, submandibular adenitis, hepatocellular adenoma, serous
adenofibroma, subcutaneous emphysema, atrophic emphysema, hematogenic
cholangitis, ventricular tachycardia, serous periodontitis.
3. Explain the meaning of the terms below:

Hypaesthesia, cholangioenterostomia, chylothorax, anhidrōsis, erythrocytus,
bradypnoё, tachypnoё, osteoarthrītis, lymphadenītis, lymphorhoea, chylostasis,
oligophrenia, hyperkinesia, psychotherapia, xerophthalmia, cryotherapia,
cryochirurgia, paracystitis, phlebotensiometria, otorhoea, osteodystrophia,
osteomyelītis, periodontītis, parotītis, rhinorhagia, sialadenitis, gnathoplastica,
glossoptosis, xerostomia, glossoplegia.
4. Construct Latin terms with the following meanings:

1. Hemorrhage from the stomach;
2. Pus in the blood (septicemia due to pyogenic organisms);
3. Inflammation of the skin;
4. High blood pressure;
5. Enlargement of the liver;
6. Removal of the spleen;
7. Pain in a cartilage;
8. Softening of any cartilage;
9. X-ray examination of the bile duct;
10. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.
UNIT 7
THE FINAL TESTS ON THE CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY
Fulfill the final tests on Clinical Terminology in written form:
Variant 1
1. Explain the meaning of the terms:

osteoarthropathia, meloplastica, laparotomia, gynaecologia, xerodermia.
2. Build terms with the given meaning:
treatment with the help of blood; disease of teeth; softening of cartilage;
fear of women.
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3. Name both Greek and Latin stems for the following:
head, lung, abdomen, heart, body, blood.
Variant 2

osteologia, odontalgia, gastrectasia, myocardium, thermoplegia.
blood in urine; disease of brain; fixation of spleen; affecting muscles.
3. Name both Greek and Latin duplicates for the following:
muscle, cartilage, ear, nose, joint, cell.
Variant 3

stomatologia, glossalgia, metroplastica, pyodermia, hyperglycaemia.
sugar (glyk-)/glucose in the blood; treatment of teeth; putting a rhaphe on
spleen; liver hemorrhage.
joint, vertebra, tooth, kidney, tongue, lymph node.
Variant 4

otalgia, encephalogramma, gastroenterologia, haemotherapia, alloplastica.
pus in urine; X-ray examination of vertebra; placing a new opening on
colon; a science about psychic diseases and their treatment.
chest, rectum, vertebra, inner organs, foot, vessel.
Variant 5

pathologia, gnathoplastica, pneumonopexia, myōma, cyanodermia.
a science about blood and blood-producing organs; toothache; softening of
bone; predisposition for hemorrhage.
foot, gland, mouth, cheek, hand, vein.
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Variant 6

chiroscopia, spondylodynia, enteroptosis, neurītis, autoplastica.
a disease of bones and cartilages; heartache; dissection of kidney;
discharge of pus from the ear.
cell, leg, joint, head, palate, skin.
Variant 7
somatoscopia, gnathodynia, spondylotomia, cholaemia, melanodermia.
pain in the ear; examination of body; removal of uterus; increased number
of white blood cells.
bone marrow, tissue, lung, nose, spinal column, urine.
Variant 8

cardiographia, odontogenus, chondromalacia, gerontologia, acromegalia.
skin inflammation; examination of nose; dissection of abdomen; a science
about diseases of internal secretion glands.
bone, spinal marrow, stomach, kidney, gum, bile.
Variant 9

rhinologia, osteogenus, hydrotherapia, ophthalmologia, tachycardia.
a science about tumours; examination of mouth; prolapse of inner organs;
air in the thorax.
womb, spleen, gallbladder, lower jaw, cheek, stone.
Variant 10

arthropathia, cheilodynia, osteomalacia, uraemia, xerophthalmia.
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a disease of the mammary glandkidney prolapse; ; disease of nose; nervous
weakness.
nerve, vessel, urinary bladder, upper jaw, tooth, poison.
Variant 11

spondylographia, podalgia, splanchnologia, toxaemia, orthopnoё.
dilation of a vessel; disease of joints; fixation of kidney; a science about
microorganisms.
vein, stomach, eye, palate, lower jaw, woman.
Variant 12

cardiogramma, gonalgia, intestinoplastica, haematologia, leucodermia.
urine in blood; disease of extremities; fixation of colon; fear of water.
mouth, mammary gland, chin, gum, tongue.
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SECTION III
PHARMACEUTICAL
TERMINOLOGY
The skills trained in this section are as follows:

• writing Latin pharmaceutical terms without grammatical or spelling
mistakes;
• writing out a Latin prescription quickly and without mistakes or translating
a Latin prescription into English.
The active words which are to be studied in this cycle include the names of
medicinal herbs, drugs, chemical substances, names of medicinal forms, Greek
and Latin stems which are used for formation of the names of drugs.
Pharmaceutical terminology is based on the Latin and Greek languages.
The word «pharmaceutical» has its origin from the Greek word «pharmakon»,
which is translated as «remedy, drug».
Pharmaceutical terminology also studies the problems of terminology,
which are connected with the prescription: the part of prescription, the structure
of pharmaceutical term etc.
To understand pharmaceutical principles it is necessary to know the basic
pharmaceutical terms:
• «Drug (Remedy)» is the substance or mixture of substances used for
medical treatment, preventing and diagnostics of the illnesses.
• «Medicinal substance» is the drug, which is a chemical compound or
biological matter.
• «Medicinal vegetation materials» is the vegetation materials allowed for
medical use.
• «Medicinal (drug) form» is a form, which is given to the mixture
of substances or to the medicinal vegetation materials, prepared at a
pharmaceutical factory, taken in a certain dosage and helping to reach the
necessary therapeutical effect.
• «Medicinal preparation» is the drug in definite medicinal form.
• «Functional substance» is a component of drug, which renders the
therapeutical, preventive and diagnostical actions.
• «Combine drugs» are the drugs consisting of one medicinal form, including
some functional substances in fixed doses.
The vocabulary of the exercises embraces the terms used by practicing
physicians and surgeons while prescribing drugs, reading drug annotations,
pharmacopoeia and so on.
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UNIT 1
DRUG NAMES,
STANDARDS
The field of medicine, which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and effect
in the body, is called pharmacology. Drugs are chemical substances used in
medicine in the treatment of diseases. Drugs are obtained from various parts of
plants, such as the roots, leaves, and fruit. Examples of such drugs are digitalis
(from the foxglove plant), and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin
(from plants called molds). Drugs can also be obtained from animals (hormones
are secretions from the glands of animals). Drugs can be made from chemical
substances, which are synthesized in the laboratory (anticancer drugs, such as
methotrexate and prednisone). Some drugs are contained in food substances
(vitamins). Drugs are dispensed and stored in pharmacy.
Names
A drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical
formula for the drug. This name is often long and complicated.
The generic or official name is a shorter, less complicated name, which is
recognized as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose. The generic
name is public property and any drug manufacturer may use it. There is only
one generic name for each drug.
The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual
drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. Most drugs have several
brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different
name. When a physician orders a specific brand name on a prescription, the
pharmacist must dispense it; no other brand name may be substituted. It is
common practice to capitalize the first letter of a brand name.
The following lists give the chemical, generic, and brand names of the well-
known antibiotic drug, ampicillin. Note that the drug can have several brand
names, but only one generic, or official, name.
Chemical Name Generic Name Brand Name

alpha-aminobenzyl P ampicillin Amcill capsules
Omnipen
Penbritin
Polycillin
Principen/N
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Standards
There are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of

physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers, which is called
the Pharmacopoeia. A special guide on drugs under the same name is issued.
Two important standards stipulated in the pharmacopoeia are that the drug
must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made
by good manufacturing methods). A list of drugs is published regularly and in
different countries may go under different names.
UNITS COMMONLY USED IN GENERIC DRUG NAMES
Latin Meaning
-alg-, -dol- analgesic;
-aesthes- anesthetic;
-chol- bile expelling;
-cid- antimicrobial;
-cor-, -card- cardiac (for heart diseases);
-myсо- antifungal;
-pres(s)-, -ten(s)- hypotensive;
-руr- antipyretic (for bringing down fever);
-sed- sedative;
-sept- antiseptic;
-test-, vir-, -andr- androgenic;
-thyr- affecting thyroid gland;
-vas-, -angi- vasodilating, spasmolytic.
Latin Pharmacological Classification

-sulfa- antimicrobial sulfanilamides;
-cillin- penicillin antibiotics;
-mycin- antibiotics produced by the fungi of Streptomyces;
-cyclin- antibiotics derived from tetracycline;
-ceph- (-cef-, -сер-) antibiotics produced by Cephalosporum;
-barb- barbiturates (sleeping drugs);
-cain- local anesthetics;
-cort- corticosteroids (adrenal hormones);
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-oestr- estrogenic;
-andr-, -ster- androgenic.
NB! The suffix -as- is used in names of enzymes: Lidasum, Ribonucleasum,
Cocarboxylasum.
DOSAGE FORMS
Latin English Description

aёrosolum, i n aerosol a medicinal form in the form of a
dispersion system obtained with
the help of special packaging;
granulum, i n granule a solid medicinal form in the form
of grain or granule;
gutta, ae f drop is intended for internal or external
use in the form of drops;
unguentum, i n unguent, soft medicinal form of viscous
ointment consistence;
linimentum, i n liniment a liquid ointment;
pasta, ae f paste an ointment with the content of
powdery
substances over 20–25 %;
emplastrum, i n plaster a medicinal form in the form of
plastic mixture softening at body
temperature and adhering to skin;
intended for external use;
suppositorium, i n suppository a medicinal form which is solid
at room temperature and expands
or dissolves at body temperature;
it is introduced into the body
cavity.
If introduced per rectum
it is called a suppository.
If it has a round shape for
introducing into the vagina it is
called globulus vaginalis – vaginal
pellet;
pulvis, ĕris т powder a medicinal form intended for
internal,
external use or for injections
(after dissolving in a
corresponding solvent);
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tabuletta, ae f tablet a dosed medicinal form obtained
by pressing the medicinal
substance or a mixture of
medicinal and accessory
substances: intended for internal,
external use or for injections (after
dissolving in a corresponding
solvent);
tabuletta obducta coated tablet a tablet with coating, which
localizes the target area, improves
the taste, storage ability and
appearance;
dragee dragee a solid dosed medicinal form
obtained by layering medicinal and
accessory substances on granules;
solutio, ōnis f solution a medicinal form obtained by
dissolving one or more medicinal
substances; intended for internal or
external use or injections;
suspensio, ōnis f suspension a fluid medicinal form
in the form of a dispersion
system where a solid substance
is suspended in fluid; intended
for internal or external use or
injections;
emulsum, i n emulsion a fluid medicinal form
in the form of a dispersion
system combining two mutually
insoluble fluids; intended for
internal or external use or
injections;
pilula, ae f pill a solid dosed medicinal form
in the form of a ball
(weight 0.1–0.5 g) containing
medicinal and accessory
substances;
tinctura, ae f tincture a medicinal form in the form of
alcohol,
alcohol-ether or alcohol-water
clear extract from medicinal raw
material; intended for internal or
external use;
146
infusum, i n infusion a medicinal form
in the form of watery
extract from medicinal raw
material; intended for internal
or external use;
decoctum, i n decoction an infusion with a different
extraction technique;
sirŭpus, i т syrup a sweet fluid medicinal form

intended for internal use;
species, ēi f tea a mixture of several kinds

(species, ērum pl) of broken down or entire
medicinal raw material (herbs)
for making infusions or
decoctions;
capsula, ae f capsule dosed medicinal form
c. gelatinosa gelatin capsule in the form of coated drugs
(coated with gelatin, starch or
c. amylacea seu amylaceous/ capsule another biopolymer);
oblata starch capsule/ intended for internal use;
cachet;
membranula film for treating a medicinal form in the form of
ophthalmica seu eyes; polymer film as a substitute for eye
lamella ophthalmica drops;
extractum, i n extract is obtained by aqueous or alcoholic
extraction from the crude drug.
NAMES OF VEGETATION MATERIALS

cortex, ĭcis т cortex, bark кора
flos, floris т flower цветок
folium, i n leaf лист
fructus, us т fruit плод
gemma, ae f gemma, bud почка
herba, ae f herb трава
radix, īcis f root корень
rhizoma, ătis n rhizome корневище
semen, ĭnis n seed семя
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MEDICINAL HERBS

Calendula, ae f Marigold календула (ноготки)
Convallaria, ae f lily-of the-valley ландыш
Eucalyptus, i f eucalyptus, gum-tree эвкалипт
Mentha (ae f) piperita pepper mint мята перечная
(us, a, um)
Salvia, ae f Sage шалфей
Valeriana, ae f Valerian валериана
MEDICINES

Adrenalinum, i n adrenalin адреналин
Amidopyrinum, i n amidopyrine амидопирин
Dibazolum, i n dibazol дибазол
Ichthyolum, i n ichthammol ихтиол
(ammonium
ichthosulfonate)
Norsulfazolum, i n norsulfazol норсульфазол
Novocainum, i n novocain новокаин
oleum (i, n) Ricini castor oil касторовое масло
(us, i, т) (масло клещевины)
Papaverinum, i n papaverine папаверин
Sulfadimezinum, i n sulfadimine сульфадимезин
Xeroformium, i n xeroform ксероформ
MISCELLANEOUS

rectiflcatus, a, um purified очищенный
(in combination (в сочетании с oleum
with oleum Terebinthinae и spiritus)
Terebinthinae
and spiritus)
spiritus, us т alcohol, spiritus спирт
spirituosus, a, um alcoholic, спиртовой
spirituous (adj.)
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EXERCISES
1. Read and explain units commonly used in generic names of drugs:

Cephalexin, Valocordinum, Aёvitum, Testoenatum, Cocarboxylasum,
Finalgon, Rifothyroinum, Erythromycinum, Valosedan, Polyoestradiolum,
Pharyngosept, Mycosolon, Chlorophthalmum, Methicillinum, Kanamycinum,
Phenobarbitalum, Cholosasum, Pyocidum, Norsulfazolum, Urodanum,
Adrenalinum seu Epinephrinum, Novocainum, Panangin, Quadevitum,
Allergysin, Funginal, Synoestrolum, Glucosum, Asthmatinum, Anaesthesinum,
Hydrocortisonum.

Herba Convallariae, flores Calendulae, infusum foliorum Eucalypti, folium
Menthae piperitae, infusum foliorum Menthae, tinctura Valerianae, folia
Salviae, tabulettae extracti Valerianae obductae.
UNIT 2
MOST COMMON PRESCRIPTION FORMULAS
In Latin after the prepositions, the nouns and adjectives are written in the
Accusative and Ablative cases only:

in ampullis in ampoules; в ампулах;
in capsŭlis in capsules; в капсулах;
in capsŭlis gelatinosis in gelatine capsules; в желатиновых
капсулах;
in capsŭlis amylaceis in cachets; в крахмальных
seu капсулах
in oblātis (в облатках);
in spritz-tubulis in syrettes, in unit dose в шприц-тюбиках;
syringes;
in tabulettis in tablets; в таблетках;
in tabulettis obductis in coated tablets; в таблетках,
покрытых
оболочкой;
in vitro in vitro, in a test-tube; в склянке (пробирке);
in vitro nigro in a dark test-tube/vial; в темной склянке;
per os orally; через рот;
149
per rectum rectally, through the через прямую кишку;
rectum;
contra tussim against cough; против кашля;
pro die daily dose; доза на день;
pro dosi single dose; разовая доза
(на один прием);
pro infantĭbus for children; для детей;
pro inhalatione for inhalation; для ингаляции;
pro injectionĭbus for injections; для инъекций;
pro narcosi for anesthesia; для наркоза;
pro roentgēno for X-ray examination; для рентгенографии;
VERBS USED IN PRESCRIPTION
Memorize the verbs, which are used in prescriptions:

Recĭpe. Take. Возьми.
Misce. Mix. Смешай.
Da. Give out. Выдай.
Signa. Indicate. Обозначь.
Sterilĭsa! Sterilize! Простерилизуй!
Repĕte. Repeat. Повтори.
Da tales doses Give out such doses Выдай такие дозы
numĕro... in the amount of ... числом…
Misce, ut fiat Mix, so that there is... Смешай, чтобы получился
(Sing.)... fiant Mix, let it be turned into... (пусть получится)…
(Plur.)...
Misce, fiat
(Sing.)...
fiant (Plur.) ...
ADVERBS USED IN PRESCRIPTION
Cito! – Very quickly!

Statim! – Immediately!
ana – equally, in equal measure;
quantum satis – as much as suffices, as much as needed, as much as
necessary.
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EXERCISES

«Aevit» in capsules; tablets against cough; suppositories with benadryl for
children; ether for anesthesia; benadryl solution in unit dose syringes; validol
in tablets; gramicidine alcoholic solution in ampoules; castor oil in gelatine
capsules, furaciline solution for external use (ad usum externum); amidopyrine
and phenacetine tablets; diprophylline solution in ampoules; dibazol solution
for injections; ampicilline powder for suspension; pure castor oil; rhizomes
with roots of valerian.

Aether pro narcosi, aqua destillata pro injectionibus, oleum Ricini in
capsulis, Tetracyclinum in tabulettis obductis, infusum foliorum Salviae,
oleum Menthae piperitae, unguentum Ichthyoli ad usum externum, solutio
Novocaini in ampullis, suppositoria per rectum, sirupus pro infantibus, tinctura
contra tussim.

1) Mix 10 milliliters of Valerian tincture and 15 milliliters of lily-of-the-
valley tincture; 2) Sterilize 20 millilitres of castor oil! 3) Da 25 grams of
Synthomycin emulsion; 4) Sterilize 5 millilitres of Dibazol solution! 5) Da in
vitro nigro.
UNIT 3
PRESCRIPTION
The word «prescription» comes from the Latin participle «receptum» and it
is translated as «received», «obtained».
The prescription is the doctor’s written instructions to the pharmacist about
the preparation, dispensing and administration of a drug. The prescription is an
important legal document that has to be filled in according to certain rules. The
prescription is written on a special blank without corrections.
The prescription usually has the following sections:
• Inscriptio – the name of medical establishment;
• Datum – date of writing out the prescription;
• Nomen aegroti – the patient’s surname and initials;
• Aetas aegroti – the patient’s age;
• Nomen medici – the doctor’s name and initials;
• Praescriptio – name and dosage of drug;
151
• Subscriptio – instructions to the pharmacist about dosage, dispensing or
packaging of the drug;
• Signatura – instructions to the patient about the administration of the drug;
• Nomen et sigillum personale medici – the doctor’s signature and personal
stamp.
The Model of Prescription
Rp. Ichthammol 10,0

Lanolin 45,0
Yellow soft Paraffin 45,0
Mix, so that there is an ointment.
Give out.
Indicate: Apply twice-daily to affected skin.
Recĭpe: Ichthyoli 10,0

Lanolini 45,0
Vaselini flavi 45,0
Misce, fiat unguentum
Da.
Signa: Apply twice-daily to affected skin.
Rules of Writing out a Prescription
The Latin part of the prescription begins with the imperative Recĭpe.
Each ingredient is written on a separate line, beginning with a capital letter.
The names of plants, chemical substances, drugs, verbs are written with the
capital letters, too.
Each name of medicinal substance is written in the Genitive case, because
it depends on the quantity of the substance (except the tablets, suppositories,
dragees, ophthalmic films and medicinal leeches). Dosage is written in the
Accusative case.
The dosage of medicinal substance is prescribed in grams or parts of a
gram: decigrams, centigrams, milligrams. The word gram is omitted. Grams
are indicated by the Arabic ciphers (1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001), e.g.:
Recĭpe: Unguenti Zinci 30.0
If a fluid medicinal substance is prescribed in an amount less than 1 ml,

the dosage is indicated in drops. The word drop is written in Roman ciphers,
which are standing after the word drop:
152
1 drop – guttam I (Accusative Singular);
2, 3... drops – guttas П, Ш... (Accusative Plural).
Recĭpe: Olei Menthae piperitae guttas X

Recĭpe: Solutionis Aminazini hydrochloridi 0.1% guttam I
The fluid medicinal preparations are dosed in millilitres, e.g.:
Recipe: Oxytocini 5ml
In prescribing antibiotics, the dosage is usually indicated in international

Units of Action (UA), e.g.:
Recĭpe: Benzylpenicillini-natrii 250,000 UA
If two or more medicinal agents are prescribed in the same amount, the dose
is indicated only once after the last one and preceded by the word ana (equally,
in equal measure), e.g.:
Recĭpe: TincturaeValerianae
Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml
Combination drugs are often given a generic name written in inverted

commas: tabulettae “Codterpinum”, suppositoria “Neo-anusolum”. The
generic names of pills and suppositories are in the Nominative Singular. The
dose is not indicated as it is standard.
When pills or suppositories are prescribed the name of the medicinal form is
written in the Accusative Plural (tabulettas, tabulettas obductas, suppositoria,
suppositoria rectalia) as it is grammatically subordinate to the word Recĭpe,
not to the dose, e.g.:
Recĭpe: Tabulettas Monomycini 0.25 numero 50

Da. Signa:
The name of the medicinal form (pill, suppository) can be written in the
Accusative Singular (tabulettam, suppositorium). In this case, the standard
formula Da tales doses numero... will be found at the end, e.g.:
Recĭpe: Tabulettam Digoxini 0.0001

Da tales doses numero 12
Signa:
Recĭpe: Suppositorium cum Ichthyolo 0.2
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Signa:
The word «Signa» finishes the Latin part of the prescription. Further, the
prescription is written in patient’s language.
THE STRUCTURE OF MULTINOMINAL

PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS
In pharmaceutical terms if there are agreed or nonagreed attributes, the

nonagreed attribute stands on the first place, after the defined word.
Scheme of Multinomial Term
I II III
Name of Name of Adjective
medicinal form medicinal substance
Nom. case Gen. case Nom. case
Tablets
Latin English
tabulettae Methionini obductae coated tablets of methionin
Extracts
Latin English
extractum Aloёs fluidum liquid extract of aloe
extractum Aloёs spissum thick extract of aloe
extractum Aloёs siccum dry extract of aloe
Tinctures and Solutions
Latin English
tinctura Rhei amāra bitter tincture of rhubarb
solutio Iodi spirituosa spirituous solution of iodine
Infusions and Decoctions
NB! When the names of infusions and decoctions are constructed, the part
of the medicinal herb and its botanical name are given.
154
Latin English
decoctum cortĭcis Quercus decoction of the cortex of oak
In prescription, the ratio of quantity of the medicinal herb and total

quantity of the infusion or decoction is showed, e.g.:
Recĭpe: Infusi foliōrum Digitālis 0,5-180 ml
MEDICINAL HERBS

Aloё, ёs f aloe алоэ, сабур
Anīsum, i n anise анис
Belladonna, ae f banewort, deadly / great белладонна,
nightshade, death’s herb, красавка
belladonna
Crataegus, i f hawthorn, maybush боярышник
Farfăra, ae f coltsfoot мать-и-мачеха
Frangula, ae f buckthorn, black alder крушина
Hypericum, i n St. John’s worth зверобой
Leonūrus, i m motherwort пустырник
Rheum, i n rhubarb ревень
Urtīca, ae f stinging nettle крапива
MEDICINES

Aether, ĕris т ether эфир
Barbitalum-natrium, i n barbital sodium барбитал-натрий
Cacao cocoa какао
Cordigitum, i n cordigit кордигит
Dimedrolum, i n benadryl, dimedrol димедрол
Euphyllinum, i n aminophylline эуфиллин
Furacilinum, i n furaciline фурацилин
Mentholum, i n menthol ментол
Nitroglycerinum, i n nitroglycerin нитроглицерин
Phenacetinum, i n phenacetine фенацетин
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Saccharum, i n sugar сахар
Tetracyclinum, i n tetracycline тетрацеклин
Validolum, i n validol валидол
MISCELLANEOUS

aethylicus, a, um ethylic этиловый
aqua, ae f water вода
destillatus, a, um distilled дистиллированный
fluidus, a, um fluid жидкий
obductus, a, um coated покрытый оболочкой
oleosus, a, um oily масляный, в масле
quantum satis as much as necessary сколько нужно
venenum, i n poison яд
EXERCISES
1. Translate the following prescriptions intoEnglish:

1. Recĭpe: Suppositoria vaginalia cum Synthomycino
0,25 numero 12
Da. Signa:
2. Recĭpe: Tincturae Convallariae
Tincturae Valerianae ana 10 ml
Solutionis Nitroglycerini 1% – 1 ml
Validoli 2 ml
Misce. Da. Signa:
3. Recĭpe: Barbitali-natrii 0,5
Olei Cacao quantum satis, fiat suppositorium
Signa:
4. Recĭpe: Tabulettam Furacilini 0,02
Signa:
5. Recĭpe: Dragee “Revitum” numero 50
Da. Signa:
6. Recĭpe: Lamellas ophthalmicas cum Florenalo numero 30
Da. Signa:
2. Translate the following prescriptions into Latin:

1. Take: Lily-of-the-valley tincture 10 ml
156
Valerian tincture 20 ml
Mix. Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Ichthammol ointment 30 g
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Sage leaves 10 g
Pepper mint leaves 20 g
Mix, so that there is tea.
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: Dibazol solution 5 ml
Sterilize! Give out. Indicate:
5. Take: Marigold flowers infusion 10 g – 200 ml
Give out. Indicate:
6. Take: Xeroform 1.2 g
Castor oil 20 ml
Mix, so that there is liniment.
Give out. Indicate:

1. Take: Valerian tincture 0.3 g
Hawthorn tincture 0.15 g
Rhubarb tincture 0.8 g
Barbital-sodium 0.2 g
Ethyl alcohol 20 ml
Distilled water up to 200 ml
2. Take: Fluid extract of hawthorn 25 ml
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Buckthorn bark
Stinging nettle leaves each 15.0 g
Pepper mint leaves
Rhizomes of valerian roots each 5.0 g
Mix, so that there is tea.
Give out. Indicate:
4. Read, translate into English and explain grammatical and word-

building structure of the pharmaceutical terms:
Unguentum Heparini, solutio Camphorae oleosa, extractum Crataegi
fluidum, aqua destillata, spiritus aethylicus, decoctum corticis Frangulae,
tinctura foliorum Urticae, tabulettae Furacilini, Streptocidum solubile,
solutio Streptocidi solubilis; unguentum Tetracyclini ophthalmicum, remedia
diuretica, solutio Glucosi, dragee “Aёvitum”, folium Farfarae, solutio Dicaini,
157
fructus Anisi, emplastrum Plumbi compositum, extraсtum Leonuri fluidum,
suppositoria “Anaesthesolum”, tabuletae Aloёs obductae.

