©UNSOED PRESS

ISBN: 978-623-6783-36-8
ISBN: 978-623-6783-37-5 (PDF)
This book is published by UNSOED Press, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, translated,
and stored in any form or any means, including photocopying, recording
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The First International Conference on Political,
Social and Humanities Sciences (ICPSH 2020)
Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era
November 25th-26 th, 2020, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia

Editors:
Dr. Slamet Rosyadi
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia
Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Burapha University, Thailand

Hosted by:
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia

Conference Commitee

General Chair: Organizing Chair:

Jarot Santoso (Dr.), Dean of Faculty of Arif Darmawan (M.Si.), Faculty of Social
Social and Political Sciences, Universitas and Political Sciences, Universitas
Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia

Steering Chairs: Secretary:

Lutfi Makhasin (Ph.D.), Vice Dean Muhammad Yamin (M.Si.), Faculty of
in Academic and Planning Affairs, Social and Political Sciences, Universitas
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia
Wahyuningrat (Dr.), Vice Dean in Financial
Affair, Tri Wuryaningsih (Dr.), Vice Dean
Treasurer:
in Student and Alumni Affairs, Faculty of
Oktafiani Catur (M.Si.), Faculty of Social
Social and Political Sciences, Universitas
and Political Sciences, Universitas
Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia
Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | iii

Organizing Committee: Reviewer Commitee:
Wiwik Novianti (Dr.), Sri Wijayanti (M.Si.), Arief Bakhtiar Darmawan (MA.),
Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma (M.Soc.Sc.), Agus Nurul Azizah Zaysda (MA.), Dwiyanto
Haryanto (Dr.), Tundjung Linggarwati Indiahono (Dr.), Hendri Restuadhi (MA.),
(M.Si.), Nuryeni Kartika Bintarsari (MA.), Muslihuddin (Dr.), Shinta Prastyanti (Dr.),
Slamet Rosyadi (Dr.), Bowo Sugiarto Nuryanti (Dr.), Andi Ali Said Akbar (MA.),
(M.Si.), Renni Miryanti (M.Si.), Faculty of Ahmad Sabiq (MA.), Faculty of Social and
Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Political Sciences, Universitas Jenderal
Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia Soedirman

Reviewer Committee Chair:

Sulyana Dadan (Dr.), Faculty of Social and
Political Sciences, Universitas Jenderal
Soedirman, Indonesia

Published by

Universitas Jenderal Soedirman Press

Gd. UNSOED Press
Jalan Prof. Dr. H.R. Boenyamin 708 Purwokerto
Kodepos 53122 Kotak Pos 115
Telepon (0281) 626070
Email: [email protected]
Number of Page:
Xiv + 508 pages

iv | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Foreword

Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era is the main theme of the first
International Conference on Political, Social and Humanities Sciences (ICPSH).
This theme is adopted since we live in an age of transformation in which strong
global forces change the way we live and function. The rise of new emerging
economies such as China, India, and other countries in the global south; the rapid
proliferation of digital technologies; the rising challenges of globalization; and the
global pandemic; all that issues above have impacted global society. Simultaneously,
the resurfacing of old international rivalries, the breaking of conventional alignments,
and the emergence of new powers are changing the international structure of the
21st century, if not the methodology and analytical methods used by scholars to
understand it.
Although power politics is shifting, non-traditional challenges are also on the
rise: seemingly never-ending wars in Africa and the Middle East, global migration,
environmental problems, and the possibility of transnational terrorism are
unavoidable factors that must be taken into account in any possible future scenario.
Industrial Revolution 4.0 has had transformative impacts on all lines of society,
and the global society must be prepared to face up to new developments that are
evolving to the core. Such and other global developments bring substantial new
opportunities to global society, nations, industries, businesses, and individuals that
have successfully adopted them— but the risk for those who can not keep up has
also risen dramatically.
In responding strategic issues relevant to the main theme, the conference has
three main topics to be discussed: First, the conference discusses the challenge of
current global transformations towards global society, states, market, international
engagement, and foreign relations. With the advent of a disruptive era, there is a
change in the system of interaction between state actors and non-state actors in
the global stage. Second, it discusses the impacts and effects of the disruptive era
on international relations and diplomacy at large. Third, it discusses the response
of local society, local government, and public administration to the challenge and
opportunities bought by the new transformation.
This proceedings explores and develops the central theme from a range of
perspectives and backgrounds, school of thought, and interdisciplinary fields
of intellectual discourses. Papers in this proceeding are based on theoretical or

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | v

observational case studies from any country and area of the world. Some of the
problems addressed include the following subtopics: Global Society and emerging
technologies, International Relations & Foreign Policy in the Disruptive Era,
Peace, human right and security in the era of digital technology, Global health,
environmental issues, and global disaster management, Politics, governance,
and democracy in the disruptive era, New challenge and opportunity for social
movement and global justice, People mobility and international migration, Political
communication and new media in the era of Industry 4.0, Challenge to public
administration in the disruptive era, Building a resilient society in the disruptive
era, New transformation in the global economy, A challenge to the sustainable
development goals in the disruptive era, and A challenge and opportunities for
education and culture in the era of Industry 4.0. The first ICPSH was trully
international perspective and thought.

vi | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Report From Organizing Committee
Assalamualaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh,

On behalf of the organizing committee, it gives me an immense pleasure to

welcome all participants and presenters to the 1st International Conference on
Political, Social and Humanities Sciences (ICPSH) that will be held on 25th –
26th November 2020 in Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, with the main theme is
“Navigating Global Society in Disruptive Era”.
It is my pleasure to welcome all the eminent and honorable speakers, Prof
Christian Reus-Smit from University of Queensland, Australia; Prof Mohtar
Mas’oed from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Prof Miriam Estrada-Castillo from
Universidad Casa Grande, Ecuador, Prof Zhang Zhenjiang from Jinan University,
China and Luthfi Makhasin, Ph.D from Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. It’s an
honor for us that you can join our conference, and able to share your knowledge and
vast experience with the scholars and students in Indonesia, especially in Universitas
Jenderal Soedirman.
This event is the first virtual conference in the history of our faculty which is
completely conducted on a digital platform in line with the social distancing norms
due to COVID-19 pandemic, and organized by Faculty of Social and Political
Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. I believe that this conference will provide
excellent opportunity to discuss and learn about recent issues and research related
with the main theme of the conference.
As a chairperson of organizing committee, I would like to end this welcome
with a round of thanks for everyone who has made ICPSH 2020 possible. I would
like to start by thanking my fellow members of the Organizing Committee, fellow
colleagues in the Faculty, and administration staff that made what initially seemed
like the daunting task of organizing a major international conference appear simple.
I would specially like to extend our gratitude to our University and Faculty
management; Rector of Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Dean of Faculty of Social
& Political Sciences, and all head of departments in this Faculty for support this
conference. Also for all presenters and participants that willing to join and share
their thoughts and research.

Thank you. Wassalamualaikum Warohmarullahi Wabarokatuh

Arif Darmawan
ICPSH 2020 Conference Chair

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | vii

Welcoming Remark from Dean of Faculty of Social
and Political Sciences
Assalamualaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh,

On Behalf of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman

University, I would like to say Welcome or “Selamat Datang “ to the Faculty of
Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University. It is a true pleasure for
me to welcome you all to the first “International Conference on Political, Social &
Humanities Sciences” or ICPSH 2020.
The Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University or
FISIP UNSOED, was founded on May 17, 1984. Currently, the Faculty of Social
and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, has five departments for
undergraduate programs, namely Sociology, Public Administration, Communication
Studies, Political Science and International Relations.  The Faculty of Social and
Political Sciences also has three master’s programs; they are Masters in Public
Administration, Masters in Sociology, and Masters in Communication Sciences.
Following the university’s vision, which is “recognized by the world as a
center for developing rural resources and local wisdom,” the curriculum currently
implemented and developed is directed towards achieving that vision. To achieve
this vision, the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences also continues to improve
adequate infrastructure and facilities in accordance with the National Higher
Education Standards and is preparing to become a world-class campus through
cooperation with foreign partners.
Since its establishment in 1984, the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences has
produced graduates with excellent character and has contributed professionally in
many government and private institutions, both on a national and international
level in the social and political fields. We continue to be committed to creating
graduates who have analytical and innovative abilities, offering out of the box
solutions, thinking critically, and having emotional intelligence. With these abilities,
graduates of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences are expected to be able to
answer the challenges of today’s globalization and develop a curriculum based on
local wisdom.
To improve the quality and academic atmosphere in the faculty of social and
political science, we hold an international conference this year with the theme
“Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era.”

viii | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 On behalf of the social and political sciences faculty, I would like to thank all
speakers, committee members, presenters, and participants who have participated
in the first “International Conference on Political, Social & Humanities Sciences
2020.” We hope that similar academic activities will be held again in the coming
years with various topics in the field of social and political sciences.

Wassalamualaikum Warohmarullahi Wabarokatuh

Dr. Jarot Santoso, MS

Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | ix

Welcoming Remark from Rector of Universitas
Jenderal Soedirman
The honorable,
• Dean of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman
University
• Keynote Speakers,
• Prof. Mochtar Mas’oed (Gadjah Mada University)
• Luthfi Makhasin, Ph.D. (Jenderal Soedirman University)
• Prof. Miriam Estrada-Castillo (Universidad Casa Grande)
• Prof. Zhenjiang Zhang (Jinan University)
• Participants
• Distinguished guests, ladies, and gentlemen

Assalamualaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh

Best wishes to all of us
On behalf of Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, I would like to welcome all of
the keynote speakers, invited speakers and all participants who attend the The 1st
“International Conference on Political, Social & Humanities Sciences” (ICPSH
2020) organized by the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jenderal
Soedirman.
Now we are facing a new disruption era that occurred pushed by the Industrial
Revolution 4.0. The world community will begin to recognize that a human-centered
society and technology will change the way humans live, work and communicate,
which is called Society 5.0.
The concept of a human-centered and technology-based society brings
enormous changes in the education system, health services, commerce, government
systems, and every aspect of life.
This era requires disruptive regulation, disruptive culture, disruptive mindset,
and disruptive marketing that revolutionizes the old lifestyle. Disruption is
continuous innovation. Then, the question is, what about our education model,
which will later be disruptive to replace the entire old learning system with new
ways.
The academic community's task is to provide solutions in organizing life and its
harmony with other humans to achieve society's welfare. Therefore, this conference
will bridge the scientific role and become an interdisciplinary dialectical study of

x | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
social, political, and humanities. We hope that ideas, plans, and actions will emerge
in this forum to overcome problems in this disruptive era.
Therefore, we appreciate the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas
Jenderal Soedirman, for this beneficial program. I expect this conference to produce
useful outputs.
Last but not least, I congratulate all delegates on participating in this online
international conference.
With the name of Allah swt “Bismillahirahman nirrahim”, The 1st
“International Conference on Political, Social & Humanities Sciences 2020”
officially open.

