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Dune
A dune is a landform composed of wind- or water-driven sand. It typically takes the form of a mound,
ridge, or hill.[1] An area with dunes is called a dune system[2][3][4][5] or a dune complex.[6] A large
dune complex is called a dune field,[7] while broad, flat regions covered with wind-swept sand or
dunes with little or no vegetation are called ergs or sand seas.[8][9][10] Dunes occur in different shapes
Coastal dunes in De Panne,
and sizes, but most kinds of dunes are longer on the stoss (upflow) side, where the sand is pushed up Belgium
the dune, and have a shorter slip face in the lee side.[11] The valley or trough between dunes is called a
dune slack.[12]

Dunes are most common in desert environments, where the lack of moisture hinders the growth of
vegetation that would otherwise interfere with the development of dunes. However, sand deposits are
not restricted to deserts, and dunes are also found along sea shores, along streams in semiarid
climates, in areas of glacial outwash, and in other areas where poorly cemented sandstone bedrock
disintegrates to produce an ample supply of loose sand.[13] Subaqueous dunes can form from the
action of water flow (fluvial processes) on sand or gravel beds of rivers, estuaries, and the sea-
bed.[14][15]

Some coastal areas have one or more sets of dunes running parallel to the shoreline directly inland
from the beach. In most cases, the dunes are important in protecting the land against potential ravages
by storm waves from the sea.[16] Artificial dunes are sometimes constructed to protect coastal Coastal dunes at the Yyteri Beach in
Pori, Finland
areas.[17][18] The dynamic action of wind and water can sometimes cause dunes to drift, which can
have serious consequences. For example, the town of Eucla, Western Australia, had to be relocated in
the 1890s because of dune drift.[19]

The modern word "dune" came into English from French around 1790,[20] which in turn came from
Middle Dutch dūne.[14]

Contents
Formation Cadiz Dunes Wilderness
Aeolian dunes
Aeolian dune shapes
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Dune complexity
Dune movement
Coastal dunes
Gypsum dunes
Nabkha dunes
Sub-aqueous dunes
Sand dunes of the Empty Quarter to
Lithified dunes
the east of Liwa Oasis, United Arab
Desertification Emirates
Conservation
Examples
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
South America
Oceania
World's highest dunes
Sand dune systems
Extraterrestrial dunes
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Formation
A universally precise distinction does not exist between ripples, dunes, and a draa,[21] which are all deposits of the same type of materials.
Dunes are generally defined as greater than 7 cm tall and may have ripples, while ripples are deposits that are less than 3 cm tall.[22] A draa
is a very large eolian landform, with a length of several kilometers and a height of tens to hundreds of meters, and which may have
superimposed dunes.[23]
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Dunes are made of sand-sized particles, and may consist of quartz, calcium carbonate, snow, gypsum,
or other materials. The upwind/upstream/upcurrent side of the dune is called the stoss side; the
downflow side is called the lee side. Sand is pushed (creep) or bounces (saltation) up the stoss side,
and slides down the lee side. A side of a dune that the sand has slid down is called a slip face (or
slipface).
Sand hitting sand is more likely to
stick; sand hitting a more coherent The Bagnold formula gives the speed at which particles can be transported.
surface is more likely to bounce
(saltation). This exacerbating
feedback loop helps sand
Aeolian dunes
accumulate into dunes.

Aeolian dune shapes

Five basic dune types are recognized: crescentic, linear, star, dome, and parabolic. Dune areas may occur in three forms: simple (isolated
dunes of basic type), compound (larger dunes on which smaller dunes of same type form), and complex (combinations of different
types).[24]

Barchan or crescentic

Barchan dunes are crescent-shaped mounds which are generally wider than they are long. The lee-side
slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently
from one direction (unimodal winds). They form separate crescents when the sand supply is
comparatively small. When the sand supply is greater, they may merge into barchanoid ridges, and
then transverse dunes (see below).

Some types of crescentic dunes move more quickly over desert surfaces than any other type of dune. A
group of dunes moved more than 100 metres per year between 1954 and 1959 in China's Ningxia
Province, and similar speeds have been recorded in the Western Desert of Egypt. The largest crescentic Isolated barchan dunes on the
dunes on Earth, with mean crest-to-crest widths of more than three kilometres, are in China's surface of Mars. Dominant wind
direction would be from left to right.
Taklamakan Desert.[24]

See lunettes and parabolic dunes, below, for dunes similar to crescent-shaped ones.

Transverse dunes

Abundant barchan dunes may merge into barchanoid ridges, which then grade into linear (or slightly sinuous) transverse dunes, so called
because they lie transverse, or across, the wind direction, with the wind blowing perpendicular to the ridge crest.[25]
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Seif or longitudinal dunes

Seif dunes are linear (or slightly sinuous) dunes with two slip faces.[25] The two slip faces make them sharp-crested. They are called seif
dunes after the Arabic word for "sword". They may be more than 160 kilometres (100 miles) long, and thus easily visible in satellite images
(see illustrations).