1. Take: 1% Synthomycine liniment with Novocain 0.5% 50.0
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Festal tablets in the amount of 60
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Lily-of-the-valley tincture
Valerian tincture both 10 ml
1% nitroglycerine solution 1 ml
Validol 2 ml
4. Take: 1% oily nitroglycerine solution 0.0005
Give out such doses in the amount of 29 in capsules
Indicate:
5. Take: Castor oil emulsion 180.0
Sugar syrup up to 200.0
6. Take: Amidopyrine
Phenacetine both 0.25g
Give out such doses in the amount of 12 in tablets
Indicate:
UNIT 4
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
All Latin names of chemical elements are neuter nouns of the second
declension with the ending -um in Nominative Singular. An exception of
the rule: Sulfur, ŭris n (III declension) and Phosphorus, i m (II declension).
Chemical symbols are derived from Latin or Greek names of chemical
elements and reflect their spelling: Al –Aluminium, Fe – Ferrum, К – Kalium,
and others. In English-speaking countries the chemical elements Na, Hg and К
can be called Sodium, Mercurium and Potassium, respectively.
NB! Remember the spelling of the following units commonly used in
chemical nomenclature and drug names:
hydr- (Greek water) shows the presence of hydrogen, water or hydroxylic
group: Hydrocortisonum, i n; hydrochloridum, i n;
ox(y)- (Greek oxys, acid) shows the presence of oxygen: Oxylidinum, i n;
Oxolinum, i n; peroxydum, i n.
158
NAMES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Symbol Latin English Russian

Al Aluminium, i n aluminum Алюминий
Ag Argentum, i n silver Серебро
As Arsenicum, i n arsenic Мышьяк
Аи Aurum, i n aurum, gold Золото
В Вrотит, i n bromine Бром
Ba Barium, i n barium Барий
Bi Bismuthum, i n bismuth Висмут
С Carboneum, i n carbon Углерод
Ca Calcium, i n calcium Кальций
Cl Chlorum, i n chlorine Хлор
Си Cuprum, i n cuprum, copper Медь
Fluorum, i n
F (Lat. seu Phthorum, fluorine Фтор
i n (Gr.)
Fe Ferrum, i n iron Железо
H Hydrogenium, i n hydrogen Водород
Hg Hydrargyrum, i n mercury Ртуть
I Iodum, i n iodine Йод
К Kalium, i n potassium Калий
Li Lithium, i n lithium Литий
Magnesium, , i n seu Магний
Mg magnesium
Magnium, i n
Mn Manganum, i , n manganese Марганец
N Nitrogenium, i n nitrogen Азот
Na Natrium, i n sodium Натрий
О Oxygenium, i n oxygen Кислород
Pb Plumbum, i n lead Свинец
Ph Phosphorus, i m phosphorus Фосфор
S Sulfur, uris n sulphur Сера
Si Silicium, i n silicium, silicon Кремень
Zn Zincum, i n zinc Цинк
159
NAMES OF ACIDS
Latin trivial acid names consist of the noun acĭdum, i n and an adjective of
the first group that agrees with it in gender, case and number. Suffix -ĭc-um or
-ōs-um is added to the stem of acid-forming element.
Model of Formation of the Acid Name

Acĭdum + adjective with suffix -ĭc,-ōs + ending -um
The suffix -ĭcum indicates a maximum degree of oxidation; it corresponds

to the English acid names ending in -ic, e.g.: acĭdum sulfurĭcum (sulphuric
acid).
The suffix -ōsum indicates a low degree of oxidation; it corresponds to acid
names in English that end in -ous, e.g. acĭdum sulfurōsum (sulphurous acid).
The adjectives in the names of oxygen-free acids include the prefix hydro-,
the stem of the acid-building element and the suffix -icum, e.g.: acĭdum
hydrosulfurĭcum (hydrosulphuric acid).
-ĭcum(i n) -ic -овая, -евая,-ная

acĭdum sulfurĭcum sulphuric acid серная кислота
-ōsum(i n) -ous -истая

acĭdum sulfurōsum sulphurous acid сернистая кислота
hydro-...-ĭcum(i n) -водородная
hydro-...-ic
acĭdum сероводородная
hydrosulphuric acid
hydrosulfurĭcum кислота
OXIDE NAMES
Names of oxides, peroxides and hydroxides consist of two nouns where

the first one – the chemical element – is in the Genitive Singular, the second
one – the word oxўdum, i n with corresponding prefixes – is in the Nominative
Singular:
Zinci oxўdum (zinc oxide);
Hydrogenii peroxўdum (hydrogen peroxide);
Calcii hydroxўdum (calcium hydroxide).
Oxides are translated as oxўdum, i n; peroxides – peroxўdum, i n; hydroxides
– hydroxўdum, i n.
160
ACIDS

acidum aceticum acetic acid уксусная кислота
acidum acetylsalicylic acid ацетилсалициловая
acetylsalicylicum кислота (Аспирин)
(Aspirinum)
acidum ascorb(in)ic acid аскорбиновая кислота
ascorbinicum
acidum arsenicosum arsenous acid мышьяковистая
кислота
acidum benzoicum benzoic acid бензойная кислота
acidum carbolicum carbolic acid карболовая кислота
acidum carbonicum carbonic acid угольная кислота
acidum citricum citric acid лимонная кислота
acidum folicum folic acid фолиевая кислота
acidum glutaminicum glutamic acid глютаминовая кислота
acidum hydrochloric acid хлористоводородная
hydrochloricum (соляная) кислота
acidum hydrocyanicum hydrocyanic acid цианистая
(синильная)
кислота
acidum hydrosulphuric acid сероводородная
hydrosulfuricum кислота
acidum lacticum lactic acid молочная кислота
acidum lipoicum lipoic acid липоевая кислота
acidum nicotinicum nicotinic acid никотиновая кислота
acidum nitricum nitric acid азотная кислота
acidum nitrosum nitrous acid азотистая кислота
acidum phosphoricum phosphoric acid фосфорная кислота
acidum salicylicum salicylic acid салициловая кислота
acidum sulfuricum sulphuric acid серная кислота
acidum sulfurosum sulphurous acid сернистая кислота
161
MEDICINES

Amўlum (i, n) Tritĭci wheat starch пшеничный крахмал
Coffeinum, i n caffeine кофеин
Hydrocortisonum, i n hydrocortisone гидрокортизон
oleum Persicōrum peach oil персиковое масло
(olei Persicōrum)
Oxacillinum, i n oxacilline оксациллин
Sulfacylum, i n sulfacyl сульфацил
Talcum, i n talc, talcum, powder тальк
Vaselinum, i n vaseline вазелин
MISCELLANEOUS

albus, a, um white белый
concentratus, a, um concentrated концентрированный
depuratus, a, um depurated очищенный
(in relation to Sulfur)
dilutus, a, um diluted разведенный, разбавленный
flavus, a, um yellow желтый
EXERCISES

Infusion of nettle leaves; ethyl alcohol; cordiamine for injections in unit dose
syringes; pepper mint oil; tetracycline ointment; gum-tree oil; lily-of-the-valley
herb; powder of rhubarb root; decoction of buckthorn bark; hawthorn tincture.

“Bormenthol” ointment; magnesium oxide; vasographine for injections;
concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution; solution of lipoic acid in ampoules;
alcoholic iodine solution; diluted hydrochloric acid; depurated sulfur; yellow
mercury oxide; suppositories with xeroform, coated tablets of glutamic acid.
3. Translate the following prescriptions into English:

1. Recĭpe: Acidi folici 0,0008
Acidi ascorbinici 0,1
Da tales doses numero 30 in tabulettis
Signa:
162
2. Recĭpe: Magnesii peroxydi 0,25
Signa:
3. Recĭpe: Solutionis Iodi spirituosae 5% – 20 ml
Tannini 3,0
Glycerini 10,0
Misce. Da. Signa:
4. Recĭpe: Suppositoria cum Ichthyolo numero 10
Da. Signa:
5. Recĭpe: Aetheris pro narcosi 100 ml
Da in vitro nigro
Signa:
6. Recĭpe: Tabulettas contra tussim numero 12
pro infantibus
Da. Signa:

1. Take: Salicylic acid 1.0
Zinc oxide
Wheat starch 1.25 both
Vaseline up to 50.0
Mix, so that there is paste.
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Dragee of ascorbic acid 0.05
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Acetylsalicylic acid
Phenacetine 0.25 both
Caffeine 0.05
Give out such doses in the amount of 12 in tablets.
Indicate:
4. Take: Yellow mercury oxide 0.6
Ichthammol 0.8
Zinc ointment 20.0
Mix, so that there is ointment.
Give out. Indicate:
Zinc oxide 25.0
Talcum powder 50.0
Give out. Indicate:
6. Take: Benzoic acid 0.6
Salicylic acid 0.3
Vaseline 10.0
Mix, so that there is ointment.
Give out. Indicate:
163
UNIT 5
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE. SALT NAMES
Names of salts (and sometimes of simple ethers) consist of two nouns of

which the first is the name of anion in the Nominative Singular, the other one
– the name of cation – in the Genitive Singular. Anion names are built with the
following suffixes:
-as (-ātis, m III) -ate -ат

nitras (Gen. nitrātis) nitrate нитрат
-is (ītis, m III) -ite -ит
nitris (Gen. nitrītis) nitrite нитрит
-idum (i, n II)
-ide -ид
chlorĭdum(Gen.
chloride хлорид
chlorĭdi)
NB! Latin names of basic salts are built adding the prefix sub- and suffix -as:
Bismuthi subnitras - basic bismuth nitrate.
NB! Names of sodium and potassium salts consist of a substance name and
the word -natrium or -kalium in the Nominative case: Sulfacylum-natrium,
Barbitalum-natrium.
MEDICINES

Aethylmorphinum, i n ethylmorphine этилорфин
hydrochloride
Atropinum, i n atropine атропин
Barbamylum, i n barbamyl барбамил
Benzylpenicillinum, i n benzylpenicillin бензилпенициллин
Camphora, ae f camphor камфора
Chloroformium, i n chloroform хлороформ
Codeinum, i n codeine кодеин
Coffeinum-natrii sodium-caffeine кофеин-бензоат
benzoas, Coffeini-natrii benzoate натрия
benzoātis
164
Ephedrinum, i n ephedrine эфедрин
Glucosum, i n glucose глюкоза
Lincomycinum, i n incomycin линкомицин
Methylii salicylas, methyl salicylate метилсалицилат
Methylii salicylātis
Morphinum, i n morphine морфин
Oleandomycinum, i n oleandomycin олеандомицин
oleum Helianthi sunflower oil подсолнечное
масло
oleum Olivarum olive oil оливковое масло
(Oliva, ae, f)
Phenobarbitalum, i n phenobarbital, luminal фенобарбитал
Phenylii salicylas, phenyl salicylate фенилсалицилат
Phenylii salicylātis
Pilocarpinum, i n pilocarpine пилокарпин
Platyphyllinum, i n platyphyllin платифиллин
Rutinum, i n rutin рутин
Streptocidum, i n streptocide стрептоцид
Strychninum, i n strychnine стрихнин
Synoestrolum, i n synestrol синэстрол
Theophyllinum, i n theophylline теофиллинум
Thiaminum, i n thiamine тиамин
Vinylinum, i n vinyline винилин
MISCELLANEOUS

glycerophosphas, ātis т glycerophosphate глицерофосфат
hydrotartras, ātis т hydrotartrate гидротартрат
thiosulfas, ātis т thiosulfate тиосульфат
isotonicus, a, um isotonic изотонический
EXERCISES

Platyphylline hydrotartrate; basic bismuth citrate; potassium iodide; iron
lactate; copper citrate; hydrocortisone acetate; adrenaline hydrochloride;
strychnine nitrate; calcium glycerophosphate; potassium arsenite;
165
papaverine hydrochloride; oleandomycine phosphate; calcium chloride:
basic magnesium carbonate; potassium acetate; sodium-caffeine benzoate;
lithium carbonate; ephedrine hydrochloride; testosterone propionate; lithium
benzoate.

1. Recĭpe: Codeini phosphatis 0,015
Acidi acetylsalicylici 0,5
Acidi ascorbinici 0,1
Rutini 0,02
Dimedroli 0,02
Calcii lactatis 0,1
Misce, fiat pulvis
Signa:
2. Recĭpe: Barbamyli 0,3
Aquae destillatae 25 ml
Misce. Da. Signa:
3. Recĭpe: Solutionis Hydrargyri oxycyanidi 0,01% – 50 ml
Da. Signa:

1. Take: Calcium glycerophosphate
Calcium lactate each 0.25
Give out such doses in the amount of 20 in tablets.
Indicate:
2. Take: Lyncomicine hydrochloride 0.25
Give out such doses in the amount of 20 in capsules.
3. Take: Sodium salicylate 1.0
Potassium iodide 0.1
Alcoholic iodine solution 6 drops
4. Take: Castor oil 20 ml
Xeroform 1.2
Vinyline 1 ml
Mix, so that there is liniment
Give out. Indicate:
5. Take: Platyphylline hydrotartrate 0.03
Sodium bromide 0.15
Sodium-caffeine benzoate 0.05
166
Mix, so that there is powder
Give out such doses in the amount of 12.
Indicate:
6. Take: Deadly nightshade extract 0.01
Basic bismuth nitrate
Phenyl salicylate each 0.25
Give out such doses in the amount of 10.
Indicate:
UNIT 6
TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK
EXERCISES

Coated methionin tablets; solution of sodium arsenite for injections;
basic bismuth nitrate with nightshade extract; codeine phosphate in tablets;
sodium nitrite solution in ampoules; ointment of copper citrate; ointment of
aethacridine lactate; ointment of tetracycline hydrochloride; oily solution of
medrotestosteron propionate; granules of glycerophosphate; potassium orotate
tablets for children; sodium hydrocitrate for injections; tablets of calcium
lactate and calcium glycerophosphate; phenyline tablets.

1. Take: Depurated sulfur 0.5
Give out such doses in the amount of 30
Indicate:
2. Take: Resorcine 0.1
95% ethyl alcohol 5 ml
Distilled water 15 ml
3. Take: 1% hydrocortisone ointment 10.0
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: Concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution 5.0
Distilled water 15 ml
5. Take: Acetylsalicylic acid 0.24
Phenacetine 0.18
167
Caffeine 0.03
Cocoa 0.015
Citric acid 0.02
Indicate:

1. Take: Zinc oxide 5.0
Talcum powder 15.0
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Boric acid 1.0
Salicylic acid 5.0
Zinc oxide 25.0
Talcum powder 50.0
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Coated “Microiodine” tablets
with Phenobarbital in the amount of 40
Give out in a dark vial
Indicate:
4. Take: Methylene blue 0.5
25 % glucose solution 50 ml
Give out such doses in the amount of 3 in ampoules
Indicate:
NB! Methylene blue – Methylenum coeruleum
4. Translate the following prescriptions intoEnglish:

1. Recĭpe: Tincturae Convallariae
Tincturae Valerianae ana 10 ml
Extracti Crataegi fluidi 5 ml
Mentholi 0,05
Misce. Da. Signa:
2. Recĭpe: Acidi salicylici 1,0
Zinci oxydi
Amyli Tritici ana 12,5
Vaselini 50,0
Misce, fiat pasta
Da. Signa
3. Recĭpe: Tabulettas Acidi glutaminici obductas 0,25
numero 100
Da. Signa:
168
4. Recĭpe: Morphini hydrochloridi 0,015
Apomorphini hydrochloridi 0,05
Acidi hydrochlorici diluti 1 ml
Aquae destillatae ad 200 ml
Misce. Da. Signa:
5. Recĭpe: Suppositoria “Anaesthesolum” numero 12
Da. Signa:
6. Recĭpe: Solutionis Ichthyoli in Glycerino 40 ml
Da. Signa:
MEDICINAL HERBS

Adōnis vernalis, adonis, pheasant’s eye, горицвет весенний
Adonĭdis vernalis, f spring lychnis;
Althaea, ae f alth-root, wymoth, marsh- алтей
mallow, althea;
Chamomilla, ae f chamomile ромашка
Digitālis, is f foxglove наперстянка
Millefolium, i n milfoil, yarrow тысячелистник
MEDICINES

Aminazinum, i n aminazine аминазин
Anaesthesinum, i n anaesthesine анестезин
Bromisovalum, i n bromisoval бромизовал
Chinosolum, i n chinosol хинозол
Corazolum, i n corazol коразол
Desoxycorticosteronum, desoxycorticosterone дезокси-
in кортикостерон
Erythromycinum, i n erythromycine эритромицин
Furazolidonum, i n furazolidone фуразолидон
Methyloestradiolum, i n methyloestradiol метилэстрадиол
Phthoracizinum, i n phthoracizine фторацизин
Phenazepamum, i n phenazepam феназепам
Theobrominum, i n theobromine теобромин
169
MISCELLANEOUS

antiasthmaticus, a, um antiasthmatic противоастматический
ophthalmicus, a, um ophthalmic глазной
sirupus, i т sirup/syrup сироп
solubilis, e soluble растворимый
UNIT 7
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS IN PRESCRIPTION.

CHEMICAL COMBINING FORMS
Making out prescriptions doctors use universally accepted abbreviations.

We abbreviate names of drug forms, parts of plants and standard prescription
formulas. Names of drugs or plants should not be abbreviated!
Abbreviation Full term Translation

aa ana each
ac., acid acidum acid
ad us. ext. ad usum externum for external use
ad us. int. ad usum internum for internal use
aq. aqua water
aq. dest. aqua destillata distilled water
сотр., cps., cpt. composĭtus composite
concentr. concenrtratus concentrated
cort. cortex bark
D. Da give out
dec., dct. decoctum
decoction
dep. depuratus, a, um
depurated
dil. dilutus, a, um
diluted
D. t. d. Da tales doses
give out such doses
empl. emplastrum
plaster
emuls. emulsum
emulsion
extr. extractum
extract
f. fiat, fiant
so that there is (are)
170
fl. flos flower
fluid. fluidus, a, um fluid
fol. folium leaf
fr. fructus fruit
gel. gelatinosus, a, um gelatinous
gran. granulum granule
gtt., gtts. guttam, guttas drop, drops
h., hb. herba herb
in ampull. in ampullis in ampoules
in caps. in capsulis in capsules
inf. infusum infusion
in obl. in oblatis in cachets
in tab. in tabulettis in tablets
in vitr. nigr. in vitro nigro in a dark vial
linim. linimentum liniment
M. Misce mix
mucil. mucilāgo mucilage
n. numero in the amount of
obd. obductus, a, um coated
past. pasta paste
praec., pct., ppt. praecipitātus, a, um precipitated
pro inject. pro injectionĭbus for injections
pulv. pulvis powder
q. s. quantum satis as much as necessary
r., rad. radix root
Rp.: Recĭpe: take
rectif. rectificatus, a, um purified
rhiz. rhizōma rhizome
S. Signa indicate
sem. semen seed
simpl. simplex simple
sir. sirŭpus sirup
sol. solutio solution
sp. species tea
spir. spiritus alcohol
171
Steril. Sterilisa! sterilize
supp. suppositorium (rectale) (rectal) suppository
supp. vagin. suppositorium vaginale vaginal suppository
susp. suspensio suspension
tab. tabuletta tablet
t-ra, tinct. tinctura tincture
ung. unguentum ointment
NB! Thi- (Greek theion – sulfur) shows the presence of a substituting sulfur
atom: Thiaminum, Thiopentalum, Thiophosphamidum;
-az-, -zol-, -(a)zin-, -(a)zid- (from azot in Greek: a - negation, zoon - life)
shows the presence of nitrogen or nitrogen group: Corazolum, Aminazinum,
Saluzidum.
In some drug names the syllables that sound like -zin-, -zol- are of a different
origin and so are spelt with s, e.g.: Anaesthesinum, Chinosolum, Aerosolum,
Anusolum.
NB! Phthor- (Greek phthoros – destruction) shows the presenсе of fluorine
compounds: Phthoracizinum, Phthorothanum.
EXERCISES
1. Translate the names of raw materials:

Spring lychnis herb; rhizome and roots of valerian; foxglove leaf; lily-of-
the-valley herb; hawthorn fruits; buckthorn bark; St. John’s wort herb; pepper
mint leaf; oak bark (Quercus, us, f); sunflower seeds; peach oil; milfoil herb;
sage leaf; linseed (Linum, i, n); linseed oil; stinging nettle leaves; eucalyptus
leaf; marsh-mallow root.

1. Take: Tablets of lipoic acid 0.25 in the amount of 50
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Coated tablets of oleandomycine phosphate 0.125
in the amount of 25
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Zinc sulphate
Lead acetate 0.3 each
4. Take: Great nightshades extract 0.02
Xeroform 0.1
172
Zinc sulfate 0.05
Glycerin 0.12
Mix, so that there is a suppository
Indicate:
5. Take: Silver nitrate 0.25
Vinyline 1.0
Vaseline 30.0
Mix so that there is ointment
Give out. Indicate:
6. Take: Methylestradiol tablets 0.0002 in the amount of 10
Give out. Indicate:
3. Translate the following prescriptions with Accusativus:

1. Take: Sulfadimine tablets 0.5 in the amount of 12
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: “Revit” dragee in the amount of 50
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: “Anusol” suppositories in the amount of 6
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: “Kameton” aerosol 30.0
Give out. Indicate:
5. Take: Furazolidone tablets 0.1 in the amount of 20
Give out. Indicate:

1. Take: Nightshade extract 0.02
Xeroform 0.1
Zinc sulfate 0.05
Glycerin 0.12
Mix, so that there is a suppository
Indicate:
2. Take: Spring lychnis herb 8.0
Peppermint leaves 1.0
Mix, so that there is tea
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Rhubarb syrup 300 ml
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: Infusion of valerian bark from 20.0–200 ml
Infusion of motherwort herb from 20.0–200 ml
173
5. Take: Suppository with methyluracil 0.5
Indicate:
NB! ‘from’ – ‘ex’, followed by a noun in the Ablative case.
UNIT 8
REVISION
EXERCISES

1. Take: Menthol 0.1
Phenyl salicylate 0.3
Vaseline oil up to 10ml
2. Take: Mercury oxycyanide solution 50 ml
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Chloroform Sunflower oil
Methyl salicylate 15 ml each
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: Sodium thiosulfate 10.0
Isotonic sodium chloride solution up to 100 ml
5. Take: Streptocide
Norsulfazol 1.5 each
Benzylpenicilline-sodium 25000 UA
Ephedrine hydrochloride 0.05
Give out. Indicate:
6. Take: 3% thiamine bromide solution 1 ml
Indicate:
7. Take: Suppository with methyluracil 0.5
Indicate:
8. Take: Morphine hydrochloride 0.015
174
Apomorphine hydrochloride 0.05
Diluted hydrochloric acid 1 ml
9. Take: Mercury oxycyanide solution 50 ml
Give out. Indicate:
10. Take: Chloroform
Sunflower oil
Methyl salicylate 15 ml each
Give out. Indicate:

1. Take: Codeine phosphate 0.015
Acetylsalicylic acid 0.5
Ascorbic acid 0,1
Rutine 0.02
Benadryl 0.02
Calcium lactate 0.1
Indicate:
2. Take: Menthol 0.1
Phenyl salicylate 0.3
Vaseline oil up to 10 ml
3. Take: 3% thiamine bromide solution 1 ml
Indicate:
Norsulfazol 1.5 each
Benzylpenicilline-sodium 25000 UA
Give out. Indicate:
5. Take: Sodium thiosulfate 10.0
Isotonic sodium chloride solution up to 100 ml
175
Acetylsalicylic acid 0.5
Ascorbic acid 0.1
Rutine 0.02
Benadryl 0.02
Calcium lactate 0.1
Indicate:
8. Take: Buckthorn bark 30 g
Nettle leaves 20 g
Milfoil herb 10 g
Give out. Indicate:
9. Take: Aminazine solution 2.5% 2 ml
Glucose solution 5% 20 ml
Mix. Sterilise!
Give out. Indicate:

1. Take: Ichthammol 1.25
Zinc oxide
Wheat starch 12.5 each
Vaseline up to 50.0
Mix, so that there is paste
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Menthol 2.5 g
Novocain
Anesthesine 1 g each
Ethyl alcohol 70% up to 100 ml
3. Take: Oily synestrol solution 0.1% 1 ml
Indicate:
4. Take: Fluid aloes extract 1ml
Indicate:
5. Take: Infusion of wymoth root 100 ml
Wymoth sirup 20 ml
176
6. Take: Antiasthmatic tea 50 g
Give out. Indicate
7. Take: Tincture of rhubarb root and rhizome 200 ml
Give out. Indicate:
8. Take: Chamomile flowers infusion 200 ml
Give out. Indicate:
9. Take: Chloroform
Ethyl alcohol 95% 20 ml each
Ethyl ether 10ml

1. Take: Theobromine
Amidopyrine 0.25 each
Phenobarbital 0.02
Indicate:
2. Take: Platyphylline hydrotartrate 0.003
Papaverine hydrochloride 0.03
Theobromine 0.25
Indicate:
3. Take: Suppositories with diprophylline 0.5 in the amount of 10
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: Alcoholic solution of hydrogen peroxide 50 ml
Give out. Indicate:
5. Take: 10% solution of norsulfazol-sodium
Isotonic sodium chloride solution 10 ml each

1. Recĭpe: Specierum pectoralium 50,0
Da. Signa:
2. Recĭpe: Infusi radicis Althaeae 3,0 – 100 ml
Sirupi Althaeae 20 ml
Misce. Da. Signa:
3. Recĭpe: Specierum antiasthmaticarum 50, 0
Da. Signa:
4. Recĭpe: Succi Aloёs 100 ml
Da in vitro nigro
Signa:
177
5. Recĭpe: Herbae Adonidis vernalis 2,0
Rhizomatis cum radicibus Valerianae 1,5
Misce, fiant species
Signa:
UNIT 9
THE FINAL TESTS ON PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY
Do one of the Final Tests on Pharmaceutical Terminology in written

form:
Variant 1
1. Translate the following into Latin:

Hydrogen hydroxide
Benzoic acid
Magnesium sulphate
Suppository with glycerin
Wheat starch
2. Translate the following prescriptions:
1. Take: Valerian extract 0,5

Hawthorn tincture 0,15
Rhubarb tincture 0,8
Barbital-sodium 0,2
Ethyl alcohol 20 ml
2. Take: Tablets of sulfadimidine 0,5 in the amount of 20
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Yellow mercury oxide 0,6
Ichthammol 0,8
Zinc ointment 20,0
Mix, so that there is ointment
Give out. Indicate:
Phenacetine both 0,25
178
Caffeine 0,05
Indicate:
5. Take: Platyphylline hydrotartrate 0,003
Sodium bromide 0,15
Sodium-caffeine benzoate 0,05
Give out.
Indicate:
6. Take: Antiasthmatic tea 50,0
Give out. Indicate:
Variant 2
Aluminium hydroxide
Carbonic acid
Sodium nitrite
Depurated sulphur
Dibazol in ampules