Wassalammualaikum Warrahmatullah Wabarakatuh

Prof. Dr. Ir. Suwarto, M.S

Rector

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | xi

 Contents

Foreword.............................................. v A Semiotic Analysis Of Counterpain

Report From Organizing Committee... vii Advertisement: The “Jatuh Dan Bangkit
Welcoming Remark from Dean of Faculty Lagi” Version........................................ 60
of Social and Political Sciences............. viii Cindenia Puspasari, Dini Rizki2and Ian
Welcoming Remark from Rector of Aulia
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman............ x
The Impact of One Belt One Road
(OBOR) for Asia Pacific Countries...... 69
Communication Patterns and Cultural
Colifaturansa, Dede Muhammad, M.
Adaptation of foreign students at
Calakdo Islami, Shaqilla Vianta Azzana,
Universitas Prima Indonesia................. 1
Indra Jaya Wiranata
Christin Agustina Purba. Reza Pahlevi
Ginting, Indonesia’s Digital Society: Challenges and
Prospects.............................................. 77
Potential Threats of Transnational Crimes in
Dian Herdiana
The Indonesia-Malaysia Border Area........9
Rizki Tegar Sembada, Dudy Heryadi...... 9 Ethics of Bureaucracy in Social Media
Between Freedom of Expression and
Forest And Land Fire Reporting In South
Impartiality.......................................... 86
Sumatra: From Local To National Media
Dwiyanto Indiahono, and Anwaruddin
Frames.................................................. 16
Krisna Murti, Farisha Sestri Musdalifah, Indonesian Youth’s: Envisaging Indonesian
Rindang Senja Andarini Youth’s Perspectives Towards the Prospect
of Free Sex in Indonesia........................ 93
Haul Habib Ali Al-Habsyi in Solo
Febriana Aminatul Khusna, Sekar Lathifatul
The Emergence of A New Tradition Amidst
Aliyah, Ikrar Genidal Riadil
The Thick of Javanese Traditions...............24
Endang Tri Irianingsih, Wakit Abdullah, The Driving Factor Analysis of Same-Sex
Warto, and Sri Kusumo Habsari Marriage Legalization in Taiwan 2017-
2019.................................................... 108
The International Committee of the Red
Gita Amalia Pravitasari
Cross’s (ICRC) Role in the Protection of
Syrian Children in 2015-2018............. 34 Arranging Justice with the Right to Politics
Ahmad Zufar and Sri Wijayanti in the Electoral Court........................... 120
Ilham Kurniawan Ardi, Resa Yuniarsa
The Role of Social Networks in Utilizing
Hasan, Heru Susetyo
Plastic Waste into Paving Blocks at “UD.
Wong Cilik ”Jetis Village, Kemangkon, Switzerland, best practice of the use of
Purbalingga.......................................... 43 human rights in environmental policy.. 137
Alifan Nurin Anamti Dieningrum, Indra Jaya Wiranata, Khairunnisa Simbolon,
Muslihudin Muslihudin, Edy Suyanto Mirah Satria Alamsyah, Ridha Amalia
Prospect of Military Public Diplomacy Sindumartani Residents’ Resistance Against
by Indonesian Army in United Nations Sand Mining at Kali Gendol................ 152
Peacekeeping Operation....................... 51 Khairul Syafuddin
Angga Nurdin Rachmat

xii | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Indonesia’s Counter-Violence Extremism Sulyana Dadan, Rawuh Edy Priyono and
Policy Against ISIS Propaganda in Social Endang Dwi Sulistyoningsih
Media................................................... 169
Competitive Strategy of Small Micro
Mario Surya Ramadhan
Businesses Industry Cluster in the Middle
The 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic as an of Pandemic COVID-19...................... 258
Opportunity for Reunification in The Titi Darmi, Nuryakin, Bella Dian
Korean Peninsula.................................. 181 Nusantara
Nafarani Guswanti and Tundjung
The Changing Landscape of Terrorism
Linggarwati
in The United States After 9/11: The
The Impact of Korea’s New Southern Transnational Network of White
Policy on The Political Economy Supremacist Extremist Movement........ 268
Cooperation Between Indonesia and South Nuriyeni Kartika Bintarsari, Arif
Korea................................................... 189 Darmawan
Novi Kartika Nurlaili and Tundjung
Village Budgeting in Banyumas District...274
Linggarwati
Simin, Denok Kurniasih, Darmanto Sahat
Indonesia and IORA: Middle Power Setiawan, Ngalimun, Mahmud Setiahadi,
Strategy in the Disruptive Era.............. 197 Rukna Idanati, Moh. Imron, Sendy Noviko,
Raden Ajeng Rizka Fiani Prabaningtyas and Dwiyanto Indiahono, and Shadu Satwika
Hayati Nufus Wijaya
Xi Jinping’s Effort to Improve China’s Global Cybersecurity Measure in
Identity Through Chinese Dream International Security........................... 283
Concept............................................... 209 Bimo Satryo Wibowo
Reza Desfarika Putri, Muhammad Yamin
The Importance of Digital Literacy in
Migrant Workers’ Economic and Minimizing the Impact of Hoax during the
Social Remittance’s Impact on their Covid-19 Pandemic in Sleman, Yogyakarta.. 296
Entrepreneurship.................................. 219 Felicciana Yayi Amanova, Niken Puspitasari
Sri Wijayanti, Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Agus
Gendis : Change the Stigma of Pity into
Haryanto, Tundjung Linggarwati, Arif
Independence of People with Disabilities..303
Darmawan, Muhammad Yamin
Nabilla Poetri Andini, Deska Pradani Putri,
Contemplating IR’s Future out of the and Nurwahyu Primadarma, and Alizar
Ruins.................................................... 228 Isna
Stanislas Kostka Jesias Leks Tabori, Arif
In Defending ASEAN’s Talk Shops:
Darmawan
Navigating International Society in Indo-
The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Pacific................................................... 317
Organization (BSEC) in Maintaining Pandu Prayoga
Economic Stability of East Europe (2015-
Problems in Humanitarian Colaboration?
2018)................................................... 239
(The Case Study of the Collaboration
Suci Indah Lestari, Pyngkan Daola B. ,
between RUDENIM UNHCR and IOM
Febrina Septiana Putri, Deswan Firlian,
in Balikpapan Indonesia)...................... 324
Indra Jaya Wiranata
Mohamad Dziqie Aulia Al Farauqi, Khoirul
Social Adaptions of Bonokeling Amin, Annisa Kirana Andaneswari
Community Toward Modernity........... 248

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | xiii

The Need of Intertional Regime Support to Self Presentation of MSM on Hornet, an
Combat Fisheries Crime....................... 341 Online Dating App.............................. 427
Randhi Satria, Obsatar Sinaga, Arry Bainus, Valerius Rex Alibazah, Wiwik Novianti and
Wawan Budi Darmawan Mite Setiansah
Is Lock-Down the Best Policy? COVID-19 Political Islam: What Are the
Economic Measures in ASEAN Countries Characteristics and Agenda?................. 436
and Lesson Learned for Indonesia........ 359 Warjio & Heri Kusmanto
Achmad Kautsar, Silvia Dian Anggraeni,
Domestic Violence as the Impact of Early
Naeli Fitria, Fikri Brilianti, Grace
Marriage............................................... 444
Wulandari, Qori’atul Septiavin
Zelda Shaellia Wijaya
Local Government Policy Against Bentor
Community-Based Waste Management:
Operation Routes................................. 369
Environmental Law Perspective............ 451
Bonny Datty, Frets Alfret Goraph
Kadar Pamuji, Abdul Aziz Nasihuddin,
Indonesia’s Response on Facing China in A Slamet Rosyadi
Dispute Over Exclusive Economic Zone in
From National Resilience to Regional
Natuna Islands..................................... 380
Resilience the Acquisition of Regional
Diah Ayu Intan Sari
normative Power in Indonesia.............. 461
Indonesia’s Digital Society: Challenges and Pu Pengfei
Prospects.............................................. 389
Think Globally, Act Locally: Village
Dian Herdiana
Response to Covid-19 in Indonesia...... 477
Food security in COVID-19: India’s Ardian Prabowo, M. R. Khairul Muluk,
tremendous pressure and its impact in Ainul Hayat
South Asia............................................ 398
The Securitization of Global Health
Hemastia Kirana, Tia Kharisma Asnasari,
Issue: The WHO’s Failure in Pandemic
Salsabila, Indra Jaya Wiranata, Deyna
Mitigation of COVID-19.................... 490
Yulian Putri
Sukma Sushanti, Putu Titah Kawitri Resen,
Collaborative Governance in Gusti Ngurah Gede Agung Pradipta
Administering Public Services at the Public
Communications Pattern of Government
Service Mall of Bekasi City................... 406
Natuna Againts Pandemic.................... 500
Irma Alviana, Fitria Zahrotun,
Ade Putranto Prasetyo Wijiharto Tunggali,
Rima Rahmawati Putri, Solahuddin
Komarudin
Kusumanegara
The Role of Women’s Leadership in
Institutions of the Indigenous People... 419
Rita Rahmawati, BerrySastrawan

xiv | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Communication Patterns and Cultural Adaptation
of foreign students at Universitas Prima Indonesia

Christin Agustina Purba1*. Reza Pahlevi Ginting,2

1. Teacher Training and Education Departement, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan
2. Teacher Training and Education Department, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan
*Contact email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the communication pattern and culture adaptation of
foreign students who are currently studying in Universitas Prima Indonesia. The
communication pattern and culture adaptation is viewed from the adjustment
of communication process that occurs during each interaction between foreign
students and adaptation process with new people, environment and groups that
they interact with. Since this is a qualitative descriptive study, the determination
of research subject uses purposive sampling technique with foreign students from
Vietnam and South Korea who are currently (academic year 2019/2020) studying
in Universitas Prima Indonesia, head of related working unit, and other relevant
parties as the informants. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Data
collection techniques used are observation, in-depth interview, and documentation.
This study uses thematic analysis, and the coding used in data analysis process is open
coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The results of the study conclude that
the communication pattern of foreign students with their surrounding experience
difficulties despite the limited period for them to interact causing problems in
adaptation process, for example relating to food, lifestyle, friendship and climate.
Different behavior in communication, either verbal or non-verbal, such as body
gesture, tone of voice, taste, etc., is observed during the interaction of foreign
students in campus environment, and religious social events. Generally, the students
try to adapt themselves to the local environment and culture. Process is required
to obtain good adaptation in terms of communication and habits. Each informant
needs different period of time, which ranges between one to three months to be able
to adapt and acculturate with Medan culture.
Keywords : Cultural adaptation, communication, foreign students

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 1

I. INTRODUCTION experience a culture shock that is
different from the culture of origin. These
Communication will always be signs or symptoms cover the various
available in the society in order to build ways conducted in controlling ourselves
a relationship. With communication, to deal with everyday situations. This
we will learn various things between is also experienced by foreign students
one another. As a social being, human who are currently studying at Prima
cannot live by himself. Human will Indonesia University. They come from
always connect with other human several countries, such as Vietnam and
being, which might come from different South Korea. They study like other
races. Through communication, we can regular students, so they have a lot to
fulfill our emotional and intellectual align with. Specifically, in the learning
needs. To connect with other people, process, students from South Korea are
communication is needed, both currently studying in the Indonesian
verbal and non-verbal. Indonesia, as a Language and Literature Education
nation and country, is very open in its Study Program and they are included in
international role and relations, plays regular classes along with other students.
many roles in peace, economy, politics, In the handling and adaptation process,
culture and other issues, including in communication skill is one of the
the field of education. The Indonesian supporting factors for foreign students
government opens opportunities and in their learning process. Based on these
cooperation for foreign students who problems, this study wants to describe:
wish to study in Indonesia. In studying 1) Is there any communication barrier
on campus, students cannot be on their in the process of culture adaptation
own, they always need other people to to the current environment?
explore and develop their potential. 2) What is the communication
Intercultural communication is not just pattern of foreign students in
a process of relationship and interaction communicating in the classroom
between an Indonesian individual and learning process and within the
other person from another nationality. surrounding environment?
More than that, intercultural
communication also requires effort II. Literature Review
and the ability to capture, particularly
nonverbal symbols as the part of the 2.1 Communication
each individual’s culture. Any person Communication pattern is the
undergoing a process of communication representation of a communication
with different cultures will inevitably event that can be used to see the elements