Seif dunes are associated with bidirectional winds. The long axes and ridges of these dunes extend along the resultant direction of sand
movement (hence the name "longitudinal").[26] Some linear dunes merge to form Y-shaped compound dunes.[24]

Formation is debated. Ralph Bagnold, in The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, suggested that some seif dunes form when a
barchan dune moves into a bidirectional wind regime, and one arm or wing of the crescent elongates. Others suggest that seif dunes are
formed by vortices in a unidirectional wind.[25] In the sheltered troughs between highly developed seif dunes, barchans may be formed,
because the wind is constrained to be unidirectional by the dunes.

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Rub' al Khali (Arabian Large linear seif dunes in the Great Sand The average-direction-longitudinal model of seif dune
Empty Quarter) sand Sea in southwest Egypt, seen from the formation
dunes imaged by Terra International Space Station. The distance
(EOS AM-1). Most of between each dune is 1.5–2.5 km.
these dunes are seif
dunes. Their origin from
barchans is suggested
by the stubby remnant
"hooks" seen on many
of the dunes. Wind
would be from left to
right.

By contrast, transverse dunes form with the wind Transverse dunes lie perpendicular to the
blowing perpendicular to the ridges, and have only wind, which moves them forwards, producing
one slipface on the lee side The stoss side is less the cross bedding shown here
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one slipface, on the lee side. The stoss side is less the cross-bedding shown here.
steep.

Seif dunes are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length. In the southern third of
the Arabian Peninsula, a vast erg, called the Rub' al Khali or Empty Quarter, contains seif dunes that stretch for almost 200 km and reach
heights of over 300 m.

Linear loess hills known as pahas are superficially similar. These hills appear to have been formed during the last ice age under permafrost
conditions dominated by sparse tundra vegetation.

Star

Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the
mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They
dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near
topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes
on Earth.

Dome

Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface. Dome dunes are rare and occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas.

Lunettes

Fixed crescentic dunes that form on the leeward margins of playas and river valleys in arid and semiarid regions in response to the
direction (s) of prevailing winds, are known as lunettes, source-bordering dunes, bourrelets and clay dunes. They may be composed of clay,
silt, sand, or gypsum, eroded from the basin floor or shore, transported up the concave side of the dune, and deposited on the convex side.
Examples in Australia are up to 6.5 km long, 1 km wide, and up to 50 metres high. They also occur in southern and West Africa, and in
parts of the western United States, especially Texas.[27]

Parabolic

U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. These dunes are formed from blowout dunes
where the erosion of vegetated sand leads to a U-shaped depression. The elongated arms are held in place by vegetation; the largest arm
known on Earth reaches 12 km. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal
deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward.
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In plan view, these are U-shaped or V-shaped mounds of well-sorted, very fine to medium sand with
elongated arms that extend upwind behind the central part of the dune. There are slipfaces that often
occur on the outer side of the nose and on the outer slopes of the arms.

These dunes often occur in semiarid areas where the precipitation is retained in the lower parts of the
dune and underlying soils. The stability of the dunes was once attributed to the vegetative cover but
recent research has pointed to water as the main source of parabolic dune stability. The vegetation that
Schematic of coastal parabolic
covers them—grasses, shrubs, and trees—help anchor the trailing arms. In inland deserts, parabolic
dunes
dunes commonly originate and extend downwind from blowouts in sand sheets only partly anchored
by vegetation. They can also originate from beach sands and extend inland into vegetated areas in
coastal zones and on shores of large lakes.

Most parabolic dunes do not reach heights higher than a few tens of metres except at their nose, where vegetation stops or slows the
advance of accumulating sand.

Simple parabolic dunes have only one set of arms that trail upwind, behind the leading nose. Compound parabolic dunes are coalesced
features with several sets of trailing arms. Complex parabolic dunes include subsidiary superposed or coalesced forms, usually of
barchanoid or linear shapes.

Parabolic dunes, like crescent dunes, occur in areas where very strong winds are mostly unidirectional. Although these dunes are found in
areas now characterized by variable wind speeds, the effective winds associated with the growth and migration of both the parabolic and
crescent dunes probably are the most consistent in wind direction.

The grain size for these well-sorted, very fine to medium sands is about 0.06 to 0.5 mm. Parabolic dunes have loose sand and steep slopes
only on their outer flanks. The inner slopes are mostly well packed and anchored by vegetation, as are the corridors between individual
dunes. Because all dune arms are oriented in the same direction, and, the inter-dune corridors are generally swept clear of loose sand, the
corridors can usually be traversed in between the trailing arms of the dune. However to cross straight over the dune by going over the
trailing arms, can be very difficult. Also, traversing the nose is very difficult as well because the nose is usually made up of loose sand
without much if any vegetation.