Nitroglycerine solution 1% 1 ml
Validol 2 ml
2. Take: Tablet of furaciline 0,02
Indicate:
3. Take: Salicylic acid 1,0
Zinc oxide
Wheat starch both 12,5
Vaseline up to 50,0
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: Morphine hydrochloride 0,015
Apomorphine hydrochloride 0,05
179
5. Take: Phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 000 000 AU
Indicate:
6. Take: Chloroform
Ethyl alcohol 95% both 20 ml
Ethyl ether drops 5
Variant 3

Iron oxide
Sulphurous acid
Copper citrate
Alcoholic solution of iodine
Ether for anesthesia

l. Take: Aminophylline 0,1
Benadryl 0,0125
Sugar 0,2
Indicate:
Zinc oxide 25,0
Talc 50,0
Give out. Indicate:
Norsulfazol both 1,5
Benzylpenicillin-sodium 25 000 AU
Ephedrine hydrochloride 0,05
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: Suppositories “Anusol” in the amount of 6
Give out. Indicate:
5. Take: Buckthorn bark 30,0
Stinging nettle leaves 20,0
180
Milfoil herb 10,0
Give out. Indicate:
6. Take: Solution of aminazine 2,5% 2 ml
Solution of glucose 5% 20ml
Mix. Sterilize! Give out. Indicate:
Variant 4

Hydrogen hydroxide
Hydrosulphuric acid
Fluid nettle extract
Yellow mercury oxide
Solution for injections

1. Take: Oily synestrol solution 0,1 % 1 ml
2. Take: Infusion of althaea root 100 ml
Althaea sirup 20 ml
3. Take: Belladonna extract 0,01
Phenyl salicylate both 0,25
Indicate:
Calcium lactate both 0,25
Indicate:
5. Take: Sodium salicylate 1,0
Potassium iodide 0,1
Alcoholic iodine solution drops 6
6. Take: Coated tablets of oleandomycine phosphate 0,125
in the amount of 25
Give out. Indicate:
181
Variant 5

Wheat starch
Magnesium sulphate
Benzoic acid
Potassium iodide

Validol 2 ml
Indicate:
Norsulfazol both 1,5
Ephedrine hydrochloride 0,05
Give out. Indicate:
Phenacetine both 0,25
Caffeine 0,05
Indicate:
5. Take: Platyphylline hydrotartrate 0,003
Sodium bromide 0,15
Sodium-caffeine benzoate 0,05
Give out. Indicate:
6. Take: Aminazine solution 2,5% 2 ml
Glucose solution 5% 20 ml
Mix. Sterilize! Give out. Indicate:
Variant 6

Dibazol in ampoules
182
Iron oxide
Copper citrate
Alcoholic solution of iodine
Carbonic acid
2. Translate the following prescriptions:

Barbital-sodium 0,2
Ethyl alcohol 20 ml
2. Take: Tablets of sulfadimidine 0,5 in the amount of 20
Give out. Indicate:
3. Take: Belladonna extract 0,01
Phenyl salicylate both 0,25
Indicate:
Give out. Indicate:
Indicate:
5. Take: Sodium salicylate 1,0
Potassium iodide 0,1
Alcoholic iodine solution drops 6
6. Take: Chloroform
Ethylic ether drops 5
Variant 7

Ether for anesthesia
Aluminum hydroxide
Sodium nitrite
183
Sulphurous acid
Purified sulphur
1. Take: Euphylline 0,1

Dimedrol 0,0125
Sugar 0,2
Indicate:
Zinc oxide 25,0
Talc 50,0
Give out. Indicate:
Ichthammol 0,8
Zinc ointment 20,0
Give out. Indicate:
4. Take: Morphine hydrochloride 0,015
Apomorphine hydrochloride 0,05
Diluted hydrochloric acid 1ml
5. Take: Oily synestrol solution 0,1% 1 ml
6. Take: Coated tablets of oleandomycine phosphate 0,125
in the amount of 25
Give out. Indicate:
Variant 8

Magnesium sulphate
Hydrogen hydroxide
Wheat starch
Benzoic acid
184
Ichthammol 0,8
Zinc ointment 20,0
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Lily of the valley tincture
Validol 2 ml
Zinc oxide 25,0
Talc 50,0
Give out. Indicate:
Barbital-sodium 0,2
Ethyl alcohol 20 ml
5. Take: Antiasthmatic herbal mix (tea) 50,0
Give out. Indicate:
Indicate:
UNIT 10
THE FINAL TESTS ON LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Do one of the Final Tests on Latin and Medical Terminology in written

form:
Test №1
Anatomical Terminology
I. Translate into Latin:

passage of the nose
upper lobe of the left lung
185
basis of the pyramid
the right lung
crest of the greater tubercle
Clinical Terminology
I. Make up Latin terms having the following meanings:

sinking down of the stomach
increase in the number of the red blood cells
pus in the blood
inflammation of the brain
excision of the gallbladder
II. Explain the following Latin terms:

gastroenteroscopia
cholaemia
chondroma
pyodermia
splenoptosis
Pharmaceutical Terminology
I. Translate the following prescriptions into Latin:

Salicylic acid 0.3
Vaseline 10.0
Give out. Indicate:
Give out. Indicate:
II. Translate the following word-combinations into Latin:

Milfoil herb
Diluted hydrochloric acid
Test № 2

tuber of the upper jaw
186
occipital region
process of the nasal concha
muscles of the head
posterior tubercle of the cervical vertebra

water in the blood
a disease of the gallbladder
softening of the brain
dental tumour
a science about skin diseases

bradycardia
dyskinesia
lipuria
erythrocytosis
polyphagia

l. Take: Codeine phosphate 0.015
Salicylic acid 0.5
Ascorbinic acid 0.1
Rutine 0.02
Calcium lactate 0.1
Indicate:
2. Take: Chloroform
Ethylic ether 10ml

Rhubarb tincture
Hydrogen peroxide
187
Test № 3

lobes of the liver
lateral lamina of the pterygoid processes
incisure of the lower jaw
zygomatic bone
articular cavity

tumour of the cartilage tissue
non-inflammatory disease of the kidney
slow/ reduced heart beat rate
inflammation of the liver
instrumental examination of the ear

ophthalmotonometria
phlebectasia
hysteroptosis
hyperglykaemia
dyskinesia

1. Take: Solution of thiamine bromide 3% 1 ml
Indicate:
Zinc oxide
Wheat starch both 12.5
Vaseline up to 50.0
Give out. Indicate:

Tablets of phenoxymethylpenicillin
Depurated sulfur
188
Test № 4

smaller horn
ethmoid sulcus of the nasal cavity
cardiac impression
bones of the skull
vessels of the nerves
I. Make up Latin terms with the following meanings:

pressure measuring
disposition for hemorrhages
weakness of the nerves
instrumental examination of the oral cavity
sinking down of the kidney

autohaemotherapia
thoracotomia
cephalalgia
gynaecophobia
perimetritis

Salicylic acid 0.5
Ascorbinic acid 0.1
Rutine 0.02
Calcium lactate 0.1
Indicate:
2. Take: Monomycine 0.25
Indicate:
189
Distilled water
Gum-tree oil
Test № 5
I. Translate into Lain:

basis of the skull
frontal tuber
incisure of the right lung
middle ribs
holes of the pulmonary veins

kidney hemorrhage
absence of urination
fixation of the spleen
bone softening
instrumental examination of the eye

pneumothorax
polyneuritis
termotherapia
logopaedia
spondylodynia

1. Take: Amidopyrine
Phenacetine both 0.25
Indicate:
2. Take: Zinc sulphate
Lead acetate both 0.3
190
Ethylic ether
Fluid hawthorn extract
Test № 6

neck of the shoulderblade
thyroid gland
branch of the lower hollow vein
anterior surfaces
tubercle of the cervical vertebrae
I. Make up Latin terms with the following meanings:

softening of the bone marrow
pain in the ear
treatment with the help of one’s own blood
inflammation of the mouth
narrowing of the vessels

adenotomia
bradycardia
hypotonia
splanchnologia
anophthalmia

l. Take: Barbital-sodium 0.5
Cocoa oil as much as necessary,
so that there is a suppository
Indicate:
Calcium lactate both 0.25
191
Indicate:

Gum-tree oil
Valerian tincture
Test 7

oral cavity
upper transverse ligament
zygomatic process of the frontal bone
areas of the body
nerves of the vessels
II. Make up Latin terms having the following meanings:

decreased erythrocytes
increased heart rate
inflammation of the small intestine
increased blood pressure
disease of the brain
I
I. Explain the following Latin terms:
ophthalmopyorrhoea
splanchnoptosis
leucodermia
gerontologia
cystotomia

Norsulfazol both 1.5
192
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Tablets of Sulfadimine 0.5 in the amount of 12
Give out. Indicate:

Sirup of alth-root
Diluted hydrochloric acid
Test № 8

angle of the mouth
transverse ligament
horizontal plate of the frontal bone
vertebral articulations
sinus of the hollow veins
I. Make up Latin terms having the following meanings

removal of the uterus
operation for eliminating adhesions from the nerve
decreased heart rate
X-ray examination of the brain
examination of the nose

hepatocholecystitis
phlebectasia
pyodermia
cardiologia
craniometria

1 .Take: Buckthorn bark 30.0
Stinging nettle leaves 20.0
Milfoil herb 10.0
193
Give out. Indicate:
Diluted hydrochloric acid up to 1 ml

Penicillin for injections
Sodium nitrate
Test № 9

zygomatic bone
upper lobe of the left lung
passage of the nose
frontal tubers
heads of the gluteal muscles

hemorrhage from the uterus
tumour of the gland
inflammation of the inner coating of the heart
pus in the blood

anuria
leucodermia
splenopexia
angiosclerosis
rhinoplastica

l. Take: Sodium salicylate 1.0
Potassium iodide 1.0
194
Alcoholic solution of iodine drops VI
Give out. Indicate:
2. Take: Lincomicin hydrochloride 0.25
in capsules
Indicate:

Buckthorn bark
Sulphurous acid
Test 10

the right lung
basis of the pyramid
partition of the frontal sinuses
short gastric veins
crest of the greater tubercle

dilation of the lungs
inflammation of the brain
excision of the gallbladder
increase in the number of the red blood cells
a science about tumors

pyodermia
autoplastica
gastroenteroscopia
hydraemia
chondroma

195
Salicylic acid 0.3
Vaseline 10.0
Give out. Indicate:
1. Take: Chloroform
Ethylic ether 10ml
III. Translate the following word-combinations into Latin:

Milfoil herb
Norsulfazol in tablets
Test № 11

incisure of the lower jaw
zygomatic bone
articular cavity
lobes of the liver
frontal tubers

dry skin
a disease of the gallbladder
softening of the brain
dental tumour
treating with water

autohaemotherapia
thoracotomia
cephalalgia
gynaecophobia
perimetritis

l. Take: Codeine phosphate 0.015
Salicylic acid 0.5
196
Ascorbinic acid 0.1
Rutine 0.02
Calcium lactate 0.1
Indicate:
2. Take: Castor oil 20 ml
Xeroform 1.2
Vinylin 1 ml
Give out. Indicate:

Rhubarb tincture
Hydrogen peroxide
Test № 12

angle of the mouth
transverse ligament
horizontal plate of the frontal bone
vertebral articulations
sinus of the hollow veins

hemorrhage from the uterus
tumour of the gland
examination of the urinary bladder
air in the thorax

laparotomia
polyneuritis
colostomia
termotherapia
logopaedia
197

Norsulfazol both 1.5
Give out. Indicate:
Diluted hydrochloric acid up to 1 ml
Indicate:

Iodine solution
Lily-of-the-valley tincture
Dear Friend!
You have just finished studying the professionally oriented course of Latin
language and the basics of the medical terminology.
We are glad that you have come into contact with the international language
of professional communication in the field of medicine.
We hope mastering this course in the first year of training helps to educate a
doctor well versed in professional terminology.
198
ENGLISH-LATIN-RUSSIAN GLOSSARY
A
abdominal abdominlis, e брюшной
abducting (VI cranial)
abducens, entis отводящий (нерв)
nerve
abductor (muscle) abductor, ōris m отводящая (мышца)
accessory accessorius, a, um добавочный
сопутствующий, со-
accompanying comitans, antis
провождающий
acetylsalicylicus, a,
acetylsalicylic ацетилсалициловый
um
acid acĭdum, i n кислота
акустический, слу-
acoustic acusticus, a, um
ховой
acquired acquisitus, a, um приобретенный
acromial acromialis, e акромиальный
acromion acromĭon, i n акромион
acute acutus, a , um острый
act actus, us m акт, действие
activated activātus, a, um активированный
adductor (muscle) adductor, ōris m приводящая (мышца)
adipose, fatty adipōsus, a, um жирный, жировой
adoniside Adonisīdum, i n адонизид
взрослый,
adult adultus, a, um
совершеннолетний
aeron Aёrōnum, i n аэрон
aevit Aёvītum, i n аэвит
афферентный (цен-
тро-
afferent afferens, entis
стремительный),
приносящий
against contra (с Асc.) против, вопреки
age aёr, aёris m возраст
air aёr, aёris m воздух
alar alaris,e крыльный
199
albumin albumen, ĭnis n белок
alcŏhol, ōlis n, алкоголь,
alcohol
spirĭtus, us m спирт
alcoholic alcoholicus, a, um алкогольный
алиментарный, пи-
alimentary alimentarius, a, um
щевой
alive vivus, a, um живой
allergic allergicus, a, um аллергический
aloe Aloё, es f алоэ, сабур
alternate alternans, antis чередующийся
квасцы (алюминиево-
alum (sg) alūmen, ĭnis n
калиевые)
alveolar alveolaris, e альвеолярный
amidochloride Amidochlorĭdum, i n амидохлорид
amidopyrine Amidopyrīnum, i n амидопирин
aminazine Aminazīnum, i n аминазин
ammoniac ammoniātus, a, um аммиачный
amnion amnion, i n амнион
amorphous amorphus, a, um аморфный
ampicillin Ampicillīnum, i n ампициллин
ampoule ampulla, ae f ампула
amputation amputatio, ōnis f ампутация
anal analis, e анальный
analysis analўsis, is f анализ
anatomical anatomicus, a, um анатомический
and et и
anesthesia narcōsis, is f наркоз
anesthesin Anaesthesīnum, i n анестезин
aneurysm aneurysma, ătis n аневризма
angioneurotic angioneuroticus, a, um ангионевротический
angle angulus, i m angulus, i m
animal anĭmal, ālis n животное
animal animalis, e животный
anise Anīsum, i n анис
200
ankle bone talus, i m таранная кость
ankylosis ankylōsis, is f анкилоз
another alter, ĕra, ĕrum другой
anterior, front anterior, ius передний
anthrax anthrax, ācis m сибирская язва
противо-
antiasthmatic antiastrimaticus, a, um
астматический
antibiotic antibioticum, i n антибиотик
antidote antidŏtum, i n антидот, противоядие
antiseptic antisepticus, a, um антисептический
antrum antrum, i n пещера, полость
anus anus, i m анус, задний проход
aorta aorta, ae f аорта
aortic aorticus, a, um аортальный
aperture apertūra, ae f апертура, отверстие
apomorphine Apomorphīnum, i n апоморфин
aponeurosis aponeurōsis, is f апоневроз
внешность,
appearance habĭtus, us m
наружность
appendix appendix, ĭcis f аппендикс, придаток
aqueduct aqu(a)eductus, us m водопровод
паутинная мозговая
arachnoid membrane arachnoidea, ae f
оболочка
arch arcus, us m дуга
arched arcuātus, a, um дугообразный
area area, ae f поле (кружок)
arrhythmia ar(r)hythmia, ae f аритмия
arsenic arsenis, ītis m арсенит
arteriōsus, a, um
arterial артериальный
arterialis, e
artery arteria, ae f артерия
articular articularis, e суставной
arytenoids arytenoideus, a, um черпаловидный
сколько угодно
as much as is desired quantum libet, q.l.
(в рецептах)
201
(сколько нужно,
quantum satis, q.s.,
as much as suffices, сколько потребуется,
quantum sufficit,
as much as needed сколько нужно
q.suff.
as much as you like quantum vis, q.v.
ascending ascendens, entis восходящий
asthma (difficulty in
asthma, ătis n астма (удушье)
breathing)
asthmatic asthmaticus, a, um астматический
(по желанию,
at pleasure ad lib. = ad libitum сколько угодно,
в любом количестве
atheroscleroticus, a,
atherosclerotic атеросклеротический
um
атлант, шейный
atlas, atlantes (pl) atlas, āntis m
позвонок
atrium (of the heart) atrium cordis предсердие
atropine Atropīnum, i n атропин
auditory, auditive auditīvus, a, um слуховой
ушная раковина,
auricle (of fhe ear) auricula, ae f
ушко
auricular (relating
ушной,
to the ear or to the auricularis, e
ушковидный
auricle of the heart)
аускультация,
auscultation auscultatio, ōnis f
выслушивание
author auctor, ōris m автор
axillary axillaris, e подмышечный
ось,
axis axis, is m
II шейный позвонок
B
back dorsum, i n спина, тыл
bad malus, a, um плохой, худой
taenia, ae f, лента,
band
vinculum, i n связка
202
barbital, barbitone Barbitālum, i n барбитал
основание, базис (ос-
base basis, is f новное средство
в сложном рецепте)
basic carbonate subcarbōnas, ātis m основной карбонат
basic nitrate subnitras, ātis m основной нитрат
basilar basilaris, e базилярный
bed-sore decubĭtus, us m пролежень
before ante ( с Асc. ) до, раньше
before death ante mortem перед смертью
ante cenam, ante cibos,
before meals перед едой
ante cibum (а.с.)
1.позади, за
behind post (c Acc.)
2. после, спустя
venter, tris m; брюшко (мышцы),
belly брюхо;
abdōmen, ĭnis n живот, брюхо
benign benignus, a, um доброкачественный
benzoate benzoas, ātis m бензоат
Coffeīnum (i)-natrii кофеин-бензоат на-
benzoate sodium
benzoas, ātis m трия
benzoic benzoicus, a, um бензойный
Benzylpenicillīnum, Benzylpenicillīnum,
benzylpenicillin
in in
berry bacca, ae f ягода
best optĭmus, a, um наилучший
biceps (muscle) biceps, cipĭtis двуглавая мышца
двустворчатый;
bicuspidalis, e;
bicuspid малый коренной зуб,
praemolaris, e
премоляр
бифуркация, раздво-
bifurcation bifurcatio, ōnis f
ение
big toe hallux, ūcis m большой палец стопы
chole, es f;
bile желчь
fel, fellis n
203
biliaris, e; билиарный;
biliary
felleus, a, um желчный
желчный, желчеoтво-
biliferous bilifer, ĕra, ĕrum
дящий
желчный,
biliōsus, a, um;
bilious желтушный;
choledŏchus, a, um
желчный
bitter amārus, a, um горький
bivalent bivalens, entis двухвалентный
biventral digastricus, a, um двубрюшный
black niger, gra, grum чёрный, тёмный
bladder vesīca, ae f пузырь
blind c(a)ecus, a, um слепой
blind gut caecum, i n слепая кишка
blood sanguis, ĭnis m кровь
кровеносный,
bloody sanguineus, a, um
кровавый
body corpus, ŏris n тело; организм
body-fluid humor, ōris m влага
абсцесс, нарыв,
boil abscessus, us m
гнойник
bone os, ossis n кость
bone marrow medulla ossium костный мозг
bony osseus, a, um костный
border margo, ĭnis m край, граница
boric boricus, a, um борный
born natus, a, um рожденный
bottom fundus, i m дно
bowel (intestinal) непроходимость
ileus, i m
obstruction кишечника
box scatŭla, ae f коробка, коробочка
brain encephălon, i n головной мозг
branch ramus, i m ветвь
молочная железа,
breast mamma, ae f
грудь
204
breast-bone sternum, i n грудина
мост;образование,
bridge pons, pontis m
подобное мосту
briefly breviter кратко
brilliant nitens, entis блестящий
дробная доза, умень-
шенная, назначается
broken dose, divided dosis refracta многократно через
dose, fractional dose краткие промежутки
времени
bromide bromĭdum, i n бромид
bronchial bronchialis, e bronchialis, e
bronchus bronchus, i m бронх
buccal buccalis, e щёчный
buckthorn Frangŭla, ae f крушина
луковица
bulb, bulbus bulbus, i m (клубневидное
утолщение)
выдающийся,
bulging eminens, entis
выступающий
by mouth, through the пероральный, через
peroralis, e; per os
mouth, per os рот
C
c(a)esarean section sectio caesarea кесарево сечение
cachet oblata, ae f капсула, облатка
caffeine Coffeīnum, i n кофеин
calcaneal calcaneus, a, um пяточный
шпора, напоминаю-
calcar calcar, āris n
щий шпору отросток
calcification calcificatio, ōnis f кальцификация
calculous calculōsus, a, um калькулезный
calf-bone fibula, ae f малоберцовая кость
camphor Camphŏra, ae f камфора
Solutio Camphŏrae
camphorated oil камфорное масло
oleosa
cancer cancer, cri m канцер, рак
205
карциноматозный,
cancerous carcinomatōsus, a, um
раковый
собачий, клыковый
canine, caninus canīnus, a, um (dens)
(зуб); клык
capillary capillaris, e капиллярный
capitulum capitŭlum, i n головка
capsula capsŭla, ae f капсула
carbonate carbōnas, ātis m карбонат
carcinoma carcinōma, ătis n раковая опухоль, рак
cardiac cardiăcus, a. um сердечный
cardiovalen Cardiovalēnum, i n кардиовален
carefully caute осторожно
caries carĭes, ēi f кариес, костоеда
carotid caroticus, a, um caroticus, a, um
carotid artery carōtis, tĭdis (arteria) f сонная артерия
carpal carpeus, a, um запястный
cartilage cartilāgo, ĭnis f хрящ
cartilaginous cartilagineus, a, um хрящевой
анамнез,
case history anamnēsis, is f
воспоминание
castor oil oleum Ricĭni касторовое масло
castor-oil plant Ricĭnus, i m клещевина
cataract cataracta, ae f катаракта
catarrhal catarrhalis, e catarrhalis, e
causal causalis, e причинный
полость, пещера,
cave caverna, ae f
каверна
cavernous cavernōsus, a, um пещеристый
cavĭtas, ātis f; cavum,
cavity, cistern полость, впадина
in
cell cellula, ae f клетка, ячейка
cellular cellularis, e клеточный
cement (dental) cementum, i n цемент (зубной)
central centralis, e центральный
cerebellar cerebellaris, e мозжечковый
206
cerebellum cerebellum, i n мозжечок
мозговой,
cerebral cerebralis, e
церебральный
cerebrospinal cerebrospinalis, e спиномозговой
cerebrum, brain, en-
cerebrum, i n большой мозг
cephalon
cervical cervicalis, e шейный
cervicobrachial cervicobrachialis, e шейно-плечевой
cesarean caesareus, a, um царский, кесарев
chamber camera, ae f камера, полость
chamomile Chamomilla, ae f ромашка
channel canalis, is m канал, проход, проток
charcoal carbo, ōnis m уголь
cheek bucca, ae f щека
cheek bone zygōma, ătis n скула, скуловая кость
букцинатор, щечная
cheek muscle buccinātor, ōris m
мышца
pectus, ŏris n;
chest грудь; грудная клетка
thorax, ācis m
chewing masticatorius, a, um жевательный
варицелла,
chicken-pox varicella, ae f
ветряная оспа
child infans, ntis m, f ребёнок
chin mentum, i n mentum, i n
chinosol Chinosōlum, i n хинозол
chloride chloridum, i n хлорид
chloroform Chloroformium, i n хлороформ
chlorophyllipt Chlorophylliptum, i n хлорофиллипт
chondrocyte chondrocýtus, i m хондроцит
chronic chronicus, a, um хронический
ciliary ciliaris, e ресничный
chronic chronicus, a, um хронический
circle circulus, i m круг
круговой,
circular circularis, e
циркулярный
207
circumflex circumflēxus, a, um огибающий
cirrhosis cirrhōsis, is f цирроз
cistern cisterna, ae f цистерна
citrate citras, ātis m цитрат
clavicular clavicularis, e clavicularis, e
coat tunĭca, ae f оболочка
coat of brain meninx, ngis f мозговая оболочка
coated obductus, a, um покрытый оболочкой
coccygeal coccygēus, a, um копчиковый
coccyx coccyx, ýgis m копчик
улитка (внутреннего
cochlea cochlea, ae f
уха)
улиточный, относя-
cochlear cochlearis, e
щийся к улитке
cocoa (powder) Cacao n какао
codeine Codeinum, i n кодеин
oleum Morruae =
cod-liver-oil рыбий жир
oleum jecoris Aselli
collar-bone clavicŭla, ae f ключица
collargole Collargōlum, i n колларгол
collateral collateralis, e коллатеральный
colon colon, i n ободочная кишка
colour color, ōris m цвет, окраска
coltsfoot Farfara, ae f мать-и-мачеха
column columna, ae f колонна, столб
coma, loss of con- кома, полная потеря
coma, ătis n
sciousness сознания
commissure commissūra, ae f спайка
common communis, e общий
common [cat’s] valeri- лекарственная вале-
Valeriāna officinalis
an, garden heliotrope риана
communicant communicans, antis соединяющий
complex composĭtus, a, um сложный, суставной
complicated complicātus, a, um осложнённый
concentrated cocncentrātus, a, um концентрированный
208
concha concha, ae f раковина
concrement concrementum, i n конкремент
concussion commotio, ōnis f сотрясение
condylar condylaris, e мыщелковый
condyle condўlus, i m мыщелок
конусовидный,
cone-shaped conicus, a, um
конический
congestive congestīvus, a, um застойный
соединительный, сое-
connecting conjunctīvus, a, um
динительнотканный
constrictor constrictor, ōris m констриктор (мышца)
контрактура,
сведение
contraction contractūra, ae f (непроизвольное спа-
стическое сокраще-
ние мышц)
convolution gyrus, i m извилина
cord chorda, ae f хорда, нить, струна
cornea cornea, ae f роговица
corneal cornealis, e роговой
coronary coronarius, a, um венечный
corpse cadāver, ĕris n труп
исправляющий
corrigent corrigens, entis
корригенс
сморщивающая
corrugator (muscle) corrugātor, ōris m
(мышца)
кора, корковое
cortex cortex, ĭcis m
вещество
cortical corticalie, e корковый
costalis, e; costarius,
costal рёберный
a, um
coryloid (cup-like) acetabulum, i n; вертлужная впадина
cavity cavĭtas,ātis f полость, впадина
cough tussis, is f кашель
черепной,
cranial cranialis, e
краниальный
209
кремастер; мышца,
cremaster (muscle) cremāster, ēris m
поднимающая яичко
crista, ae f; pecten,
crest гребень, гребешок
ĭnis n
cribriform cribrōsus, a, um решётчатый
cricoesophageus, a,
cricoesophageal перстнепищеводный
um
cricoid cricoideus, a, um перстневидный
cross-shaped cruciātus, a, um скрещенный
croupous (cruposus) croupōsus, a, um крупозный
crown corona, ae f коронка
crown of the head vertex, ĭcis m темя, вершина
cruciform cruciformis, e крестообразный
crus crus, cruris n голень, ножка
crystalline crystallisātus, a, um кристаллический
кубовидный,
cuboidal, cubical cuboideus, a, um
кубический
cup calyx, ўcis m чашка, чашечка
лечебная доза, тера-
curative dose dosis curativa
певтическая доза
cure cura, ae f лечение
curve curvatūra, ae f кривизна
cusp cuspis, ĭdis f острие, створка
cutaneous cutaneus, a, um кожный
cuticle cuticula, ae f кутикула, кожица
cutaneous cutaneus, a, um кожный
cyanide cyanĭdum, i n цианид
cyst cysta, ae f киста
пузырный,
cystic относящийся
cystōsus, a, um
к мочевому или
желчному пузырю
cystous cystōsus, a, um кистозный
D
daily in die, de die ежедневно
210
damaged laesus, a, um поврежденный
dead mortuus, a, um мёртвый, умерший
death mors, mortis f смерть
decoction decoctum, i n отвар
chiasma, ătis n;
decussation перекрест
decussatio, ōnis f
deep profundus, a, um глубокий
деформирующий,
deforming deformans, antis
обезображивающий
delicate tenius, e тонкий, нежный
deltoid deltoideus, a, um дельтовидный
dental dentalis, e зубной
dentine dentinum, i n дентин
depression fovea, ae f ямка, углубление
depressor (muscle) depressor, ōris m опускатель (мышца)
depurated depurātus, a, um очищенный
descending descendens, entis нисходящий
diabetes diabetes, ae m диабет
diabetic diabeticus, a, um диабетический
diagnosis diagnōsis, is f диагноз
diameter diamĕter, i f диаметр, поперечник
diaphragm diaphragma, ătis n диафрагма
diarrhea diarrhoea, ae f понос
dibazol Dibazōlum, i n дибазол
diethylstilbestrol, es- Diaethy-
диэтилстилбэстрол
trostiben lstilboestrōlum, i n
diffuse diffusus, a, um диффузный, разлитой
двубрюшный
digastric biventer, tra, trum
(о мышце)
digital digitalis, e пальцевой
dilatātio, ōnis f; дилатация, расшире-
dilatation
ectasia, ae f ние, эктазия
diluted dilūtus, a, um разбавленный
disease, malady,
morbus, i m болезнь, заболевание
illness, sickness
211
disk discus, i m диск
disseminated disseminātus, a, um диссеминированный
dissolved, solute solūtus, a, um растворённый
distal distalis, e дистальный
distilled destillatus, a, um дистиллированный
distinction differentia, ae f различие
дивертикул,
diverticulum diverticulum, i n
выпячивание
divide divido, ĕre III разделять
раздели на равные
div. in p. aeq(u). = di-
divide into equal parts части
vide in partes aequales
(сокр. в рецептах)
не повторять, т.е. не
приготовлять повтор-
ne repetatur, ne repet. но предписанное в
do not repeat
(сокр. в рецептах) рецепте и уже один
раз приготовленное
лекарство;
domestic domesticus, a, um домашний
спинной, тыльный,
dorsal dorsalis, e
дорсальный
dose dosis, is f доза
dragee dragee драже
drop gutta, ae f капля
medicamentum, i n;
drug лекарство
pharmacon, i n
drugstore officīna, ae f мастерская, аптека
drum tympănum, i n барабан
dry siccus, a, um сухой
duct ductus, us m проток
ductile ductulus, i m проточек
дуоденальный,
duodenal duodenalis, e
двенадцатиперстный
двенадцатиперстная
duodenum duodenum, i n
кишка
duplex, double duplex, icis двойной, сдвоенный
212
твёрдая мозговая
dura mater dura mater
оболочка
dyspnea, shortness of dyspnoë, ës f
диспноэ/отдышка
breath (dyspnoea)
E
ear auris, is f ухо
eczema eczĕma, ătis n экзема
edema oedēma, ătis n отёк
эдематозный,
edematous oedematōsus, a, um
отечный
эфферентный,
efferent efferens, entis
выносящий,
egg cell ovum, i n яйцо, яйцеклетка
eight octo восемь
eighth octavus, a, um восьмой
elbow bone ulna, ae f локтевая кость
elbow process olecrănon, i n локтевой отросток
eleven undecim одинадцать
eleventh undecimus, a, um одиннадцатый
eminence eminentia, ae f возвышение
эмфизема, увеличе-
emphysema emphysēma, ătis m ние количества
воздуха в органах
emulsum, i n;
emulsion эмульсия
emulsio, ōnis f
enamel enamēlum, i n эмаль
end terminatio, ōnis f конец, окончание
эндемический, свой-
endemic endemicus, a, um ственный данной
области, местный
enough satis довольно, достаточно
entrance adĭtus, us m вход
epidemic epidemicus, a, um эпидемический
epigastric epigastricus, a, um надчревный
epiglottis epiglottis, ĭdis f надгортанник
213
epinephrine Adrenalīnum, i, n адреналин
epiphysial epiphysialis, e эпифизарный
epiphysis epiphysis, is f эпифиз
epithelial epithelialis, e эпителиальный
equal aequalis, e равный
equally ana поровну, по
выпрямитель
erector (muscle) erector, oris m
(мышца)
esophageal (o)esophageus, a, um пищеводный
esophagus, gullet oesophagus, i m пищевод
essential oil oleum aethereum эфирное масло
eternal aeternus, a, um вечный
ether, ester aether, ĕris m эфир
ethereal aethereus, a, um эфирный
ethmoid ethmoidalis, e решетчатый
ethyl aethylicus, a, um этиловый
ethyl Aethylium, i n этил
ethyl morphine Aethylmorphīnum, i n этилморфин
every hour omni hora (omn. hor.) каждый час
каждый час
every hour quaquehora, q.h.
omni bihora
every two hours каждые два часа
(omn.bih.)
extremity extremĭtas, ātis f конец
extended extensus, a, um вытянутый
разгибание,
extension extensio, ōnis f
растягивание
extensor (muscle) extensor, ōris m разгибатель (мышца)
external externus, a, um наружный
экстирпация,
extirpation extirpatio, ōnis f
искоренение
extract extractum, i n экстракт (вытяжка)
extraction extractiо, ōnis f извлечение
extrauterine extrauterīnus, a, um внематочный
eye ocŭlus, i m глаз
214
eye socket orbĭta, ae f глазница
eyeball bulbus oculi bulbus oculi
eyebrow supercilium, i n бровь
eyelid palpebra, ae f веко
F
лицевой,
facial facialis, e
поверхностный
парамнезия, псевдо-
false recollection paramnesia, ae f
воспоминания
fascia fascia, ae f фасция
fascicle fasciculus, i m пучок
fauces fauces, ium f (pl) зев
feminine femininus, a, um женский
плод (утробный,
fetus, us m, foetus,
fetus, f(o)etus от 9-й недели
us m
до рождения)
fever febris, is f лихорадка
feverish febrillis, e лихорадочный
fibre fibra, ae f волокно
фиброзный,
fibrous fibrosus, a, um
волокнистый
fifth quintus, a, um пятый
film membranula, ae f плёнка
finger, toe digitus, i m палец
finger-shaped digitatus, a, um пальцевидный
оканчивать, заканчи-
finish finio, īre IV
вать, кончать
first primus, a, um первый
fissure fissura, ae f щель
five quinque пять
flat planus, a, um плоский
flax Linum, i n лен
flexion flexio, ōnis f сгибание
flexor(muscle) flexor, ōris m сгибатель (мышца)
flexure flexura, ae f изгиб
215
цветок; цветущее
flower flos, floris m
состояние
fluid fluidus, a, um жидкий
fluid liquor, oris m жидкость, раствор
fold plica, ae f складка
follicle folliculus, i m фолликул, пузырёк
fontanelle fonticulus, i m родничок
food cibus, i m еда, пища
foot pes, pedis m стопа, нога
for pro (c Abl.) для, за
ad us. ext. = ad usum для наружного упо-
for external use
externum требления
ad us. int. = ad usum для внутреннего упо-
for internal use
internum требления
для личного
for the personal use of ad us. propr. = ad
(собственного)
the physician usum proprium
употребления
указатель, указатель-
forefinger index, ĭcis m
ный палец
forehead frons, frontis f лоб
form forma, ae f форма
four quattuor четыре
fourth quartus, a, um четвёртый
fracture fractūra, ae f перелом
frenulum frenulum, i n уздечка
frequent frequens, entis частый, учащенный
from a, ab (c Abl.) от
frontal frontalis, e лобный
fruit fructus, us m плод (раст.)
действие, функция;
function functio, ōnis f исполнение;
обязанность
fungoid fungiformis, e грибовидный
funnel infundibulum, i n воронка
fusiform, spindle- веретеновидный,
fusiformis, e
shaped веретенообразный
216
G
vesīca fellea,
gallbladder желчный пузырь
vesīca biliaris
ганглий
ganglion ganglion, i n
(нервный узел)
gap hiātus, us m щель, расщелина
gastric gastricus, a, um желудочный
желудочно-двенадца-
gastroduodenal gastroduodenalis, e
типерстно-кишечный
gate porta, ae f ворота
generad generalis, e генеральный, общий
подбородочно-
geniohyoid geniohyoideus, a, um
подъязычный
половой,
genital genitalis, e
генитальный
genitourinary urogenitalis, e мочеполовой
giant-cell (attr.) gigantocellularis, e гигантоклеточный
gingival gingivalis, e десневой
girdle cingulum, i n пояс
give do, dāre I давать, выдавать
дай, выдай, пусть
give out D.= da, detur, dentur будет дано (сокр.
в рецептах)
gland glandula, ae f железа
glaucoma glaucōma, ătis n глаукома
globule, small pill, cot-
globulus, i n шарик
ton pellet
клубок, гломус
glomus, glome glomus, ĕris n
(сосудистый)
glossopharyngeal
glossopharyngeus, а,
nerve, языкоглоточный
um (nervus)
9th cranial nerve
голосовая щель,
glottis glottis, īdis f собственно
голосовой аппарат
gluconate glucōnas, ātis m глюконат
217
glucose Glucōsum, i n глюкоза
gluteal gluteus, a, um ягодичный
glycerophōsphas,
glycerophosphate глицерофосфат
ātis m
gold(en) aureus, a, um золотой
good bonum, i n добро
good bonus, a, um хороший
gram, gramme gramma, ătis n грамм
granule granulum, i n гранула, крупинка
great nightshade Belladonna, ae f белладонна, красавка
great, large magnus, a, um большой, больший
greater major, jus большой
наибольший,
greatest maxĭmus, a, um
большой
grey cinereus, a, um серый
groin inguen, ĭnis n пах
groove sulcus, i m борозда, бороздка
gum gingiva, ae f десна
gum-tree Eucalyptus, i f Эвкалипт
H
hand manus, us f кисть руки, рука
hard durus, a, um твёрдый
hawthorn Cratāegus, i f боярышник
head caput, ĭtis n голова, головка
health valetūdo, ĭnis f здоровье
слух, способность
hearing audītus, us m
слышать
heart cor, cordis n сердце
heat calor, ōris m теплота, жар
heel calx, calcis f пята, пятка
heel bone calcaneus, i m пяточная кость
help adjuvo, āre I помогать
hemisphere hemispherium, i n полушарие
hepatic hepaticus, a, um печёночный
218
herb herba, ae f лекарственная трава
hernia hernia, ae f грыжа
hernial hernialis, e грыжевой
герпес,
herpes herpes, ĕtis m
пузырьковый лишай
самый высокий,
highest suprēmus, a, um высочайший,
наивысший
hilus hilus, i m ворота
hip-bone coxa, ae f таз, бедро
тазобедренный
hip-joint coxa, ae f
сустав
hippocamp(us) hippocampus, i m гиппокамп
Hippocratic hippocraticus, a, um Гиппократов
полый, пустой,
hollow cavus, a, um
впалый
hollow fossa, ae f ямка, яма
homatropine Homatropīnum, i n гоматропин
honey mel, mellis n мёд
honour honor, ōris m честь, почесть
крючок (крючковид-
hooklet hamulus, i m
ный отросток)
hook-shaped hamatus, a, um крючковидный
horizontal horizontalis, e горизонтальный
horn cornu, us n рог, рожок
how much, as much as quantum, i n сколько
humeral humeralis, e плечевой
hydrobromide hydrobromĭdum, i n гидробромид
hydrochloride Hydrochlorĭdum, i n, гидрохлорид
hydrogen Hydrogenium, i n водород
hydrochlorothiazide
Dichlothiazīdum, i n дихлотиазид
dichlothiazide
hydrogen carbonate hydrocarbōnas, ātis m гидрокарбонат
hydroiodide hydroiodĭdum, i n гидроиодид
hydrotartrate hydrotārtras, ātis m гидротартрат
219
hydroxide hydroxўdum, i n гидроксид
hyoid hyoideus, a, um подъязычный
hypogastric hypogastricus, a, um подчервный
hypoglossal hypoglossus, a, um подъязычный (нерв)
hypophysis hypophўsis, is f гипофиз
I
I ego я
ichthammol Ichthyōlum, i n ихтиол
iliac iliăcus, a, um подвздошный
iliac region ile, ilis n; ilia, ilium pl подвздошная область
iliohypogastricus, подвздошно-
iliohypogastric
a, um подчревный
ill aegrōtus, a, um больной
impression impressio, ōnis f вдавление
в, на (с Асс. на вопрос
In in куда?; с Аbl. на во-
прос где?)
в равных частях,
p.aeq. = partes
in equal parts равными частями
aequales
сокр. в рецептах)
in twos bini, ae, а по два
incision incisio, ōnis f надрез, насечка
incisor (adj.) incisīvus, a, um резцовый
incisure incisūra, ae f вырезка
incurable insanabilis, e неизлечимый
inflammation inflammatio, ōnis f воспаление
inflammatory inflammatorius, a, um воспалительный
infraclavicular infraclavicularis, e подключичный
infrahyoid infrahyoideus, a, um подподьязычный
infrajugular infrajugularis, e подъяремный
infraorbital infraorbitalis, e подглазничный
infusion infusum, i n настой
inguinal inguinalis, e паховый
injection injectio, ōnis f инъекция
insufficiency insufficientia, ae f недостаточность
220
intact integer, gra, grum неповрежденный
intercostal intercostalis, e межреберный
interlobular interlobularis, e междольковый
средний, промежу-
intermediary intermedius, a, um
точный
перемежающийся,
intermittent intermittens, entis
прерывистый
intermuscular intermuscularis, e межмышечный
internal internus, a, um внутренний
splanchna (pl), viscera
internal organs внутренности
(pl)
interosseous interosseus, a, um межкостный
interstitial interstitialis, e промежуточный
intervertebral intervertebralis, e межпозвоночный
intestinal intestinalis, e кишечный
intestine intestīnum, i кишка
intra-articular intraarticularis, e внутрисуставной
intramuscular intramuscularis, e внутримышечный
перевернутый,
inverted inversus, a, um
извращенный
iodide iodĭdum, i n йод
радужка, радужная
iris iris, ĭdis f
оболочка
ischiadic ischiadicus, a, um седалищный
ischium ischium, i n седалище
isotonic isotonicus, a, um изотонический
isthmus isthmus, i n перешеек
зуд кожи или
itch pruritus, us m
слизистых оболочек
J
jaundice icterus, i m желтуха
jejunal jejunalis, e
к тощей кишке
jejunum jejunum, i n тощая кишка
joint articulatio, ōnis f сустав
221
jugular jugularis, e ярёмный
juice succus, i m сок
juncture junctūra, ae f соединение
juniper Junipĕrus, i f можжевельник
juvenile juvenilis, e юношеский, молодой
K
белая глина, каолит
kaolin bolus, i f
(силикат алюминия)
kidney ren, renis m почка
knee genu, us n колено
knee-cap patella, ae f надколенник
known notus, a, um известный
L
лабиринт, внутреннее
labyrinth labyrinthus, i m
ухо
labyrinthine labyrinthicus, a, um лабиринтный
lacrimal lacrimalis, e слёзный
lactate lactas, ātis m лактат
large intestine intestinum crassum толстая кишка
larynx larynx, ýngis m гортань
late serotĭnus, a, um поздний, запоздалый
lateral lateralis, e боковой
Latin Latīnus, a, um латинский
laxative laxans, antis слабительный
layer stratum, i n слой
lead Plumbum, i n свинец
leaf folium, i n лист, листок
leech hirūdo, ĭnis f пиявка
1. левый
left sinister, tra, trum
2. неблагоприятный
lens lens, lentis f хрусталик
lesser minor, minus малый, меньший
222
пусть будет сделано,
let there be made; so пусть будут сделаны
f., F. = fiat, fiant
that there is (сделай, приготовь!)
сокр. в рецептах
летальная доза,
смертельная доза
lethal dose dosis letalis (доза лекарства и др.,
могущая вызвать
смерть)
lethal, fatal, mortal letalis, e смертельный
подниматель, подни-
levator levator, ōris m
мающая мышца
life vita, ae f жизнь
ligament ligamentum, i n связка
lily-of-the valley Convallaria, ae f ландыш
limb membrum, i n конечность, член
line linea, ae f линия, черта
lingual lingualis, e язычный
liniment linimentum, i n линимент
lip labium, i n губа
solutio Ammonii caus- нашатырный спирт,
liquid ammonia
tici раствор аммиака
liquid ammonia anise liquor Ammonii anisa- нашатырно-анисовые
dripped tus (i) капли
oleum Paraffini =
liquid paraffin вазелиновое масло
oleum Vaselini
oleum Vaselini sive вазелиновое масло,
liquid paraffin
Paraffinum liquidum жидкий парафин
listen audio, īre IV слушать
liver hepar, ătis n печень
lobar lobaris, e долевой
lobe lobulus, i m долька
local localis, e местный
loin lumbus, i m поясница
long longus, a, um длинный
longitudinal longitudinalis, e продольный
223
lower inferior, ius нижний
lower jaw mandibula, ae f нижняя челюсть
лекарственная
lozenge pastillus, i m
пастилка
lumbar lumbalis, e поясничный
пояснично-
lumbosacral lumbosacralis, e
крестцовый
lung pulmo, ōnis m легкое
lychnis Adōnis, ĭdis m, f адонис, горицвет
lymphatic lymphaticus, a, um лимфатический
M
dilatātor, ōris m расширяющая
m. dilator
(musculus) мышца
malignant malignus, a, um злокачественный
man homo, ĭnis m человек
mandibular mandibularis e нижнечелюстной
marrow medulla, ae f мозговое вещество
masculine masculinus, a, um мужской
masseter (muscle) massēter, ēris m жевательная мышца
mastoid mastoideus, a, um сосцевидный
matrix matrix, ĭcis f ложе, основание
maxillary maxillaris, e верхнечелюстной
максимальная доза,
которую может при-
maximum dose dosis maxĭma нять человек
без опасности
для здоровья
medial medialis, e средний, медиальный
median mediānus, a, um срединный
mediastinal mediastinalis, e средостенный
mediastinum mediastinum, i n средостение
medical certificate, медицинское
relatio medica
certificate of health свидетельство
medicinal medicinalis, e лекарственный
medicine medicīna, ae f медицина
224
membranaceous membranaceus, a. um перепончатый
membrane membrāna, ae f мембрана, перепонка
memory memoria, ae f память
mental mentalis, e подбородочный
menthol Menthōlum, i n ментол
metacarpus metacarpus, i m пясть
metastasis metastāsis, is f метастаз
metastatic metastaticus, a, um метастатический
Methylii salicýlas
methyl salicylate метилсалицилат
(ātis), m
Methylēnum coeru-
methylene blue метиленовый синий
leum
Methyloestradiōlum,
methylestradiol метилэстрадиол
in
middle medius, a, um средний
milfoil Millefolium, i n тысячелистник
milk lac, lactis n молоко
milk, baby, deciduous,
отпадающий,
first, primary, deciduus (dens)
молочный (о зубе)
temporary
mind, intellect mens, mentis f ум
минимальная
minimum lethal dose dosis letalis minima смертельная
(летальная) доза
mint Mentha, ae f мята
minute fovea, minute
foveola, ae f ямочка
pit
митральный,
mitral mitralis, e
двустворчатый
mix misceo, ēre II мешать, смешивать
mix! M. = misce смешай!
mixed mixtus, a, um смешанный
mixture mixtura, ae f микстура
большой коренной
molar (attr.) molaris, e
(зуб), моляр
225
monobromated cam-
Bromcamphora, ae f бромкамфора
phora
мать, мозговая
mother, mater mater, tris f
оболочка
motherwort Leonurus, i m пустырник
моторный,
motor (attr.) motorius, a, um
двигательный
mouth os, oris n рот
mouth ostium, i n отверстие, устье
mouth, artificial open- рот, уста, искусствен-
stoma, ătis n
ing ное отверстие
подвижный,
movable mobĭlis, e
блуждающий
mucilage mucilāgo, ĭis f слизь (лек. ф.)
mucous mucōsus, a, um слизистый
mucus mucus, i m слизь
muscle musculus, i m мышца
muscular muscularis, e мышечный
челюстно-
mylohyoid mylohyoideus, a, um
myocardium myocardium, i n миокард
N
nail unguis, is m ноготь
name nomen, ĭnis n название, имя
nape nucha, ae f выя
naphthalan Naphthalānum, i n нафталан
nasal nasalis, e носовой
naasociliary nasociliaris, e носоресничный
nasolacrimal nasolacrimalis, e носослезный
natal natalis, e
к рождению, родной
cervix, īcis f; collum,
neck шея, шейка
in
necrosis necrōsis, is f некроз, омертвение
226
омертвелый,
necrotic necroticus, a, um
омертвевший
nerve nervus, i m нерв
nervous nervōsus, a, um нервный
fettle Urtīca, ae f крапива
network rete, is n сеть, сетка
neuter neuter, tra, trum средний (род)
новообразование,
newgrowth neoplasma, ătis n
опухоль
nine novem девять
ninth nonus, a, um девятый
nipple, papilla papilla, ae f сосок, сосочек
nitrate nitras, ātis m нитрат
nitrite nitris, ītis m нитрит
nitrogen Nitrogenium, i n азот
node nodus, i m узел
nodule nodulus, i m узелок
nose nasus, i m нос
nostril naris, is f ноздря
not non не
nuclear nuclearis, e ядерный
nucleus nucleus, i m ядро
number numerus, i m число
nut nux, nucis f орех
относящийся к пита-