2 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
involved in it. Communication pattern 2.2 Cultural Adaptation
is also commonly referred to as a model Adaptation is a bridge that needs
of communication process, so that with to be crossed so that individuals or
the various types of communication groups of people can communicate
models and parts of the communication with other parties of different cultures.
process, the suitable and easy-to-use Adaptation in the study of intercultural
communication pattern can be found. communication is generally associated
In general, communication pattern can with changes from the society or
be interpreted as a model of information parts of the society (Utami, 2015).
delivery process. People who quickly adapt tend to have
This study aims to describe awareness and sensitivity towards their
the intercultural communication environment, so they can immediately
patterns formed by foreign students be ready to change and alter their
in their learning environment. In its behavior. There are many things that
stages, this communication pattern is motivate people to adapt. Brent D.
explored through typical and repetitive Ruben and Lea P. Stewart (2013: 375)
communication behaviors that occur quoted Young Yun Kim and elaborated
in every interaction between foreign then described the steps in the process
students, specifically when they come of adapting a culture. In general, there
into and adapt to the new people, are four phases (honeymoon phase,
environment, and groups that they frustration phase, readjustment phase,
encounter. Language is one of the things and resolution phase) plus the planning
that facilitate communication. Different phase. Planning phase is the phase where
languages from different backgrounds a person is still in the original condition
become an obstacle for some people and prepare everything.
to communicate with people from a. Honeymoon phase is the phase
other countries that speaks in different where a person experiences joy as
language with their mother tongue. the initial reaction of admiration, is
According to Owen in Setiawan (2006: full of enthusiasm for new things, is
1), “language is a socially accepted code enthusiastic, friendly, and has good
or a conventional system to convey relationships with local people.
concepts through the use of desired b. Frustration Phase is the phase in
symbols and combinations of symbols which a person’s attraction to new
regulated by provisions”. things gradually starts to turn into
frustration.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 3

c. Readjustment phase is the phase adaptation process by Gudykunt & Kim
where a person begins to solve the (2003) in the communication process
crisis experienced in the frustrating that occurs among foreign students at
phase. Prima Indonesia University.
d. Resolution phase is the last phase
of the cultural adaptation process, IV. Result and Discussion
which is the final way that a person
4.1 The Characteristics of Foreign
takes as the way out of the discomfort Students in Prima Indonesia
feeling. In this phase there are University.
several things that can be chosen, Foreign students that become
namely: Flight (deciding to leave the informants in this study are
the environment), Fight (deciding students from Vietnam and South
to stay and try to face everything), Korea who are currently studying in
Accommodation (compromise), the Undergraduate Study Program of
and Full Participation (enjoy). Dentistry and Indonesian Language and
Literature Education at Prima Indonesia
III. Method University. This study is expected
This study uses the constructivism to obtain an overview of different
paradigm. The constructivism paradigm communication patterns among foreign
is using qualitative data analysis students when they adapt to the new
techniques. Data analysis is discussed environment both inside and outside of
within the framework of the cultural their classroom.

Table 1
Adaptation Phase of the Informants
Informant (s) Planning Honeymoon Frustration Readjustment Resolution
Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase
Kim Somang, Prepare the Feel normal Frustrated Learn Accommoda-
from South documents. but confused because of the Indonesian tion
Korea. Previously, in the difficulty in language more
4th Semester he learned beginning due communication intensively and
Student of Indonesian to different due to language get help from
Indonesian language information limitation friends that
Language and for three that he that often understand
Literature months at received. causing miss- English and
Program the church communication. repeat the
where he sentences.
served.

4 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Kim Heeji Prepare the Feel excited Frustrated Accept that Fight
from South documents. because eager because of each country
Korea. Learn to learn the extreme culture has different
4th Semester Indonesian language difference from administration
Student of language he has been his country. process and learn
Indonesian with longing to Particularly to adapt with
Language and friends. learn for long. the long the condition.
Literature Looking for administrati on
Program information process.
regarding
the
university
that has
Indonesian
Language
Program.
Phan minh Learn Feel excited Frustrated Understand Full
Quang English. because because of the way of Participation
from Prepare the from friend’s different communication
Vietnam. documents. information communication and adapt to the
4th Semester Looking for the culture pattern. local culture.
Dentistry information is not too Different Feel that the
Program about different and intonation and staffs of the
Indonesia it is easy to way of speaking. Study Program
from the find food that are helpful in
seniors that matches with their adjustment
came to their taste. process.
study in Learn
Indonesia Indonesian
before him. language
for daily
conversation.
Traan Thuy Prepare the Want to learn Frustrated Overlook these
Duong documents the local because of the conditions and
from and learn culture and try curiosity from try to remain
Vietnam. English their culinary. the surrounding friendly with
4th Semester intensively. society and the surrounding
Dentistry Only difficulty in society.
Program gather few communicating
information in local
on the language.
Campus
from the
internet.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 5

4.2. Process of Cultural environment. The informants chose to
Adaptation adapt to the local people and culture as
This study aims to find out the their way of adaptation. Students who
communication and adaptation come from Vietnam currently live in a
patterns of foreign students at Prima dormitory on campus, while students
Indonesia University. The results of who come from Korea rent a house near
observations and interviews with these the campus.
students were explored through their In the communication pattern
actions and behaviors during classes, between foreign students and other
interaction with lecturers, education Indonesian students, they can follow
staff and their classmates, as well as their interactions with fellow classmates. The
daily communications. Unfortunately, communication pattern used by the
this study was carried out when foreign students is to use interpersonal
Covid-19 pandemic strike so that the communication, which starts with
field observations cannot be carried culture introduction before coming to
out to the optimum level. The study Indonesia, after arriving in Indonesia
was conducted via WhatsApp or Zoom they experience culture shock and they
application. overcome it by asking for advice from
Foreign students who come from fellow foreign students or with local
various countries require a process of students on how to adapt to a new
adaptation or adjustment to a new culture and country.
socio-cultural environment during The use of Indonesian language
their daily life while completing that is not in accordance with the
their education at Prima Indonesia grammar rules causes obstruction in
University. This adaptation can be seen communication, because most foreign
from the language, place of residence, students learn Indonesian according to
environment, and cultural conditions the grammar rules. They have a little
which are quite different. It requires difficulty in interpreting the intonation
them to resolve any cultural issues because of differences in dialect or
properly so that they do not interfere behavior when communicating both
and causing failure in adapting with verbally and nonverbally. There are
their environment. differences in voice tone, speech speed,
Based on the accounts of the and facial expressions that are observed
informants, the adaptation process is when the foreign students greet,
carried out by following the daily habit acquaint, discuss or make presentation
patterns of their current surrounding in class, but they can overcome problems

6 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
in these communication patterns as V. Conclusion
they interact more often with their
surroundings. Students feel that the Foreign students at Prima Indonesia
staffs at the study program have helped University find issues in communicating
a lot in adapting to their surroundings. in daily life, but each of them tries
They have even dared to try to buy local various ways in adapting to the new
food around the dormitory. cultural environment. The limited time
Some students from Vietnam for them to interact creates problems
even try to learn Indonesian language in the adaptation process, for example
although they only need it for relating to food, lifestyle, friendship and
daily communication with their climate. Generally, they try to adapt
surroundings. Some problems during themselves to the local environment and
introduction process until friendship culture. Some of them choose their self-
are faced by the foreign students with concept in overcoming problems during
local students. It can be said that they the process of cultural adaptation, where
have gone through several stages in they compromise with the new culture,
adjusting to the social conditions. but still have boundaries in choosing
Their social relationship develops from which Indonesian cultures they can
being unfamiliar to making friends. follow and cannot. Some choose to ask
First, the communication relationship fellow local students as their informants
between one person to the other begins about local culture, some also find out
at the superficial stage and moves on a from the staff on campus as well as their
continuum towards a more intimate lecturers.
stage (West and Lynn, 2008: 197). And Likewise, for daily communication
it is not uncommon for them to come with the surrounding environment
out together just to understand better around they choose the principle of
about the local culture and principles. openness. With classmates or lecturers,
The student from South Korea said that they start early to communicate.
at the start of his study he was a little However, with the people they live
surprised by the different conditions in, they still choose to be careful in
from his home country. And also the communicating. Differences in how
problem in language because Indonesian to behave when communicating both
is the language used in class. verbally and nonverbally, such as
gestures, tone of voice, differences in
tastes and others are observed when

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 7

foreign students interact in the campus Abidin, Yunus,dkk. 2010. Kemampuan
environment and socio-religious Berbahasa Indonesia di Perguruan
activities. Generally, they try to adapt to Tinggi. Bandung: CV. Maulana
the local environment and culture. Media Grafika.
Gudykunst, William B dan Bella Mody,
VI. References 2002. Handbook of International
and Intercultural Communication.
Dedi Mulyana. 2014. Komunikasi
2nd Edition. California: Sage
Antarbudaya panduan berkomuni­
Publications
kasi dengan orang-orang berbeda
Wolcott, H.R. 1990. Qualitative
budaya, Bandung : PT. Remaja
inquiry in education: The continuing
Rosdakarya
debate. The American Jurnal of
_______ , 2012. Cultures And
Occupational Therapy. California :
Communication, An Indonesian
Sage Publication .
Scholar’s Perspective. PT. Remaja
Brent, D. Ruben dan Lea P. Stewart.
Rosdakarya : Bandung
(2013). Komunikasi dan Perilaku
Amanah, Siti. 2015. Pola Komunikasi
Manusia. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo
dan Proses Akulturasi Mahasiswa
Persada
Asing di STAIN Kediri. Realita. Vol.
13, No. 1
Setyo Utami. 2015., Teori-teori Adaptasi
Budaya. Jurnal Komunikasi Vol 7.
Untar

8 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Potential Threats of Transnational Crimes in The
Indonesia-Malaysia Border Area
Case Study: The Border Area Of North Kalimantan-Sabah

Rizki Tegar Sembada1, Dudy Heryadi2

1
Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
2
Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Indonesia is a country directly adjacent to Malayisia. The border area between
Indonesia and Malaysia, which is directly bordered by North Kalimantan. North
Kalimantan is a province resulting from regional autonomy in the province of East
Kalimantan. Transnational crime is a crime that always occurs in border areas which
has the potential to become a threat to Indonesia and Malaysia. North Kalimantan
as a new province can have a special strategy to be able to minimize the potential
arising from transnational crimes that threaten the border between Indonesia and
Malaysia in the provinces of North Kalimantan and Malaysia’s Sabah. The purpose
of this study is to provide knowledge and understanding of the potential threats of
transnational crime in border areas. The method used in this research is a qualitative
method with a descriptive approach. The data collection method used was literature
study. The research analysis technique uses an interactive model. The expected result
in this study is to find out how much the potential threat of transnational crime and
the real efforts of the two countries.
Keyword: Indonesia-Malaysia border, Transnational crime, North Kalimantan-Sabah

I. INTRODUCTION problems related to border problems

which, if examined, have emerged
The border area is like the backyard for a long time and have always been
of a country which is often not a developing from year to year. At first,
priority for the country in terms of state borders were a geographical space
regional development. We often find that was contested by two countries to
that in almost various border areas, expand boundaries between countries
every country in the world has various (Bangun, 2017).

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 9

 State border areas are the main and England signed in the Hague,
manifestation of a country’s territorial March 26, 1928.
sovereignty. The border area of a​​ country As a colonial product, Indonesia
has an important role in determining the and Malaysia each inherited the Dutch
boundaries of sovereign territory, the use and British agreement on the division of
of natural resources, as well as security sovereignty on the border between the
and territorial integrity. The border two countries, until now, still inherits the
problem has complex dimensions. There problem of the division of the territory
are a number of crucial factors involved which has not been resolved. A number
in it, such as jurisdiction and state of issues related to the determination of
sovereignty, politics, socio-economy, maritime and land boundaries between
and defense and security(Bangun, RI-Malaysia indicate this reality
2017). (Wangke, 2018).
At first the RI-Malaysia border There are three provinces directly
area which is currently recognized is adjacent to Malaysia, namely West
essentially a colonial product. In this Kalimantan, East Kalimantan , and
case, the seizure of territory between North Kalimantan which is directly
the Dutch and British in Kalimantan adjacent to Sabah. North Kalimantan
resulted in agreements contained in Province was previously an area of ​​East
three Treaties, namely the Treaty of Kalimantan Province. Since 1999, this
The Boundary Convention between district has been divided into three
the Netherlands and England signed in districts and one city each of Bulungan
London, 20 June 1891, The Boundary Regency, Malinau Regency, Nunukan
Agreement between the Netherlands Regency and Tarakan City and one
and England signed in London, additional autonomous region, namely
September 28, 1915, and The Boundary Tana Tidung Regency(Pengabdian &
Convention between the Netherlands Masyarakat, 2014).