A type of extensive parabolic dune that lacks discernible slipfaces and has mostly coarse grained sand is known as a zibar.[28] The term
zibar comes from the Arabic word to describe "rolling transverse ridges ... with a hard surface".[29] The dunes are small, have low relief,
and can be found in many places across the planet from Wyoming (United States) to Saudi Arabia to Australia.[30] Spacing between zibars
ranges from 50 to 400 metres and they don't become more than 10 metres high.[31] The dunes form at about ninety degrees to the
prevailing wind which blows away the small, fine-grained sand leaving behind the coarser grained sand to form the crest.[32]

Reversing dunes

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Occurring wherever winds periodically reverse direction, reversing dunes are varieties of any of the
above shapes. These dunes typically have major and minor slipfaces oriented in opposite directions.
The minor slipfaces are usually temporary, as they appear after a reverse wind and are generally
destroyed when the wind next blows in the dominant direction.[25]

Draas

Reversing dune showing short Draas are very large-scale dune bedforms; they may be tens or a
minor slipface atop the major stoss few hundreds of metres in height, kilometres wide, and hundreds
(upwind) face of kilometres in length.[25] After a draa has reached a certain size,
it generally develops superimposed dune forms.[33] They are
thought to be more ancient and slower-moving than smaller
dunes, [25] and to form by vertical growth of existing dunes. Draas are widespread in sand seas and are
well-represented in the geological record.[33]

Dune Nine in Sossusvlei, Namibia,

Dune complexity
is over 300m high.

All these dune shapes may occur in three forms: simple (isolated dunes of basic type), compound
(lager dunes on which smaller dunes of same type form), and complex (combinations of different
types).[24] Simple dunes are basic forms with the minimum number of slipfaces that define the geometric type. Compound dunes are large
dunes on which smaller dunes of similar type and slipface orientation are superimposed. Complex dunes are combinations of two or more
dune types. A crescentic dune with a star dune superimposed on its crest is the most common complex dune. Simple dunes represent a
wind regime that has not changed in intensity or direction since the formation of the dune, while compound and complex dunes suggest
that the intensity and direction of the wind has changed.

Dune movement

The sand mass of dunes can move either windward or leeward, depending on if the wind is making contact with the dune from below or
above its apogee. If wind hits from above, the sand particles move leeward; the leeward flux of sand is greater than the windward flux.
Conversely, if sand hits from below, sand particles move windward. Further, if the wind is carrying sand particles when it hits the dune, the
dune's sand particles will saltate more than if the wind had hit the dune without carrying sand particles.[34]

Coastal dunes

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Coastal dunes[35] form when wet sand is deposited along the coast and dries out and is blown along the
beach.[36] Dunes form where the beach is wide enough to allow for the accumulation of wind-blown
sand, and where prevailing onshore winds tend to blow sand inland. The three key ingredients for
coastal dune formation are a large sand supply, winds to move said sand supply, and a place for the
sand supply to accumulate.[37] Obstacles—for example, vegetation, pebbles and so on—tend to slow
down the wind and lead to the deposition of sand grains.[38] These small "incipient dunes or "shadow
dunes" tend to grow in the vertical direction if the obstacle slowing the wind can also grow vertically
(i.e., vegetation). Coastal dunes expand laterally as a result of lateral growth of coastal plants via seed Coastal dunes covered in grasses
or rhizome.[39][40] Models of coastal dunes suggest that their final equilibrium height is related to the around the mouth of the Liver Å
distance between the water line and where vegetation can grow.[41] Coastal dunes can be classified by river in Denmark
where they develop, or begin to take shape. Dunes are commonly grouped into either the Primary
Dune Group or the Secondary Dune Group.[35] Primary dunes gain most of their sand from the beach
itself, while secondary dunes gain their sand from the primary dune. Along the Florida Panhandle,
most dunes are considered to be foredunes or hummocks.[42][43] Different locations around the globe
have dune formations unique to their given coastal profile.

Coastal sand dunes can provide privacy and/or habitats to support local flora and fauna. Animals such
as sand snakes, lizards, and rodents can live in coastal sand dunes, along with insects of all types.[44]
Often the vegetation of sand dunes is discussed without acknowledging the importance that coastal
dunes have for animals. Further, some animals, such as foxes and feral pigs can use coastal dunes as Newborough Dune Rejuvenation,
Wales; video of work done by
hunting grounds to find food.[45] Birds are also known to utilize coastal dunes as nesting grounds. All
Natural Resources Wales; 2015
these species find the coastal environment of the sand dune vital to their species' survival.

