Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu÷ra Tetik Case Study: Petronas Towers by Bu÷ra Tetik

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Submitted to: Günel, IlgÕn – Fall 2009 Submitted to: Günel, IlgÕn – Fall 2009
Introduction
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
PetronasTowers PetronasTowers

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Use:Office
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE / BUILDING SCIENCE PROGRAM
KualaLumpurCityCentre,Malaysia Client Status:Completed

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KualaLumpurCity Centre Globalranking:PetronasTwinTowerswere
Outline Holdings Sendirian Berhad theworld'stallestbuildingsfrom1998to2004.

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Architect Preceded byWillisTowerSurpassed byTaipei101
I. Introduction
BS 536 CesarPelli &Associates,US Material:Composite
II. ArchitecturalDescription

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S: DESIGN CONSIDERATIO
STUDIES ON TALL BUILDINGS: CONSIDERATIONS Engineers Height:1,483ft(452meters)
Fall 2009-2010 III. StructuralDescription ThorntonͲTomasetti Engineers,US,and
P1:Baker,Philippa(ed.).Architectureand
ilippa Architecture an OfficialOpening:August28,1999
Polyphony:BuildingintheIslamicWorld
ilding in the Islamic World RanhillBersekutu
Case Study:
Stu Petronas
ronas Towers
Tow
IV. SpecialDescription Today.Retrievedfrom
Tod d from Contractors
Construction April1993–August1999

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V. References
http://archnet.org/library/documents/on
http:/ g/library/docum Sitearea,KLCC40.5hectares
by eͲdocument.jsp?document_id=10229
docu cument_id Tower1– Mayjus JointVenture:
Bu÷ra Tetik
Bu ik MMCEngineering &ConstructionCo.Ltd,Malaysia
on o. Lt aysia Sitearea,Petronas andretail5.8hectares
5.8 he

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ure:
Tower2– SKJJointVenture: Builtarea218,000m2eachtower
ch tower 994,0
994,000m2
Assoc.P
Submitted to: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Halis Günel ng & Construc o Ltd, S.Kor
Samsung Engineering&ConstructionCoLtd,S.Korea Cost US$ 800,000,000000

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ch H
Arch. H.Emre IlgÕn (MSc.) (Ref.b) P3:Abada,Galal.(2004).Petronasofficetowers (Ref.b)
[Onsitereviewreport].Retrievedfrom
ThePetronasTowersweredesignedtobethecentrepiece
tron Towers w ed http://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403

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ofalargercomplexcalledthe
ger complex the KualaLumpurCityCentre
(KLCC),amixedͲusedevelopmentwithasiteareaof14.15
(KLC mixed se develo
whichincludesthetowers,twootherofficetowers,
acres, whic includes
undergroundparkingandservice
underground ark facilities.Theprojectsite
iswelllocatedintheheartofthecommercialdistrictofthe
well cate
city,the
the ‘GoldenTriangle’.(Ref.c) P4:Abada,Galal.(2004).Petronasofficetowers [Onsitereviewreport].
P2:www.wikipedia.com Retrievedfromhttp://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403

ArchitecturalDescription

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ArchitecturalDescription ArchitecturalDescription ArchitecturalDescription
• ThestructureishighͲstrengthconcrete,amaterial Theidenticaltowersarelinkedbyabridgeatthe
idg t t

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Pelli'sdesignansweredthedeveloper'scalltoexpressthe
'cultureandheritageofMalaysia'byevokingIslamic familiartoAsiancontractorsandtwiceaseffectiveas 41stfloor,creatingadramaticgatewaytothecity.
c gateway to the city. TypicalFloorPlans
arabesquesandemployingrepetitivegeometries steelinswayreduction.Supportedbyapproximately

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characteristicofMuslimarchitecture.Inplan,an8Ͳpointstar 23x23mconcretecoresandanouterringofwidelyͲ
formedbyintersectingsquaresisanobviousreferenceto spacedsupercolumns,thetowersshowcasea
Thisprojecthasreceivedan AgaKhan Awardbecauseit

S
Islamicdesign;curvedandpointedbayscreateascalloped sophisticatedstructuralsystemthataccommodatesits
representsanewdirection inskyscraperdesign,
facadethatsuggeststempletowers.Theidenticaltowersare slenderprofileandprovidesfrom1300to2050square
featuringadvancedtechnologywhilesymbolizing local
meters ofcolumnͲfreeofficespaceperfloor. (Ref.c)