Table 1.
The Number of province bordering
Number Name of province Bordering
1 West Kalimantan Serawak
2 East Kalimantan Mahakam Ulu
3 North Kalimantan Sabah

10 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 In 2013 North Kalimantan officially area. The results of this study indicate
separated from East Kalimantan that there is a transnational crime
and became the province of North phenomenon that emerges, namely
Kalimantan. The aim of the formation human trafficking, especially trafficking
of this province is to encourage increased of women in the border area of ​​West
services in the fields of government, Kalimantan and Sarawak, Malaysia
development and society, shortening the (Niko & Niko, 2017).
span of control of government, especially Here the researcher saw a difference
in border areas which are prone to in the results of research that had
potential threats of transnational crime. been studied by previous researchers.
Researchers have found new findings
II. LITERATURE RIVIEW or novelty which researchers focus on
the potential threat of transnational
Many researchers found research
crime in the border area of ​​ North
on transnational crime both in general
Kalimantan with Sabah Malaysia
and directed at related objects about
which has varied potential threats
transnational crime in border areas.
because North Kalimantan province is
As for some literature that discusses
a province whose regional development
transnational crimes in the border
is still relatively new and lack of basic
area, one of which was researched
research. related to transnational crime
by Simela Victor Muhamad (2015)
in the region. In addition, researchers
entitled Transnational crimes of Drug
also highlighted the attitudes and roles
smuggling from Malaysia to Indonesia:
of the two countries in facing the threat
Cases in the provinces of Riau and
of transnational crime.
West Kalimantan. The results of this
study indicate that there is a form of
III. METHOD
transnational crime, organized drug
smuggling by international syndicates This study used qualitative research
that enter from Malaysia to Indonesia methods. Qualitative research focuses
through the borders of the provinces of on individual meanings and problem
Riau and West Kaliamantan (Muhamad, complexity. The type of approach
2015). used is case studies. A case study is a
In addition, other research was also research about a unified system in the
conducted by Nikodemus Niko (2017) form of programs, activities, events
entitled the phenomenon of trafficking related to a certain place, time and
in person in the West Kalimantan border bond, understanding a case study as

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 11

research that investigates a program,
event, activity, process or a group of
individuals.
The uniqueness and uniqueness
of the research object are the main
considerations using this type of
approach. Qualitative research that
becomes an instrument or research tool
is the researcher himself (Sugiyono,
Figure 1: Interactive model
2015). There are characteristics of
its own in the focus of the study that
differentiate it from other cases. This
approach is intended to dig deeper IV. RESULT AND
into a phenomenon from the initial DISCUSSION
process to the end of the research and
4.1 Threats of Transnational
research to data on the potential threat Crime that Could Potentially
of transnational crime in the Indonesia- Threaten the Kaltara-Sabah
Malaysia border region in the Kaltara Border Area
region with Sabah. Potential transnational threats
The results of this document research involving internal elements already
will later be used as a reference to see the occurs frequently, in fact in cases of
potential threat of transnational crime transnational crime almost always
in the border area of ​​Kaltara and Sabah, involving the security apparatus,
which is the border of the two countries civil apparatus and elements of the
of Indonesia and Malaysia. Data analysis community. and unscrupulous Public.
in this study was carried out interactively. Based on the analysis of the Strategic
According to Sugiyono, activities in Intelligence Agency (BAIS) and the
qualitative data analysis are carried out Agency State Intelligence (BIN),
interactively and take place continuously activities related to organizations /
until completion. Interactive model syndicates originating from abroad, are
data analysis consists of three main involved in various cases of transnational
things, namely data reduction, data crimes, such as terrorism, trafficking,
presentation and drawing conclusions smuggling of illegal goods and drugs.
(verification) (Sugiyono, 2015) Transnational crime is an organized
crime, whose operational area includes
several countries, which has an impact

12 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
on the political, governmental, socio- 4.2 Attitudes and Efforts of the
cultural and economic interests of Two Countries in Responding
a country and is global in nature. to Transnational Crime
Conceptually, transnational crime means Threats
a crime or crime that crosses national The threats that arise due to
borders (Hukum & Indonesia, 2018). transnational crime, both countries
For the context of North Kalimantan, have an attitude in responding to it.
the issue of border development that The attitude shown by the Indonesian
has received the most attention by many government can be seen from how
circles is the problem of transportation Indonesia holds talks at the bilateral
infrastructure services. level which is the responsibility of the
Factual conditions in the land border Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
area of ​​North Kalimantan (such as those as the spearhead in engaging with the
in Malinau Regency: Long Nawang Malaysian side (Irewati, 2005).
District, Long Ampung District, and Malaysia and Indonesia have also
in Nunukan District: Krayan District, started planning a new working group,
Krayan Selatan District, Lumbis Ogong namely the Sosek Malindo which was
District, Simanggaris District, Tulin previously quite optimal in overcoming
Onsoi District) are still dominated all problems in the border areas of
by poor road network conditions. In West Kalimantan and Sarawak. Sosek
general, the road network conditions Malindo, which is a form of international
in the land border area are still found regime formed based on an agreement
in the form of dirt and rocky roads. between the two countries in order to
Apart from infrastructure, another develop and prosper the border areas of
problem is the lack of access to basic each country (Fahrozi et al., 2019)
residential facilities and infrastructure, Sosek Malindo has three core
such as the electricity network and discussions in the form of socio-cultural
telecommunications networks (Sudiar, cooperation, second, the economic
2015). From the characteristics of the sector, trade and transportation,
development of border areas that are third, the security sector and border
still minimal, there are gaps that could management .With the plan to create
potentially lead to transnational crimes a new social and social work group for
such as cases of smuggling, for example Malindo in the Kaltara-Sabah border
timber smuggling and also illegal trade. area, new hopes are emerging for the
two countries in facing the threats that
arise from transnational crimes.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 13

V. CONCLUSSION Indonesia-Malaysia (KK Sosek
Malindo) di Kalimantan Barat
Transnational crime is a threat that Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Diplomasi
needs to be watched out for, especially Pertahanan Indonesia. 69–84.
since this crime has the potential to occur Hukum, I., & Indonesia, P. (2018).
in border areas. Indonesia and Malaysia Kejahatan Transnasional Dan
are directly adjacent countries, many of Implementasi Hukum Pidana
the border areas of the two countries are Indonesia. Lex Crimen, 7(7), 13–
the mobility for transnational crimes to 20.
occur. Irewati, A. (2005). Sikap Indonesia
The provinces of North Kalimantan dalam Menghadapi Kejahatan
and Sabah are both areas that are Lintas Negara: Ilegal Logging di
vulnerable to the threat of transnational Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan
crime because the province of North Timur. Jurnal Penelitian Politik,
Kalimantan is a new province and the 2(1), 85–96.
development of the border area is still Muhamad, S. V. (2015). Kejahatan
very minimal, both infrastructure and Transnasional Penyelundupan
communication networks that make it Narkoba Dari Malaysia Ke
easier for foreign syndicates to commit Indonesia  : Kasus Di Provinsi
transnational crimes such as timber Kepulauan Riau Dan Kalimantan
smuggling and illegal trade. Barat. Politica, 6(1), 42–62.
Real efforts were made by the two Niko, N., & Niko, N. (2017). Fenomena
countries by planning a Malindo social Trafficking in Person Di Wilayah
security working group that focuses on Perbatasan Kalimantan Barat.
handling security in border areas. Raheema, 4(1), 32–45. http://
jurnaliainpontianak.or.id/index.
REFERENCES php/raheema/article/view/829
Bangun, B. H. (2017). Konsepsi dan Pengabdian, P. D. A. N., & Masyarakat,
Pengelolaan Wilayah Perbatasan K. (2014). Lembaga penelitian dan
Negara: PerspeKtif Hukum pengabdian kepada masyarakat
Internasional. Tanjungpura Law universitas udayana 2014.
Journal, 1(1), 52–63. Sudiar, S. (2015). Pembangunan
Fahrozi, F., Sumarlan, S., Joostensz, T. Wilayah Perbatasan Negara:
G., Studi, P., Pertahanan, D., & Gambaran Tentang Strategi
Pertahanan, F. S. (1985). Program Pengelolaan Kawasan Perbatasan
Kelompok Kerja Sosial Ekonomi Darat di Provinsi Kalimantan Utara.

14 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Jurnal Administrative Reform, 3(4), Wangke, H. (2018). Kerjasama Indonesia-
489–500. Malaysia dalam Pengelolaan
Sugiyono, P. D. (2015). Metode Perbatasan di Kalimantan. 168.
Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan
Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R & D)
(p. 458).

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 15

 Forest And Land Fire Reporting In South Sumatra:
From Local To National Media Frames

Krisna Murti1, Farisha Sestri Musdalifah2, Rindang Senja Andarini3

1
Study Program of Communication Science, Sriwijaya University
2
Study Program of Communication Science, Sriwijaya University
3
Study Program of Communication Science, Sriwijaya University
[email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Forest and land fires (Karhutla) become a serious problem that requires a
commitment to resolve and anticipate in the future. South Sumatra is one of the
regions that experience problems of Karhutla every year. In reporting an issue,
each mass media has a different frame that directs the attention and opinion of its
readers. This study used a qualitative research design with Pan and Kosicki’s framing
analysis method. This study analyzed Karhutla coverage in 2019 from online news
portals, Tribun Sumsel, Sumatera Ekspres, Okezone.com, and Kompas.com. The
results showed that the news frames of Okezone.com and Tribun Sumsel had the
same tendency, both presented the Karhutla Task Force and police officers as heroes
to overcome Karhutla. Sumatera Ekspres framed the corporations more positively
by highlighting their contribution, while the fact that the company’s operational
practices can trigger Karhutla were excluded. Kompas.com’s frames emphasized
three things, including the impact, government efforts, and corporate involvement.
It appears that Kompas.com applied objectivity by including the facts about the
corporation’s involvement in causing Karhutla by covering these cases carefully
through the euphemism of the phrase “blamed” to “negligent”.
Keywords: Framing, Karhutla, Objectivity

I. INTRODUCTION
Forest and land fires (Karhutla) visibility. The impact of Karhutla is not
are causing serious problems such only felt by the people around the fires
as smoke which pollutes the air and but is also widespread—it is triggering
causes respiratory diseases and disrupts global warming and climate change,

16 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
reducing clean water sources, causing to understand (Durham in Eriyanto,
drought, landslides, and floods (Dewi/ 2002:77). Through news frames, it
Inggried Dwi Wedhaswary/ Kompas. is easier for the public to understand
com, 2018). complex social problems or issues.
In South Sumatra, in August 2019, Nevertheless, society cannot fully rely
forest and land fires burned 361,857 on claims of neutrality and objectivity
hectares of land. Areas in South Sumatra in the mass media because news is not
with the worst forest and land fires such a reflection of reality but a construction
as Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) Regency, result of reality. Journalists, editors,
Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir (PALI) resource persons, and people who have
Regency, Banyuasin, and Lubuklinggau. power over mass media become actors
This forest and land fire incidents were who construct journalistic products
covered by many mass media. (news). Mass media workers always
One of the roles and functions of do framing in conducting their duties.
the mass media is to convey information. Starting from determining the issue,
Through its news products, the mass the reporting process in which the
media convey crucial issues to society selection of facts/reality occurs to news
(Nadie, 2018: 38-39). Mass media is writing where journalists will choose
not only capable of making information their angles and emphasize (Eriyanto,
literate society, it can also direct public 2002: 81). The attitude of journalists
opinion through news frames. The frame towards an issue can be seen from the
is a storyline or main idea which is used emphasis they put on: how they place
to interpret ongoing events and links a the headlines, choose sources and
relationship between them (Gamson and diction, use graphics and certain labels,
Modigliani, 1987 in Brewer and Gross, repeat words or sentences.
2009: 159). Entman (1993) (Brewer Each mass media has different
dan Gross, 2009: 159) explained that framing in raising an issue. It is not
framing is a selection of several aspects only the policies and ideology of the
of reality then makes these aspects more mass media which determine how an
prominent in the text (news) to direct the issue is framed in the news. Individual
definition of a problem, interpretation, ideology (journalists and editors),
moral evaluation, and problem-solving internal pressures from media owners,
recommendations in some way. demands of media executives to meet
Frames help readers understand market tastes, and external pressures
reality in an abstract world into also influence the framing of the news
something meaningful, orderly, and easy (Entman, 2009: 340).