Over the course of time coastal dunes may be impacted by tropical cyclones or other intense storm
activity, dependent on their location. Recent work has suggested that coastal dunes tend to evolve toward a high or low morphology
depending on the growth rate of dunes relative to storm frequency.[46][47] During a storm event, dunes play a significant role in
minimizing wave energy as it moves onshore. As a result, coastal dunes, especially those in the foredune area affected by a storm surge, will
retreat or erode.[48] To counteract the damage from tropical activity on coastal dunes, short term post-storm efforts can be made by
individual agencies through fencing to help with sand accumulation.[49]

How a much a dune erodes during any storm surge is related to its location on the coastal shoreline and the profile of the beach during a
particular season. In those areas with harsher winter weather, during the summer a beach tends to take on more of a convex appearance
due to gentler waves, while the same beach in the winter may take on more of a concave appearance. As a result, coastal dunes can get
eroded much more quickly in the winter than in the summer. The converse is true in areas with harsher summer weather.[50]

There are many threats to these coastal communities. Some coastal dunes, for example ones in San Francisco, have been completely
altered by urbanization; reshaping the dune for human use. This puts native species at risk. Another danger, in California and places in the
UK specifically, is the introduction of invasive species. Plant species, such as Carpobrotus edulis, were introduced from South Africa in an

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attempt to stabilize the dunes and provide horticultural benefits, but instead spread taking land away from native species. Ammophila
arenaria, known as European beachgrass, has a similar story, though it has no horticulture benefits. It has great ground coverage and, as
intended, stabilized the dunes but as an unintended side effect prevented native species from thriving in those dunes. One such example is
the dune field at Point Reyes, California. There are now efforts to get rid of both of these invasive species.[51][52]

Ecological succession on coastal dunes

As a dune forms, plant succession occurs. The conditions on an embryo dune are harsh, with salt spray from the sea carried on strong
winds. The dune is well drained and often dry, and composed of calcium carbonate from seashells. Rotting seaweed, brought in by storm
waves adds nutrients to allow pioneer species to colonize the dune. For example, in the United Kingdom these pioneer species are often
marram grass, sea wort grass and other sea grasses. These plants are well adapted to the harsh conditions of the foredune, typically having
deep roots which reach the water table, root nodules that produce nitrogen compounds, and protected stoma, reducing transpiration. Also,
the deep roots bind the sand together, and the dune grows into a foredune as more sand is blown over the grasses. The grasses add
nitrogen to the soil, meaning other, less hardy plants can then colonize the dunes. Typically these are heather, heaths and gorses. These too
are adapted to the low soil water content and have small, prickly leaves which reduce transpiration. Heather adds humus to the soil and is
usually replaced by coniferous trees, which can tolerate low soil pH, caused by the accumulation and decomposition of organic matter with
nitrate leaching.[53] Coniferous forests and heathland are common climax communities for sand dune systems.

Young dunes are called yellow dunes and dunes which have high humus content are called grey dunes. Leaching occurs on the dunes,
washing humus into the slacks, and the slacks may be much more developed than the exposed tops of the dunes. It is usually in the slacks
that more rare species are developed and there is a tendency for the dune slacks' soil to be waterlogged where only marsh plants can
survive. In Europe these plants include: creeping willow, cotton grass, yellow iris, reeds, and rushes. As for vertebrates in European dunes,
natterjack toads sometimes breed here.

Coastal dune floral adaptations

Dune ecosystems are extremely difficult places for plants to survive. This is due to a number of pressures related to their proximity to the
ocean and confinement to growth on sandy substrates. These include:

Little available soil moisture

Little available soil organic matter/nutrients/water
Harsh winds
Salt spray
Erosion/shifting and sometimes burial or exposure (from shifting)
Tidal influences

There are many adaptations plants have evolved to cope with these pressures:
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Deep taproot to reach water table (Pink Sand Verbena)

Shallow but extensive root systems
Rhizomes
Prostrate growth form to avoid wind/salt spray (Abronia spp., Beach Primrose)
Krummholz growth form (Monterrey Cypress-not a dune plant but deals with similar pressures)
Thickened cuticle/Succulence to reduce moisture loss and reduce salt uptake (Ambrosia/Abronia
spp., Calystegia soldanella)
Pale leaves to reduce insolation (Artemisia/Ambrosia spp.)
Thorny/Spiky seeds to ensure establishment in vicinity of parent, reduces chances of being blown Sand dunes of Hyypänmäki in
away or swept out to sea (Ambrosia chamissonis) Hailuoto, Finland

Gypsum dunes

In deserts where large amounts of limestone mountains surround a closed basin, such as at White
Sands National Park in south-central New Mexico, occasional storm runoff transports dissolved
limestone and gypsum into a low-lying pan within the basin where the water evaporates, depositing
the gypsum and forming crystals known as selenite. The crystals left behind by this process are eroded
by the wind and deposited as vast white dune fields that resemble snow-covered landscapes. These
types of dune are rare, and only form in closed arid basins that retain the highly soluble gypsum that Sea dune erosion at Talacre, Wales
would otherwise be washed into the sea.[54]

Nabkha dunes

A nabkha, or coppice dune, is a small dune anchored by vegetation. They usually indicate
desertification or soil erosion, and serve as nesting and burrow sites for animals.

