TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE READING STRATEGIES:

TEXT VERSUS DISCOURSE 1. SKIMMING

- To get only the main ideas of a written text in
TEXT
order to know what the material is all about
- a large unit of written language 2. SCANNING
- a group of ideas put together to make a point or - used to search only for specific information
one central idea needed
- made up of sentences 3. PREVIEWING
- Looking at the readily visible part of the text. It
DISCOURSE helps familiarize you with the content of the
- utterance, talk, speech, discussion and selection and focus on the important in the text.
conversation USING CONTEXT CLUES
- the use of such sentences
- made up of sentences CONTEXT CLUES

WHAT IS READING? - Are the words, phrases and sentences that

would help you to decipher the meaning of
Reading is a skills difficult words in the selection
According to David (2005) THREE TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES
- is a process of involving the readers into an 1. SYNONYMS
interaction with the text and enables them to - Words having the same meaning
use the reading strategies in getting the - Synonyms appear in a sentence in the following
meaning of the printed text. ways
- Reading is a cognitive process of decoding a. by dashes
symbols to derive meaning from a text. b. by commas
- Text and reader c. by parenthesis
WHY DO WE READ? 2. ANTONYMS
- Words having opposite meaning
Reading as a process - It recognized in a sentence through any word
According to Wood (2006) reading has three stages: which present opposite meaning like, but,
although, despite, instead, in contrast, unlike,
1. PRE-READING STAGE however, even, though, on the contrary.
- Old knowledge is activated 3. EXAMPLES
- The meaning of unfamiliar words are 4. DEFINITION
deciphered 1. Marimar is on diet, however, she
2. DURING READING STAGE still ate a portion of everything
- The reader grasps the meaning of the reading served like a small piece of meat, a
material by connecting it to his old knowledge small piece of bread, and a small
of schema piece of cake.
3. POST READING STAGE a. Portion – anything of small
- Enables the reader to establish a connection serving
between what they learned with what they 2. Nutritious – food such as fruits and
know vegetables helps our bodies grow
- Predicts, guesses, evaluates and analyses the a. Nutritious – any food that
information whether to accept or reject it. makes the body healthy
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF  RISING ACTION –series of
DERIVATION problems/conflicts
 CLIMAX –most exciting part of the story
This technique looks into the root word, affixes
-series of conflicts
or inflectional ending or the unfamiliar word
 FALLING ACTION – leading to the events
KEY TEMRS: and of the story
 RESOLUTION – the end of the story
 AFFIX – is a letter, sound, or syllable added to
2. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
the initial(prefix) or last (suffix) part of a word to
- Used of visual symbols
form another word
 CONCEPT MAP
 ROOT WORD – based form of the word
 VENN DIAGRAM
 INFLECTIONAL ENDING – also added to a word
3. BRAINSTORMING
but only at the end
- Decide the main idea
EXAMPLES: - Get ideas from others
4. NETWROK TREE
1. AFFIX (prefix) - Used to represent hierarchy, classification and
Ab (away from) – absent branching
Ante (before) – antecedent 5. SPIDER MAP
Dis (not) – disagree - Used to investigate and enumerate various
Ex (out) – expel aspects of central idea
Multi (many) – multinational - Semantic map
Re (again) – replay 6. IDEA MAP
2. AFFIX (suffix) - Visual representation of ideas and their
Sion (act of) – precision connection with one another
Ry, ty, ity (conditions) – maturity 7. OUTLINING
Ment (result) – commencement - Process of organizing information gathered
Ic (pertain) – fantastic from reading
Al (pertaining to) – sexual, theatrical  TOPIC SENTENCE – uses of words and
3. INFLECTIONAL ENDING phrases
- Dancing, danced, dances  SENTENCE OUTLINE – term use to
- A word can also be formed by combining two sentences or paragraph
root words to form a compound word
 TRADITIONAL OUTLINE
ROOT WORD: place  MODERN OUTLINE