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 17

 Forest and land fires are a very sender, interactive, multiple uses, and
serious problem given the wide impact accessible at any time (McQuail, 2010).
they caused. By this time, the incident Technically, online media is media based
of forest and land fires has been repeated on telecommunication and multimedia,
every year with solutions that have which are computers and the internet.
not touched the root of the problem. Romli (2012:30) explained that the
Therefore, it is crucial to review how categories of online media include news
much attention the local and national portals, webpages, online radio, online
mass media have had in raising the issue television, and e-mail.
of forest and land fires and to see how However, not all online media
much emphasis has been made on the are mass media. Several conventional
coverage. This paper sought to review mass media have converged into online
how the framing of local and national media to keep up with the rapid current
online media is in reporting the forest development. In this paper, the online
and land fires which occurred in South media to be studied is an institutionalized
Sumatra. online news portal and/or registered in
the press council.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2 News Framing
2.1 From mass media to online
media In a news portal, the news is the
heart or core of the content which to
Talking about the mass media means
be conveyed to the public. Charnley
that the message the communicator
(in Romli, 2014:5) defined news
wants to convey is addressed to a
as the fastest report of an event or
large number of audiences (McQuail,
incident which is factual, important,
2010:183). We are familiar with
and interesting for most readers and
the mass media around us, such as
concerns their interests. Every news has
television, radio, and newspapers.
the main elements with the formula of
Along with the times, the mass media
5W+1H (What, Who, When, Where,
are now also adapting to technological
Why + How) to be able to make an
developments, namely the emergence of
event newsworthy.
online media.
When writing a story, a journalist
McQuail (2010) classified this
will not necessarily have the same
online media as the new media. New
point of view as other journalists. Not
media has main characteristics such
a single journalist can escape from
as connectedness, reciprocal access
subjectivity even though they have been
between the audience and the message

18 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
as professional as possible (Ishwara, III. METHOD
2011:66). A journalist’s point of view
is still reflected in the news they write. This paper utilized a constructionist
The way journalists, or in general the approach (paradigm) in which reality
media, highlight an event into news will is something that is formed and
be described in the following discussion constructed (Berger and Luckmann, in
which is framing. Eriyanto, 2002:15). The news text is not
Framing is seen as placing a reflection of objective reality because
information in a specific context so that in the news production process there
certain issues receive a bigger allocation are values, moral and ethical choices,
than other issues (Eriyanto, 2002:220). and the alignments of the journalists
Framing allows information to be involved (Eriyanto, 2002: 32-37).
displayed more prominently so that it is The data used in this research was
easy to receive and remember. secondary data which was news articles
Robert N. Entman (1993:53) in local (sumsel.tribunnews.com and
explained that framing makes sumeks.co) and national (kompas.com
information more prominent by placing dan okezone.com) online media portals.
and repeating words with symbols News articles regarding forest and land
which are known culturally. Moreover, fires were collected and then read,
words that have nothing to do with the examined, and analyzed using framing
main idea of the news issue can stand analysis from Gerald M. Kosicki. Gerald
out if they fit into the message recipient’s M. Kosicki’s framing analysis model
belief system scheme. There are two emphasizing four framing devices,
big dimensions in viewing a framing including syntactic, script, thematic,
(Entman, in Eriyanto, 2002:221), and rhetorical structures (Eriyanto,
including a selection of issues and 2002:256). The first structure, the
highlighting or emphasizing aspects. syntax looks at how journalists organize
Issue selection means selecting facts statements, opinions, quotes, and
that will be presented in the news text. observations on an event into a general
Highlighting or emphasizing aspects structure of news. Second, the script
is how these facts are presented in the structure observes how journalists tell
news text. The choice of words used an event in the form of news. Third,
in the news text is not only technical the thematic structure is related to
journalism but also language politics. how journalists express their views
on a problem or event into sentence
propositions or relationships between
sentences which then form the whole

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 19

text. Fourth, a rhetorical structure (12 news), and other themes which
that reveals how journalists emphasize consist of the president’s statement, the
certain meanings in the minds of readers government’s anticipation of preventing
through their choice of words, idioms, forest and land fires, the distribution
graphics, and certain images (Eriyanto, of hotspots, and community efforts to
2002: 294). solve the forest and land fires (6 news).
Tribun Sumsel had 62 news
IV. RESULTS AND during 2019 which could be classified
DISCUSSION into six major themes which were the
government’s anticipation of preventing
In the constructionism paradigm, forest and land fires (19 news), the
the news is not understood as something occurrence of forest and land fires (13
objective and neutral. A news product is news), distribution of hotspots, and
inseparable from the framing process, the area of burned land (4 news), the
starting from the coverage stage to the government efforts to solve the forest
presentation. News framing is a practice and land fires (14 news), community
that cannot be avoided because the efforts to solve Karhutla (2 news), and
reality of a complex world needs to the impact of forest and land fires (10
be simplified so that reality becomes news).
meaningful and easily understood by Of the 44 news published by
the public. Sumeks, there were five major themes
To find out how the attitude of which were corporations related to forest
the local and national online media in and land fires (2 news), government’s
framing the news about the Forest and efforts to handle forest and land fires (20
Land Fires (Karhutla) which occurred in news), events in the middle of forest and
South Sumatra, the authors utilized Pan land fires (14 news), the contribution of
and Kosicki’s model framing analysis. NGOs in handling forest and land fires
This model analyzed the news through (1 news), and arson actions by residents
four framing devices of syntactic, scripts, (4 news).
thematic, and rhetorical structures Emphasizing the urgency of
(Eriyanto, 2002: 256-265). handling and the serious impact of
The 38 headlines published by forest and land fires was conducted by
Okezone could be classified into four Kompas.com in reporting the problem
major themes which were the occurrence of Karhutla. This can be seen from the
of forest and land fires (6 news), the selection of news headlines and the
government’s efforts to solve the Karhutla frequency of news reporting which
(14 news), the impacts of Karhutla

20 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
mostly promoted information updates government’s role in handling forest and
about the development of forest and land fires with 20 headlines out of a total
land fires and how it has been handled. of 44 forest and land fires news. From all
Kompas described officers from the news about the forest and land fires,
government agencies including the Sumeks.co never raised any criticism
BNPB (Indonesian National Board for of the central or regional governments
Disaster Management), the Forest and contrary to Kompas.com which raised
Land Fire Task Force, the Forest Service, criticism for the lack of support from
and Indonesian National Armed Forces the Regional Head. Moreover, Sumeks.
as heroes. While presenting government co also displayed a positive image of
agencies as heroes, Kompas still criticized the company, especially its partner APP
the Governor of South Sumatra and the Sinarmas. Information about companies
local government for not having enough involved in the Karhutla incident had
role in overcoming the forest and land been excluded and replaced with news
fires. This critical frame was inserted about companies that assist in handling
through disharmony between the title the forest and land fires. When reporting
and photo elements. In the news entitled the residents who burned the land, these
“The Governor of South Sumatra Goes individuals were displayed as the ones
to Malaysia in the Middle of Land to blame for the forest and land fires
Fires”, the photo shown was not a photo problem.
of the Governor visiting activities but In framing the forest and land fires
of students on a boat crossing the Musi problem, Okezone.com emphasized the
River which was covered in thick smoke. impacts of it quite intensely. Okezone.
Kompas disclosed the involvement com tried to dramatize the conditions
of corporations carefully through the caused by Karhutla through a metaphor
lexicon “negligent” and “allegedly that appears in the title “Dense Haze
burning the land” when explaining the of Jalintim Smoke is Like Walking on
company’s fault. In the news, Kompas Clouds”. In the rhetorical element
quoted the head of the company as (photo) of one of the news, Okezone.
applying the journalistic principle com displayed a baby who allegedly died
of cover both sides but the portion due to smog. This dramatization aimed
given was less than the quotation from to inspire empathy for readers and all
government sources. parties (government and corporations)
Sumeks.co’s framing tended to involved not to ignore the forest and land
highlight the government’s positive fires problem. Kompas.com also did the
image. Sumeks.co focused more on the same thing by showing photos of fire-

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 21

fighting actions by young children with this government source can also be seen
makeshift tools such as coconut branches. in the frame of Okezone.com, Kompas.
Okezone.com published a short story com, and Sumeks.co.
entitled “The Police Determines 185
Suspects and 4 Corporations in the V. CONCLUSION
Forest and Land Fires Case” related to
Users of online news portals who
corporate involvement which disclosed
continue to grow and now, online news
the number of companies but did not
portals as the main consumption for
mention the names of the corporations.
the majority of the public, demand that
Regarding the depiction of government
the media play a better role in framing
agencies, Okezone.com featured the
the news they load. The framing of this
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
news will have a big influence on public
as a firm figure seen through the lead.
opinion which will be framed in society.
The media framing of Tribunsumsel.
During this study, the most felt
com was almost similar to Sumeks.
news frame raised by the media is how
co which was very favorable to the
big the role of the relevant governments
government. Tribunsumsel.com
both local and central in dealing with
presented 33 headlines from a total of
the forest and land fire problem. How
62 news stories which not only covered
the performance of the government and
efforts to handle the fires but also the
the positive sides of the government in
government’s anticipation of forest and
handling the forest and land fires are
land fires. Meanwhile, news about the
highly highlighted in the news.
impact of forest and land fires received
The news framing between one
a smaller portion. Tribunsumsel.com
media and another looks different when
also described government agencies as
reporting on corporate involvement.
heroes who were highlighted through
Kompas.com disclosed in detail the
rhetorical elements such as photo
companies involved but tended to be
selection, captions, and the lexicon of
careful in reporting it. Okezone.com also
“struggle”. Regarding the involvement
inserted news about the corporations
of corporations in the forest and land fire
involved but in a very small portion
issues, Tribunsumsel.com did not come
and not in detail, while Sumeks.co and
up with a single headline discussing
Tribunsumsel.com seemed to eliminate
this matter. Regarding the selection of
the issue of corporate involvement.
citation sources, official government
Regarding the portion of the
sources were more prominent than
coverage, the corporations involved in
company sources. The dominance of
the forest and land fires incident received

22 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
a smaller portion compared to the news Entman, Robert M. (1993). Framing
from the government’s portion of news. Toward Clarification of a Fractured
Moreover, the impact and updates on Paradigm. Political Communication
the forest and land fires incident were Vol. 43 (4).
not missed. This portion was packaged Entman, Robert M. (2009). Framing
as an important issue by the media. Media Power. Dalam Paul D’Angelo
News framing may lead readers dan Jim A. Kuypers (Ed.). Doing
to certain conclusions on an issue or News Framing Analysis: Empirical
problem. Regarding environmental and Theoretical Perspectives. London:
conditions that are increasingly Routledge.
threatened globally, journalists should Eriyanto. (2002). Analisis Framing:
be able to apply an environmental Konstruksi, Ideologi, dan Politik
journalism approach in their news Media. Yogyakarta: Lkis Yogyakarta.
frame so that the public, government, Eriyanto. (2005). Analisis Framing:
and corporations see the urgency of Konstruksi, Ideologi, dan Politik
protecting the earth from forest and land Media. Yogyakarta: Lkis Yogyakarta.
fires and other environmental threats as Ishwara, Luwi. 2011. Jurnalisme
a shared responsibility. Dasar. Jakarta: PT Kompas Media
Further research may examine in- Nusantara.
depth media routines by conducting McQuail, Denis. 2010. Mass
media ethnographic research to reveal Communication Theory, 6 edition.
th

how the gatekeeping process in the London: SAGE Publications.