Gypsum dune fields, White Sands

Sub-aqueous dunes National Park, New Mexico, United
States
Sub-aqueous (underwater) dunes form on a bed of sand or gravel under the actions of water flow. They
are ubiquitous in natural channels such as rivers and estuaries, and also form in engineered canals and
pipelines.[55][56][57] Dunes move downstream as the upstream slope is eroded and the sediment deposited on the downstream or lee slope
in typical bedform construction.[58] In the case of sub-aqueous barchan dunes, sediment is lost by their extremities, known as
horns.[59][60]

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These dunes most often form as a continuous 'train' of dunes, showing remarkable similarity in wavelength and height. The shape of a
dune gives information about its formation environment.[61] For instance, rivers produce asymmetrical ripples, with the steeper slip face
facing downstream. Ripple marks preserved in sedimentary strata in the geological record can be used to determine the direction of
current flow, and thus an indication of the source of the sediments.

Dunes on the bed of a channel significantly increase flow resistance, their presence and growth playing a major part in river flooding.

Lithified dunes
A lithified (consolidated) sand dune is a type of sandstone that is formed when a marine or aeolian
sand dune becomes compacted and hardened. Once in this form, water passing through the rock can
carry and deposit minerals, which can alter the color of the rock. Cross-bedded layers of stacks of
lithified dunes can produce the cross-hatching patterns, such as those seen in Zion National Park in
the western United States.

A slang term, used in the southwest US, for consolidated and hardened sand dunes is "slickrock", a
name that was introduced by pioneers of the Old West because their steel-rimmed wagon wheels could
not gain traction on the rock.
Cross-bedding in lithified aeolian
sand dunes preserved as sandstone
Desertification in Zion National Park, Utah

Sand dunes can have a negative impact on humans when they encroach on human habitats. Sand
dunes move via a few different means, all of them helped along by wind. One way that dunes can move is by saltation, where sand particles
skip along the ground like a bouncing ball. When these skipping particles land, they may knock into other particles and cause them to
move as well, in a process known as creep. With slightly stronger winds, particles collide in mid-air, causing sheet flows. In a major dust
storm, dunes may move tens of metres through such sheet flows. Also as in the case of snow, sand avalanches, falling down the slipface of
the dunes—that face away from the winds—also move the dunes forward.

Sand threatens buildings and crops in Africa, the Middle East, and China. Drenching sand dunes with oil stops their migration, but this
approach uses a valuable resource and is quite destructive to the dunes' animal habitats. Sand fences might also slow their movement to a
crawl, but geologists are still analyzing results for the optimum fence designs.[62] Preventing sand dunes from overwhelming towns,
villages, and agricultural areas has become a priority for the United Nations Environment Programme. Planting dunes with vegetation also
helps to stabilise them.

Conservation

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Dune habitats provide niches for highly specialized plants and animals, including numerous rare
species and some endangered species. Due to widespread human population expansion, dunes face
destruction through land development and recreational usages, as well as alteration to prevent the
encroachment of sand onto inhabited areas. Some countries, notably the United States, Australia,
Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Sri Lanka have developed significant
programs of dune protection through the use of sand dune stabilization. In the U.K., a Biodiversity
Action Plan has been developed to assess dunes loss and to prevent future dunes destruction.

Examples
Sand blowing off a crest in the Kelso
Dunes of the Mojave Desert,
Africa California, USA

Alexandria Coastal Dunefields, in the Eastern Cape, South Africa[63]