nutrient nutriens, entis нию, доставляющий
пищу, питающий
nutritious nutricius, a, um питательный
О
oak Quercus, us f дуб
oblique obliquus, a, um косой, наклонный
oblong oblongātus, a, um продолговатый
occipital occipitalis, e затылочный
occipitofrontal occipitofrontalis, e затылочно-лобный
227
occipitotemporal occipitotemporalis, e затылочно-височный
occiput occĭput, ĭtis n затылок
octestrol Octoestrōlum, i n октэстрол
ocular ocularis, e окулярный, глазной
oculomotor(ius) oculomotorius, a, um глазодвигательный
oil oleum, i n масло
oily oleosus, a, um масляный
ointment unguentum, i n мазь
olfactory olfactorius, a, um обонятельный
olive Olīva, ae f олива (плод)
olive oil oleum Olivārum оливковое масло
omentum omentum, i n сальник
one unus, a, um один
open apertus, a, um открытый
opening forāmen, ĭnis n отверстие
ophthalmic ophthalmicus, a, um глазной
глазные
ophthalmica (reme-
ophthalmic remedies лекарственные
dia), n/pl
средства
зрительный,
optic opticus, a, um
оптический
or seu или
oral oralis, e ротовой
орбикулярный, кру-
orbicular orbicularis, e
говой, кольцевой
orbital orbitalis, e глазничный
organ organum, i n орган
organism organismus, i m организм
orotate orōtas, ātis m оротат
orthodontics orthodontia, ae f ортодонтия
oval ovalis, e овальный
ovary ovarium, i n яичник
over supra над, выше, на
oxide oxўdum, i n оксид
228
P
pain dolor, ōris m боль
palate palātum, i n небо
palatine, palatal palatīnus, a, um нёбный
palatoglossal palatoglossus, a, um нёбно-язычный
palmar palmaris, e ладонный
поджелудочная
pancreas pancreas, ătis n
железа
папиллярный,
papillary papillaris, e
сосочковый
paralysis paralysis, is f паралич
парасакральный, око-
локрестцовый, рас-
parasacral parasacralis, e
положенный около
крестцовой кости
parasternal parasternalis, e окологрудинный
parathyroid(al) parathyroideus, a, um околощитовидный
parenchyma parenchýma, ătis n паренхима
теменной,
parietal parietalis, e
пристеночный
parietooccipital parietooccipitalis, e теменно-затылочный
паротидный,
parotic paroticus, a, um
околоушный
parotid gland parōtis, otĭdis f околоушная железа
part, portion pars, partis f часть, сторона
partial partialis, e частичный
partial paralysis parēsis, is f парез
partition septum, i n перегородка
passage meātus, us m проход, ход
paste pasta, ae f паста
patellar patellaris, e пателлярный
patient aeger, gri m больной
peach Persĭcum, i n персик
peach oil oleum Persicōrum персиковое масло
pectoral pectoralis, e грудной
229
pelvinus, a, um;
pelvic тазовый
pelvicus, a, um
pelvis pelvis, is f таз, лоханка
pen calămus, i m перо (писчее)
pentylerietetrazol Corazōlum, i n коразол
pepper (adj.) piperītus, a, um перечный
per day, daily pro die в день, в сутки
perforating perforans, āntis прободающий
периартериальный,
periarterial periarterialis, e
вокругартериальный
периодонт,
peridental membrane periodontium, i n
надкостница зуба
perineum, fork perineum, i n промежность
parodontium, i n
periodontium пародонт
paradentium, i n
periosteum periosteum, i n надкостница
peritoneum peritoneum, i n брюшина
периваскулярный,
perivascular perivascularis, e
вокругсосудистый
peroneal fibularis, e малоберцовый
peroneal peronēus, a, um малоберцовый
peroxide peroxўdum, i n пероксид
petrous petrosus, a, um каменистый
phalanx phalanx, ngis f фаланга
pharmaceutics pharmacia, ae f фармация
pharyngeal pharyngēus, a, um глоточный
pharynx pharynx, ngis m глотка
Phenylii salicýlas
phenyl salicylate фенилсалицилат
(ātis) m
phosphate phosphas, ātis m фосфат
physician aesculapius, i m эскулап
physician medicus, i m врач
мягкая мозговая
pia mater pia mater, tris f
оболочка
pill pilula, ae f пилюля
230
pituitary pituitarius, a, um питуитарный
place, spot locus, i m место
plane planum, i n плоскость
plantar plantaris, e подошвенный
plasma plasma, ătis n плазма
plaster emplastrum, i n пластырь
plate lamella, ae f пластинка
plate lamĭna, ae f пластинка
platysma platýsma, ătis n платизма
plexus plexus, us m сплетение
plowshare vomer, ĕris m сошник
pneumonia pneumonia, ae f пневмония
poison venēnum, i n яд
polyp polўpus, i m полип
post mortem, sectio судебно-медицинское
sectio legalis
legalis вскрытие
postcibal, after meals,
postcibos (p. c.) после еды
after eating
posterior posterior, ius задний
postganglionic postganglionaris, e постганглионарный
pouch bursa, ae f сумка, мешок
powder pulvis, ĕris m порошок
powerful heroicus, a, um сильнодействующий
прецентральный,
precentral praecentralis, e
предцентральный
praescrīptio, ōnis f,
prescription рецепт
receptum, i n
presternum manubrium, i n рукоятка
prevention of disease prophylāxis, is f профилактика
process processus, us m отросток
prognosis prognōsis, is f прогноз
пронация, поворот
pronation pronatio, ōnis f
ладони вниз
pronator (muscle) pronātor, ōris m пронатор
231
proper proprius, a, um собственный
propionate propionas, ātis m пропионат
предстательная
prostate gland prostāta, ae f
железа
prostatic prostaticus, a, um предстательный
protuberance protuberantia, ae f выступ, бугор
proximal proximalis, e проксимальный
psoas (muscle) psoas, ătis m поясничная (мышца)
pterygoid,
pterygoideus, a, um крыловидный
wing-shaped
pterygopalatine pterygopalatinus, a, um крылонебный
pubis pubes, is f лобок
pulmonary pulmonalis, e легочный
pulp pulpa, ae f пульпа, мякоть
pulse pulsus, us m пульс
puncture punctio, ōnis f пункция, прокол
pupil pupilla, ae f зрачок
pure purus, a, um чистый
purified purificatus, a, um очищенный
pus pus, puris n гной
pyloric pyloricus, a, um привратниковый
pylorus pylōrus, i m привратник, пилорус
pyramid pyrămis, ĭdis f пирамида
pyramidal pyramidalis, e пирамидальный
Q
quadriceps quadrīceps, cipĭtis четырёхглавый
четырёхпарный,
quadrigeminal quadrigemĭnus, a, um
четвертной
quick celer, ĕris, ĕre быстрый
quickly celerĭter быстро
quickly cito быстро
quinine Chinīnum, i n хинин
R
rabies rabies, ēi f бешенство
232
rachidian bulb medulla oblongāta продолговатый мозг
radial radialis, e лучевой
radiation radiatio, ōnis f лучистость
radius, radial (spoke)
radius, i m лучевая кость
bone
recess recessus, us m углубление, карман
rectal rectalis, e ректальный
rectified rectificātus, a, um очищенный
rectum rectum, i n прямая кишка
red ruber, bra, brum красный
redness rubor, ōris покраснение
region regio, ōnis f область
remedy remedium, i n средство
renal renalis, e почечный
renal pelvis pelvis renalis почечная лоханка
repeat repeto, ĕre III повторять
resection, excision resectio, ōnis f резекция
respiration, breathing respiratio, ōnis f дыхание
respiratory respiratorius, a, um дыхательный
resuscitation reanimatio, ōnis f реанимация
retaining band retinaculum, i n удерживатель
reticular reticularis, e ретикулярный
retina retīna, ae f сетчатка
позадинижне-
retromandibular retromandibularis, e
челюстной
retroperitoneal retroperitonealis, e забрюшинный
rhizome rhizōma, ătis n корневище
rhombic rhomboideus, a, um ромбовидный
rhubarb Rheum, i n ревень
rib costa, ae f ребро
ridge jugum, i n возвышение
right dexter, tra, trum правый
ring anulus, i m кольцо, ободок
roof tegmen, ĭnis n крыша, покрышка
233
root radix, īcis f корень, корешок
rotator (muscle) rotātor, ōris m вращатель (мышца)
шероховатый;
rough asper, ĕra, ĕrum
суровый
roughness asperĭtas, ātis, f шероховатость
round rotundus, a, um круглый (отверстие)
round and long teres, ĕtis круглый
rupture ruptura, ae f разрыв
S
sacral sacralis, e крестцовый
sacred sacer, cra, crum крестцовый (кость)
крестцово-
sacrococcygeal sacrococcygeus, a, um
копчиковый
saddle sella, ae f седло
sage Salvia, ae f шалфей
сагиттальный
sagittal sagittalis, e
(стреловидный)
salicylate salicylas, ātis m салицилат
salicylic salicylicus, a, um салициловый
salt sal, salis m соль
sarcoma sarcōma, ătis n саркома
scabies scabies, ēi f чесотка
scale squama, ae f чешуя
scalenus (muscle) scalenus, a, um лестничный (мышца)
scaphoid scaphoideus, a, um ладьевидный
лопаточно-
scapulohypoglossal omohyoideus, a, um
scar cicatrix, ĭcis f рубец, шрам
sea buckthorn Hippophaё, ёs f облепиха
шов
seam, rhaphe raphe, es f
(на мягких тканях)
second secundus, a, um второй
secondary secundarius, a, um вторичный
secretion secretum, i n секрет
234
section sectio, ōnis f рассечение, вскрытие
sedatīva (remedia), седативные лекар-
sedatives
n/pl ственные средства
семя, семенная жид-
seed, semen semen, ĭnis n
кость
semicircular semicircularis, e полукружный
полулунный, серпо-
semilunar semilunaris, e
видный
senile senilis, e старческий
sense sensus, us m чувство
чувствительный,
sensory sensorius, a, um
сенсорный
septal septalis, e перегородочный
sugar saccharum, i n сахар
sulphate sulfas, ātis m сульфат
sulphur Sulfur, ŭris n сера
sunflower Helianthus, i m подсолнечник
sunflower oil oleum Helianthi подсолнечное масло
superficial superficialis, e поверхностный
наружная
superficies superficies, ēi f
superior superior, ius верхний
супинация, поворот
supination supinātio, ōnis f
ладони вверх
supinator (muscle) supinātor, ōris m супинатор (мышца)
suppository
suppositorium, i n суппозиторий, свеча
(pl suppositories)
supraclavicular supraclavicularis, e надключичный
suprahyoid suprahyoideus, a, um надподязычный
supraorbital supraorbitalis, e надглазничный
suprarenal suprarenalis, e надпочечный
surface facies, ēi f лицо, поверхность
surgery chirurgia, ae f хирургия
suspension suspensio, ōnis f суспензия
suture sutura, ae f шов
235
sweet dulcis, e сладкий
sympathic sympathicus, a, um симпатический
synestrol Synoestrōlum, i n синэстрол
synovial synovialis, e синовиальный
syrette spritz-tubulus, i m шприц-тюбик
syrup sirŭpus, i m сироп
system systēma, ătis n система
Т
tabes tabes, is f сухотка
tablet tabuletta, ae f таблетка
take recipio, ĕre III взять
Take! Recĭpe! Возьми!
talc Talcum, i n тальк
tall altus, a, um высокий
talocrural talocruralis, e голеностопный
tannin, tannins Tannīnum, i n танин
предплюсна,
tarsus tarsus, i m
хрящ века
tea species, ēi f сбор (трав), чай
teacher doctor, ōris m учитель
tear lacrīma, ae f слеза
temple, time tempus, ŏris n висок, время
temporal temporalis, e височный
ten decem десять
tendon tendo, ĭnis m сухожилие
tensor muscle tensor, ōris m напрягающая мышца
терминальный,
terminal terminalis, e
конечный
testicle testis, is m яичко, семенник
test-tube vitrum, i n склянка, пробирка
таламус (зрительный
thalamus thalămus, i m
бугор)
терапевтика, наука
therapeutics therapeutica, ae f о лечении болезней,
наука о терапии
236
therapy therapia, ae f терапия
thick spissus, a, urn густой
бедренная кость,
thigh-bone femur, ŏris n
бедро
thiosulphate thiosulfas, ātis m тиосульфат
third tertius, a, тринадцать
thirty triginta тридцать
thoracic thoracicus, a, um грудной
three tres, tria три
three times a day ter in die три раза в день
thumb pollex, ĭcis m большой палец кисти
thymus thymus, i n вилочковая железа
thyrohyoid thyrohyoideus, a, um щитоподъязычный
thyroid thyreoideus, a, um щитовидный
tibial tibialis, e большеберцовый
tincture tinctūra, ae f настойка
tip apex, ĭcis m верхушка, кончик
to, before, for, under ad (с Асc.) к, до, для, при
tongue lingua, ae f язык
tonic tonicus, a, um тонизирующий
тонизирующие ле-
tonics tonica (remedia) n/pl
карственные средства
tonsil tonsilla, ae f миндалина
tooth dens, dentis m зуб
токсический,
toxic, poisonous toxicus, a, um
ядовитый
trachea trachea, ae f трахея
tract tractus, us m путь, тракт
transfusion transfusio, ōnis f переливание
transverse transversus, a, um поперечный
trauma trauma, ătis n травма
tree arbor, ōris f дерево, древо
triangular triangularis, e треугольный
triceps (muscle) triceps, cipĭtis трёхглавый
237
tricuspid tricuspidalis, e трёхстворчатый
trigeminal
trigeminus, a, um тройничный (нерв)
(IV cranial nerve)
trochanter trochanter, ēris m вертел
trochanteric trochantericus, a, um вертельный
trochlea trochlea, ae f блок
блоковый, относя-
trochlear trochlearis, e
щийся к блоку
trophic trophicus, a, um трофический
trunk truncus, i m туловище
tube tuba, ae f труба
tuber tuber, ĕris n бугор
tubercle tuberculum, i n бугорок
tuberosity tuberosĭtas, ātis f бугристость
tuberous tuberōsus, a, um бугристый
tubule tubulus, i m трубочка
tumour tumor, ōris m опухоль
turn verto, ĕre III поворачивать
терпентинное масло,
turpentine oleum Terebinthĭnae
скипидар
twelfth duodecimus, a, um двенадцатый
twelve duodecim двенадцать
twenty viginti двадцать
twice bis дважды
twisted bowels volvulus, i m заворот кишок
two duo, duae, duo два
tympanic tympanicus, a, um барабанный
U
ulcer ulcus, ĕris n язва
изъязвлённый, по-
ulcerated exulceratus, a, um
крытый язвами
ulcerative ulcerosus, a, um язвенный
ulnar ulnaris, e локтевой
under sub (с Асc., Abl.) под
238
с обозначением
under «poison» label sub signo veneni, s.s.v. (на этикетке) «яд!»
upper arm brachium, i n плечо
upper jaw maxilla, ae f верхняя челюсть
ureter urēter, ēris m мочеточник
уретра, мочеиспуска-
urethra urethra, ae f
тельный канал
urethral urethralis, e уретральный
urgently citissime срочно, очень быстро
urinary urinarius, a, um мочевой
urinary bladder vesīca urinaria мочевой пузырь
uterine uterīnus, a, um маточный
uterus, womb utĕrus, i m матка
uvula lingula, ae f язычок
V
vagina, sheath vagīna, ae f влагалище
vaginal vaginalis, e влагалищный
vagus nerve
vagus, a, um блуждающий (нерв)
(Xth cranial nerve)
valerian Valeriāna, ae f валериана
valve valva, ae f клапан (в целом)
valvule valvula, ae f заслонка, клапан
varicose varicōsus, a, um варикозный
варикозное
varicosis varices, m, f/pl
расширение вен
varix, varicose vein varix, ĭcis m, f варикозная вена
vascular vascularis, e сосудистый
vault fornix, ĭcis m свод
формирующий,
vehicle constituens, ēntis
формообразующий
vein vena, ae f вена
venousl venōsus, a, um венозный, венный
ventral ventralis, e вентральный
ventricule ventriculus, i m желудочек, желудок
239
veniricular ventricularis, e желудочковый
venule venula, ae f маленькая вена
vermiform vermiformis, e червеобразный
vermifuge anthelminthicus a, um глистогонный
vertebra vertebra, ae f позвонок
vertebral vertebralis, e позвоночный
vesicle vesicula, ae f везикула, пузырек
vesicular vesicularis, e везикулярный
везикулезный,
vesiculose vesiculosus, a, um
пузырчатый
vessel vas, vasis n сосуд
преддверный,
vestibular vestibularis, e
вестибулярный
atrium, i n,
vestibule преддверие
vestibulum, i n
villus villus, i m ворсинка
violet Viōla, ae f фиалка
virus virus, i n яд, вирус
внутренности, вну-
viscus, ĕris n ;
viscera тренние органы в
viscĕra, um n pl
брюшной полости
vitamin vitamīnum, i n витамин
vortex (of heart) vortex, ĭcis m завиток (сердца)
W
wall paries, ĕtis m стена, стенка
water aqua, ae f вода
way via, ae f путь
астенический,
weak asthenicus, a, um
слабый
wedge-shaped cuneiformis, e клиновидный
well bene хорошо
wheat Tritĭcum, i n пшеница
white albus, a, um белый
wide latus, a, um широкий
widest latissĭmus, a, um широчайший
240
width latitūdo, ĭnis f ширина
wild rose Rosa, ae f роза, шиповник
wing ala, ae, f крыло
with cum (с Abl.) с, вместе с;
within intra (с Асc.) внутри
wolfs bane Arnĭca, ae f арника
woman femīna, ae f женщина
wound vulnus, ĕris n рана
wrist carpus, i m запястье
wymote Althaea, ae f алтей
X
xeroform Xeroformĭum, i n ксероформ
Y
year annus, i m год
Z
zygomatic zygomatĭcus, a, um скуловой
241
LATIN - ENGLISH - RUSSIAN GLOSSARY
A
a, ab (c Abl.) from от
abdominalis, e abdominal брюшной
abducting (VI
abducens, entis отводящий (нерв)
cranial) nerve
abductor, ōris m abductor (muscle) отводящая (мышца)
абсцесс, нарыв, гной-
abscessus, us m boil
ник
accessorius, a, um accessory добавочный
acetabulum, i n; coryloid (cup-like) вертлужная впадина
acetylsalicylicus, a, um acetylsalicylic ацетилсалициловый
acĭdum, i n acid кислота
acquisitus, a, um acquired приобретенный
acromialis, e acromial акромиальный
acromĭon, i n acromion акромион
activātus, a, um activated активированный
actus, us m act акт, действие
акустический, слу-
acusticus, a, um acoustic
ховой
acutus, a , um acute острый
ad (с Асc.) to, before, for, under к, до, для, при
(по желанию, сколько
ad lib. = ad libitum at pleasure угодно, в любом ко-
личестве
ad us. ext. = ad usum для наружного упо-
for external use
externum требления
ad us. int. = ad usum для внутреннего упо-
for internal use
internum требления
для личного (соб-
ad us. propr. = ad usum for the personal use
ственного) употре-
proprium of the physician
бления
adductor, ōris m adductor (muscle) приводящая (мышца)
adipōsus, a, um adipose, fatty жирный, жировой
adĭtus, us m entrance вход
242
Adōnis, ĭdis m, f lychnis адонис, горицвет
Adonisīdum, i n adoniside адонизид
Adrenalīnum, i, n epinephrine адреналин
взрослый,
adultus, a, um adult
совершеннолетний
aeger, gri m patient больной
aegrōtus, a, um ill больной
aequalis, e equal равный
aёr, aёris m air воздух
Aёrōnum, i n aeron аэрон
aeternus, a, um eternal вечный
aether, ĕris m ether, ester эфир
aethereus, a, um ethereal эфирный
aetas, ātis m age возраст
Aёvītum, i n aevit аэвит
афферентный (цен-
тро-
afferens, entis afferent
стремительный), при-
носящий
ala, ae, f wing крыло
alaris,e alar крыльный
albumen, ĭnis n albumin белок
albus, a, um white белый
alcŏhol, ōlis n,
alcohol алкоголь, спирт
spirĭtus, us m
alcoholicus, a, um alcoholic алкогольный
алиментарный, пи-
alimentarius, a, um alimentary
щевой
allergicus, a, um allergic аллергический
Aloё, ёs f aloe алоэ, сабур
alter, ĕra, ĕrum another другой
alternans, antis alternate чередующийся
Althaea, ae f wymote алтей
altus, a, um tall высокий
243
квасцы (алюминиево-
alūmen, ĭnis n alum (sg)
калиевые)
alveolaris, e alveolar альвеолярный
amārus, a, um bitter горький
Amidochlorĭdum, i n amidochloride амидохлорид
Amidopyrīnum, i n amidopyrine амидопирин
Aminazīnum, i n aminazine аминазин
ammoniātus, a, um ammoniac аммиачный
amnion, i n amnion амнион
amorphus, a, um amorphous аморфный
Ampicillīnum, i n ampicillin ампициллин
ampulla, ae f ampoule ампула
amputatio, ōnis f amputation ампутация
ana equally поровну, по
Anaesthesīnum, i n anesthesin анестезин
analis, e anal анальный
analўsis, is f analysis анализ
анамнез,
anamnēsis, is f case history
воспоминание
anatomicus, a, um anatomical анатомический
aneurysma, ătis n aneurysm аневризма
angioneuroticus, a, um angioneurotic ангионевротический
angulus, i m angle угол
anĭmal, ālis n animal животное
animalis, e animal животный
Anīsum, i n anise анис
ankylōsis, is f ankylosis анкилоз
annus, i m year год
ante ( с Асc. ) before до, раньше
ante cenam, ante cibos,
before meals перед едой
ante cibum (а.с.)
ante mortem before death перед смертью
anterior, ius anterior, front передний
anthelminthicus a, um vermifuge глистогонный
244
anthrax, ācis m anthrax сибирская язва
противо-
antiasthmaticus, a, um antiasthmatic
астматический
antibioticum, i n antibiotic антибиотик
antidŏtum, i n antidote антидот, противоядие
antisepticus, a, um antiseptic антисептический
antrum, i n antrum пещера, полость
anulus, i m ring кольцо, ободок
anus, i m anus анус, задний проход
aorta, ae f aorta аорта
aorticus, a, um aortic аортальный
apertūra, ae f aperture апертура, отверстие
apertus, a, um open открытый
apex, ĭcis m tip верхушка, кончик
Apomorphīnum, i n apomorphine апоморфин
aponeurōsis, is f aponeurosis апоневроз
appendix, ĭcis f appendix аппендикс, придаток
aqu(a)eductus, us m aqueduct водопровод
aqua, ae f water вода
ar(r)hythmia, ae f arrhythmia аритмия
паутинная мозговая
arachnoidea, ae f arachnoid membrane
оболочка
arbor, ōris f tree дерево, древо
arcuātus, a, um arched дугообразный
arcus, us m arch дуга
area, ae f area поле (кружок)
Arnĭca, ae f wolfs bane арника
arsenis, ītis m arsenic арсенит
arteria, ae f artery артерия
arteriōsus, a, um;
arterial артериальный
arterialis, e
articularis, e articular суставной
articulatio, ōnis f joint сустав
arytenoideus, a, um arytenoids черпаловидный
245
ascendens, entis ascending восходящий
шероховатый;
asper, ĕra, ĕrum rough
суровый
asperitas, ātis, f roughness шероховатость
астенический,
asthenicus, a, um weak
слабый
asthma (difficulty in
asthma, ătis n астма (удушье)
breathing)
asthmaticus, a, um asthmatic астматический
atheroscleroticus, a, um atherosclerotic атеросклеротический
атлант,
atlas, āntis m atlas, atlantes (pl)
шейный позвонок
atrium cordis atrium (of the heart) предсердие
atrium, i n,
vestibule преддверие
vestibulum, i n
Atropīnum, i n atropine атропин
auctor, ōris m author автор
audio, īre IV listen слушать
auditīvus, a, um auditory, auditive слуховой
слух, способность
audītus, us m hearing
слышать
aureus, a, um gold(en) золотой
ушная раковина,
auricula, ae f auricle (of fhe ear)
ушко
auricular (relating to
auricularis, e the ear or to the auri- ушной, ушковидный
cle of the heart)
auris, is f ear ухо
аускультация,
auscultatio, ōnis f auscultation
выслушивание
axillaris, e axillary подмышечный
ось,
axis, is m axis
II шейный позвонок
B
bacca, ae f berry ягода
Barbitālum, i n barbital, barbitone барбитал
246
basilaris, e basilar базилярный
основание, базис (ос-
basis, is f base новное средство
в сложном рецепте)
Belladonna, ae f great nightshade белладонна, красавка
bene well хорошо
benignus, a, um benign доброкачественный
benzoas, ātis m benzoate бензоат
benzoicus, a, um benzoic бензойный
Benzylpenicillīnum,
Benzylpenicillīnum, i n benzylpenicillin
in
biceps, cīpitis biceps (muscle) двуглавая мышца
bicuspidalis, e; bicuspid двустворчатый;
малый коренной зуб,
praemolaris, e
премоляр
бифуркация,
bifurcātio, ōnis f bifurcation
раздвоение
biliaris, e; felleus, a, um biliary билиарный; желчный
желчный,
bilifer, ĕra, ĕrum biliferous
желчеoтводящий
biliōsus, a, um; желчный, желтуш-
bilious
choledŏchus, a, um ный; желчный
bini, ae, а in twos по два
bis twice дважды
bivalens, entis bivalent двухвалентный
двубрюшный
biventer, tra, trum digastric
(о мышце)
белая глина, каолит
bolus, i f kaolin
(силикат алюминия)
bonum, i n good добро
bonus, a, um good хороший
boricus, a, um boric борный
brachium, i n upper arm плечо
monobromated
Bromcamphora, ae f бромкамфора
camphora
247
bromĭdum, i n bromide бромид
bronchialis, e bronchial бронхиальный
bronchus, i m bronchus бронх
bucca, ae f cheek щека
buccalis, e buccal; щёчный
букцинатор,
buccinātor, ōris m cheek muscle
щечная мышца
bulbus oculi eyeball глазное яблоко
луковица (клубневид-
bulbus, i m bulb, bulbus
ное утолщение)
bursa, ae f pouch сумка, мешок
С
c(a)ecus, a, um blind слепой
Cacao n cocoa (powder) какао
cadāver, ĕris n corpse труп
caecum, i n blind gut слепая кишка
caesareus, a, um cesarean царский, кесарев
calămus, i m pen перо (писчее)
calcaneus, a, um calcaneal пяточный
calcaneus, i m heel bone пяточная кость
шпора, напоминаю-
calcar, āris n calcar
щий шпору отросток
calcificatio, ōnis f calcification кальцификация
calculōsus, a, um calculous калькулезный
calculus, i m stone камень
calor, ōris m heat теплота, жар
calx, calcis f heel пята, пятка
calyx, ўcis m cup чашка, чашечка
camera, ae f chamber камера, полость
Camphŏra, ae f camphor камфора
canalis, is m channel канал, проход, проток
cancer, cri m cancer канцер, рак
собачий, клыковый
canīnus, a, um (dens) canine, caninus
(зуб); клык
248
capillaris, e capillary капиллярный
capitŭlum, i n capitulum головка
capsŭla, ae f capsula капсула
caput, ĭtis n head голова, головка
carbo, ōnis m charcoal уголь
carbōnas, ātis m carbonate карбонат
carcinōma, ătis n carcinoma раковая опухоль, рак
карциноматозный,
carcinomatōsus, a, um cancerous
раковый
cardiăcus, a. um cardiac сердечный
Cardiovalēnum, i n cardiovalen кардиовален
carĭes, ēi f caries кариес, костоеда
caroticus, a, um carotid сонный
carōtis, tĭdis (arteria) f carotid artery сонная артерия
carpēus, a, um carpal запястный
carpus, i m wrist запястье
cartilagīneus, a, um cartilaginous хрящевой
cataracta, ae f cataract катаракта
catarrhalis, e catarrhal катаральный
causalis, e causal причинный
caute carefully осторожно
полость,
caverna, ae f cave
пещера, каверна
cavernōsus, a, um cavernous пещеристый
cavĭtas, ātis f;
cavity, cistern полость, впадина
cavum, i n
полый, пустой,
cavus, a, um hollow
впалый
celer, ĕris, ĕre quick быстрый
celeriter quickly быстро
cellula, ae f cell клетка, ячейка
cellularis, e cellular клеточный
cementum, i n cement (dental) цемент (зубной)
centralis, e central центральный
249
cerebellaris, e cerebellar мозжечковый
cerebellum, i n cerebellum мозжечок
мозговой,
cerebralis, e cerebral
церебральный
cerebrospinalis, e cerebrospinal спиномозговой
cerebrum, brain,
cerebrum, i n большой мозг
encephalon
cervicalis, e cervical шейный
cervicobrachialis, e cervicobrachial шейно-плечевой
cervix, īcis f neck шея, шейка
Chamomilla, ae f chamomile ромашка
chiasma, ătis n;
decussation перекрест
(decussatio, ōnis f)
Chinīnum, i n quinine хинин
Chinosōlum, i n chinosol хинозол
chirurgia, ae f surgery хирургия
chloridum, i n chloride хлорид
Chloroformium, i n chloroform хлороформ
Chlorophylliptum, i n chlorophyllipt хлорофиллипт
chole, es f; fel, fellis n bile желчь
chondrocýtus, i m chondrocyte хондроцит
chorda, ae f cord хорда, нить, струна
chronicus, a, um chronic хронический
cibus, i m food еда, пища
cicatrix, ĭcis f scar рубец, шрам
ciliaris, e ciliary ресничный
cinereus, a, um grey серый
cingulum, i n girdle пояс
круговой,
circularis, e circular
циркулярный
circulus, i m circle круг
circumflēxus, a, um circumflex огибающий
cirrhōsis, is f cirrhosis цирроз
cisterna, ae f cistern цистерна
250
citissime urgently срочно, очень быстро
cito quickly быстро
citras, ātis m citrate цитрат
clavicŭla, ae f collar-bone ключица
clavicularis, e clavicular ключичный
coccygēus, a, um coccygeal копчиковый
coccyx, ygis m coccyx копчик
улитка
cochlea, ae f cochlea
(внутреннего уха)
улиточный, относя-
cochlearis, e cochlear
щийся к улитке
cocncentrātus, a, um concentrated концентрированный
Codeinum, i n codeine кодеин
Coffeīnum(i)-natrii ben- кофеин-бензоат
benzoate sodium
zoas, ātis m натрия
Coffeīnum, i n caffeine кофеин
Collargōlum, i n collargole колларгол
collateralis, e collateral коллатеральный
collum, i n neck шея, шейка
colon, i n colon ободочная кишка
color, ōris m colour цвет, окраска
columna, ae f column колонна, столб
coma, loss of кома, полная потеря
coma, ătis n
consciousness сознания
сопутствующий,
comitans, antis accompanying
сопровождающий
commissūra, ae f commissure спайка
commotio, ōnis f concussion сотрясение
communicans, antis communicant соединяющий
communis, e common общий
complicātus, a, um complicated осложнённый
composĭtus, a, um complex сложный, суставной
concha, ae f concha раковина
concrementum, i n concrement конкремент
condylaris, e condylar мыщелковый
251
condylus, i m condyle мыщелок
congestīvus, a, um congestive застойный
конусовидный,
conicus, a, um cone-shaped
конический
соединительный, сое-
conjunctīvus, a, um connecting
динительнотканный
формирующий, фор-
constitŭens, ēntis vehicle
мообразующий
constrictor, ōris m constrictor констриктор (мышца)
contra (с Асc.) against против, вопреки
контрактура, сведе-
ние (непроизвольное
contractūra, ae f contraction
спастическое сокра-
щение мышц)
Convallaria, ae f lily of the valley ландыш
cor, cordis n heart сердце
Corazōlum, i n pentylerietetrazol коразол
cornea, ae f cornea роговица
cornealis, e corneal роговой
cornu, us n horn рог, рожок
corona, ae f crown коронка
coronarius, a, um coronary венечный
corpus, ŏris n body тело; организм
исправляющий
corrigens, entis corrigent
корригенс
сморщивающая
corrugātor, ōris m corrugator (muscle)
(мышца)
кора, корковое
cortex, ĭcis m cortex
вещество
corticalis, e cortical корковый
costa, ae f rib ребро
costalis, e; costarius,
costal рёберный
a, um
таз, бедро;
coxa, ae f hip-bone; hip-joint тазобедренный
сустав
252
черепной, краниаль-
cranialis, e cranial
ный
Cratāegus, i f hawthorn боярышник
кремастер; мышца,
cremāster, ēris m cremaster (muscle)
поднимающая яичко
cribrōsus, a, um cribriform решётчатый
cricoesophageus, a, um cricoesophageal перстнепищеводный
cricoideus, a, um cricoid перстневидный
crista, ae f; pecten,
crest гребень, гребешок
ĭnis n
croupōsus, a, um croupous (cruposus) крупозный
cruciātus, a, um cross-shaped скрещенный
cruciformis, e cruciform крестообразный
crus, cruris n crus голень, ножка
crystallisātus, a, um crystalline кристаллический
кубовидный,
cuboideus, a, um cuboidal, cubical
кубический
cum (с Abl.) with с, вместе с;
cuneiformis, e wedge-shaped клиновидный
cura, ae f cure лечение
curvatūra, ae f curve кривизна
cuspis, ĭdis f cusp острие, створка
cutaneus, a, um cutaneous кожный
cuticula, ae f cuticle кутикула, кожица
cyanĭdum, i n cyanide цианид
cysta, ae f cyst киста
пузырный, относя-
cystōsus, a, um cystic щийся к мочевому или
желчному пузырю
cystōsus, a, um cystous кистозный
D
дай, выдай,
D.= da, detur, dentur give out пусть будет дано
(сокр. в рецептах)
253
decem ten десять
milk, baby, decidu-
отпадающий, молоч-
deciduus (dens) ous, first, primary,
ный (о зубе)
temporary
decoctum, i n decoction отвар
decubĭtus, us m bed-sore пролежень
деформирующий,
deformans, antis deforming
обезображивающий
deltoideus, a, um deltoid дельтовидный
dens, dentis m tooth зуб
dentalis, e dental зубной
dentinum, i n dentine дентин
depressor, ōris m depressor (muscle) опускатель (мышца)
depurātus, a, um depurated очищенный
descendens, entis descending нисходящий
destillatus, a, um distilled дистиллированный
dexter, tra, trum right правый
diabetes, ae m diabetes диабет
diabeticus, a, um diabetic диабетический
Diaethylstilboestrōlum, diethylstilbestrol,
диэтилстилбэстрол
in estrostiben
diagnōsis, is f diagnosis диагноз
diamĕter, i f diameter диаметр, поперечник
diaphragma, ătis n diaphragm диафрагма
diarrhoea, ae f diarrhea понос
Dibazōlum, i n dibazol дибазол
hydrochlorothiazide
Dichlothiazīdum, i n дихлотиазид
dichlothiazide
differentia, ae f distinction различие
diffusus, a, um diffuse диффузный, разлитой
digastricus, a, um biventral двубрюшный
digitalis, e digital пальцевой
digitatus, a, um finger-shaped пальцевидный
digitus, i m finger, toe палец
254
dilatātio, ōnis f; дилатация, расшире-
dilatation
(ectasia, ae f) ние, эктазия
dilatātor, ōris m
m. dilator расширяющая мышца
(musculus)
dilūtus, a, um diluted разбавленный
discus, i m disk диск
диссеминированный,
disseminātus, a, um disseminated
рассеянный
distalis, e distal дистальный
div. in p. aeq(u).
divide into equal раздели на равные ча-
= divide in partes
parts сти (сокр. в рецептах)
aequales
дивертикул, выпячи-
diverticulum, i n diverticulum
вание
do, dāre I give давать, выдавать
doctor, ōris m teacher учитель
dolor, ōris m pain боль
domesticus, a, um domestic домашний
спинной, тыльный,
dorsalis, e dorsal
дорсальный
dorsum, i n back спина, тыл
лечебная доза, тера-
dosis curativa curative dose
певтическая доза
летальная доза,
смертельная доза
dosis letalis lethal dose (доза лекарства и др.,
могущая вызвать
смерть)
минимальная смер-
dosis letalis minĭma minimum lethal dose тельная (летальная)
доза
максимальная доза,
которую может при-
dosis maxĭma maximum dose нять человек без
опасности для здо-
ровья
255
дробная доза, умень-
шенная, назначается
broken dose, divided
dosis refracta многократно через
dose, fractional dose
краткие промежутки
времени
dosis, is f dose доза
dragee dragee драже
ductulus, i m ductile проточек
ductus, us m duct проток
dulcis, e sweet сладкий
duo, duae, duo two два
duodecim twelve двенадцать
duodecimus, a, um twelfth двенадцатый
дуоденальный, две-
duodenalis, e duodenal
надцатиперстный
двенадцатиперстная
duodenum, i n duodenum
кишка
duplex, icis duplex, double двойной, сдвоенный
твёрдая мозговая
dura mater dura mater
оболочка
durus, a, um hard твёрдый
dyspnoë, ës f dyspnea, shortness of
диспноэ/отдышка
(dyspnoea) breath
E
eczĕma, ătis n eczema экзема
эфферентный,
efferens, entis efferent
выносящий,
ego I я
выдающийся,
eminens, entis bulging
выступающий
eminentia, ae f eminence возвышение
эмфизема, увеличе-
emphysēma, ătis m emphysema ние количества воз-
духа в органах
emplastrum, i n plaster пластырь
256
emulsum, i n;
emulsion эмульсия
emulsio, ōnis f
enamēlum, i n enamel эмаль
encephălon, i n brain головной мозг
эндемический, свой-
endemicus, a, um endemic ственный данной об-
ласти, местный
epidemicus, a, um epidemic эпидемический
epigastricus, a, um epigastric надчревный
epiglottis, ĭdis f epiglottis надгортанник
epiphysialis, e epiphysial эпифизарный
epiphysis, is f epiphysis эпифиз
epithelialis, e epithelial эпителиальный
выпрямитель
erector, oris m erector (muscle)
(мышца)
esophageus, a, um esophageal пищеводный