newsroom determines how an issue is Nadie, Lahyanto. (2018). Media
selected and framed into a news product. Massa dan Pasar Modal: Startegi
Komunikasi bagi Perusahaan Go
REFERENCES Public. Jakarta Selatan: Media
Center.
Brewer, Paul R, Kimberly Gross.
Romli, Asep Syamsul M. 2012.
(2009). Studying the Effects of
Jurnalistik Online: Panduan Praktis
Issue Framing on Public Opinion
Mengelola Media Online. Bandung:
about Policy Issues: Does What We
Nuansa Cendikia.
See Depend on How We Look?.
Dalam Paul D’Angelo dan Jim A.
Kuypers (Ed.). Doing News Framing
Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical
Perspectives. London: Routledge.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 23

 Haul Habib Ali Al-Habsyi in Solo
The Emergence of A New Tradition Amidst The
Thick of Javanese Traditions

Endang Tri Irianingsih1, Wakit Abdullah2, Warto2, and Sri Kusumo Habsari2
1
Postgraduate Student of Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta,
Indonesia
2
Lecturer of Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
{ [email protected] , [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected] }

Abstract
This study analyzes causes of increase in pilgrims to the tomb of Habib Alwi bin Ali
Al-Habsyi and cause of the existence of haul Habib Ali in Solo. This event is able to
bring in thousands of pilgrims from various regions in Indonesia and abroad. It is
interesting that Habib Alwi’s tomb is located in the city of Solo, which is a city that
is very thick with Javanese culture, but this event can exist and be held regularly.
This research uses an interpretative qualitative research model. Data analysis uses
interpretative. The main theory used is identity and commodification. The results of
this research are that the increase in the number of pilgrims to Habib Alwi’s tomb is
caused by 2 factors, namely (1) the factor are identity of Habib Alwi and his social
identity; (2) the existence of haul Habib Ali which made the existence of Habib
Alwi’s tomb even more popular. In addition, haul Habib Ali shows that it is not just
Javanese culture that can coexist with the traditions of haul Habib Ali but moreover
it can be a counter issue. Haul Habib Ali is on tourism agenda in Solo, that cannot
be separated from the commodification.
Keywords: Pilgrimage, Solo Religious Tourism, Javanese Traditions, and Haul
Habib Ali.

1. INTRODUCTION of making pilgrimages to the tomb of

family and relatives. However, outside of
Pilgrimage has become a habit of this custom, they also made pilgrimages
Javanese society. Every year before the to the tombs of certain people who
month of Ramadhan is usually the peak were considered to be figures or clerics.
of the pilgrimage. They have a habit

24 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Pilgrimage to the tombs of a figure near the Kasunanan Surakarta Palace, to
or cleric can be done at any time, but the east of Baluwarti to be precise. This
usually the most crowded is Thursday tomb is located in a settlement complex
night. for Arab descendants who live in Solo.
The people of Solo are still doing Habib Alwi bin Ali Al-Habsyi
pilgrimages. Solo as the center of Javanese is son of Habib Ali bin Muhammad
culture knows the nyadran tradition. bin Husein Al-Habsyi who wrote the
In the week before the fasting month, book Maulid Simtuddurar. Habib Alwi
people visit the tombs (Koentjaraningrat, preached in Indonesia and founded the
1994). Nyadran tradition is a term used Riyadh Mosque in Solo. Next to the
in pilgrimage activities to the tombs mosque there are 3 tombs, namely the
of family or relatives before the month tomb of Habib Alwi and two tombs of
of Ramadhan. Nyadran is carried out Habib Alwi’s son, namely the tomb of
in various versions according to their Habib Ahmad and Habib Anis while the
respective beliefs and religions. For tomb of Habib Ali is located in Yemen.
Javanese people who are muslims, Every day the tomb is always crowded
nyadran is an ordinary pilgrimage to pray with pilgrims and is open 24 hours.
for the dead. For other Javanese people Especially on Thursday and Friday the
who are muslim but are still influenced number of pilgrims increases. Pilgrims
by syncritism, nyadran is carried out by come in large groups and some come
means of pilgrimage and also organizing individually with their families. Pilgrims
salvation events or selametan. However, to Habib Alwi’s tomb are increasing at
in general nyadran in Solo is usually the haul Habib Ali event.
done by pilgrimage only. Haul Habib Ali is a commemoration
Apart from the nyadran tradition, every one year of Habib Ali’s death and is
pilgrimages in the city of Solo also held every 19, 20, and 21 of the month of
aim at the tombs of figures or clerics. Rabi’ul-Akhir Hijri calendar. Habib Alwi
In Solo and its surroundings there are was the first to hold the haul Habib Ali
various sacred tombs. There are tombs which is now being celebrated. Initially
of historical figures, tombs of palace this haul was only held for families
figures, and tombs of great clerics. One but gradually the number of people
of the tombs of the great cleric who is who followed it increased. People who
buried in the city of Solo is the tomb came not only from Indonesia but also
of Habib Alwi bin Ali Al-Habsyi. This abroad came to follow haul Habib Ali.
tomb is located in Gurawan, Pasar This annual activity is very interesting
Kliwon. Geographically, it is located because it can attract attention in the

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 25

center of Javanese culture. vary depending on the pilgrim. For
Solo is a city that is considered the pilgrims to the tomb of Habib Anis,
center of Javanese culture. The slogan the motivation of pilgrims in seeking
of Solo is “Solo the spirit of Java”. This blessings is related to the unique series
slogan certainly has a deep meaning. of charisma, guardianship and blessings
In Solo there is Kasunanan Surakarta of Habib Anis (Mashar, 2018). Habib
palace which is a fraction of the Mataram Anis’ tomb is located in the Habib Alwi
kingdom. Kasunanan Surakarta palace tomb complex. A pilgrim’s motivation
is a Javanese Islamic kingdom that still can determine the number of visits to
exists today, although it does not have the tomb. The stronger motivation
any governmental power anymore. can make often pilgrimage. Until the
However, this did not diminish the pilgrims come in groups and come
spirit and traditions of the surrounding regularly. This also shows the strength
Javanese culture. There are still many of the Habib Alwi figure in the minds
great activities or daily activities of of pilgrims. Habib Alwi’s identity is
the people of Solo that are thick with a special attraction for pilgrims. This
Javanese culture. Starting from the small identity represents something that can
community to officials who still preserve eventually become a magnet. Identity
Javanese traditions. theory becomes a surgery to get answers
This is the background of the to the first question. Identity is important
writing of this paper. The Javanese because it represents something that
tradition that is thick in the city of Solo represents a certain thing. Identity is self-
can provide space for other traditions to articulation (Abdullah, 2015). Identity
live and exist in it. The question is what can be associated with subjectivity
has caused Habib Alwi’s tomb pilgrims which refers to the condition as a person
to increase and how can the Haul Habib and the process by which we become a
Ali tradition live and exist in the middle person. Identity related to the person
of Javanese culture? as a subject tied to social processes is
divided into two, namely self-identity
2 LITERATURE REVIEW and social identity. Self-identity is a
person related to the social process that
Pilgrims come to the tomb with
creates us as a subject for ourselves,
various motivations. The motivation
while social identity is a person related
of pilgrims varies, but in general, they
to a social process that creates us as a
seek blessings (Mashar, 2018; Nafiah,
subject for others. Individual identity
2018; Sauqi and Miftah, 2018; Suriani,
in social interaction is fundamental
2017). However, the expected blessings

26 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
in every social interaction (Suyanto & coexist with Javanese culture. This is
Sutinah, 2015). because when viewed from the point of
The increase in the number of view of cultural studies it can be seen
pilgrims in Habib Alwi’s tomb cannot that the acceptance of the surrounding
be separated from the influence of the community is not just an adjoining
surrounding community. The local culture but more because of interests.
people who live near Habib Alwi’s tomb These interests are economic interests.
get their own benefits. They can take The theory of commodification can
advantage of the arrival of pilgrims to show that sacred things turn into
get fortune. They usually trade food, profane.
beverages, and rent hotels or offer
transportation services. Pilgrimage 3 METHOD
to Habib Alwi’s tomb becomes
The research model used a
religious tourism and encourages the
qualitative interpretation. In qualitative
community’s economy. Especially when
research, nothing in the form of a
haul Habib Ali the number of pilgrims
sign system should be underestimated
increased many times. This is dissected
because all of them are important and
using the commodification theory.
have an interrelated influence (Sutopo,
Commodification is a broad concept,
2002). Moleong defines qualitative
not only concerning the problem of
research as research that has the aim
commodity production in the very
of understanding the phenomena
narrow economic sense of traded
experienced by research subjects (2015).
goods. The problem also concerns the
Data is qualitative from the results
distribution of these goods and the
of non-participant observations. The
goods are consumed. According to
results of the observations were analyzed
Adorno, commodification does not only
by interpreting the existing events.
refer to goods needed by consumerism,
The activities in the Haul Habib Ali
but has spread to the arts and culture in
series that many people participated
general (Piliang, 2003). The formation
in were interesting to observe. Apart
of a consumer society that leads to
from pilgrims who come from various
popular culture has at least three powers
places, the surrounding community
that influence it, namely: the power
as traders or transportation service
of capital, producers, and the mass
providers are also objects of observation.
media (Piliang, 1999). The existence
Observations were also carried out
of the pilgrimage tradition in the tomb
digitally by utilizing video recordings
complex of Habib Alwi does not only
and writing of the pilgrims’ experiences.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 27

4 RESULT AND transportation service providers. The
DISCUSSION sellers are also diverse not only Arabs
in Pasar Kliwon but also the people
4.1 Pilgrimage to The Tomb of around Javanese descent. They can live
Habib Alwi in harmony and respect each other.
The tomb of Habib Alwi bin Ali Pilgrims come every day, but the
Al-Habsyi is located in Gurawan, Pasar most crowded day is Thursday night.
Kliwon Solo. Precisely on the south side However, before Legi Friday became
of Riyadh Mosque. Habib Alwi was even more crowded because there was a
born in Hadramaut, Yemen and then reading of the book maulid Simtuddurar.
migrated to Indonesia. He is one of the The tomb is very well maintained and
sons of Habib Ali who wrote the book clean. Many NU people come to make
maulid Simtuddurar and is a descendant regular pilgrimages to the tomb of Habib
of Rasulullah from his lineage Ali Zainal Alwi. They usually entourage with their
Abidin bin Hussein bin Fatimah az- students. They make a pilgrimage by
Zahro bint Muhammad bin Abdillah. reciting tahlil to pray.
In Indonesia he did preacher and settled The number of pilgrims is increasing
in Solo. After settle in Solo, he built every year. Habib Alwi used haul Habib
the Riyadh mosque in Gurawan, Pasar Ali to gather his students, listen to the
Kliwon. example of the clerics, especially Habib
Habib Alwi died on 20 Rabi’ul Awal Ali, and pray for Habib Ali. Initially,
1373 H coinciding with 27 November haul Habib Ali was not as large as it is
1953 in Palembang. His funeral was now. The local community also don’t
held in Solo. His tomb in besides Riyadh know haul Habib Ali but later they knew
mosque so that pilgrims can make a because more people were coming.
pilgrimage to the tomb and worship After Habib Alwi died, Habib Ali’s
in the mosque. The surrounding area haul was still performed. The number
is crowded with residents’ houses of participants following Haul Habib
and shops. Although there is a tomb Ali is increasing. This indirectly has
in the middle of the settlement, the a significant impact on the number
surrounding community feels familiar. of pilgrims who come to the tomb of
Even they get benefits when many Habib Alwi. Although not in the Haul
pilgrims come. They opened shops to Habib Ali event, Habib Alwi’s tomb is
sell various kinds of merchandise. Some not deserted by pilgrims. Automatically
sell food, beverages, Middle Eastern people who have come to follow Haul
specialties, or accommodation and Habib Ali can come another day and