Root word + inflectional ending places PARAGARAPH

Root word + prefix replace - Group of sentences that deal with one
particular idea
Root word + suffix placement - Defined by the point that they support, the
Root word + prefix + suffix replacement controlling idea, and not just by how they are
- Used as building blocks in organizing longer
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING & ORGANIZING pieces of text into prose
INFORMATION
PARTS OF PARAGRAPH
TECHNIQUES – methods
1. TOPIC SENTENCE – tells the reader the main
1. PLOT DIAGRAM idea of your paragaraph
- Used to map the events in the story - Reveals what you generally plan to propose,
- Used to analyse the major part of the plot argue or explain
 EXPOSITION –setting and character - Topic sentence can be explicit and also can be
introduced implicit
 - Topic sentence is implies if there is a controlling f. CONTRAST – but, despite, however, even
idea of what the paragraph is about though, yet, on the other hand, althought,
2. SUPPORTING DETAILS – may range facts, on the contrary
examples or instances g. CAUSE AND EFFECT – because as a result,
3. CONCLUDING SENTENCE – summarize a consequently, then, so, since
paragraph and make a final comment h. CONCLUSION – thus, therefore, in
conclusion, in short
MAKING YOUR PARAGRAPH EFFECTIVE
2. REPETITIONS – repetitions of main ideas keep
1. UNITY – all of the sentences in the paragraph continuity and highlight important ideas
are related to the topic sentence 3. SYNONYMS – these are words similar in
2. ADEQUATE DEVELOPMENT – topic sentence in meaning to important words or phrases that
the paragraph should be elaborated on using prevent tedious repetition
concrete evidence, different examples, relevant 4. PRONOUNS – words that connected readers to
facts and specific details the original that the pronoun replace
3. COHERENCE – means that the sentences are 5. PARALELLISM – using similar sentence structure
arranged in a logical manner, making them
PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
easily understood by the reader
I. ORGANIZATION – it is said that the ideas
The details of a paragraph can be organized according
are well – developed when there is a clear
to:
statement of purpose, position, facts,
1. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER – details are arranged examples, specific details, definitions,
in the order in which they happened explanation, justifications or opposing
2. SPATIAL ORDER – when the sentences of a viewpoints.
paragraph are arranged according to - Organization is achieved when these ideas are
geographical location, such as left to right, up logically and accurately arranged
and down - Ideas are formed and well –developed
3. EMPHATIC ORDER – when the information II. COHERENCE AND COHESION
found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize
COHERENECE – this means that sentences are
certain points depending on the writer’s
arranged in a logical manner, making them easily
purpose
understood by the reader.
SIGNAL DEVICES
COHESION – connection of ideas at sentence level
1. TRANSITIONS – these words and phrase that
A. Arrangement to details according to…
connect one idea to another
1. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER – the details are
a. TIME – first, immediately, afterward,
arranged in the order in which they
before, at the same time, after, finally, next,
happened
later, in the meantime, eventually, then,
2. SPATIAL ORDER –sentence of a paragraph
now, meanwhile
are arranged according to geographical
b. SEQUENCE – moreover, furthermore, next,
location, such as left to right
also, finally, last, anther, first, second, third,
3. EMPHATIC ORDER – when information in a
besides, additional
paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain
c. SPACE – above, next to, below, behind,
points depending on the written purpose
beside
d. ILLUSTRATION – for instance, specifically, The coherence of a paragraph is established in two
for example, namely, in this case, to ways:
illustrate
a. From least to most important
e. COMPARISON – similarly, also, in the same
b. From most to least important
way still, likewise, in comparison, too
 B. SIGNAL DEVICES 1. NARRATION- most basic pattern of
1. Transitions development
a. Time - describes how, when, and where an event or
b. Sequence occurrence actually happened
c. Space - requires consequently, accounting for
d. Illustration sequential order of events and chronology
e. Comparison “The goal of narration is not only to retell
f. Contrast everything that happened but rather to screen
g. Cause and effect and present only the details which explain the
h. Conclusion significance of the event”
2. Repetition - creating a world based on the writer’s
3. Synonyms imagination
4. Pronouns - also revisiting a world based on the author’s
III. LANGUAGE USE memory
- Appropriateness of word/vocabulary usage  VIVID DESCRIPTION OF DETAIL
 CONSISTENT POINT OF VIEW (POV)
INFORMATION LANGUAGE – usually used in writing for
 CONSISTENT VERB TENSE WELL-
oneself or in writing to family, friend and colleagues.
 DEFINED POINT OR SIGNIFICANCE
FORMAL LANGUAGE – used in writing academic,
NARRATIVE DEVICES
business, and official text.
- The use of narrative devices is a technique
TABLE OF CONTENTS
writers utilize to add flavour and enrich the
1. Too informal meaning of their stories
2. Too unsophisticated - With these devices, an author can shorten,
3. Too vague lengthen, and/or focus on a particular event in
4. Other tips
ANECDOTES
IV. MECHANICS
- Set of conversation on how to spell, abbreviate, - brief narratives that are written from the
punctuate and capitalize. writer’s memory the story
JARGON – “insider” terminology that may be difficult FLASHBACK
for readers from other fields to understand
- an event that happened in the past
CLICHES – which are expression that are heavily
overused, such as think outside of the box FLASHFORWARD

EVERYDAY ABBREVIATIONS – photos, fridge, phone, - an event that has yet to happen in the story
information DIALOGUE
SLANG - a word or a series of words enclosed in a pair of
NOT GENDER NEUTRAL – firemen, mankind quotation marks, which signal the character’s
spoken language
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING 2. DEFINITION- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something does,
COMPLETENESS – means a paragraph is well developed
what something is used for, what something
- If all sentences clearly and sufficiently support looks like, etc
the main idea

