Calculus Concepts On Complex Functions-I
Calculus Concepts On Complex Functions-I
Limits
Let w = f(z) be any function of z defined in a bounded closed domain D, then the
Lim
limit of f(z) as z approaches zo is denoted by ‘l’ and written as z → z o f(z) = l i.e. for
every ∈ > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that |f(z) − l| < ∈ whenever z − zo< δ, where ∈
and δ are arbitrary small positive real numbers.
Note:
z 3 − 10 3
Eg 1. Evaluate Lim
z →10 z − 10
z 3 − 10 3
Sol. Lim = Lim (z2 + 10z + 100)
z →10 z − 10 z →10
= 100 + 100 + 100 = 300
(using standard limits as in real variable calculus)
x2y
Eg 2. Show that Lim does not exist.
( x, y ) →(0,0 ) x + y
4 2
Sol. Path Ι
Lim x2y
x → 0, y → 0 = Lt 0 = 0
x4 + y2 y→ 0
Path ΙΙ
Complex Variables
x2y
Lim Lim 0 = 0
y → 0, x → 0 x 4 + y 2 x → 0
Path ΙΙΙ along any straight line through the origin. Let y = mx
Lim x2y
y → mx, x → 0
x4 + y2
Lim mx 3
=x → 0
x 4 + m2 x 2
Lim mx
= x → 0 = 0
x 2 + m2
Path IV Let y = mx2
Lim
x2y
y → mx , x → 0
2
x4 + y2
Lim mx 4
=x → 0
x 4 + m2 x 4
Lim m
= x → 0 , which depends on the values of m. Therefore the limit does
2
1+ m
not exist.
Continuity
(ii) A function f(z) is not continuous at z0 implies either f(z0) does not exist or Lt f ( z)
z→ z 0
does not exists or Lt f ( z ) # f ( z 0 )
z→ z 0
Complex Variables
(iv) If f(z) and g(z) are two continuous functions in D, then f + g, f − g, fg and f/g
(g(z) ≠ 0)are all continuous.
Note:
(i) Analytic functions are also called as holomorphic, regular or monogenic functions.
(ii) A function f(z) is analytic in a domain if it is analytic at every point of the domain.
(iii) Sum difference product and quotient of analytic functions are also analytic.
Entire Function: A function which is analytic every where (i,e., at every point Z on the
complex plane) is known as an entire function.
Example: All polynomial functions are entire functions.
dc
1. = 0, where ‘c’ is a complex constant.
dz
Complex Variables
d df dg
2. [f ± g] = +
dz dz dz
d df
3. [c f(z)] = c.
dz dz
d dg df
4. [f.g) = f. + g.
dz dz dz
df dg
g. −f
d f dz dz
5. =
dz g g2
d n
6. z = n.zn − 1
dz
7. If f(z) = G (h(z))
d
then (f(z)) = G’(h(z)).h’(z) (termed as chain rule]
dz