Witsand Nature Reserve in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa
The white dunes of De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa
The dunes of the Suguta Valley, a desert part of the Great Rift Valley in northwestern Kenya
The dunes of the Danakil Depression, northeastern Ethiopia toward the border with Eritrea
The dunes of Sossusvlei in the greater Namib-Naukluft National Park, Namibia
The coastal dunes of Iona National Park in the southwesternmost part of Angola
Khawa dunes in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, the southwesternmost part of Botswana
La Dune Rose in the city of Gao in northern Mali near the Niger River
A dune in Sossusvlei, in the greater
Erg Aoukar in southeastern Mauritania extending into Mali Namib-Naukluft National Park,
Erg Chech in southwestern Algeria and northern Mali Namibia. Note the trees being
Erg Chebbi and Erg Chigaga in southern Morocco engulfed for scale.
Grand Erg Oriental in northeastern Algeria and southern Tunisia
Grand Erg Occidental in western Algeria
The Idehan Ubari and the Idehan Murzuq in southwestern Libya
The Corralejo dunes in the Canary Islands, Spain
The Rebiana Sand Sea in southeastern Libya
The Great Sand Sea in southeastern Libya and southwestern Egypt
The Selima Sand Sheet in northwestern Sudan
The dunes of the Bayuda Desert in northern Sudan
The dunes of the Lompoul Desert in northwestern Senegal
The coastal dunes of Bazaruto Island, Mozambique
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Erg du Djourab in northern Chad

The dunes of the Mourdi Depression in northeastern Chad
The dunes of Tin Toumma Desert, in southeastern Niger
Grand Erg de Bilma in the Ténéré, in northern Niger
The dunes of Oursi in the Sahel Region, northern Burkina Faso
Tanzania's Shifting Sands near Olduvai Gorge

Asia Camelthorn trees and bushes

scattered on dunes in the Kalahari
The dunes in the Thar Desert in India and Pakistan Desert in Namibia (2017)
Tottori Sand Dunes, Tottori Prefecture, Japan
Rig-e Jenn in the Central Desert of Iran.
Rig-e Lut in the Southeast of Iran.
The Ilocos Norte Sand Dunes in the Philippines, particularly Paoay Sand Dunes.
Moreeb Dune in Liwa Oasis, United Arab Emirates, used as an arena for drag motor sports and
Sandboarding.
Gumuk Pasir Parangkusumo near Parangtritis beach in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Mui Ne, Vietnam.
Wahiba Sands, Oman
Teri, red dune complex in southern India
The dunes of the Taklamakan Desert in southwest Xinjiang in Northwest China
Tukulans of the Central Yakutian Lowland, Russia

Europe
The Dunes of Dyuni, near Pomorie, Bulgaria, vast area of sand dunes in the Burgas Province
The Dune of Pilat, not far from Bordeaux, France, is the largest known sand dune in Europe
The Dunes of Piscinas, in the south west of Sardinia island.
Wind ripples on crescent-shaped
Sands of Forvie within the Ythan Estuary complex, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. sand dunes (Barchans) in
Oxwich Dunes, near Swansea, is on the Gower Peninsula in Wales. Southwest Afghanistan (Sistan)
Winterton Dunes – Norfolk, England
Słowiński National Park, Poland
Akrotiri Sand Dune, Lemesos, Cyprus

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Råbjerg mile, Northern Jutland, Denmark

Thy National Park, North Denmark Region, Denmark
Dunes of Corrubedo, Spain
Cresmina Dune, Portugal
Northern Littoral Natural Park, Portugal
Dune of Salir, Portugal
São Jacinto Dunes Natural Reserve, Portugal
Rëra e Hedhur in Shëngjin, Albania
Hoge Veluwe National Park, Veluwe, Netherlands Fronting the Mediterranean Sea in
Dunes of Texel National Park, Texel, Netherlands Oliva, Valencian Community, Spain
Zuid-Kennemerland National Park, North Holland, Netherlands
Ammothines Lemnou, Lemnos, Greece
Dunes of the Curonian Spit, Lithuania and Russia
Oleshky Sands, Ukraine
Ullahau, Sweden, Big Parabel Dune and dune system

North America
Victoria Island Sand Dunes,160 km North West of Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada.
Approximately 600 square kilometers, the largest in Canada, third largest in North America and the
50 m (160 ft) tall dune in Salir do
largest in the Arctic. There are two lakes with direct access to the Dunes from float planes.
Porto, Portugal
Herring Cove,[64] Race Point[65] and The Province Lands bicycle path[66] in Provincetown,
Massachusetts as part of the US National Park Service of the Cape Cod National Seashore.
Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Kobuk Valley National Park, Alaska[67]
The Athabasca Sand Dunes, located in the Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park,
Saskatchewan.
The Cadiz Dunes (https://web.archive.org/web/20160817155504/http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/ne
edles/wilderness/cadiz_dunes.html) in the Mojave Trails National Monument (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20160216044509/http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/prog/nlcs/Mojave_Trails.html) in California.
The Kelso Dunes in the Mojave Desert of California.
Eureka Valley Sand Dunes and Mesquite Flat Sand Dunes in Death Valley National Park,
California. Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes

Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado.

White Sands National Park, New Mexico.

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Little Sahara Recreation Area, Utah.

Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan, on the east shore of Lake Michigan.
Indiana Dunes National Park, Indiana, on the south shore of Lake Michigan.[68][69]
Warren Dunes State Park, Michigan, on the east shore of Lake Michigan.
Grand Sable Dunes, in the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan.
Samalayuca Dunes, in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico
Algodones Dunes near Brawley, California.
Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes, on the central coast of California. Cadiz Dunes Wilderness, California
Monahans Sandhills State Park near Odessa, Texas.
Beaver Dunes State Park near Beaver, Oklahoma.
The Killpecker sand dunes of the Red Desert in southwestern Wyoming.
Jockey's Ridge State Park – on the Outer Banks, North Carolina.
The Great Dune found in Cape Henlopen State Park in Lewes, Delaware.
Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area near Florence, Oregon, on the Pacific Coast.
Bruneau Dunes State Park – Owyhee Desert, Idaho
Hoffmaster State Park – Muskegon, Michigan
Silver Lake State Park — a sand dunes that allows off-road vehicle use located in Mears, Michigan.

South America
Lençóis Maranhenses National Park in the state of Maranhão, Brazil
Jericoacoara National Park, in the state of Ceará, Brazil
Genipabu in Natal, Brazil
Medanos de Coro National Park near the town of Coro, in Falcón State, Venezuela
Duna Federico Kirbus in Catamarca Province, Argentina
Villa Gesell in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Cerro Blanco in Nazca Province, Peru
Huacachina in Ica Region, Peru
White sand dunes in the Lençóis
Cerro Medanoso in Atacama Region, Chile
Maranhenses National Park,
Colún Beach, Valdivian Coastal Reserve in Chile Maranhão, Brazil
es:Cerro Dragón (Chile), urban dune in Iquique, Chile

Oceania
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Simpson Desert sand dunes in the Northern Territory, Queensland and South Australia, Australia
Fraser Island in Queensland, Australia
Cronulla sand dunes in New South Wales, Australia
Stockton Beach in New South Wales, Australia
Te Paki sand dunes near Cape Reinga, New Zealand

World's highest dunes

Note: This table is partially based on estimates and incomplete information.
Height from Base Height from Sea
Dune Location Notes
feet/metres Level feet/metres
Bolsón de Fiambalá, Fiambalá, Catamarca Province,
Duna Federico Kirbus ≈4,035/1,230 ≈9,334/2,845 Highest in the world[70]
Argentina
Highest in Peru, second
Cerro Blanco ≈3,860/1,176 ≈6,791/2,080 Nazca Province, Ica Region, Peru 14.868°S 74.838°W
highest in the world
World's tallest stationary
Badain Jaran Desert, Alashan Plain, Inner Mongolia,
Badain Jaran Dunes ≈1,640/500 ≈6,640/2,020 dunes and highest in
Gobi Desert, China
Asia[71]
Near World the hottest
Rig-e Yalan Dune ≈1,542/470 ≈3,117/950 Lut Desert, Kerman, Iran
place (Gandom Beryan)
Average Highest Area
1,410/430? ≈6,500/1,980? Isaouane-n-Tifernine Sand Sea, Algerian Sahara Highest in Africa
Dunes
according to the
Big Daddy/Dune 7 Namibian Ministry of
Sossusvlei Dunes, Namib Desert, Namibia / Near Walvis
1,256/383 ≈1,870/570 Environment & Tourism
(Big Mama?)[72] Bay Namib Desert, Namibia
the highest dune in the
world
Mount Tempest ≈920/280 ≈920/280 Moreton Island, Brisbane, Australia Highest in Australia
Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Highest in North
Star Dune >750/230 ≈8,950/2,730
Colorado, USA America
Dune of Pyla ≈345/105 ≈699/130 Bay of Arcachon, Aquitaine, France Highest in Europe
Ming-Sha Dunes ? 5,660/1,725 Dunhuang Oasis, Taklamakan Desert, Gansu, China
Medanoso Dune ≈1805/550 ≈5446/1,660 Atacama Desert, Chile Highest in Chile

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Sand dune systems

(coastal dunes featuring succession)

Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park, Alberta and Saskatchewan

Ashdod Sand Dune, Israel
Bamburgh Dunes, Northumberland, England
Bradley Beach, New Jersey
Circeo National Park, a Mediterranean dune area on the southwest coast of the Lazio region of Italy
Cronulla sand dunes, NSW, Australia
Crymlyn Burrows, Wales
Dawlish Warren, Devon, England
Fraser Island, Queensland Australia, largest sand island in the world
Indiana Dunes National Park, Indiana
Kenfig Burrows, Wales
Margam burrows, Wales
Murlough Sand Dunes, Newcastle, Co Down, Northern Ireland
Morfa Harlech sand dunes, Gwynedd, Wales
Newborough Warren, North Wales
Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, near North Bend, Oregon
Penhale Sands, Cornwall, England
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan
Sandy Island Beach State Park, Richland, New York
Studland, Dorset, England
Thy National Park, North Denmark Region, Denmark
Winterton, Norfolk, England
Woolacombe, Devon, England
Ynyslas Sand Dunes, Wales

Extraterrestrial dunes

Dunes can likely be found in any environment where there is a substantial atmosphere, winds, and dust to be blown. Dunes are common
on Mars and in the equatorial regions of Titan.

