PARTS OF SPEECH

This paper was made to fulfill the assignment for English course

Supporting lecturer :

Usriya Tas`adina, M.Pd

Arranged by :

Ulfa Fitria (102210131)

HES G

FACULTY OF SHARIA

SHARIA ECONOMIC LAW

PONOROGO STATE ISLAMIC RELIGION INSTITUTE

2021/2022
 PREFACE

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb...

With gratitude we pray to Allah SWT. Because with His grace and
blessing we were able to complete the preparation of the paper entitled "parts of
speech" without any obstacles.

Our aim is to compile this paper so that it is easier for all of us to

understand this chapter in English courses.

We realize that the content and discussion is still far from perfect.
Therefore, constructive criticism and suggestions from all parties who want to
care are very much expected for the perfection of this paper.

Finally, we wish you a happy reading and hopefully This paper will be
useful and make it easier for readers to understand this material.

Wassalamualaikum wr. wb

Magetan 21 Nov. 21

Ulfa fitria

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover................................................. ........................................................i

Preface................................................ ......................................................ii

Table of contents................................................ .......................................iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background................................................ ........................................1

1.2. Formulation of the problem................................................ ................1

1.3. Objectives.................................................. ........................................1

CHAPTER II CONTENTS

2.1. Noun................................................................. ..................................2

2.2. Verbs................................................................. .................................4

2.3. Adverbs................................................................. .............................6

2.4. Adjectives................................................................. ..........................7

2.5. Prepositions................................................................ ........................8

2.6. Pronouns................................................................. ...........................10

2.7. Articles................................................................ ................................10

2.8. Conjunctions................................................................. ......................11

2.9. Interjection...........................................................................................11

CHAPTER III CLOSING

CONCLUSION................................................. ..........................................12

REFERENCES................................................ ...........................................13

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 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1. BACKGROUND
Parts of Speech in English means word types or word classes. It is called
parts of speech because the parts of speech or parts of sentences (remember,
basically sentences in language are sentences that are spoken, not written),
because these words are a system needed to form a sentence, regardless of
what their respective duties or functions.
There are several types of Parts of speech, namely nouns, adjectives, adverbs,
pronouns, and so on. Each type has a different meaning and function

1.2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. What are the parts of speech?
2. What is the function of the different parts of speech?
1.3. Objectives
1. To find out the distribution of the types of parts of speech.
2. To know the function of the types of parts of speech.

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 CHAPTER II

CONTENTS

2.1. NOUN

The noun is one of the most important parts of speech. Its arrangement
with the verb helps to form the sentence core which is essential to every
complete sentence. In addition, it may function as the chief or “head” word in
many structures of modification.

TYPES OF NOUNS

Classified by Meaning

Some nouns may belong to more than oone of the types given below

Proper nouns

A proper noun begins with a capital letter in writing. It includes

a. Personal names (Mr. John Smith)

b. Names of geographic units such as countries, cities, rivers, etc
(Holland, Paris)
c. Names of nationalities and religions (a Dutcman, Chrisianity)
d. Names of holidays (Easter, Thanksgiving Day)
e. Names of time units (Saturday, June)
f. Words used for personifikasion—a thing or abstracton treated as a
person (Nature, Liberty)

As opposed to proper nouns, all other nouns are classified as common

nouns.

Concrete or Abstract Nouns

A concrete noun is a word for a physical object that can be perceived by

the seses-we can see, touch, smell the object (flower, girl). An abstract noun is
a word for a concept-it is that exists in our minds only (beauty, justice,
mankind).

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Countable or Noncountable Nouns

A countable noun can usually be made plural by the addition of-s (one
girl, two girls). A noncountable noun is not used in the plural. Mass nouns form
one type of noncountable noun. They are words for concrete objects stated in an
unduvuded quantity ( coffe, iron ). Abstract nouns (including names of school
subjects and sports) are noncountable.

Collective Nouns

A collective noun is a word for a group of people, animals or objects

considered as a single unit.examples of collective nouns are audience,
committee, class, crew, crowd, enemy, faculty, family, flock, folk,
government, group, herd, jury, majority,minority, nation, orchestra, press,
public, team.

FUNCTION OF NOUNS

Nouns may function not only in the central core of the sentence, but also in
structures of modification. These functions will be listed here along with their
structural significance.

Function in Central Core

Subject of Verb

Who or what is being talked about. The verb agrees with the subject in person
(first, second, third) and in number (singular, plural).
The girl is resting
The girls are resting.

Complement of Verb
This completes the predication after the verb.
OBJECT OF VERBA. This can be:
(a) A direct object-Who or what receives the action of the verb.

We need some money.