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andnationalaspirations. Theprojectembodiesseveral linkedbyabridgeatthe41stfloor,creatingadramatic
innovations, rangingfromtheuseofunusuallyhighͲͲ gatewaytothecity.(Ref.e) • Otherfeaturesincludeacurtainwallofglassand
strengthconcretetofacilitate asoftͲtubestructural stainlesssteelsunshadestodiffusetheintense
system,toaninventiveverticaltransportation
tion concept t equatoriallight;adoubleͲdeckerelevatorsystemwith
sys h

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andtheintegrationofcuttingͲedgeenergyconservation
con to
askylobbytransferpointonthe41stfloorto
oject lie e ma
systems. Thesuccessofthisprojectliesinthemannerin accommodatethethousandsofpeoplewhousethe
eop use

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whichitincorporates thesetechnologicalinnovations
technologica vatio complexdaily.(Ref.d)
nder form
whilegeneratingaslenderformthat respo poe
respondspoetically
tothebroaderlandscape.
ndscape. Thesimplegeometrical
The sim eometrica

E E E
Abada,Galal.(2004).Petronasofficetowers [Onsitereviewreport].
patternthatgeneratestheplannotonlyusesspace
genera no Retrievedfromhttp://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403
efficientlytomaximize
tly maximize exposuretonaturallight,butalso
ex to n
createsarichspatialexpression.
a ric spatial ss Thebuildinghas

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b an ico tha xpress
becomeaniconthatexpressesthesophistication of
contemporaryMalaysiansocietyandbuildsonthe
contemporary Malaysian
ConceptualPlandiagrams ArchitecturalPlan
Arc
chitectural an ArchitecturalPlan
country’s rich traditionstoshapeaworldcity.
country’srich trad (Ref.b)
(Ref:Pelli,Cesar,&Crosbie,Michael.(2001). (typical) (typical)
Petronastwintowers:architectureofhighͲconstruction. Level43
eve (Ref:Pelli,Cesar,&Crosbie,Michael.(2001). Level76
GreatBritain:WileyͲAcademy.) Petronastwintowers:architectureofhighͲ
P
P5:Ref:Pelli,Cesar,&Crosbie,Michael.(2001).Petronastwintowers: Abada,Galal.(2004).Petronasofficetowers [Onsitereviewreport]. construction.GreatBritain:WileyͲAcademy.)
architectureofhighͲconstruction.GreatBritain:WileyͲAcademy. www.archnet.org/library
Retrievedfromhttp://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403

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ArchitecturalDescription StructuralDescription StructuralDescription • Thecoreisconstructedwithaddedstrengthatthe
t the StructuralDescription
Thestructureofthebuildingconsistsofadual
of ual lateral win
cornerstohelpresistthemomentcreatedbylateralwind Concretegradesfortheringbeamsfollowthe
ow

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rced concrete core
systemconsistingofreinforcedconcretecore forces.Twoessentiallysolidsheerwallscrosswithinthe
alls cro within the gradesin thecolumnstoavoidconfusioninthe
confusion in the
reinforce conc
wall system,andexteriorreinforcedconcrete coretofurtherincreaseitsstiffness.Thegradeof
s. T gra of e concret pum
fieldandpossiblewasteintheconcretepump

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Beams concreteisconsistentbetweentheperimetercolumns
ween e perimeter columns
r framing stem consists of
columns.The floorframingsystemconsistsof Columns Beams lines.Each Towerhasonecentralcoreforalllifts,
one centra core for all lifts,
framing sy om
compositesteel framingsystem.Acomposite andstructuralcoreandrangesfrom80MPaatthebase
rang M t th b towerexitstairsandmechanicalservices.Core
d mechani s. C
оTowerOne:PetronasHeadquarters’oĸces. to40MPaatthetop.
top. (Ref.a)
(Ref. a)