ORDER – refers to the way you organize your supporting

sentences
VARIETIES OF DEFINITION - define an unfamiliar term by using a technical
term which is more familiar with
 SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION- defines concepts in the
most factual way, which is often used in Example: use window instead of casement
scientific proper, real world facts
 Use description
 SUBJECTIVE DEFINITION- defines the objects in
- describe the term being defined by providing
a more personal way
details about the subject
- usually derived from the author’s own
experiences and opinion Example: An airbag is an inflatable cushion which
- often used by a writer to state something from protects the passengers in a vehicle during collision
the point of view of the characters or ion
relation to the setting 3. DESCRIPTION - pattern of development which
Two important concepts in defining goes into details about specific object, person,
or location, in order to firmly sets its
 DENOTATION - the primary, explicit, or
appearance
literal definition of a word.
- trying to understand the meanings of a word or
 CONNOTATION - secondary meaning of
an expression
a word
Characteristics of Description
Techniques that can use in defining
 has a clear focus and sense of purpose
1. Analysis
- Process of breaking down a concept into its  uses sensory details and precise words
constituent parts.  presents details in logical order
2. Collocation 4. Division and Classification
- means that there are words or expressions that Classification
are usually almost immediately associated with
the concept you are trying to define - entails categorization which enables one to
3. Comparison group together items according to their
- is associating the word or expression you are similarities
trying to define with something else not - to further organize data that have already been
necessarily synonymous with it. divided and classified, label each subtopic so as
4. Contrast to lessen the clutter.
- Understanding how at least two similar Example: Book
concepts are different from each other.
5. Etymology Classification and Division
- history of a word explains the evolution of a
- are essential not just in writing but also in
word or how it has come to be.
everyday concepts
The main purpose of defining is to: - enable us humans to have some sense of order
and predictability in an otherwise chaotic and
-give information to the reader as to what the unpredictable life.
author intends to explain
When dividing and classifying things to make your
Methods of definition writing more orderly and systematized, consider
 Use synonyms following these principles:
- applied by using words having similar meanings Consistency
with the word being defined
Exclusiveness
Example: amiable= friendly
Completeness

 Use comparison
  Consistency- characterized by having parallel they do not necessarily serve as the focus; rather, as
similarities in the divisions you make in your supporting points or claims that explain or elaborate the
writing author’s intended argument.
 Exclusiveness - means there is no overlapping
- powerful instruments of persuasion.
between or among the items divided and
4. Details
classified together
- detailing entails analysing
 Completeness- means that no important part is
- when enumerating details, you zoom in and
omitted from the writing
focus on the minute parts, as opposed to
5. Causal Analysis- means identifying the causes
zooming out when you see the big picture.
and effects of a particular situation, event or
5. Opinion
phenomenon.
- are individual interpretations of people on
Cause certain events, situations, ideas, and or
concepts
- is what prompted something to happen - naturally vary from one person to another due
- what makes something happens to people’s different backgrounds and
Effect personalities
6. Observation
- what was yielded after something else took
place - similar to describing, make use of description----
- answers the questions “why and how” appealing to the five senses

Note: A single cause does not yield to a single 7. Persuasion

effect. Nor a single effect usually made to happen by a - always coupled with argumentation
single cause. Argumentation
CAUSAL CHAIN - makes use of logos, or appealing to the
- a set of cause and effect that leads to in a major audience’s logic
subject. - makes use of pathos, or appealing to the
audience’s emotions
6. Exemplification and Illustration - makes use of ethos, or appealing to credibility
Exemplification 8. Comparison and Contrast
- tackles the likeness or similarities, and
- the process of enumerating or giving examples differences of at least two subjects or topics
- can also provide specific instances to support a
claim Analogy- a common technique that writers use to
demonstrate comparison and contras
TECHNIQUES THAT YOU CAN USE AS EVIDENCE TO
ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY IN YOUR ARGUMENTS - t delves beneath the surface differences of at
least two subjects expose unperceived and
1. Visual Illustrations unsuspecting similarities and/or differences
- appeal to the sense of sight
- you can use visual illustrations to concretize Example:
abstract concepts like poverty and love A sword is the weapon of a warrior, A pen is the
2. FACTS weapon of a writer
- are concepts, ideas, and statements that are
generally assumed true, real, and/ or existing. Other examples of figurative language are also excellent
3. Anecdotes techniques to showcase how comparison and contrast is
- are brief narratives within a piece of writing. used:
Simile-done when there is a direct comparison between
or among objects

Metaphor- done when there is an indirect comparison

between or among objects

Oxymoron- happens when two seemingly opposite

terms are juxtaposed next to- or near- each other in a
single expression

Personification- the process of making something

human

- giving human qualities to objects and animals

Three types of audience

1. The Supportive Audience

- means you have spectators who are already
briefed on the issue at hand
2. The Wavering Audience
- means you have spectators who are not readily
accepting to your ideas
3. The Hostile Audience
- This type of audience is the most difficult to
please and to win