Aspice, Fusa and Lean
Aspice, Fusa and Lean
Aspice, Fusa and Lean
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Abstract. This paper extends the EuroSPI 2013 publication [4] which discussed
(based on the EU project AQUA) how the core elements of three complementary
approaches and standards can be integrated into one compact skill set with training
and best practices to be applied. In this paper we describe the modular knowledge
base which was elaborated and highlight some aspects where the integrated use of all
three methods can be demonstrated. The results of the project are disseminated to
Autootive industry in partnership with a set of European Automotive associations.
This modular strategy (in German “Baukasten”) allows companies to select each
method separately or also to gain an advanced insight into how these methods in fact
are working together in advanced engineering companies.
While there are publications about how to integrate Automotive SPICE with
Functional safety [2],[3],[4], [5], there are no materials available so far about how to
integrate all three methods in an integrated engineering life cycle.
Figure 1: The AQUA Architectural Concept
In the year 2013 the modular structure and a first baseline of the modules have
been developed. Units (U1 to U4) represent main areas of knowledge and skills
elements (e.g. E1) form specific knowledge areas in which an integrated view can be
implemented.
both trainers and trainees to capitalise on existing training programs in the three
expert areas while providing them convenient and understandable access to the core
vehicular knowledge that links them together. Figure 1 indicates the concept that the
project team has implemented: based on existing established programs in the areas
Automotive SPICE, Functional Safety, and Six Sigma, some specific “linking
elements” have been defined. For each of these elements (e.g. life cycle,
requirements, etc. in Figure 1), new training modules have been developed (“AQUA
Integrated View” in Figure 1), explaining the relevance of key terms related to the
respective element, and how they relate to the specific (vernacular) terms used in the
three expert areas. Thanks to this modular architecture, companies can compose
trainings that correspond to their specific needs in terms of building up capacities
fostering the integrated treatment of quality and risk aspects in their specific
organisations.
In project planning the safety life cycle must be planned as well. In system
requirements the safety goals from the hazard and risk analysis and the counter
measures from the FMEDA are considered and a Functional Safety Concept is
created. In systems design the functional safety concept is refined into a set of
technical safety requirements and a technical safety concept.
Usually in recent Automotive projects extra release levels 1 to 4 have been added,
with 1 meaning the release for bench test, 2 meaning the release for test driver on
inner circuit, 3 meaning test driver on road and 4 meaning the normal driver on the
road.
However, if you have already an Automotive SPICE based traceability of
requirements in place this only means additional filters for safety requirements and
level releases. The main concept of traceability stays the same.
Also we asked the Six Sigma experts to position them in this framework, and the
result is shown in Fig. 5. In Six Sigma the management of the improvement project
follows the DMAIC (Define – Measure – Analyze – Improve – Control) and
DMADV (Define - Measure - Analyze - Design – Verify) cycles. Six Sigma tools
like QFD (Quality Function Deployment) and VOC (Voice of the Customer) help in
identifying the customer requirements which have the highest impact on success. For
systems design the DFMEA (Design FMEA) helps to analyze potential malfunctions
and causes. It defines counter measures in turn that help to increase the product
reliability. A method like DOE (Design of Experiments) helps in system design to
analyze the dependency of design parameters and decide about optimized design
parameters which have an impact on e.g. reliability and quality.
Figure 5: Mapping of Selected Six Sigma Tools / Methods onto the V-Model on
Systems Level
This integrated V-Model view leads to the conclusion that it is possible to set up an
integrated engineering life cycle in which areas where the three methods overlap can
identified and a more integrated automotive quality engineering approach can be
used.
Systems Design (AQUA U2.E3) is only one core element where an integrated view
can be implemented. In total we created 11 such views in AQUA.
Experts from Automotive SPICE, functional safety and Six Sigma started from the
integrated V-Model view and elaborated a set of best practices to be represented in a
systems design which would satisfy all 3 methods.
Each of the three methods expects a specific life cycle in the design (see Fig. 6): 1 -
Blue (Automotive SPICE), 2 – Green (Six Sigma), and 3 – Red (Functional Safety).
Figure 6: Specific Life Cycle Understanding per Method
The consistent and reliable choice of the pressure sensors requires DfSS methods
(failure rate/FIT determination and verification), as well as a DOE to analyse the
dependency of design parameters. That means, there is a 2-green cycle linked to the
3-red cycle, and therefore also influencing design decisions.