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eck frames between he steel
metaldeckframesbetweenthesteelbeams, Outriggers lted in o virtually solid walls
design resultedintwovirtuallysolidwallsrunning
оTowerTwo:Mostlyprivatetenants,KLCCHoldings’ Core
Core uth o un
northͲsouthandonerunningeastͲ as westmaking
offices, somevacantareasforrent. acts mpositely
andactscompositelywith th
them.Reinforced
rete was selected as the
concretewasselectedastheprimary structural • Variousapproacheswereexploredindevelopingthe
proaches were explored in quite stiff and efficient.
the corequitestiffandefficient.Concretegrade
оTotalgrossŇoorarea:218,000squaremetresineach

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material f ate
materialforthelateralresistingsystemas used overallstructuralsystemofthePetronas
overall structural system of Pet towers.The varies i hree fro
variesinthreestepsfrom80Mpato40Mpa.
tower,eightyͲeightstoreys. schemebeingimplementedconsistsofcastinͲplace
scheme be mplemented
оTotalnetŇoorarea:119,300squaremetresineach extensively n the t
extensivelyinthetowerbecauseofits f)
(Ref.f)
perimeterframewithsixteen
perimeter frame with sixt columnsandcastinͲplace
tower,height:452metres. availability and
andavailabilityofskilledlaborin concretecore.
concr re. (Ref.f)

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оTypicalŇoorͲtoͲfloorheight:4.0metres. alaysi
Malaysiain particularand SouthͲeastAsiain
gene
general.(Ref.i) Core Support
es.
оFinishedceilingheight:2.65metres. • OutriggerbeamsatmidͲheightofthestructure
rigge provides Slab Beams
es, levels eight–seventy
оRaisedŇoor:125millimetres,levelseight–seventyͲtwo. Thestructuralframeforeachofthemaintowers additionalstiffnesstothestructure.Theconcreteused Columns
lum Beams
span, 5 etre th,
оSkybridge:centreͲlinespan,58.44metres;width,5.29 consistsofsixteencylindricalhighͲstrength variesinthreestepsfromgrade 80atthelowerfloorsto
45 met 170 metresabovestreet
metres:height,9.45metres;170 metres above s concreteperimetercolumnsconnectedbya grade40attheupperfloors.Grade80isspecifiedupto

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level. haunchedringbeamateachlevel.This level22for the2.4mdiameterreinforcedconcrete
nna 73.5 75metres.
оHeightofpinnacles:73.5Ͳ etre haunchingallowsforthepassageofmechanical columns.ThefloorsystemconsistsofcastinͲplace
systemsatthecenterspanofthebeam.This concreteslabonribbedmetaldecktoactcompositely
Facade

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R
(Ref.c) frameistiedbacktothestructuralelevatorcore withfilledconcrete,supportedonsteel beams.(Ref.f)
atthethirtyͲeighthandfortiethfloorsby
concreteoutriggerbeams. (Ref.a) StructuralAxonometric
Facade
Faca ShowingLevel38
StructuralPlan
Baker,Philippa(ed.).ArchitectureandPolyphony: Level38 (mechanicalfloor) DrawnbyBuŒraTetik
BuildingintheIslamicWorldToday.Retrievedfrom StructuralAxonometricShowingTypicalLevel Columns
http://archnet.org/library/documents/oneͲdocument.jsp?document_id=10229
DrawnbyBuŒraTetik Outriggers
DrawnbyBuŒraTetik

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StructuralDescription StructuralDescription SpecialDescription
SpecialDescription

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Structural
WhatisOutriggerSystem?
PlanDiagram gram
StructuralSectionDiagram ClimaticPerformance

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AccordingtoTaranath: AlthoughSearstowerlookslikehigher
ThePetronasTowersrespondremarkablywelltothetropical thanPetronas,officiallyPetronastowers
climateofKualaLumpurusing severaltechniques.Theglass

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ThecoreͲoutriggersystem alsoknownas thebelttruss arehigher. Ontopofthesearstowerare
curtainwallshavestainlessͲsteelsunshadestodiffusethe radioandtvantennas,the"spires"on
systemwhichtheaxialstiffnessoftheperimeter intenseequatoriallight.These‘tropicalwalls,minimizethe thePetronas towersarepartofthe

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columnsisinvokedforincreasingtheresistanceto me they
heatandglareenteringthebuildingbutatthesametimethey
overturningmoments. actualbuilding,thereforeaddingtothe
tropic
reflecttheplayof lightandshadow,expressingthetropical height.Radioantennasandsuchdonot
environment. countforheight.
Thisefficientstructuralformconsistsofacore,
cor

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comprisingeitherbracedframesofshearwalls,with
walls to r at
Theuseoftintedlaminatedglassalso helpstoreduceheat
horizontalcantileveroutriggertrussesorgirders
sse deers violet ( nsm
gainfromthesunlightandultraviolet(UV)transmission.