et and и
ethmoidalis, e ethmoid решетчатый
Eucalyptus, i f gum-tree эвкалипт
экстирпация,
extirpatio, ōnis f extirpation
искоренение
разгибание,
extensio, ōnis f extension
растягивание
extensor, ōris m extensor (muscle) разгибатель (мышца)
extensus, a, um extended вытянутый
externus, a, um external наружный
extractiо, ōnis f extraction извлечение
extractum, i n extract экстракт (вытяжка)
extrauterīnus, a, um extrauterine внематочный
extremĭtas, ātis f extremity конец
изъязвлённый,
exulceratus, a, um ulcerated
покрытый язвами
257
F
пусть будет сделано,
let there be made; so пусть будут сделаны
f., F. = fiat, fiant
that there is (сделай, приготовь!)
лицевой,
facialis, e facial
поверхностный
facies, ēi f surface лицо, поверхность
Farfăra, ae f coltsfoot мать-и-мачеха
fascia, ae f fascia фасция
fasciculus, i m fascicle пучок
fauces, ium f (pl) fauces зев
febrillis, e feverish лихорадочный
febris, is f fever лихорадка
femīna, ae f woman женщина
femininus, a, um feminine женский
бедренная кость,
femur, ŏris n thigh-bone
бедро
плод
fetus, us m, foetus, us m fetus, f(o)etus (утробный, от 9-й
недели до рождения)
fibra, ae f fibre волокно
фиброзный,
fibrosus, a, um fibrous
волокнистый
fibularis, e peroneal малоберцовый
оканчивать, заканчи-
finio, īre IV finish
вать, кончать
fissura, ae f fissure щель
flexio, ōnis f flexion сгибание
flexor, ōris m flexor(muscle) сгибатель (мышца)
flexura, ae f flexure изгиб
цветок; цветущее со-
flos, floris m flower
стояние
fluidus, a, um fluid жидкий
folium, i n leaf лист, листок
258
folliculus, i m follicle фолликул, пузырёк
fonticulus, i m fontanelle родничок
forāmen, ĭnis n opening отверстие
forma, ae f form форма
fornix, ĭcis m vault свод
fossa, ae f hollow ямка, яма
fovea, ae f depression ямка, углубление
minute fovea,
foveola, ae f ямочка
minute pit
fractūra, ae f fracture перелом
Frangŭla, ae f buckthorn крушина
frenulum, i n frenulum уздечка
frequens, entis frequent частый, учащенный
frons, frontis f forehead лоб
frontalis, e frontal лобный
fructus, us m fruit плод (раст.)
действие, функция;
functio, ōnis f function исполнение; обязан-
ность
fundus, i m bottom дно
fungiformis, e fungoid грибовидный
fusiform, spindle- веретеновидный, ве-
fusiformis, e
shaped ретенообразный
G
ганглий (нервный
ganglion, i n ganglion
узел)
gastricus, a, um gastric желудочный
желудочно-двенадца-
gastroduodenalis, e gastroduodenal
типерстно-кишечный
generalis, e generad генеральный, общий
подбородочно-
geniohyoideus, a, um geniohyoid
половой, гениталь-
genitalis, e genital
ный
genu, us n knee колено
259
gigantocellularis, e giant-cell (attr.) гигантоклеточный
gingīva, ae f gum десна
gingivalis, e gingival десневой
glandula, ae f gland железа
glaucōma, ătis n glaucoma глаукома
globule, small pill,
globulus, i n шарик
cotton pellet
клубок, гломус (сосу-
glomus, ĕris n glomus, glome
дистый)
glossopharyngeal
glossopharyngeus, а,
nerve, 9th cranial языкоглоточный
um (nervus)
nerve
голосовая щель, соб-
glottis, īdis f glottis ственно голосовой
аппарат
glucōnas, ātis m gluconate глюконат
Glucōsum, i n glucose глюкоза
gluteus, a, um gluteal ягодичный
glycerophōsphas, ātis m glycerophosphate глицерофосфат
gramma, ătis n gram, gramme грамм
granulum, i n granule гранула, крупинка
gutta, ae f drop капля
gyrus, i m convolution извилина
H
внешность,
habitus, us m appearance
наружность
hallux, ūcis m big toe большой палец стопы
hamatus, a, um hook-shaped крючковидный
крючок (крючковид-
hamulus, i m hooklet
ный отросток)
Helianthus, i m sunflower подсолнечник
hemispherium, i n hemisphere полушарие
hepar, ătis n liver печень
hepaticus, a, um hepatic печёночный
herba, ae f herb лекарственная трава
260
hernia, ae f hernia грыжа
hernialis, e hernial грыжевой
heroicus, a, um powerful сильнодействующий
герпес, пузырьковый
herpes, ĕtis m herpes
лишай
hiātus, us m gap щель, расщелина
hilus, i m hilus ворота
hippocampus, i m hippocamp(us) гиппокамп
hippocraticus, a, um Hippocratic Гиппократов
Hippophaё, ёs f sea buckthorn облепиха
hirūdo, ĭnis f leech пиявка
Homatropīnum, i n homatropine гоматропин
homo, ĭnis m man человек
honor, ōris m honour честь, почесть
horizontalis, e horizontal горизонтальный
humeralis, e humeral плечевой
humor, ōris m body-fluid влага
hydrobromĭdum, i n hydrobromide гидробромид
hydrocarbōnas, ātis m hydrogen carbonate гидрокарбонат
Hydrochlorĭdum, i n, hydrochloride гидрохлорид
Hydrogenium, i n hydrogen водород
hydroiodĭdum, i n hydroiodide гидроиодид
hydrotārtras, ātis m hydrotartrate гидротартрат
hydroxўdum, i n hydroxide гидроксид
hyoideus, a, um hyoid подъязычный (кость)
hypogastricus, a, um hypogastric подчервный
hypoglossus, a, um hypoglossal подъязычный (нерв)
hypophўsis, is f hypophysis гипофиз
I
Ichthyōlum, i n ichthammol ихтиол
icterus, i m jaundice желтуха
ile, ilis n; ilia, ilium pl iliac region подвздошная область
bowel (intestinal), непроходимость ки-
ileus, i m
obstruction шечника
261
iliăcus, a, um iliac подвздошный
подвздошно-
iliohypogastricus, a, um iliohypogastric
подчревный
impressio, ōnis f impression вдавление
в, на (с Асс.
на вопрос
in in
куда?;
с Аbl. на вопрос где?)
in die, de die daily ежедневно
incisio, ōnis f incision надрез, насечка
incisīvus, a, um incisor (adj.) резцовый
incisūra, ae f incisure вырезка
указатель, указатель-
index, ĭcis m forefinger
ный палец
infans, ntis m, f child ребёнок
inferior, ius lower нижний
inflammatio, ōnis f inflammation воспаление
inflammatorius, a, um inflammatory воспалительный
infraclavicularis, e infraclavicular подключичный
infrahyoideus, a, um infrahyoid подподьязычный
infrajugularis, e infrajugular подъяремный
infraorbitalis, e infraorbital подглазничный
infundibulum, i n funnel воронка
infusum, i n infusion настой
inguen, ĭnis n groin пах
inguinalis, e inguinal паховый
injectio, ōnis f injection инъекция
insanabilis, e incurable неизлечимый
insufficientia, ae f insufficiency недостаточность
integer, gra, grum intact неповрежденный
intercostalis, e intercostal межреберный
interlobularis, e interlobular междольковый
средний, промежу-
intermedius, a, um intermediary
точный
262
перемежающийся,
intermittens, ends intermittent
прерывистый
intermuscularis, e intermuscular межмышечный
internus, a, um internal внутренний
interosseus, a, um interosseous межкостный
interstitialis, e interstitial промежуточный
intervertebralis, e intervertebral межпозвоночный
intestinalis, e intestinal кишечный
intestinum crassum large intestine толстая кишка
intestīnum, i intestine кишка
intra (с Асc.) within внутри
intraarticularis, e intra-articular внутрисуставной
intramuscularis, e intramuscular внутримышечный
перевернутый, извра-
inversus, a, um inverted
щенный
iodĭdum, i n iodide йодид
радужка, радужная
iris, ĭdis f iris
оболочка
ischiadicus, a, um ischiadic седалищный
ischium, i n ischium седалище
isotonicus, a, um isotonic изотонический
isthmus, i n isthmus перешеек
относящийся к то-
jejunalis, e jejunal
щей кишке
jejunum, i n jejunum тощая кишка
jugularis, e jugular ярёмный
jugum, i n ridge возвышение
junctūra, ae f juncture соединение
Junipĕrus, i f juniper можжевельник
juvenilis, e juvenile юношеский, молодой
L
labium, i n lip губа
лабиринт, внутреннее
labyrinthus, i m labyrinth
ухо
263
lac, lactis n milk молоко
lacrīma, ae f tear слеза
lacrimalis, e lacrimal слёзный
lactas, ātis m lactate лактат
laesus, a, um damaged поврежденный
lamella, ae f plate пластинка
lamĭna, ae f plate пластинка
larynx, ýngis m larynx гортань
lateralis, e lateral боковой
Latīnus, a, um Latin латинский
latissĭmus, a, um widest широчайший
latitūdo, ĭnis f width ширина
latus, a, um wide широкий
laxans, antis laxative слабительный
lens, lentis f lens хрусталик
Leonūrus, i m motherwort пустырник
letalis, e lethal, fatal, mortal смертельный
подниматель, подни-
levator, ōris m levator
мающая мышца
ligamentum, i n ligament связка
linea, ae f line линия, черта
lingua, ae f tongue язык
lingualis, e lingual язычный
lingula, ae f uvula язычок
linimentum, i n liniment линимент
Linum, i n flax лен
liquor Ammonii liquid ammonia anise нашатырно-анисовые
anisatus (i) dripped капли
liquor, oris m fluid жидкость, раствор
lobaris, e lobar долевой
lobulus, i m lobe долька
localis, e local местный
locus, i m place, spot место
longitudinalis, e longitudinal продольный
264
longus, a, um long длинный
lumbalis, e lumbar поясничный
пояснично-
lumbosacralis, e lumbosacral
крестцовый
lumbus, i m loin поясница
lymphaticus, a, um lymphatic лимфатический
M
M. = Misce! Mix! Смешай!
magnus, a, um great, large большой, больший
major, jus greater большой
malignus, a, um malignant злокачественный
malus, a, um bad плохой, худой
молочная железа,
mamma, ae f breast
грудь
mandibula, ae f lower jaw нижняя челюсть
mandibularis e mandibular нижнечелюстной
manubrium, i n presternum рукоятка
manus, us f hand кисть руки, рука
margo, ĭnis m border край, граница
masculinus, a, um masculine мужской
massēter, ēris m masseter (muscle) жевательная мышца
masticatorius, a, um chewing жевательный
mastoideus, a, um mastoid сосцевидный
мать, мозговая обо-
mater, tris f mother, mater
лочка
matrix, ĭcis f matrix ложе, основание
maxilla, ae f upper jaw верхняя челюсть
maxillaris, e maxillary верхнечелюстной
наибольший,
maxĭmus, a, um greatest
большой
meātus, us m passage проход, ход
medialis, e medial средний, медиальный
mediānus, a, um median срединный
mediastinalis, e mediastinal средостенный
265
mediastinum, i n mediastinum средостение
medicamentum, i n;
drug лекарство
pharmacon, i n
medicīna, ae f medicine медицина
medicinalis, e medicinal лекарственный
medicus, i m physician врач
medius, a, um middle средний
medulla oblongāta rachidian bulb продолговатый мозг
medulla ossium bone marrow костный мозг
medulla spinalis spinal cord/marrow спинной мозг
medulla, ae f marrow мозговое вещество
mel, mellis n honey мёд
membrāna, ae f membrane мембрана, перепонка
membranaceus, a. um membranaceous перепончатый
membranula, ae f film плёнка
membrum, i n limb конечность, член
memoria, ae f memory память
meninx, ngis f coat of brain мозговая оболочка
mens, mentis f mind, intellect ум
mentalis, e mental подбородочный
Mentha, ae f mint мята
Menthōlum, i n menthol ментол
mentum, i n chin подбородок
metacarpus, i m metacarpus пясть
metastāsis, is f metastasis метастаз
metastaticus, a, um metastatic метастатический
Methylēnum coeruleum methylene blue метиленовый синий
Methylii salicýlas (ātis),
methyl salicylate метилсалицилат
m
Methyloestradiōlum, i n methylestradiol метилэстрадиол
Millefolium, i n milfoil тысячелистник
minor, minus lesser малый, меньший
misceo, ēre II mix мешать, смешивать
266
митральный, дву-
mitralis, e mitral
створчатый
mixtura, ae f mixture микстура
mixtus, a, um mixed смешанный
подвижный, блужда-
mobĭlis, e movable
ющий
большой коренной
molaris, e molar (attr.)
(зуб), моляр
disease, malady,
morbus, i m болезнь, заболевание
illness, sickness
mors, mortis f death смерть
mortuus, a, um dead мёртвый, умерший
моторный, двигатель-
motorius, a, um motor (attr.)
ный
mucilāgo, ĭis f mucilage слизь (лек. ф.)
mucōsus, a, um mucous слизистый
mucus, i m mucus слизь
muscularis, e muscular мышечный
musculus, i m muscle мышца
челюстно-
mylohyoideus, a, um mylohyoid
myocardium, i n myocardium миокард
N
Naphthalānum, i n naphthalan нафталан
narcōsis, is f anesthesia наркоз
naris, is f nostril ноздря
nasalis, e nasal носовой
nasociliaris, e naasociliary носоресничный
nasolacrimalis, e nasolacrimal носослезный
nasus, i m nose нос
относящийся к ро-
natalis, e natal
ждению, родной
natus, a, um born рожденный
267
не повторять, т.е. не
приготовлять повтор-
ne repetatur, ne repet. но предписанное в
do not repeat
(сокр. в рецептах) рецепте и уже один
раз приготовленное
лекарство;
necrōsis, is f necrosis некроз, омертвение
necroticus, a, um necrotic омертвелый,
новообразование,
neoplasma, atis n newgrowth
опухоль
nervōsus, a, um nervous нервный
nervus, i m nerve нерв
neuter, tra, trum neuter средний (род)
niger, gra, grum black чёрный, тёмный
nitens, entis brilliant блестящий
nitras, ātis m nitrate нитрат
nitris, itīs m nitrite нитрит
Nitrogenium, i n nitrogen азот
nodulus, i m nodule узелок
nodus, i m node узел
nomen, ĭnis n name название, имя
non not не
nonus, a, um ninth девятый
notus, a, um known известный
novem nine девять
nucha, ae f nape выя
nuclearis, e nuclear ядерный
nucleus, i m nucleus ядро
numĕrus, i m number число
nutricius, a, um nutritious питательный
относящийся к пита-
nutriens, entis nutrient нию, доставляющий
пищу, питающий
nux, nucis f nut орех
268
O
obductus, a, um coated покрытый оболочкой
oblata, ae f cachet капсула, облатка
obliquus, a, um oblique косой, наклонный
oblongātus, a, um oblong продолговатый
occipitalis, e occipital затылочный
occipitofrontalis, e occipitofrontal затылочно-лобный
occipitotemporalis, e occipitotemporal затылочно-височный
occĭput, ĭtis n occiput затылок
octavus, a, um eighth восьмой
octo eight восемь
Octoestrōlum, i n octestrol октэстрол
ocularis, e ocular окулярный, глазной
oculomotorius, a, um oculomotor(ius) глазодвигательный
oculus, i m eye глаз
oedema, ătis n edema отёк
эдематозный,
oedematōsus, a, um edematous
отечный
oesophăgus, i m esophagus, gullet пищевод
officīna, ae f drugstore мастерская, аптека
olecrănon, i n elbow process локтевой отросток
oleosus, a, um oily масляный
oleum aethereum essential oil эфирное масло
oleum Helianthi sunflower oil подсолнечное масло
oleum Morruae = oleum
cod-liver-oil рыбий жир
jecoris Aselli
oleum Olivārum olive oil оливковое масло
oleum Paraffini = oleum
liquid paraffin вазелиновое масло
Vaselini
oleum Persicōrum peach oil персиковое масло
oleum Ricĭni castor oil касторовое масло
терпентинное масло,
oleum Terebinthĭnae turpentine
скипидар
269
oleum Vaselini seu вазелиновое масло,
liquid paraffin
Paraffinum liquidum жидкий парафин
oleum, i n oil масло
olfactorius, a, um olfactory обонятельный
Olīva, ae f olive олива (плод)
omentum, i n omentum сальник
omni bihora (omn.bih.) every two hours каждые два часа
omni hora (omn. hor.) every hour каждый час
лопаточно-
omohyoideus, a, um scapulohypoglossal
ophthalmica (remedia), глазные лекарствен-
ophthalmic remedies
n/pl ные средства
ophthalmicus, a, um ophthalmic глазной
зрительный,
opticus. a, um optic
оптический
optimus, a, um best наилучший
oralis, e oral ротовой
орбикулярный, круго-
orbicularis, e orbicular
вой, кольцевой
orbĭta, ae f eye socket глазница
orbitalis, e orbital глазничный
organismus, i m organism организм
orgănum, i n organ орган
orōtas, ātis m orotate оротат
orthodontia, ae f orthodontics ортодонтия
os, oris n mouth рот
os, ossis n bone кость
osseus, a, um bony костный
ostium, i n mouth отверстие, устье
ovalis, e oval овальный
ovarium, i n ovary яичник
ovum, i n egg cell яйцо, яйцеклетка
oxўdum, i n oxide оксид
270
P
в равных частях,
p.aeq. = partes aequales in equal parts равными частями
сокр. в рецептах)
palatīnus, a, um palatine, palatal нёбный
palatoglossus, a, um palatoglossal нёбно-язычный
palātum, i n palate небо
palmaris, e palmar ладонный
palpebra, ae f eyelid веко
поджелудочная
pancreas, ătis n pancreas
железа
papilla, ae f nipple, papilla сосок, сосочек
папиллярный,
papillaris, e papillary
сосочковый
paralysis, is f paralysis паралич
парамнезия, псевдо-
paramnesia, ae f false recollection
воспоминания
парасакральный, око-
локрестцовый, рас-
parasacralis, e parasacral
положенный около
крестцовой кости
parasternalis, e parasternal окологрудинный
parathyroideus, a, um parathyroid(al) околощитовидный
parenchyma, ătis n parenchyma паренхима
parēsis, is f partial paralysis парез
paries, ĕtis m wall стена, стенка
теменной,
parietalis, e parietal
пристеночный
parietooccipitalis, e parietooccipital теменно-затылочный
parodontium, i n para-
periodontium пародонт
dentium, i n
паротидный, около-
paroticus, a, um parotic
ушный
parōtis, otĭdis f parotid gland околоушная железа
pars, partis f part, portion часть, сторона
271
partialis, e partial частичный
pasta, ae f paste паста
лекарственная па-
pastillus, i m lozenge
стилка
patella, ae f knee-cap надколенник
patellaris, e patellar пателлярный
pectoralis, e pectoral грудной
pectus, ŏris n; thorax,
chest грудь; грудная клетка
ācis m
pelvicus, a, um pelvic тазовый
pelvinus, a, um pelvic тазовый
pelvis renalis renal pelvis почечная лоханка
pelvis, is f pelvis таз, лоханка
perforans, āntis perforating прободающий
периартериальный,
periarterialis, e periarterial
вокругартериальный
perineum, i n perineum, fork промежность
периодонт, надкост-
periodontium, i n peridental membrane
ница зуба
periosteum, i n periosteum надкостница
peritonēum, i n peritoneum брюшина
периваскулярный,
perivascularis, e perivascular
вокругсосудистый
peronēus, a, um peroneal малоберцовый
by mouth, through пероральный,
peroralis, e; per os
the mouth, per os через рот
peroxydum, i n peroxide пероксид
Persĭcum, i n peach персик
pes, pedis m foot стопа, нога
petrosus, a, um petrous каменистый
phalanx, ngis f phalanx фаланга
pharmacia, ae f pharmaceutics фармация
pharyngeus, a, um pharyngeal глоточный
pharynx, ngis m pharynx глотка
272
Phenylii salicýlas (ātis)
phenyl salicylate фенилсалицилат
m
phosphas, ātis m phosphate фосфат
мягкая мозговая
pia mater, tris f pia mater
оболочка
pilula, ae f pill пилюля
piperītus, a, um pepper (adj.) перечный
pituitarius, a, um pituitary питуитарный
plantaris, e plantar подошвенный
planum, i n plane плоскость
planus, a, um flat плоский
plasma, ătis n plasma плазма
platýsma, ătis n platysma платизма
plexus, us m plexus сплетение
plica, ae f fold складка
Plumbum, i n lead свинец
pneumonia, ae f pneumonia пневмония
pollex, ĭcis m thumb большой палец кисти
polў pus, i m polyp полип
мост; образование,
pons, pontis m bridge
подобное мосту
porta, ae f gate ворота
1. позади, за 2. после,
post (c Acc.) behind
спустя
postcibal, after meals,
postcibos (p. c.) после еды
after eating
posterior, ius posterior задний
postganglionaris, e postganglionic постганглионарный
прецентральный,
praecentralis, e precentral
предцентральный
praescrīptio, ōnis f,
prescription рецепт
receptum, i n
primus, a, um first первый
pro (c Abl.) for для, за
pro die per day, daily в день, в сутки
273
processus, us m process отросток
profundus, a, um deep глубокий
prognōsis, is f prognosis прогноз
пронация, поворот
pronatio, ōnis f pronation
ладони вниз
pronātor, ōris m pronator (muscle) пронатор
prophylāxis, is f prevention of disease профилактика
propionas, ātis m propionate пропионат
proprius, a, um proper собственный
предстательная
prostata, ae f prostate gland
железа
prostaticus, a, um prostatic предстательный
protuberantia, ae f protuberance выступ, бугор
proximalis, e proximal проксимальный
зуд кожи или слизи-
pruritus, us m itch
стых оболочек
psoas, ătis m psoas (muscle) поясничная (мышца)
pterygoid, wing-
pterygoideus, a, um крыловидный
shaped
pterygopalatinus, a, um pterygopalatine крылонебный
pubes, is f pubis лобок
pulmo, ōnis m lung легкое
pulmonalis, e pulmonary легочный
pulpa, ae f pulp пульпа, мякоть
pulsus, us m pulse пульс
pulvis, ĕris m powder порошок
punctio, ōnis f puncture пункция, прокол
pupilla, ae f pupil зрачок
purificatus, a, um purified очищенный
purus, a, um pure чистый
pus, puris n pus гной
pyloricus, a, um pyloric привратниковый
pylōrus, i m pylorus привратник, пилорус
pyramidalis, e pyramidal пирамидальный
274
pyrămis, ĭdis f pyramid пирамида
Q
quadrīceps, cipĭtis quadriceps четырёхглавый
четырёхпарный, чет-
quadrigeminus, a, um quadrigeminal
вертной
quantum libet, q.l. as much as is desired
(сколько нужно,
quantum satis, q.s., as much as suffices, сколько потребуется,
quantum sufficit, q.suff. as much as needed сколько нужно
сколько угодно (в ре-
quantum vis, q.v. as much as you like
цептах)
how much, as much
quantum, i n сколько
as
каждый час
quaquehora, q.h. every hour
quartus, a, um fourth четвёртый
quattuor four четыре
Quercus, us f oak дуб
quinque five пять
quintus, a, um fifth пятый
R
rabies, ēi f rabies бешенство
radialis, e radial лучевой
radiatio, ōnis f radiation лучистость
radius,
radius, i m лучевая кость
radial (spoke) bone
radix, īcis f root корень, корешок
ramus, i m branch ветвь
шов
raphe, es f seam, rhaphe
(на мягких тканях)
reanimatio, ōnis f resuscitation реанимация
recessus, us m recess углубление, карман
recĭpe! take! возьми!
275
recipio, ĕre III take взять
rectalis, e rectal ректальный
rectificātus, a, um rectified очищенный
rectum, i n rectum прямая кишка
regio, ōnis f region область
medical certificate, медицинское
relatio medica
certificate of health свидетельство
remedium, i n remedy средство
ren, renis m kidney почка
renalis, e renal почечный
repeto, ĕre III repeat повторять
resectio, ōnis f resection, excision резекция
respiratio, ōnis f respiration, breathing дыхание
respiratorius, a, um respiratory дыхательный
rete, is n network сеть, сетка
reticularis, e reticular ретикулярный
retīna, ae f retina сетчатка
retinaculum, i n retaining band удерживатель
позади-
retromandibularis, e retromandibular
нижнечелюстной
retroperitonealis, e retroperitoneal забрюшинный
Rheum, i n rhubarb ревень
rhizōma, ătis n rhizome корневище
rhomboideus, a, um rhombic ромбовидный
Ricĭnus, i m castor-oil plant клещевина
Rosa, ae f wild rose роза, шиповник
rotator, ōris m rotator (muscle) вращатель (мышца)
rotundus, a, um round круглый (отверстие)
ruber, bra, brum red красный
rubor, ōris redness покраснение
ruptura, ae f rupture разрыв
S
saccharum, i n sugar сахар
sacer, cra, crum sacred крестцовый (кость)
276
sacralis, e sacral крестцовый
крестцово-копчико-
sacrococcygeus, a, um sacrococcygeal
вый
сагиттальный (стре-
sagittalis, e sagittal
ловидный)
sal, salis m salt соль
salicylas, ātis m salicylate салицилат
salicylicus, a, um salicylic салициловый
Salvia, ae f sage шалфей
кровеносный, крова-
sanguineus, a, um bloody
вый
sanguis, ĭnis m blood кровь
sarcōma, ătis n sarcoma саркома
satis enough довольно, достаточно
scabies, ēi f scabies чесотка
scalēnus, a, um scalenus (muscle) лестничный (мышца)
scaphoideus, a, um scaphoid ладьевидный
scatŭla, ae f box коробка, коробочка
secretum, i n secretion секрет
sectio caesarea c(a)esarean section кесарево сечение
post mortem, sectio судебно-медицинское
sectio legalis
legalis вскрытие
sectio, ōnis f section рассечение, вскрытие
secundarius, a, um secondary вторичный
secundus, a, um second второй
седативные лекар-
sedatīva (remedia), n/pl sedatives
ственные средства
sella, ae f saddle седло
семя,
semen, ĭnis n seed, semen
семенная жидкость
semicircularis, e semicircular полукружный
полулунный,
semilunaris, e semilunar
серповидный
senilis, e senile старческий
277
чувствительный, сен-
sensorius, a, um sensory
сорный
sensus, us m sense чувство
septalis, e septal перегородочный
septum, i n partition перегородка
serotĭnus, a, um late поздний, запоздалый
seu or или
siccus, a, um dry сухой
1. левый
sinister, tra, trum left
2. неблагоприятный
sirŭpus, i m syrup сироп
solutio Ammonii нашатырный спирт,
liquid ammonia
caustici раствор аммиака
solūtus, a, um dissolved, solute растворённый
species, ēi f tea сбор (трав), чай
spissus, a, urn thick густой
splanchna (pl) internal organs внутренности
spritz-tubulus, i m syrette шприц-тюбик
squama, ae f scale чешуя
sternum, i n breast-bone грудина
mouth, artificial рот, уста, искусствен-
stoma, ătis n
opening ное отверстие
stratum, i n layer слой
sub (с Асc., Abl.) under под
с обозначением
sub signo veneni, s.s.v. under «poison» label (на этикетке) «яд!»
subcarbōnas, ātis m basic carbonate основной карбонат
subnitras, ātis m basic nitrate основной нитрат
succus, i m juice сок
sulcus, i m groove борозда, бороздка
sulfas, ātis m sulphate сульфат
Sulfur, ŭris n sulphur сера
supercilium, i n eyebrow бровь
superficialis, e superficial поверхностный
278
наружная
superficies, ēi f superficies
superior, ius superior верхний
супинация, поворот
supinātio, ōnis f supination
ладони вверх
supinātor, ōris m supinator (muscle) супинатор (мышца)
suppository
suppositorium, i n суппозиторий, свеча
(pl suppositories)
supra over над, выше, на
supraclavicularis, e supraclavicular надключичный
suprahyoideus, a, um suprahyoid надподязычный
supraorbitalis, e supraorbital надглазничный
suprarenalis, e suprarenal надпочечный
самый высокий,
suprēmus, a, um highest высочайший,
наивысший
suspensio, ōnis f suspension суспензия
sutūra, ae f suture шов
sympathicus, a, um sympathic симпатический
Synoestrōlum, i n synestrol синэстрол
synovialis, e synovial синовиальный
systēma, ătis n system система
T
tabes, is f tabes сухотка
tabuletta, ae f tablet таблетка
taenia, ae f, vinculum,
band лента, связка
in
Talcum, i n talc тальк
talocruralis, e talocrural голеностопный
talus, i m ankle bone таранная кость
предплюсна,
tarsus, i m tarsus
хрящ века
tegmen, ĭnis n roof крыша, покрышка
temporalis, e temporal височный
tempus, ŏris n temple, time висок, время
279
tendo, ĭnis m tendon сухожилие
tenius, e delicate тонкий, нежный
tensor, ōris m tensor muscle напрягающая мышца
ter in die three times a day три раза в день
teres, ĕtis round and long круглый
терминальный,
terminalis, e terminal
конечный
terminatio, ōnis f end конец, окончание
tertius, a, third тринадцать
testis, is m testicle яичко, семенник
таламус
thalămus, i m thalamus
(зрительный бугор)
терапевтика, наука
therapeutica, ae f therapeutics о лечении болезней,
наука о терапии
therapia, ae f therapy терапия
thiosulfas, ātis m thiosulphate тиосульфат
thoracicus, a, um thoracic грудной
thymus, i n thymus вилочковая железа
thyreoideus, a, um thyroid щитовидный
thyrohyoideus, a, um thyrohyoid щито-подъязычный
tibialis, e tibial большеберцовый
tinctūra, ae f tincture настойка
тонизирующие лекар-
tonĭca (remedia) n/pl tonics
ственные средства
tonĭcus, a, um tonic тонизирующий
tonsilla, ae f tonsil миндалина
токсический,
toxicus, a, um toxic, poisonous
ядовитый
trachea, ae f trachea трахея
tractus, us m tract путь, тракт
transfusio, ōnis f transfusion переливание
transversus, a, um transverse поперечный
trauma, ătis n trauma травма
tres, tria three три
280
triangularis, e triangular треугольный
triceps, cipĭtis triceps (muscle) трёхглавый
tricuspidalis, e tricuspid трёхстворчатый
trigeminal
trigeminus, a, um тройничный (нерв)
(IV cranial nerve)
triginta thirty тридцать
Tritĭcum, i n wheat пшеница
trochanter, ēris m trochanter вертел
trochantericus, a, um trochanteric вертельный
trochlea, ae f trochlea блок
блоковый, относя-
trochlearis, e trochlear
щийся к блоку
trophicus, a, um trophic трофический
truncus, i m trunk туловище
tuba, ae f tube труба
tuber, ĕris n tuber бугор
tuberculum, i n tubercle бугорок
tuberosĭtas, ātis f tuberosity бугристость
tuberōsus, a, um tuberous бугристый
tubulus, i m tubule трубочка
tumor, ōris m tumour опухоль
tunĭca, ae f coat оболочка
tussis, is f cough tussis, is f
tympanicus, a, um tympanic барабанный
tympănum, i n drum барабан
U
ulcerosus, a, um ulcerative язвенный
ulcus, ĕris n ulcer язва
ulna, ae f elbow bone локтевая кость
ulnaris, e ulnar локтевой
undecim eleven одинадцать
undecimus, a, um eleventh одиннадцатый
unguentum, i n ointment мазь
unguis, is m nail ноготь
281
unus, a, um one один
urēter, ēris m ureter мочеточник
уретра, мочеиспуска-
urethra, ae f urethra
тельный канал
urethralis, e urethral уретральный
urinarius, a, um urinary мочевой
urogenitalis, e genitourinary мочеполовой
Urtīca, ae f fettle крапива
uterīnus, a, um uterine маточный
utĕrus, i m uterus, womb матка
V
vagīna, ae f vagina, sheath влагалище
vaginalis, e vaginal влагалищный
vagus nerve (Xth cra-
vagus, a, um блуждающий (нерв)
nial nerve)
common [cat’s] va-
лекарственная вале-
Valeriāna officinalis lerian, garden helio-
риана
trope
Valeriāna, ae f valerian валериана
valetūdo, ĭnis f health здоровье
valva, ae f valve клапан (в целом)
valvula, ae f valvule заслонка, клапан
варицелла,
varicella, ae f chicken-pox
ветряная оспа
варикозное
varices, m, f/pl varicosis
расширение вен
varicōsus, a, um varicose варикозный
varix, ĭcis m, f varix, varicose vein варикозная вена
vas, vasis n vessel сосуд
vascularis, e vascular сосудистый
vena, ae f vein вена
venēnum, i n poison яд
venōsus, a, um venousl венозный, венный
venter, tris m; abdōmen, брюшко (мышцы),
belly
ĭnis n брюхо; живот, брюхо
282
ventralis, e ventral вентральный
ventricularis, e veniricular желудочковый
ventriculus, i m ventricule желудочек, желудок
venula, ae f venule маленькая вена
vermiformis, e vermiform червеобразный
vertebra, ae f vertebra позвонок
vertebralis, e vertebral позвоночный
vertex, ĭcis m crown of the head темя, вершина
verto, ĕre III turn поворачивать
vesīca fellea, vesīca
gallbladder желчный пузырь
biliaris
vesīca urinaria urinary bladder мочевой пузырь
vesīca, ae f bladder пузырь
vesicula, ae f vesicle везикула, пузырек
vesicularis, e vesicular везикулярный
везикулезный,
vesiculosus, a, um vesiculose
пузырчатый
преддверный,
vestibularis, e vestibular
вестибулярный
via, ae f way путь
viginti twenty двадцать
villus, i m villus ворсинка
Viōla, ae f violet фиалка
virus, i n virus яд, вирус
внутренности, вну-
viscĕra, um n pl viscera тренние органы в
брюшной полости
viscus, ĕris n viscera внутренность
vita, ae f life жизнь
vitamīnum, i n vitamin витамин
vitrum, i n test-tube склянка, пробирка
vivus, a, um alive живой
volvulus, i m twisted bowels заворот кишок
vomer, ĕris m plowshare сошник
283
vortex, ĭcis m vortex (of heart) завиток (сердца)
vulnus, ĕris n wound рана
X
Xeroformĭum, i n xeroform ксероформ
Z
zygōma, ătis n cheek bone скула, скуловая кость
zygomatĭcus, a, um zygomatic скуловой
284
LATIN-ENGLISH
CLINICAL COMBINING FORMS
A
abdomino-, laparo- abdomen
aсro-, -acria limb
acromio- acromion
adeno- gland
-masto- mammary gland
-pancreato- pancreas
-parotido- parotid gland
-prostato- prostate
-thymo- thymus
-thyreo-, thyr(e)-oideo- thyroid gland
adeno- lymph node
-ganglio- ganglion
aesthesio-, -aesthesia sensitivity
aetio- cause
aero- air
algo-, -algia, -algesia, -odynia pain
allo- other, different
andro-, andria male
angio- vessel
aniso- unequal
anthropo- human
aorto- aorta
arterio- artery
arthro- joint
astheno-, -asthenia weakness
auto- self
В
bath(y)- deep
bio- life
-blastus, blasto- embryonic
285
blepharo- eyelid
brachy- short
brady- slow
bary- heavy
brachi- shoulder
С
carcino-, carcinoma(t)o- cancer
cardio-, -cardium heart
-cele hernia
-centesis puncture
cephalo-, -cephalia, kephalo- head
cervico-, trachelo- cervix of uterus
cheilo-, -cheilia lip
cheiro-, chiro, -cheiria hand
chloro- green, chlorine
cholangio- bile duct
cholecysto- gallbladder
choledocho- common bile duct
chondro- cartilage
chrom(at)o-, chromia colour
chromo- colouring
chrono- time
clasia- destruction
colpo-, sterco- vagina
corpo-, sterco- feces
cox- thigh
crino-, -crinia secretion
cryo- low temperature
cyano- blue, cyanic
cysto- bladder
-cholecysto- gallbladder
cyt-, cyto- cell
-cytosis increased amount (of blood cells)
286
D
dacryo- tear
dacryocysto- lacrimal sac
dactylo- finger
derma-, dermo-, dermato- skin
-desis binding
dolicho- elongated
dynamo-, -dynamia force, power
E
-ectasia, -ectasis dilation
-ectomia excision
encephalo- brain
entero- intestine
-colo- colon
-colo- large intestine
-duodeno duodenum
-entero- small intestine
-ileo- ileum
-jejuno- jejunum
-procto- rectum
-sigmoido- sigmoid colon
-typhlo- caecum
ergo-, -ergia reactivity
erythro- red
eu- normal
eurysis dilation of hollow organ
G
galacto- milk
gastro-, -gastria stomach
genio-, -genia chin
-genesis development
-genus caused by, causing
ger(i)-, gero-, geronto- senile
287
glosso-, -glossia tongue
glyco-, gluco- glucose
gnatho-, -gnathia upper jaw
-genia lower jaw
gnosia, -gnosis knowledge
gono- knee
-gramma record
-graphia recording
gyn(aec)o- female
H
haemo-, haemato-, -aemia blood
hemi- half
hepato- liver
hetero- different
hidro- sweat
hist(io)- tissue
homeo- same
hydro- water
hystero-, metro-, -metra-, -metrium uterus, womb
I
iater- physician
-iatria, -therapia treatment
irido- iris
iso- equal
-itis inflammation
К
kerato- cornea
kinem(at)o-, kineto-, kinesia movement
L
laparo- abdomen
laryngo- larynx
lepto- soft
leuco- white
288
lieno-, spleno- spleen
lipo- fat
litho- stone
-logia study, science
logo- word
logo-, -lalia speech
lymphadeno- lymph node
lymphangio- lymph vessel
lympho-, chylo- lymph
-lysis destruction
lyt-, -lysis dissolution
M
macro- large
-malacia softening
melo- cheek
megal(o)-, -megalia, macro- enlargement
melano- dark, black
meningo- meninges
leptomeningo- soft meninx
-pachymeningo- hard meninx
metr-, -metria measuring
micro- small
-oligo- scanty
-mnesia memory
morpho- shape; form
myelo- medullary substance
-myelo- spinal cord
-osteomyelo- bone marrow
myo-, -mysium muscle
N
nephro-, -reno- kidney
noso- disease
neo- new
289
necro- death
O
odonto-, -odontia tooth
oligo- insufficient
omphalo- navel
onco-, -oma tumour
onycho-, -onychia nail
oophoro-, ovario- ovary
oo- ovum
op-, -opia, ophtalmo-, ophthalmia eye
opsia vision
orchid-, orchido-, -orchia, -orchidia testicle
ortho- straight
-osis condition
osteo- bone
oto, -otia ear
-oxia, oxy- oxidation
oxy-, oxygenio- oxygen
P
pachy- thick
paedo- child
pan-, panto- whole, all
patho-, -pathia disease
-penia decreased number
perineo- perineum
peritoneo- peritoneum
-pexia fixation
phaco-, -phakia lens
phago-, -phagia swallowing, eating
pharmaco- drug
pharyngo- pharynx
philo-, -philia predisposition to
phlebo- vein
290
-phobia fear
phono-, -phonia sound, voice
phreno-, psycho- mind
phrenico- diaphragmatic
-plasia development
-plastica plastic surgery
platy- flat
-plegia paralysis
pneumo-, pneumono- lung; air in organ
-pnoё respiration
podo-, -podia foot
poly- multiple
-poёsis formation
-privus deprived
procto- anus, rectun
pseudo- false
psycho- mind
-ptosis prolapse
pyelo- renal pelvis
pyloro- pylorus
pyo- pus
pyr(et)o- fever
R
retino- retina
rhachio- spine
-rhaphia suturing
-rhexis rupture
rhino- nose
-rrhagia bleeding
-rrhoea discharge
S
salpingo- tube
-salpingo- fallopian tube
291
-salpingo- Eustachian tube
schiso-, -schisis cleft
sclero-, pachy- hard
sclero- white of eye
-scopia visual examination
sialo-, -sialia saliva
soma-, somato- body
spasmo- spasm
sphygmo-, -sphygmia pulse
splanchno- viscera
spondylo- vertebra
-stasis control; arrest; congestion
steno-, stenosis tightening
stetho- chest
stom(at)o- mouth
-stomia placing a fistula
Т
tachy- fast
-tensio hydrostatic pressure
tel(e)o- distant
teno- tendon
thalamo- thalamus
thermo-, -thermia heat
thoraco- chest
-tomia dissection
tomo- layer
tono-, -tonia tone; pressure
topo- place; location
toxo-, toxi(c)o- poison(ous)
tracheo- windpipe
tricho-, -trichia hair
tropho-, -trophia nourishment
tropo-, -tropia affecting
292
U
ulo- gum
urano- palate
uretero- ureter
uro-, -uresis, -uria urination
X
xantho- yellow
xero- dry
ENGLISH-LATIN
CLINICAL COMBINING FORMS
A
abdomen abdomino-, laparo-
acromion acromio-
affecting tropo-, -tropia
affixing -pexis, -pexia
air aёro-
all pan-, panto-
anus procto-
aorta aorto-
artery arterio-
В
bile chol-, -cholia
bile duct cholangio-
binding -desis
black melano-
bladder cysto-
bleeding -rrhagia
blood haemo-, haemato-, -aemia
blue cyano-
body soma-, somato-
bone osteo-
bone marrow -osteomyelo-
293
brain encephalo-
C
cancer carcino-, carcinoma((at)o)-
cartilage chondro-
cause aetio-
caused by, causing -genus
cell cyt-, cyto-, kytos
cervix of uterus cervico-, trachelo-
cheek melo-
chest stetho-, thoraco-
chin genio-, -genia
child paedo-
cleft schiso-, -schisis
colour chrom(at)o-, -chromia
colouring chromo-
common bile duct choledocho-
condition -osis
congestion -stasis
control -stasis
cornea kerato-
cutting -tomia
cyanic cyano-
D
dark melano-
death necro-
decreased number (of blood cells) - penia
deep bath(y)-
deprived -privus
destruction -clasia
destruction -lysis
development -genesis; -plasia
diaphragmatic phrenico-
different allo-; hetero-
294
dilation -ectasia, -ectasis
dilation of hollow organ -eurysis
discharge -rrhoea
disease noso-; patho-, -pathia
dissolution lyt-, -lysis
dissection -tomia
distant tel(e)o-. tele-, telo-
drug pharmaco-
dry xero-
E
ear oto-, -otia
eating phago-, -phagia
elongated dolicho-
embryonic -blastus, blasto-
enlargement megal(o)-, -megalia, macro-
equal iso-
examination -scopia
excision -ectomia
eye op-, -opia, ophthalmo-, -ophthalmia
eyelid blepharo-
F
false pseudo-
fast tachy-
fat lipo-
fear -phobia
female gyn(aec)o-
feces сорrо-, sterco-
fever pyr(et)o-
finger dactylo-
fixation -pexia
flat platy-
foot podo-, -podia
force, power dynamo-, -dynamia
295
formation -poёsis
G
gallbladder cholecysto-
ganglion ganglio-
gland adeno-
- mammary gland masto-
- pancreas pancreato-
- parotid gland parotido-
- prostate prostato-
- thymus thymo-
- thyroid gland -thyreo-, thyr(e)(oideo)-
glucose glyco-, gluco-
green chloro-
gum ulo-
H
hair tricho-, -trichia
half hemi-
hand cheiro-, chiro-, -cheiria
hard sclero-, pachy-
head cephalo-, -cephalia, kephalo-
heart cardio-, -cardium
heat thermo-, -thermia
heavy bary-
hernia -cele
human anthropo-
hydrostatic pressure -tensio
I
incision -tomia
increased amount (of blood cells) -cytosis
indurated sclero-, pachy-
inflammation -itis
insufficient oligo-
intestine entero-
296
- large intestine colo-
- caecum typhlo-
- colon colo-
- duodenum duodeno-
- ileum ileo- -ileum
-jejunum jejuno-
- rectum procto-
- sigmoid colon sigmoido-
- small intestine entero-
iris irido-
jaw: - lower jaw -genia
upper jaw gnatho-, -gnathia
joint arthro-
K
kidney nephro-, reno-
knee gono-
knowledge -gnosia, -gnosis
L
lacrimal sac dacryocysto-
large macro-
larynx laryngo-
layer tomo-
lens phaco-, -phakia
life bio-
limb aero-, -acria
lip cheilo-, -cheilia
liver hepato-
location topo-
low temperature cryo-
lung; air in organ pneumo-, pneumono-
lymph lympho-, chylo-
lymph node adeno-; lymphadeno-
lymph vessel lymphangio-
297
M
male andro-, -andria
measuring metr-, -metria
medullary substance myelo-
memory -mnesia
meninges meningo-
- soft meninx leptomeningo-
- hard meninx -pachymeningo
milk galacto-
mind phreno-, psycho-
mouth stom(at)o-
movement kinem(at)o-, kineto-, -kinesia
multiple poly-
muscle myo-, -mysium
N
nail onycho-, -onychia
navel omphalo-
new neo-
normal eu-
nose rhino-
nourishment tropho-, -trophia
О
other allo-
ovary oophoro-, ovario-
ovum oo-
oxidation -oxia, oxy-
oxygen oxy-, oxygenio-
P
pain algo-, -algia, -algesia, -odynia
palate urano-
paralysis -plegia
perineum perineo-
peritoneum peritoneo-
298
pharynx pharyngo-
physician -iater
place topo-
placing a fistula -stomia
plastic surgery -plastica
poison(ous) toxo-, toxi(c)o-
predispotion to philo-, -philia
pressure tono-, -tonia
prolapse, a falling -ptosis
pulse sphygmo-, -sphygmia
puncture -centesis
pus pyo-
pylorus pyloro-
R
reactivity ergo-, -ergia
record -gramma
recording -graphia
red erythro-
renal pelvis pyelo-
respiration -pnoё
retina retino-
rupture -rhexis
saliva sialo-, -sialia
same homeo-
scanty -oligo-
secretion crino-, -crinia
self auto-
senile ger(i)-, gero-, geronto-
sensitivity aesthesio-, -aesthesia
shape, form morpho-
shaping -plasia
short brachy-
shoulder brachi-
299
skin -derma, dermo-, dermato-
slow brady-
small micro-
soft lepto-
softening -malacia
sound, voice phono-, -phonia
spasm spasmo-
speech logo-, -lalia
spinal cord myelo-
spine rhachio-
spleen lieno-, spleno-
stomach gastro-, -gastria
stone litho-
straight ortho-
study, science -logia
suffering pathos, -pathia
suturing -rhaphia
sweat hidro-
swallowing, eating phago-, -phagia
Т
tear dacryo-
tendon teno-
testicle orchid-, orchido-, -orchia, -orchidia
thalamus thalamo-
thick pachy-
thigh cox-
tightening steno-, -stenosis
time chrono-
tissue hist(io)-
tone tono-, -tonia
tongue glosso-, -glossia
tooth odonto-, -odontia
treatment -iatria, - therapia
300
tube salpingo-
Eustachian tube salpingo-
fallopian tube salpingo-
tumour onco-, -oma
U
unequal aniso-
ureter uretero-
urination uro-, -uresis, -uria
uterus hystero-, metro-, -metra-, -metrium
V
vagina colpo-, vagino-
vein phlebo-
vertebra spondylo-
vessel angio-
viscera splanchno-
vision -opsia
visual examination -scopia-
W
water hydro-
weakness astheno-, -asthenia
white leuco-
white of eye sclero-
whole pan-, panto-
windpipe tracheo-
word logo-
write -grapho
Y
yellow xantho-
301
APPENDIX
LATIN PROVERBS, QUOTATIONS
AND MEDICAL PHRASES
Ab ovo (usque ad mala) – “From eggs to apples”, i. e. “From the very