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A cognate object is a special kind of direct object that is either identical in form
with the verb or has derivative form (She laughed a bitter laugh; He lived a
good life).
(b) An indirect object. A second object to or for which the action of the
verb is directed. The indirect object precedes the direct object.
Please give that man some money.
Subjective Complement (Predicate Noun)
Used after a linking verb to refer back to the subject. While an object of a
verb has a different identity from the subject, a subjective complement has the
same identity as the subject.
Washington was the first President of the UnitedStates.
Objective Complement
An object following the direct object that has the same identity as the
direct object.
The country elected Washington President.
Object of Preposition
Complates the idea of time, direction, position, etc., begun by a
preposition.
The student sat at his desk.
Noun in Apposition (Appositive)
A second noun used after a first one to re-identify the first one.
Mr. Johnson, my lawyer, is very intelligent.
Noun in Direct Address (Vocation)
Usually a proper noun used to draw the attention of the person being
spoken to.
John, please come hare.
Noun Adjunct
A noun used in adjective position before another noun, the two together
forming a noun compound.
She’s going to the grocery store.
They have a swimming pool.

2.2. VERB
Definition

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Verb function to show activities carried out by subject. In a sentence, the verb
describes what the subject does or does. The verb takes the position after the
subject.

Verb I (Present)
The first form of the verb is called Verb 1 (V1) or present. This verb is the
original form of the verb (infinitive) which is usually used in simple present tense
sentences. This verb form is the same as the original verb form, but always ends
in -s, -es, -ies for the third person singular subject (he, she, it) in the simple
present tense. Example:
Go – goes
Cry – cries
Study – studies
Verb II (Past)
The second form of the verb is called Verb 2 (V2) or past. This verb is
usually used in simple past tense sentences. When do you use the 2nd verb?
When an action or action taken is past or past. This is indicated by the existence
of time information such as: last night, yesterday, three years ago, and so on.
Usually the second verb is added -d or -ed from the first verb, but it can also
change the form of a different letter. Therefore, the second verb can be said to be
two. Words that only add -d or -ed are called regular verbs. While the change of
letters in the verb is called an irregular verb.

Examples of regular verbs:

Enjoy – enjoyed
Phone – Phoned
Talk – Talked
Contoh irregular verb:

Begin – began
Eat – Ate
Speak – spoke
Verb III (Past Participle)
Actually, the second and third verbs can be said to be similar. In fact,
many verbs have the exact same word with both forms. The third form of the verb
is used for the perfect tense and passive voice sentences. Similar to verb II, verb

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III is also divided into regular verbs and irregular verbs. Come on, check out an
example below!

Examples of regular verbs:

Work – worked – worked
Walk – walked – walked
Prank – pranked – pranked
Contoh irregular verb:

Go – went – gone
Drink – drank – drunk
Write – wrote – written
Verb -ing
In the use of verbs ending in -ing, the grammar used is the continuous
tense alias that is currently ongoing. In its use, this verb form is preceded by the
auxiliary verb be (is, am, are, was, were). Example:
Smoke – smoking
Take – taking
Wait – waiting
2.3. ADVERB

Adverbs can be juxtaposed by nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Usually we

use it to clarify the word in front of it or to clarify the adverb itself.

Adverbs usually end in -ly such as: clearly, quickly, locally, and so on. However,
there are some that do not end in –ly.

function

Adverb of time

It is an auxiliary word used to provide additional information about time.

For convenience, this adverb is used to answer all questions that begin with
"when."

Adverb of manner

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 It is an auxiliary that provides additional information about the condition or
how an event occurred. In simple terms, this adverb is used to answer the
question of 'how.’ This adverb includes badly, beautifully, better, bravely,
cheerfully, fast, hard, quickly, slowly, inadequately, healthy, well, and so on.

Adverb of place

It is an auxiliary word that gives an answer about a place or a 'when'

question in English. Examples of words from these adverbs are above, away,
below, down, here, inside, near, outside, there, up, and so on.

Adverb of degree

Usually this auxiliary is used to answer the question "how much.”

However, these questions do not always ask nominal, but can be used to
question the intensity of an event.

Adverb of frequency

If the adverb of degree is used to describe an intensity, the adverb of

frequency is used to answer how often the frequency of activities carried out by
someone.

Types

Interrogative adverb

If you think that an adverb is an explanatory word for a verb, you are very
wrong. Adverbs can also be in the form of question words, such as how, when,
why, and where.

Conjunctive Adverb

This adverb functions as a transition word combining and linking

independent clauses. This adverb includes words such as accordingly, also,
alternatively, certainly, accordingly, finally, nevertheless, moreover, previously,
therefore, and so on

2.4. ADJECTIVES

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 Adjectives are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun
and can go in different positions in a sentence.

An indefinite adjective describes a whole group or class of people or

things, or a person or thing that is not identified or familiar

EXAMPLES:
arrogant
calm
bossy
2.5. PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or
noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to
introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on,"
"of," and "to."

Prepositions in English are highly idiomatic. Although there are some

rules for usage, much preposition usage is dictated by fixed expressions. In these
cases, it is best to memorize the phrase instead of the individual preposition.
A Few Rules
Prepositions of Direction
To refer to a direction, use the prepositions "to," "in," "into," "on," and "onto."

 She drove to the store.

 Don’t ring the doorbell. Come right in(to) the house.
 Drive on(to) the grass and park the car there.

Prepositions of Time

To refer to one point in time, use the prepositions "in," "at," and "on."

Use "in" with parts of the day (not specific times), months, years, and seasons.