28 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
because of Haul can be makes this dance. The second day of carrying out
tomb more popular. In addition, there haul and then lunch together. On the
are pilgrims who come regularly by third day, the participants were invited
bringing their students so this tomb is to subuh and then read the Maulid
always crowded. Simtuddurar book and closed with ate
In addition, identity of Habib Alwi together.
is the main trigger for the increase in the The majority of haul participants
number of pilgrims. It is not possible come from East Java. In one of the speech
for pilgrims to come again when they from Habib Muhammad explained that
do not know the figure of him. Apart once upon a time many participants
from being the son of Habib Ali, he came from Pasuruan and Madura.
also has a noble and memorable self- Then gradually more participants took
identity until his death. His identity is part in haul from various regions in the
that he is a preacher and a son of Habib archipelago. The number of participants
Ali, a descendant of the Rasulullah. increased so rapidly that the streets
He also has a good social identity. He around the Riyadh mosque had to be
as a friendly preacher and open hand closed in order to accommodate the
received everyone from all walks of life participants. Hundreds of thousands
regardless of origin. The virtues of his of people packed the Riyadh mosque
life and the knowledge he taught became and its surroundings for the haul. The
memorable. This shows that the social development of technology has also
identity formed during Habib Alwi’s life colored haul Habib Ali. This haul event
is so good that it can be remembered. is broadcast and recorded in video
format on youtube. Apart from being
4.2 Haul Habib Ali Event a documentation, the existence of this
Haul Habib Ali held every 19, 20, video can show how enthusiastic the
and 21 Rabi’ul Akhir every Hijri year. haul participants are every year which
The participants came from various is increasing and can be witnessed by
regions and some from abroad. Haul people who are unable to participate in
Habib Ali in 2019 was held with 3 haul.
series of events over 3 days. The first
day of rauhah, the second day of haul, 4.3 First Section Javanese and
and the third day of the maulid. On the Islamic Traditions: Khol-
Kholan and Haul
first day was read advice from Habib Ali
was read and after that ate together with The Javanese have a series of
the performance of the Hajir Marawis traditions in the phase of death. Starting

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 29

from the day the person died until warm welcome. Indeed, Islam in Java
1000 days after death (Geertz, 1983; is well accepted. Based on its history,
Koentjaraningrat: 1994). The influence Islam entered Java subtly so that many
of Islam on the lives of Javanese people people sympathized and embraced
has changed the way of their pray. Islam voluntarily without coercion.
Prayers are offered in Arabic. At the Historically Java and Islam can coexist
memorial service of someone’s death, it in one unit.
is usually accompanied by the presence In an era like today, there have been
of tahlilan as a form of prayer for the many different Islamic sects developing
dead. in Indonesia. There are also extremist
People who die will be prayed for groups that are members of ISIS.
on the day of their death with slametan Terrorism incidents are also associated
and tahlilan. The first is done for seven with the existence of this group. This has
consecutive days and on the seventh an effect on the view of the general non-
day it is called pitung dinanan. After Muslim community towards Muslims.
that, another tahlilan and slametan are Not all Muslims are like this group,
performed on the fortieth day called but they are also affected. However,
patang puluhan. Then on the hundredth this social unrest did not really affect
day it is called nyatusan and then after the implementation of haul Habib Ali.
one year it is called pendhak pisan. The local community still welcomes this
After two years called pendhak pindho. event with joy, even though Solo is also
Then the last one after being counted known as a plural city.
a thousand days from death is called When observed critically, this
nyewu. After a thousand days, when he is phenomenon can indicate importance.
going to pray specifically, the date of his This interest can become a counter issue
death is called khol-kholan. Khol-kholan against the cynical view of Muslims. This
is not held like the anniversary of the interest becomes a symbiosis of mutually
previous death but only commemorated beneficial mutualism. In addition, the
by the family itself. If there is a slametan, haul Habib Ali event has been used as
it is also done simply. one of the tourist agendas for the city
Islam has had a lot of influence of Solo. This interest includes various
on Javanese tradition. Khol-kholan also parties including the perpetrators of haul
received Islamic influence. If in Arabic Habib Ali who have spiritual interests,
it is called haul. So it is not surprising the surrounding community has an
that haul Habib Ali can be accepted interest in being able to participate as
by the people of Solo and receive a well as trade, and the city government

30 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
can make it a tourist agenda for the city way. The Muslim community has been
of Solo. Habib Ali’s haul event besides formed into consumers for distribution
having spiritual value but also ultimately (Abdullah, 2015). However, this is still
has economic value. Religious tourism different from what happened in haul
can live in a fertile manner and is able Habib Ali. Its sacred value is still very
to move the community’s economy. In visible to the participants even though
addition, entrepreneurs in the fields of they are the target of the market. This
hospitality and transportation also feel can be seen outside the Riyadh mosque,
the positive impact directly from this where the road has been turned into
haul. During the three days of holding stalls like an impromptu market. All
haul Habib Ali in 2017, it is estimated products are offered in the form of goods
that there will be a circulation of money and services. Indeed, when a form of
of up to IDR 225 billion. Growth in the religious activity is included in tourism,
trade and services sector, such as hotels it is not easy to be separated from the
and transportation, is increasing. Star shackles of commodification.
hotels in a number of Solo cities were
fully booked for 3 days during the haul 5. CONCLUSSION
Habib Ali.
The increase in the number of
The state in which something
pilgrims to Habib Alwi’s tomb was
of sacred value then turns into a
caused by 2 factors. First, the factor of
profane is usually associated with
self-identity and social identity owned
commodification. Commodification is
by Habib Alwi. The second factor is
the thought of Karl Marx and George
the existence of haul Habib Ali which
Simmel (Turner, 1992) who agree that
makes the existence of Habib Alwi’s
the result of a money economy based
tomb even more popular. In addition,
on the spirit of creating as much profit
haul Habib Ali shows that it is not
as possible results in the emergence of
just Javanese culture that can coexist
symptoms of commodification in various
with the traditions of haul Habib Ali
sectors of life. Commodification gives
but moreover it can be a counter issue.
rise to popular culture that originates
The issue counters the negative views
from mass consumption, commodity
of the general public towards muslims
society or consumer society as the
due to the emergence of an extremist
cause. Religious tourism in Indonesia
movement. This is influenced by
has become a commodity. Religion,
their interest of each actor. For haul
like art goods, has been taken over by
participants who have spiritual interests,
the market to be managed in such a
the surrounding community has an

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 31

interest in being able to participate as Motivasi Peziarah di Makam
well as trade, and the city government Pangeran Sukowati Dusun
can make it a tourist agenda for the city of Kranggan Desa Pengkol Kecamatan
Solo. When a religious activity becomes Tanon Kabupaten Sragen). Skripsi.
part of tourism activity, it cannot be Surakarta: Institut Agama Islam
separated from commodification. Negeri Surakarta.
Najmuddin, Ajie & Alhafiz K. (2018,
References 10 Januari). Ke Masjid Riyadh
Surakarta, Sempatkan Ziarah
Abdullah, Irwan. 2015. Konstruksi
ke Makam Tokoh Ini. Diakses
dan Reproduksi Kebudayaan.
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Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
read/85114/ke-masjid-riyadh-
Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Abangan, Santri,
surakarta-sempatkan-ziarah-ke-
Priyayi Dalam Masyarakat Jawa.
makam-tokoh-ini
Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
Piliang, Yasraf Amir. 1999. Hiper-
Haul Habib Ali Bin Muhammad Al-
realitas Kebudayaan: Semiotika,
Habsyi ke 108. (2019). Diakses dari
Estetika, Posmodernisme. Bandung:
https://pariwisatasolo.surakarta.
LKIS.
go.id
Piliang, Yasraf Amir. 2003.
Koentjaraningrat. 1994. Kebudayaan
Hipersemiotika: Tafsir Cultural
Jawa. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Studies Atas Matinya Makna.
Kuncoro, Sri Romdhoni Warta. (2019,
Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.
18 Desember). Sisi Lain Haul
Riviyanti, Asiska. (2017, 21 Januari).
Solo, Ziarah Makam Habib Ali bin
Haul Habib Ali Solo: Perputaran
Muhammad Al Habsyi. Diakses
Uang Selama Haul Diprediksi
dari https://www.kompasiana.com
Mencapai Rp225 Miliar. Solopos.
Mashar, Ali. 2018. Makna Ziarah
Diakses dari https://m.solopos.com
Makam Habib Anis Al-Hansyi Bagi
Samodra, Adi Surya. (2019, 15
Masyarakat Surakarta. Indonesian
Desember). Haul Habib Ali di
Journal of Islamic Literature
Solo, Berikut Rangkaian Acaranya
and Muslim Society, 2(2), 206-.
yang Dihadiri 100 Ribu Jemaah
doi: 10.22515/islimus.v2i2.1027
Dalam & Luar Negeri. Tribunnews
Moleong, Lexy J. 2015. Metodologi
Solo. Diakses dari https://solo.
Penelitian Kualitatif Edisi Revisi.
tribunnews.com
Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Sauqi, Ahmad & Miftah Farid Hamka.
Nafiah, Ainun. 2018. Spiritualitas
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dalam Ziarah Kubur (Studi Atas

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 Prabu Jayabaya (Menelisik Makna Suyanto, Bagong & Sutinah. 2015.
dan Tujuan Masyarakat Berziarah Metode Penelitian Sosial. Jakarta:
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Suriani. 2017. Tradisi Ziarah Pada Desember). Haul Habib Ali 16-18
Makam Dato Ri Tiro Kecamatan Desember 2019, Hotel Berbintang
Bontotiro Kabupaten Bulukumba. di Solo Full Booked. Diakses dari
Skripsi. Makassar: UIN Alauddin. https://m.solopos.com
Sutopo, H.B. 2002. Metode Penelitian Turner, Bryan S. 1992. Max Weber:
Kualitatif, Penerbit Universitas From History to Modernity. London:
Sebelas Maret. Surakarta. Routledge.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 33

 The International Committee of the Red Cross’s
(ICRC) Role in the Protection of Syrian Children in
2015-2018
Ahmad Zufar and Sri Wijayanti
International Relations of Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
The Syrian War puts children to all sorts of risks, that they may become child
soldier, be separated from their families, end up in detention, etc. Pursuant to the
mandate of the Geneva Convention, the International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC) focuses on the operation of aiding victims in prevention from armed and
internal violence throughout the world. Protecting children in Syria is one of its
duties. The paper entitled ‘the International Committee of the Red Cross’s (ICRC)
Role in the Protection of Syria Children in 2015-2018’ will analyze the role of
ICRC in helping children in Syria. The research identifies two forms of ICRC’s
activities to protect Syrian children, including direct activism and advocacy. The
research was conducted by employing a qualitative method, took literature review
as its instrument, andemployed an interactive analysis model.
Keywords: Children, ICRC, Protection, Syria

1. INTRODUCTION They were assigned with tasks which

should have been performed by adult,
Syria has had armed conflict since such as coolie, guardian, informant,
2011, which means the conflict has and,the cause of concern, human shield.
lasted 7 years. The never ending conflict Syrian childrenhad also lost access to
certainly poses many and big negative vital facilities. They were unable to
effects on Syrian domestic scope. One of go to school since their schools were
the effects caused is humanity crisis on destroyed, with limited hospitals and
children. Children in Syria were forced water facilities. Based on UNICEF’s
to be armed force (Risnain, 2014: (United Nations Children’s Fund)
365). According toSave the Children’s report, there were totally 5,8 million
report, from 2011 to 2018, there were affected children, that Syrian children
2 million children recruited both by grew to adulthood with terrible conflict
the opposition and the government as scene, full of violence (UNICEF, 2016).
child soldier (Save the Children, 2018). The other impact is that the children