beginning up to the end”. It comes from the Roman custom to begin breakfast
with an egg and end it with an apple.
A mari usque ad mare — “From sea to sea”, motto of Canada.
Acta est fabula —”The fable is ended” (Augustus’ last words).
Ad astro — “To the stars”, title of the magazine published by the National
Space Society.
Ad astra per aspera — “To the stars through difficulties,” motto of Kansas.
(More frequently as per aspera ad astra).
Ad impossibilia nemo tenetur — “Nobody must keep a commitment to do
impossible things”.
Adde parvum parvo manus acervus erit — “Add little to little and there
will be a big pile” — Ovid.
Aegroto dum anima est, spes est — “As long as a sick person is conscious
(or, has a good character, or reacts), there is still hope”.
Aliis inserviendo consumer – “I burn serving others”. This is the motto
accompanying a flaming candle and serving an emblem of healing, used since
the ancient time, just like the main emblem of healing – a cup with a snake.
Alpha et omega –– “Alpha and omega”, i. e. “The beginning and the end”.
Alpha is the first letter in the Greek alphabet and omega is the last.
Álma máter – literally means “A feeding mother”.
Amor patriae nostra lex — “Love of the fatherland is our law”.
Amor vincit omnia — “Love conquers all”.
Anamnesis morbi –– “Present case history”.
Anamnesis vitae –– “Past history”.
A posteriōri –– “Based on practice”. It literally means “Coming from the
posterior experience”, usually it is used in Latin.
A priōri –– “Independently of experience”. It is usually cited in Latin.
Ars longa, vita brevis — “Art (of medicine) is long, life is short”. The
Latin translation by Horace of a phrase from Hippocrates, often used out of
context. The art referred to in the original aphorism was the craft of medicine,
which took a lifetime to acquire.
Audentes fortuna juvat — “Luck helps those who are brave”. (Virgil,
Eneis 10,284)
Audi, vide, tace, si tu vis vivere — “Hear, see, be silent, if you wish to
live”.
Audiatur et altera pars — “Hear both sides”. (A legal fairness principle).
302
В
Bene diagnoscitur, bene curatur — “Something that is well diagnosed can