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Titan's dunes include large expanses with modal lengths of about 20–30 km. The regions are not
topographically confined, resembling sand seas. These dunes are interpreted to be longitudinal dunes
whose crests are oriented parallel to the dominant wind direction, which generally indicates west-to-
east wind flow. The sand is likely composed of hydrocarbon particles, possibly with some water ice
mixed in.[73]
Sand dune on Mars
Dunes are a popular theme in science fiction, featuring in depictions of dry Desert planets[74]
appearing as early as the 1956 film Forbidden Planet and Frank Herbert's 1965 novel Dune.[75][76][77]
The environment of the desert planet Arrakis (also known as Dune) in the Dune franchise[78] Dune in turn inspired the Star Wars
franchise,[79] which includes prominent theme of dunes on fictional planets such as Tatooine, Geonosis, and Jakku.

See also
Antidune
Devil's stovepipe
Ice dune
List of landforms
Masseira
Médanos
Sandhill
Sand wave
Singing sand
Strand plain

Notes
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geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Viriginia: American Geological cda-dune-systems_558207_7.pdf) (PDF). Michigan Department
Institute. ISBN 0922152349. of Environmental Quality. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
2. Pavlovic, Noel B. (2005). "Dune system" (http://www.encycloped 5. "The dune system" (https://www.restoconlife.eu/en/habitat-to-be-
ia.chicagohistory.org/pages/394.html). Encyclopedia of Chicago. protected/the-dune-system/). Restoconlife. Parco Nazionale
Retrieved 15 January 2021. Arcipelago Toscano. 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
3. "Sand dunes" (https://www.biology-fieldwork.org/a-level/success 6. Jackson 1997, "Dune complex".
ion/sand-dunes/). Biology fieldwork. Field Studies Council. 2016. 7. Jackson 1997, "Dune field".
Retrieved 15 January 2021. 8. "Erg Landforms" (http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/erg/).
WorldLandForms. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
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9. Jackson 1997, "Erg". 24. "Types of Dunes" (http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/dunes/). U.S.

10. Jackson 1997, "Sand sea". Geological Survey. 29 October 1997. Archived (https://web.archi
11. Jackson 1997, "Slip face". ve.org/web/20120314161113/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/d
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References
Bagnold, Ralph (2012) [1941]. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-14119-0.

Further reading
Ralph Lorenz; James Zimbelman (2014). Dune Worlds: How Wind-blown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-
540-89724-8.
Anthony J. Parsons, A. D. Abrahams, ed. (2009). Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5718-2.

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Pye, Kenneth; Tsoar, Haim (2009). Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-85909-3.
"Nouakchott, Mauritania" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060930235428/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/imag
es.php3?img_id=17168). NASA Earth Observatory. Archived from the original (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImage
s/images.php3?img_id=17168) on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2006.
Badescu, V.; Cathcart, R. B.; Bolonkin, A. A. (2008). "Sand dune fixation: A solar-powered Sahara seawater pipeline macroproject".
Land Degradation & Development. 19 (6): 676–691. doi:10.1002/ldr.864 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fldr.864).
"Summary: Dunes, Parabolic" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101021072044/http://www.agc.army.mil/research/products/desert_guide/l
smsheet/lspara.htm). Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. Archived from the original (http://www.agc.army.mil/
research/products/desert_guide/lsmsheet/lspara.htm) on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
"Fighting wind erosion. One aspect of the combat against desertification" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212257/http://www.csf
-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/publications-csfd/les-dossiers-du-csfd-english/doc_details/142-mainguet-monique-a-dumay-
frederic-2011-fighting-wind-erosion-). Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. Archived from the original (http://www.csf-desertification.org/
index.php/bibliotheque/publications-csfd/les-dossiers-du-csfd-english/doc_details/142-mainguet-monique-a-dumay-frederic-2011-fighti
ng-wind-erosion-) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.

External links
Coastal Sand Dunes (https://web.archive.org/web/20060819172200/http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/physical/coastal/dunes.ht
ml)
Dune pattern identification, U.S. Army (https://web.archive.org/web/20060308183125/http://www.tec.army.mil/research/products/desert
_guide/lpisheet/lpdunes1.htm)
The Bibliography of Aeolian Research (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/675gwk5jp7/1)

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