 He reads in the evening.

Use "at" with the time of day. Also use "at" with noon.

 I go to work at 8:00.

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  He eats lunch at noon.

Use "on" with days.

 I work on Saturdays.

To refer to extended time, use the prepositions "since," "for," "by," "during,"
"from…to," "from…until," "with," and "within."

 I have lived in Minneapolis since 2005. (I moved there in 2005 and still

live there.)
 He will be in Toronto for 3 weeks. (He will spend 3 weeks in Toronto.)
 She will finish her homework by 6:00. (She will finish her homework
sometime between now and 6:00.)
 He works part time during the summer. (For the period of time throughout
the summer.)
 I will collect data from January to June. (Starting in January and ending in
June.)
 They are in school from August until May. (Starting in August and ending
in May.)
 She will graduate within 2 years. (Not longer than 2 years.)

Prepositions of Place

To refer to a place, use the prepositions "in" (the point itself), "at" (the general
vicinity), "on" (the surface), and "inside" (something contained).

 They will meet in the lunchroom.

 She was waiting at the corner.
 He left his phone on the bed.
 Place the pen inside the drawer.

To refer to an object higher than a point, use the prepositions "over" and
"above." To refer to an object lower than a point, use the prepositions "below,"
"beneath," "under," and "underneath."

To refer to an object close to a point, use the prepositions "by," "near," "next
to," "between," "among," and "opposite."

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Prepositions of Location

To refer to a location, use the prepositions "in" (an area or volume),

"at" (a point), and "on" (a surface).

Prepositions of Spatial Relationships

To refer to a spatial relationship, use the prepositions "above," "across,"

"against," "ahead of," "along," "among," "around," "behind," "below,"
"beneath," "beside," "between," "from," "in front of," "inside," "near," "off," "out of,"
"through," "toward," "under," and "within."

2.6. PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun when you talk about
someone or something. Pronouns are used so that we do not repeat a noun.

Pronouns aim to replace noun

subject Object possessive

she Her Her
he Him his
It It Its
I My Me
You You Your
We Us Our
Thei Them Their

2.7. ARTICLES

In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before
nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is
used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the
reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when

10
its identity is not known. There are certain situations in which a noun takes no
article.

Definite article

the (before a singular or plural noun)

Indefinite article

a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)

an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)

2.8. CONJUNCTION

Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses

together. Example : I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing dishes
afterward.

Conjunctions allow to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the

choppiness of multiple short sentences. Make sure that the phrases joined by
conjunctions are parallel (share the same structure).

2.9. INTERJECTION

An interjection is a word or phrase that grammatically free from

surrounding words, and especially express feeling rather than meaning.

INTERJECTION is a word or phrase that expresses someone's feelings

Example : Wow! you are great at his skills!

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

CONCLUSION

A noun is a word that contains the meaning of showing an object, nouns

are also the most important part of speech.

The verb serves to show the activities carried out by the subject. In a
sentence, the verb describes what the subject does or does. the verb takes the
position after the subject.

Adverbs can be paired with nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Usually we use
it to clarify the word before it or to clarify the adverb itself.

Adjective is a word that gives a characteristic meaning to a word such as

a noun or pronoun that has an uncertain place.

A preposition is a word or group of words that is used before a noun,

pronoun, or noun phrase to indicate a direction, time, place, location, spatial
relationship, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words
like "at", "at", "on", "from", and "to".

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun so that there is no repetition of

the word.

article is a word that comes before a noun, article also includes an

adjective.

Conjunctions are words that connect other words, phrases, or clauses.

Interjection is a word or phrase that expresses someone's feelings

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 REFERENCES

Frank,marcella, 1972,BUKU MODERN ENGLISH,ens of America,

glewood cliffs, new jersey, united state

Verb (Kata Kerja): Definisi, Contoh, dan Cara Penggunaannya,

https://www.wallstreetenglish.co.id/vocabulary/verb/, Nov 4, 2020(DI AKSES
Pada 24 November 2021, pukul 09.20 WIB)

Adjectives, https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-
reference/adjectives, (di akses pada 25 Nov. 21, pukul 12.07 WIB)

Grammar: Preposition,
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/prepositions, (di
akses pada 25 Nov. 21, pukul 12.29 WIB)

Jenis pronoun dan

contohnya,https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/10/22/183000769/jenis-
pronouns-dan-contohnya, (di akses pada 25 Nov. 21, pukul 12.55 WIB).

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE

ARTICLES
,http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/articles.html, (di akses
pada 25 Nov. 21, pukul 13.17 WIB)

English++ english materials, courses, adn services,

interjections,https://englishplusplus.id/interjection/, (di akses pada 28 Nov. 21,
pukul 07.25 WIB

Conjunction,https://www.grammarly.com/blog/conjunctions/?
gclid=Cj0KCQiAy4eNBhCaARIsAFDVtI1yK1hMjXm4mAIOoLntPkm2GryUXaWJu
c3oICHXe8O1HREnBf1iwsQaApqVEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds, (di akses pada 28
Nov. 21, pukul 06.00 WIB).

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