be cured well”.
Bis dat, qui cito dat — “He who gives quickly gives twice”.
Bona diagnosis, bona curatio — “Good diagnosis, good cure”.
Bona valetudo melior est quam maximae divitiae — “Good health is
worth more than the greatest wealth.”
Casus extraordinarius –– “An extraordinary case”.

Casus ordinarius –– “An ordinary case”.
Cf. = cónfer –– “Compare with”.
Cibi condimentum est fames — “Hunger is a spice for any meal”.
Citius, altius, fortius –– “Quicker, higher, stronger”. The motto is inscribed
on Olympic medals.
Civis romanum sum — “I am a Roman” (Cicero)
Claude os, aperi oculos! — “Shut up and watch!”
Cogito ergo sum — “I think, therefore I am”. Argument used by Rene
Descartes as proof of his own existence.
Consuetudinis vis magna est –– “The power of habit is great».
Consuetudo altera natura est — “Habit is second nature”.
Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis — “There’s no herb
against the power of death”.
Contraria contrariis curantur — “Opposites are cured by their opposites”.
Cujusvis hominis est errare — “Every human can err”. (Cicero)
Cum recte vivis, ne cures verba malorum — “If you live properly, don’t
worry about what the evil ones say” (Cato the younger)
Cura, ut valeas! — “Take Care!”
Curriculum vitae –– literally it means “Life movement”. This word
combination is applied to biography or autobiography.
De gustĭbus non est disputandum — “Matters of taste ought not to be

disputed”.
De mortuis nihil nisi bene — “Of the dead, nothing but good”. I.e., “Say
only good things about the dead”.
Deserta faciunt etpacem appelant –– “They destroy everything and they
call it peace.” (Tacitus).
Deus vult! — “God wills it!” ––slogan of the Crusades.
Divĭde et impĕra — “Divide and govern”. Attributed to Julius Caesar.
303
Docendo discĭmus — “We learn by teaching” (Seneca).
Donec eris felix multos numerabis amicos — “As long as you’re happy,
you’ll have many friends” (Ovid, Tristia 1, 9, 5).
Dosis pro cursu –– “Dose for the course of treatment”.
Dosis pro die –– “Daily dose”.
Dosis pro dosi –– “Single dose”.
Dulce enim etiam nomen est pacis –– “The name ‘peace’ is sweet itself”.
Dum spiro, spero — “As long as I breathe, I hope”.
Duo cum faciunt idem, non est idem — “When two do the same, it isn’t
the same”.
Dura lex, sed lex — “The law is harsh, but it is the law”.
Dura necessĭtas — “Necessity is harsh”.
E fructu arbor cognoscitur — “The tree can be recognized by its fruits”.

e. g. = exémpli grátia –– “For example, for instance”.
Errāre humānum est. Perseverāre diabolĭcum — “To err is human. To
persist in error is of the Devil” (Seneca).
etc. = et cétera –– “And other things: and so on; and the rest: and all the
others”.
Ex astris, Scientia — “From the stars, Knowledge” (the motto of Starfleet
Academy in Star Trek).
Ex nihilo nihil fit — “Nothing comes from nothing” (you need to work for
something; also the Conservation Law in philosophy and modern science).
(Lucretius).
Ex oriente lux — “From the East [comes] the light [i.e. culture]”.
Exĭtus letalis –– “A mortal outcome”.
F
Facies Hippocratica –– Hippocrates’ face. This word combination is used
to mean a face of a dying man. It is one of the medical expressions which
include the name of Hippocrates, the founder of medicine. It is known that
Hippocrates was the first to describe a face of a man with signs of coming
death in his work “Prognostic”.
Festīna lente! — “Make haste slowly” (i.e. proceed quickly but with
caution, a motto of Augustus Caesar).
Fiat lux! — “Let there be light!”
Finis coronat opus –– “All’s well that ends well”.
Fluctŭat nec mergĭtur –– “Shaken by the waves, but it will not sink”
(inscription on Paris’ coat of arms).
Fortasse erit, fortasse non erit — “Maybe it will be, maybe it will not”.
304
G
Gratis –– “Free of charge”.

Gutta cavat lapidem [non vi, sed saepe cadendo] — “A drop drills the
rock [not with force but by falling repeatedly]” (Ovid, Epistulce ex Ponto).
Gutta cavat lapidem non bis, sed saepe cadendo; sic homo fit sapiens bis
non, sed saepe legendo — “A drop drills a rock by falling not twice, but many
times; so too is a human made smart by reading not two, but many books”
(Giordano Bruno).
Habĭtus agroti –– “The patient’s outward appearance”.

Hic locus est, ubi mors gaudet succurrere vitae –– “This is the place
where death helps life” (the mortuary).
Hodie mihi, cras tibi — “What’s to me today, tomorrow to you”.
Homines quod volunnt credunt — “Men believe what they want to”
(Julius Caesar).
Homo homini lupus est — “Man is a wolf to man” (Thomas Hobbes).
Homo proponit, sed Deus disponit — “Man proposes, God disposes”
(Thomas a Kempis).
Homo quadratus –– “A highly educated and perfectly built person”. A
drawing of a man placed into a circle and also into a square was an emblem of
artistic anatomy.
Homo sum, humani nihil a me aliēnum puto — “I am human, so nothing
that is human is foreign to me” (Terence).
Honores mutant mores — “Honors change behavior”.
Hygiena amica valitudinis –– “Hygiene is a friend of health”.
i.e. = id est –– “That is to say; that is”.

Ignorantia non est argumentum. “Lack of knowledge is no excuse
(ignorance is no argument)”, Spinosa. Ethica, part I.
Ignorantia legis non excusat — “Ignorance of the law is no excuse”.
In statu praesenti –– “In the present condition”.
In statu quo ante –– “In the same condition as before”.
In vino veritas — “There is truth in wine” (‘Wine will bring out truth’).
Ira furor brevis est — “Anger is a short rage” (Horace).
Justitia omnibus — “Justice for all “, motto of the District of Columbia.
305
L
Labor omnia vincit — “Work conquers all things” (Virgil). Motto of the
Slate of Oklahoma
Laborare est orare — “To work is to pray” (A common school motto).
Libertati viam facere — “Making a road to freedom”.
Mala herba cito crescit — “Weeds grow fast”.

Manus manum lavat — “One hand washes the other”.
Mater artium necessitas — “Necessity is the mother of invention”
(Apuleius).
Maxima debetur puero reverentia — “One owes the greatest possible
care for the child” (Juvenal).
Medĭca mente, non medicamentis –– “Cure with your knowledge rather
than drugs”.
Medice, cura te ipsum! –– “Doctor, cure yourself!”
Medicus curat, natura sanat — “The doctor cares [for his patient], nature
heals [him]” or “Doctor cures, nature saves”.
Memento mori — “Remember your mortality”. Also, ironically,
“Remember to die” (the motto of the Friars of Trappa).
Mens sana in corpore sano — “Healthy mind in healthy body”.
Modus vivendi –– “Mode of life, way of life”.
Naturalia non sunt turpia — “Natural things are not shameful”.

Nemo judex in causa sua — “No-one is a judge in his own case”.
Nil (nihil) admirari — “To not admire anything” you shouldn’t let yourself
be taken away by anything (Horace).
Nomen est omen — “A name is an omen”.
Nomina sunt odiosa — “Names are odious” (Cicero).
Non bis in idem — “Not twice in the same (matter)”. Legal principle
forbidding Double jeopardy.
Non nobis solum nati sumus — “We are not born for ourselves alone”.
Non scholae, sed vitae discĭmus — “We don’t learn for school but for life”.
Non ut edam vivo, sed ut vivam edo — “I don’t live to eat, but I eat to live”.
Nosce te ipsum! — “Know thyself!” (Cicero, from the Greek gnolhi
seauton, on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi).
NB! = Nóta béne! The Latin phrase means “Take special notice”, used for
paying or drawing attention.
Nulla dies sine linea — “No day without a line”.
306
Nulla est medicina sine lingua Latina — “No medicine without Latin”
Nulla regŭla sine exceptiōne — “Nо rule without exception”.
Nulla res tam necessaria est quam medicina — “Nothing is so necessary
as medicine”.
Nunc aut numquam — “Now or never”.
Oculi plus vident quam oculus — “Several eyes see more than only one”.
Omne vivum ex ovo — “Everything living comes from the egg”.
Omnia mea mecum porto — “All that’s mine I carry with me”. These
words are ascribed by Cicero to Byas, one of seven wisemen of Old Greece. It
means that the true wealth of a man is his inner dignity.
Omnia praeclara rara –– “Everything which is beautiful is rare”.
Omnium artium medicīna nobilissĭma est — “Medicine is the noblest of
all arts”.
Optĭmum medicamentum quies est –– “Peace is the best medicine” (the
words of Celsus).
О tempora, о mores! –– “Oh what time, oh what habits!” (Cicero).
Pacta servanda sunt –– “Agreements must be honoured”.

Per ardua ad astra — “Through hardship to the stars” (motto of the Royal
Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal Australian Air Force).
Per aspera ad astra –– “By steep and toil some ways to the stars”. (Seneca).
The British Air force motto. It is used to mean: through toil to victory; achieving
one’s aim, realizing one’s cherished dream by overcoming all the difficulties.
Per fas et nefas — “With right and wrong” by any means necessary.
Per scientiam ad salutem aegroti — “To heal the sick through knowledge”.
Per vias naturales –– “(Delivery) through natural passages”.
Periculum in mora — “[There’s] danger in delay” (Livy).
Plenus venter non studet libenter — “A full belly doesn’t like studying”.
Post cenam non stare sed mille passus meare — “Do not rest after dinner,
but walk a mile”.
Post hoc non est propter hoc — “ ‘After this’ is not ‘because of this’ “.
Post mortem –– “Аfter death”.
Post partum –– “After delivery”.
Potius sero quam nunquam — “Better late then never” (Livy).
Praesente medico nihil nocet — “In the presence of a doctor nothing can
harm”.
Primum non noсеrе — “First, do no harm” (often falsely attributed to the
Hippocratic Oath).
307
Pro analўsi –– “For analysis “.
Pro auctore seu pro me –– “For the author or for myslef” (when the doctor
makes out a prerscriptionfor himself).
Prognosis optima (pessima) –– “Favourable (unfavourable) prognosis”.
Qualis rex, talis grex — “Like king, like people”.

Quern dii oderunt, paedagogum fecerunt — “Whom the gods hated, they
made them pedagogues”
Qui dormit non peccet — “He who sleeps does not sin”.
Qui rogat, non errat — “Who asks isn’t wrong”.
Qui scribit, bis legit — “Who writes, reads twice”.
Qui tacet consentit — “He who is silent, agrees”.
Quidquid discis, tibi discis — “Whatever you learn, you learn it for
yourself”
Quod medicina aliis, aliis est acre venenum — “One person’s medicine
is another’s foul poison”.
Quod nocet, saepe docet — “That which harms, often brings a benefit”.
Quod non est in actis, non est in mundo — “What is not in the documents
does not exist”.
Quot capĭta, tot sensus –– “So many heads, so many minds”.
Quot homĭnes, tot sententiae — “As many opinions as people”.
Repetitio est mater studiorum – “Repetition is the mother of learning”.

Restitutio ad integrum –– “Recovery to the initial healthy state “.
Saepe morborum gravium exitus incerti sunt — “The effects of

seriousillnesses are often unknown”.
Salus popŭli – suprēma lex –– “The wellfare of the people is the supreme
law”, said Cicero in his work “Of laws”.
Salus aegrōti suprēma lex — “The well-being of the patient is the the
sacred law (for doctors)”.
Salvéte, studéntes! –– A form of greeting students at a meeting.
Sálve, magístra (magister)! –– A form of greeting a teacher at a meeting.
Sapēre aude — “Dare to be wise”.
Scio me nihil scire — “I know that I know nothing” (Socrates).
Sic Deus pro nobis, quis contra nos? — “If God is with us, who can be
against us?” (Vulgate, Romans 8:31)
308
Simīlia similĭbus curāntur — “Like cures like” (Samuel Hahnemann,
founder of homeopathy).
Situs viscĕrum inversus –– “Inverse position of internal organs”.
Sol lucet omnĭbus — “The sun shines for everyone”.
Statim! — “Immediately! (Urgently!)”.
Status communis –– “General state (of the patient)”.
Status localis –– “Local state”.
Status naturalis –– “Natural state”.
Status prāesens aegrōti –– “The patient’s present condition”.
Suum cuique — “To each what he deserves”.
Tabula rasa –– “Blank (scraped) board”. Ancient Greeks and Romans

wrote on waxed plates with sharpened sticks. The text was easy to rub, and this
fact led to the figurative meaning of this expression “A foolish man”.
Tarde venientibus ossa — “For those who come late, only the bones”.
Tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in illis — “The times are changed,
and we are changed in them” (John Owen).
Terra incognita –– “An unknown country”. This is the inscription on the
ancient maps and terrestrial globes of unexplored areas. It also means “The
unknown sphere of knowledge”.
Tres faciunt collegium — “Three makes a company”.
Ubi bene, ibi patria — “Where one feels good, there is one’s country”.
Ubi concordia, ibi victoria — “Where there is harmony, there is victory”.
Ubi dubium, ibi libertas — “Where there is doubt, there is freedom”.
Ubi fumus, ibi ignis — “Where there’s smoke, there’s fire”.
Usus est optimus magister — “Practice makes perfect».
Vále, magíster! (magistra) –– A form of greeting a teacher by leave-taking.

Valéte, studéntes! –– A form of greeting students by leave-taking.
Vanĭtas vanitātum et omnia vanitas — “Vanity of vanities and everything
is vanity” (Vulgate, Ecclesiastes 1:2).
Vasa vana plurimum sonant — “Empty pots make the most noise”
Verba volant, scripta manent — “Words fly, written stays”.
Vívat Académia! –– «Long live Academy! » This is a line from the students’
song, besides.
Vis medicatrix naturae –– “Nature’s salutary power”.
Vox populi, vox Dei — “The voice of the people is the voice of God.”
309
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Arnaudov G.D. Teminologia Medica Polyglota (Latinum-Русский-

English-Francais-Deutsch) – Editio Medicina et Physcultura. – Sofia, Bulgaria,
1981. – 1000 p.
2. Hornby A.S. Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 1995.
3. Terminologia Anatomica. Международная анатомическая номенкла-
тура. – Москва: «Медицина». – 2003.
4. Англо-русский биологический словарь. Ок. 70 000 терминов. – 7-е
изд., стереотип. / О.И. Чибисова и др. – М: РУССО, 2000. – 736 с.
5. Англо-русский медицинский словарь. Ок. 70 000 терминов. /
Акжигитов Г.Н., Бешомович М.С., Чикорин А.К. – 3-е изд., исп. – М.:
РУССО, 1996. – 608 с.
6. Англо-русский медицинский энциклопедический словарь: Гл.
ред. А.Г. Чучалин, науч. ред. Э.Г. Улумбеков, O.K. Поздеев – М.: ГЭОТАР,
1995. – 717 с.
7. Бахрушина Л.А. Частотный латинско-русский словарь анатомиче-
ских терминов. – М.: ММСИ. – 1999.
8. Большой русско-английский медицинский словарь. Ок. 70000
терминов. – М.: РУССО, 2001. – 704 с.
9. В.В. Жура, Ж.С. Мартинсон, Н.В. Протопопова, Н.В. Черватюк.
Латинский язык и основы медицинской терминологии для иностранных
студентов (на английском языке). – Волгоград: ВолГМУ. – 2004. – 328 с.
10. Знаменская С.В., Берко З.В. Учебный латинско-русско-англий-
ский словарь анатомических терминов. – Ставрополь. Изд-во: СтГМА.
– 2004. – 56 с.
11. Костромина Т.А. Язык медицины как средство профессионально-
го общения. Учебное пособие по дисциплине «Латинский язык и осно-
вы медицинской терминологии» для иностранных студентов лечебного
факультета (на английском языке). Издание 2-е, дополненное. – Курск:
КГМУ. –2004. –184 с.
12. Чернявский М.Н. Латинский язык и основы медицинской терми-
нологии: Учебник. – М.: Медицина, 2004. – 448 с.
В учебном пособии использованы материалы учебника

«Латинский язык и основы медицинской терминологии»
М. Н. Чернявского
310
CONTENTS
THE INTRODUCTION................................................................................. 5
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LATIN....................................... 5

OUTLINE OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY FORMATION.......................... 7
THE TERM....................................................................................................... 8
THE DEFINITION...........................................................................................9
TERMINOLOGY – SYSTEM OF TERMS..................................................... 9
SUBSYSTEMS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY....................................... 10
SECTION I. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY...................................... 11
UNIT 1. THE LATIN ALPHABET................................................................ 11

UNIT 2. ACCENT..........................................................................................23
UNIT 3. THE NOUN..................................................................................... 30
UNIT 4. THE ADJECTIVE............................................................................40
UNIT 5. DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES........................ 48
UNIT 6. SUBSTANTIVATION OF ADJECTIVES.......................................58
UNIT 7. REVISION OV UNITS 3–6............................................................ 64
UNIT 8. CONTROL TESTS ON ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY..........66
UNIT 9. THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS............................... 67
UNIT 10. THE THIRD DECLENSION.
MASCULINE NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION........... 72
UNIT 11. FEMININE NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION................ 79
UNIT 12. NEUTER NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION................... 84
UNIT 13. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION..........................88
UNIT 14. REVISION OF UNITS 9–13......................................................... 92
UNIT 15.THE FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS.............................. 93
UNIT 16. SUMMARY OF INFLECTIONS OF THE NOMINATIVE
AND GENITIVE SINGULAR AND PLURAL. BASIC
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE PNA......................................99
UNIT 17. REVISION OF UNITS 14–16..................................................... 104
UNIT 18. THE FINAL TESTS ON ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY.....106
SECTION II. CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY.......................................... 108
UNIT 1. CLINICAL TERMS. SUFFIXATION. PREFIXATION...............108

UNIT 2. COMPOUND WORDS................................................................. 117
311
UNIT 3. GREEK SUFFIXES IN CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY................ 123
UNIT 4. COMBINING FORMS DESIGNATING TISSURES,
ORGANS, SEX, AGE, SECRETION. COMBINING FORMS
DESIGNATING FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGICAL
DISODERS.................................................................................... 128
UNIT 5. COMBINING FORMS DESIGNATING VARIOUS
PROPERTIES, QUALITIES AND RELATIONS......................... 134
UNIT 6. REVISION OF UNITS 1–5........................................................... 137
UNIT 7. THE FINAL TESTS ON THE CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY..... 138
SECTION III. PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY...................... 142
UNIT 1. DRUG NAMES, STANDARDS....................................................143

UNIT 2. MOST COMMON PRESCRIPTION FORMULAS..................... 149
UNIT 3. PRESCRIPTION............................................................................ 151
UNIT 4. CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE. NAMES OF CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS. NAMES OF ACIDS................................................ 158
UNIT 5. CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE. OXIDE
AND SALT NAMES......................................................................164
UNIT 6. TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK.........................................167
UNIT 7. COMMON ABBREVIATIONS IN PRESCRIPTION.
CHEMICAL COMBINING FORMS............................................ 170
UNIT 8. REVISION..................................................................................... 178
UNIT 9. THE FINAL TESTS ON PHARMACEUTICAL
TERMINOLOGY...........................................................................185
UNIT 10. THE FINAL TESTS ON LATIN AND MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY........................................................................199
ENGLISH-LATIN-RUSSIAN GLOSSARY................................................ 242

LATIN-ENGLISH-RUSSIAN GLOSSARY................................................ 285
LATIN-ENGLISH CLINICAL COMBINING FORMS.............................. 293
ENGLISH-LATIN CLINICAL COMBINING FORMS.............................. 302
APPENDIX. LATIN PROVERBS, QUOTATIONS

AND MEDICAL PHRASES........................................................................310
BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................6
312
ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК
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315
LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Textbook for the Foreign Medical Students of the English Medium
Znamenskaya S. V., Pigaleva I. R., Znamenskaya I. A.
ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ
Учебное пособие
для иностранных студентов-медиков англоязычного отделения
Знаменская С. В., Пигалева И. Р., Знаменская И. А.
Подписано в печать 18.04.2017 г.

Формат 60х84 1/16. Бумага офсетная. Печать офсетная.
Гарнитура Times New Roman. Усл. печ. л. 18,36.
Заказ № 207. Тираж 250 экз.
Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет,

355017, г. Ставрополь, ул. Мира, 310.

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What is the purpose of the textbook?

What subjects are covered in the textbook?

What subjects are covered in the textbook?

The Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

The Foreign Languages Department

Znamenskaya S. V., Pigaleva I. R., Znamenskaya I. A.

Znamenskaya S. V. LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY. Textbook for

The textbook is designed for foreign students studying medicine in English. It

Recommended for publication by the Publishing Council

Кафедра иностранных языков

С. В. Знаменская, И. Р. Пигалева, И. А. Знаменская

Знаменская С. В. ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ТЕРМИНО-

Учебное пособие предназначено для иностранных студентов, изучающих ме-

Рекомендовано к печати редакционно-издательским советом СтГМУ.

Latin language is a basis of studying and use of medical terminology not

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LATIN

LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY − is a new subject, which is

OUTLINE OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY FORMATION

Medicine of Europe as an independent science began in Greece. Its founder

Unlike ordinary concept, scientific concept has definition (or in Latin

Terminology of a definite field of science is a system of names, words and

Medical terminology is the «system of systems». It includes many

THE LATIN ALPHABET

Printed letter Name Transcription

The letter B b is pronounced as [b], e.g.: béne – well.

The Digraphs of Consonants

Fill in the blanks with missing words or letters:

I. Read aloud paying attention to the pronunciation of the vowels and

intérnus inner, internal внутренний

3. Read and explain the rules of pronunciation of the letter “c”:

accessórius additional, accessory добавочный

mesentérium mesentery брыжейка

índex forefinger указательный палец

6. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the diphthongs:

pléura pleural membrane плевра

vértebra quínta the fifth vertebra пятый позвонок

8. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the letters “ti”:

articulátio articulation, joint сустав

9. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the digraphs and

tubérculum pharyngéum pharyngeal tubercle глоточный бугорок

Latin English Russian

cerebralis cerebral; мозговой, относящийся

Every word has as many syllables, as it has vowels or diphthongs: re-

The Basic Rules

Fill in the blanks with missing words or letters:

1. Read two-syllable words:

ala wing крыло

arcus vertebrae arch of the vertebra дуга позвонка

incisura vertebralis vertebral notch позвоночная вырезка

4. Stress Latin terms. Pick out borrowings from Greek:

osteologia osteology остеология

Latin English Russian

In Latin, the noun is called Nomen substantivum.

Grammatical Categories of Nouns

Morphologically nouns are characterized by the grammatical categories of

The Dictionary Form of a Noun

The Stem of a Noun

The stem of a noun is a part of a word without ending. It needs to be

Dictionary form Declension Stem Translation