Both 1-blue (ASPICE) and 2-red (Functional Safety) cycles are integrated in a 2-
green (DfSS) cycle to assure the continuous improvement of the design parameters.
Another typical example of a link between Six Sigma (2-green), Functional safety
(3-red), and Automotive SPICE (1-blue) cycles is that Six Sigma delivers FMEA
results which become requirements to be traced in ASPICE, and lead to implemented
counter measures to avoid hazards in functional safety.
AQUA did not only develop examples in technical areas where all three methods
are integrated. AQUA also analyzed the impact of the integrated view on the overall
product engineering process life cycle.
Here we differentiate between different views again:
Timeline View
Components View
Level of Detail View
Fig. 8 illustrates the timeline view and the typical scope of the methods.
Automotive SPICE and Functional safety are mainly used in the development till the
SPO. Six Sigma is mainly used in the production but offers many tools (DFSS, DOE,
QFD, etc.) which help in the engineering process (therefore an overlapping of the
phase is shown).
In Fig. 9 typical components of a steering system are illustrated and which method
directly influences the design of which type of component in such an integrated
Automotive engineering product.
Automotive SPICE focuses on system and software requirements and their
traceability. Functional safety focuses on the hardware and software components in
the system. And Six Sigma focuses on the whole product and mostly mechanical
parts.
Figure 9: Integrated Product Engineering Process (PEP) – Components View
Fig. 10 illustrates that in many parts Functional Safety uses the terminology and
traceability aspects of Automotive SPICE. However, functional safety also looks at
the methods used and reviews the product itself (not only the process). In Fig. 10, for
instance, we highlight that Automotive SPICE would expect a software architectural
design, while Functional Safety would also check the design methods used and if the
design itself fulfils specific criteria (e.g. freedom of interference of safety critical
functions/code).
Figure 10: Integrated Product Engineering Process (PEP) – Level of Detail View
In 2014 - in the course of the AQUA project1 - training and workshops are offered
to Automotive industry by partnering Automotive Clusters of Austria, Slovenia, and
the Czech Republic. This will lead to a further refinement of the knowledge modules.
The certification is based on the AQUA skills set (developed in 2013) and a set of
exam questions managed by the exam systems of ECQA.
1http://automotive-knowledge-alliance.eu/
6 Acknowledgements for EU Project & SOQRATES Group
We are grateful to the experts who have contributed to the SoQrates Design AK
and Safety AK: A. Kaufmann, W. Aschenberger, H. Zauchner (KTM Motorsport), O.
Bachmann (SIBAC), S. Habel, I. Sokic, R. Dreves (Continental Automotive), F.
König, H. Galle, P. Hagenmeyer (ZF), A. Much (Elektrobit), L. Borgmann (HELLA),
K. Dussa-Zieger, B. Sechser (Methodpark), P. Schmidt-Weber (EPCOS), A. Riel
(EMIRAcle), and D. Ekert, R. Messnarz (ISCN).
7 References
[3] Richard Messnarz, Frank König, Ovi Bachmann (2012) Experiences with Trial
Assessments Combining Automotive SPICE and Functional Safety Standards, in
Dietmar Winkler, Rory V. O'Connor, Richard Messnarz (eds), Systems, Software and
Services Process Improvement, Communications in Computer and Information
Science, CCIS 301, Springer, 2012.
[4] Richard Messnarz, Christian Kreiner, Andreas Riel, Damjan Ekert, Michael
Langgner, Dick Theisens, Automotive Knowledge Alliance AQUA – Integrating
Automotive SPICE, Six Sigma, and Functional Safety, in Fergal Mc Caffery, Rory V.
O'Connor, Richard Messnarz (eds), Systems, Software and Services Process
Improvement, Communications in Computer and Information Science, CCIS 364,
Springer, 2013.
[7] Dick Theisens, How Green is your Black Belt, in Andreas Riel, Rory V.
O'Connor, Serge Tichkiewitch, Richard Messnarz (eds), Systems, Software and
Services Process Improvement, Communications in Computer and Information
Science, CCIS 99, Springer, 2011.
[8] Richard Messnarz, Miguel Angel Sicilia, Michael Reiner, Europe wide
Industry Certification Using Standard Procedures based on ISO 17024, in:
Proceedings of the TAEE Conference in Vigo Spain, Publisher IEEE, June 2012