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connectingthecoretotheoutercolumns.Thecore
outer olum co t in some off tura
However,it wasnoticedthatinsomeofficesnaturallightisnot
maybecentrallylocatedwithoutriggersextendingon
d with outriggers din paces and pant e to
sufficientto lightthespacesandoccupantshavetouse
bothsidesoritmaybelocatedononesideofthe
ay be located o side off the artificiallighting.

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buildingwithoutriggersextendingtothebuilding
outrig ding
columnsononeside.
o one . of xhau ir to p
The useofexhaustairtopreͲcoolanddehumidifyfresh,warm
and
prove to be h o effective asitreducesthe
air,hasprovedtobehighlycost

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SectionofTowers
DrawnbyBuŒraTetik am of energy required to
amountofenergyrequiredtoairconditionthebuildingby50
7nthelightofref:d ce
per cent.
Sectionshowsverticalcirculationshaftsbycoloredvertical
ection shows
b and
barsandalsoshowshvacfloors.OutriggerslocatedonmidͲ
Ref:Pelli,Cesar,&Crosbie,Michael.(2001).
hvacfloorbetweenlevel38Ͳ40.Thatlocationapproximately
hva Petronastwintowers:architectureofhighͲ
equalsto0,455HasappropiratetoTaranath. Abada,Galal.(2004).Petronasofficetowers [Onsitereviewreport]. Sectionareaisgettingthinerwhilethebuilding PhotographsofPetronasTowers http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=22
/
construction.GreatBritain:WileyͲAcademy.
Retrievedfromhttp://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403 isrising.Itisaboutaerodynamicconcerns. http://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1283
 References
(a) Pollalis,Spiro.(2002).Internationalcooperationandinformationtransferinthe
realizationoftheworld’stallestbuildings.Retrievedfrom

5
http://www.cdi.gsd.harvard.edu/
(b) Baker,Philippa(ed.).ArchitectureandPolyphony:BuildingintheIslamicWorld
Today.TheAgaKhanAwardforArchitecture,TheNinthAwardCycle.London:

S
ThamesandHudson;Geneva:TheAgaKhanAwardforArchitecture,2004. 2004.
Retrievedfromhttp://archnet.org/library/documents/oneͲ
document.jsp?document_id=10229

B
(c) Abada,Galal.(2004).Petronasofficetowers [Onsitereviewreport].Retrieved
review epo
fromhttp://archnet.org/library/files/oneͲfile.jsp?file_id=1403
id=1
(d) Pelli,Cesar,&Crosbie,Michael.(2001).Petronastwintowers:architectureof
tro owers: itec

U
highͲconstruction.GreatBritain:WileyͲAcademy.
emy
Ref:Pelli,Cesar,&Crosbie,Michael.(2001).
(e) Willis,Carol.(2004).ThePetronastowers.Retrievedfrom
as tow triev Petronastwintowers:architectureofhighͲ

T
/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_pet
http://www.skyscraper.org/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_petronas.htm construction.GreatBritain:WileyͲAcademy.

Gurusamy ). Th ona
(f) Naidu,KribanandanGurusamy.(1995).ThePetronastower:theworld'stallest
MINAR
building.CPACSEMINAR95

E
r.http://www.pcparch.c
(g)Pelli,Cesar.http://www.pcparch.com/#/projects/headquarters/petronasͲ
s/description/
towers/description/
nath, ungale S )
(h)Taranath,BungaleS.(2005).Structuralanalysisanddesign.Newyork:dekker.

M
((i) Kim,JaeͲHo,&Lee,SeungͲHoon.(2004).Applicationofhighperformance
JaeͲHo & Lee eungͲH
concreteinpetronastwintower,klcc.CTBUHSeoul,Korea,10.Retrievedfrom
concrete n pet nas twi
http://www.ctbuh.org/Publications/TechnicalPapers/tabid/71/language/enͲ
http://www.ctbuh.o
US/Default.aspx
US/Default.asp
(j) www.citationmachine.net
www.cit
(k) wikipedia.com