34 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
became refugees since they had to leave not of an international character, article
their country for safety in other country. no 3,stating that children are included
According to UNICEF’s data, there were in the group of ‘person taking no active
2,500,000 Syrian children registered as part in the hostilities” (OCHR, 2019).
refugees abroad (UNICEF, 2018). Child protection and ICRC’s role will
The humanity crisis situation in be discussed in this paper, regarding
Syria affects children, which is the reason how ICRC serves to realize child
of the International Committee of The protection norm. This paper starts with
Red Cross’s (ICRC) involvement in the definition of child protection norm,
Syria. ICRC has the responsibility to get ICRC’s involvement inchild protection
involved in humanity crisis in conflict in the world and ICRC’s role in Syria.
area as contained in the Convention (I)
for the Amelioration of the Condition 2. METHOD
of the Wounded and Sick in Armed
This paper is the result of a research
Forces in the Filed, Geneva, 12 August
which employed a qualitative method.
1949,
The data were in the form of document
“An impartial humanitarian body, such
from primary and secondary sources.
as the International Committee of the Red
The data were collected using a library
Cross, may offer its services to the Parties
research. Triangulation was employed
to the conflict”
to process the data. The research subject
was ICRC and the research period was
The International Committee of
from 2015 to 2018.
the Red Cross is an international non-
governmental organization operating in
humanity field which specifically gives
3. DISCUSISON
aid and protection both physically and 3.1 The Concept of Child
non-physically to the victims. Therefore, Protection Norm
ICRC has a big role in maintaining Child protection norm in
the foundation and protection of civil international relation reflects actual
groups, including children (Sefriani, behavior and raises hopes. On the
2010: 149). In the 1949 Fourth Geneva other hand, normreflects certain type
Convention, children are included in the of behavioral pattern which raises
civil group that must be protected in case normative hopes. Thus, normis defined
of war. Child protection is re-discussed in as a behavior in a certain situation which
the first international humanitarian law makes a person feels that the norm must
regulations concerning armed conflict be followed or complied with (Chayes

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 35

andChayes, 1994 inCarlsnaes 2013). Socialization of child protection norm
Therefore, normin international relation for it to be acknowledged and ensured
will become an international habit to more widely (becoming international
be performed constantly. International norm) in general is a process of giving
habitis also acknowledged as a source positive value and action, thus it becomes
of international law in article 38 (1)(b) a motive to act in lifeto protect children,
(International Court of Justice: 26). both normatively and practically,such as
Norm is not only written or through direct action in the field through
unwritten form of rules. Further, protection and cooperation (Stanford,
normmay be in the form of institution 2018). Some matters which may be
based on agreed rules. Through taken as the indicators of socialization
the existing values in the Geneva of child protection norm is protecting
Conventions and the Convention on children from violent behavior which
the Rights of the Child, normmay be may cause physical injury, severe
realized with the existence of institution trauma, social disintegrationin their
which performs various activities to living environment such as loss of home
actualize protection norms for children (Furedi, 2009: 7).
in Syria. Child protection normis a
universal norm where countries as the 3.2 International Committee of
main actor in international relation the Red Cross’s Involvement
which agree on the international in Children Protection in the
World
agreement must implement the results
of agreement in convention on the ICRC is a humanity institution
rights of the child. Syria has ratified the established by Henry Dunant in
convention on the rights of the child 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland. ICRC’s
where Syria is obliged to protect children involvement in child protection started
who are in that country. Unfortunately, from 1914 in World War 1 where ICRC
Syria as a state actor did not successfully gave aid to children in the Soviet Union
protect children in its country where the region and other East Europe regions
war occurred (Schmidt, and Rkoczy- in the form of goat and livestock aid
Tomasello, 2012: 331) thus aid from (ICRC Document, 2018).
other international organization is The time after the First World
needed to realize the universal norm. Warwas certainly a difficult time
As an international organization for children. ICRC must work hard
operating in humanity field, ICRC plays to restore children’s condition both
a role in realizing child protection norm. physically and non-physically. One of
the physical aids from ICRC to children

36 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
after the First World War was the child and Kashmir during Pakistan War,
immunization agenda in Belarus in returning children sent to Yugoslavia
1919. ICRC also gave aid in the form during war to their respective family,
of return of civilians who were captives distributing aid to children who were
at Holzminden camp and refugees forced to leave their home during civil
covering men, women and children war in Laos, giving food aid to Nigerian
of totally 10,000 people from Poland, children during Biafra war, etc. (ICRC
Russia, Belgium andFrance. In addition, Document, 2014).
ICRC also supported return of more
than 425,000 prisoners of war of Russia, 3.4. International Committee of
Germany, Austria and Hungarycovering the Red Cross’s Role inChild
men, women and children, and also aid Protection in Syria in 2015-
2018
in the form of food supply, clothing and
temporary shelter (ICRC Blog, 2019). ICRC’s involvement in protecting
In 1939, the world experienced children continues until now, such as
occurrences which led to humanity crisis. in the Syrian conflict, in which ICRC
The Second World War resulted in 45 shows that it continuously attempts
million of civilian casualties, including to realize child protection norm. The
children. Millions of lives were the activities performed by ICRC are as
victims of not only violence of war such follows:
as genocide and massacre, but also of 1. Direct Child Protection Activity
out break and famine (National WWII in Syria
Museum, t.t.). These big events made The humanity crisis involving
ICRC involved in various occurrences Syrian children made ICRC directly
to save humankind. One of its activities participate in protecting Syrian children.
related to child was that ICRC returned Child’s psychological factor which may
children who got separated from their be easily manipulated and the Syrian war
familysince they got into the German situation made them prone to getting
camp and gave aid to children in Serbia involved in the war as combatant.
(ICRC, 2018). Based on this, ICRC performed
After the Second World War, accompaniment with children recruited
ICRC kept involved in activities to save ascombatant. The phases conducted
children. ICRCperformed activities to by ICRC in implementing child
protect children by giving aid in the accompaniment program in Syria from
form of establishing schools to educate 2015-2018 were (1) ensuring children
child refugees in Srinagar, Jammu with the most prone risk of kidnapping

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 37

case, which may be identified through 2016). ICRC provided aid for children’s
age, family background, social needs such as jacket, clothing, blanket,
condition and child’s environment (2) tarpaulin, jerry can, cleaning tool
coordinating withparties involved in andkitchen set (ICRC Annual Report,
conflict so that the children will not 2018: 37).
be recruited as their armed force, (3) In Syria, ICRC built hospitals and
fulfilling their need for food, clothing, provided medicine to children with
temporary shelter until the children’s severe and light injury caused by conflict
physical and psychological condition and disease. To fulfill the needed number
starts to be neutral and is ready to return of medics, ICRC provided trainings to
to their respective family (ICRC Annual medical workers and medical volunteers
Report, 2017: 24-25). ICRC attempted (ICRC Annual Report 2018: 34). These
to stop, remove or at least neutralize trainings were in the form of surgery
radicalism which has been instilled in technical training to improve doctor’s
the children’s mind as the result of the capability and basic first aid kit training
war (Hikam, 2016: 81). The effort to to volunteers covering training of
remove ideological indoctrination by giving cardiopulmonary resuscitation,
the parties involved in the war is very handling skin infection and how to
important considering that when they bring patient to safe shelter. In addition,
return to their respective family, each of ICRC organized disaster management
the children will behavenormally. This training aiming to keep food security
is important to keep the children from and preparation in case of disaster,
rejoining as child soldier. In addition, communication management training
this accompaniment will help children aiming to facilitate health officers and
free from or at least remove their trauma volunteers to get information in the
gradually. field related to identification of victim’s
War has destroyed many facilities complaint and victim’s necessity and
which support basic life needs such strategy planning in the field.
as water channel for child’s drinking 2. Advocacy of Child’s Rights in
need and damaged houses. In 2015 Syrian Conflict
5,600,000 children needed water
To increase the international
channel and dwelling aid, ICRC
community’s awareness of child
made water facilities and dwelling for
protection in Syria, ICRC performed
15,700,000 people, which means that
a series of activities to advocate child’s
it had fulfilled a number of children’s
rights in conflict situation. First, ICRC
need in 2015(UNICEF Annual Report,
published articlesrelated to children

38 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
through its website. This aimed to have activities which were being and will
the issue closer to the community with be performed by ICRC. The public’s
special interest in humanity issues. involvementintends to make each
According to the visit data to the website, person empathetic and sympathetic
it was recorded that in 2015, 180,000 and help each other for the goodness of
people visited the official website and humans who are experiencing disaster in
in 2016 it increased to 355,600 people war or conflict area.
(ICRC Annual Report, 2015: 65). The Third, asking the United Nations
distribution of information was expected Security Council to protect the
to provide and distribute the knowledge activities of ICRC and humanity
of existing humanity eventsin the world organization of UN’s partner operating
where ICRC was involved. The visit activities in Syria. As a state with its
data show that increasing number of own authority, Syria must be respected
people was interested in humanity cases, as a state although it is in conflict.
which also shows increasing concern of ICRC was aware that to enter and get
the global community about humanity involved in handling childvictims of
case handling by ICRC. war in Syria, ICRC needed the United
Second, optimization of social Nations Security Council’s role. With
media platform such as Twitter, Youtube resolutionno 2449  (2018), the United
and Facebook. Similarly to the purpose Nations Security Council allowed ICRC
of publication at the official website, and humanity organization of UN’s
through this platform, ICRC shared partner to use four points of borders
humanity protection activities for guarded by UN without informing
Syrian children in various forms such as the Syrian authority (Security Council,
poster containing invitation to protect 2018). At UN, ICRC called outto make
children, infographics or statistical a resolutioncontaining the enforcement
info of Syrian children affected by the of truce in Syria although this resolution
armed conflict, video of interview with was vetoedby China and Russia (Mata
conflict victims, photo an document MataPolitik, 2019). ICRC asked cease
such as annual report and article which of bombing and air assault which
may be accessed for free, to reach the claimed large numbers of civilians.
community’s attention more widely and Fourth, establishing cooperation
easily. Pictures in the form of photo and to handle child victims of war. The
video will show the real event occurring trauma healing for Syrian children
in the region. In addition, the public needs the cooperation of various parties.
may be involved by donating to the One of the cooperation programswas

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 39

cooperation with UNICEF, Truth and imposing a sanctionto the parties
and Reconciliation (TRC) and local involved in the armed conflict in Syria.
government to make a concept of Thus, to realize protection of child
rehabilitation forchild soldiers, which victims of war and minimize victims
was called the psycho social program in Syria, ICRC needs cooperation with
(Setiyono, 2017). other parties such asthe Security Council
and other international organizations.
4. CONCLUSION
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42 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The Role of Social Networks in Utilizing Plastic
Waste into Paving Blocks at “UD. Wong Cilik ”Jetis
Village, Kemangkon, Purbalingga

Alifan Nurin Anamti Dieningrum1, Muslihudin Muslihudin1, Edy Suyanto2

1
Sociology Master Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University.
1
Sociology Master Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University.
2
1Sociology Master Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman
University.
[email protected]. , [email protected] ,[email protected]. 2.
1

Abstract
Social networks also need to be built by the community and government to improve
and build social networks through social media and personal communication so
that they can continue to grow. Therefore, what kind of social network was built
in the business of making paving blocks at “UD. Little Wong “. This study aims to
determine the role of social networks in the use of plastic waste paving blocks at “UD.
Wong Cilik ”Jetis Village, Kemangkon District, Purbalingga Regency. This research
uses descriptive qualitative method. Research data as well as in-depth interviews,
observation, namely non-participatory observation, and documentation. The
research location was conducted in Jetis Village, Kemangkon District, Purbalingga
Regency. The technique of taking informants is purposive sampling. The results
of this study are the relationship and benefits that are built from social networks
between suppliers and the government, getting many benefits, starting from adding
friendships, increasing knowledge gained from the government and mentoring, and
increasing marketing networks outside the city. . The marketing of this business has
reached Lampung, Palembang, Makassar and in the city namely Kembaran District
in Purbalingga.
Key words: waste management, plastic waste and paving blocks.

1. PRELIMINARY or social media. The social network

that is formed is divided into three,
Social networks are social namely social networks that are built
networks that connect networks to between individuals and individuals,
each other through communication social networks that are built between

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 43

individuals by making paving blocks at 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
“UD. Little Wong “and a social network
built between paving block making The realization of small businesses
businesses at” UD. Little Wong ”with according to Ariana (2006) states that
the government. Limited environmental one of the factors that play a role in
carrying capacity. One of the functions the sustainability or survival of small
of the environment is to support living industries, especially those in rural
things and humans in it. The carrying areas, is the ability of small industries to
capacity of this environment is unlimited. utilize social networks. A social network
Therefore, the use of natural resources is a special type of network, where the
must pay attention to its sustainability. bonds that connect one point to another
So that future generations, humans and in the network are social relationships
living things can continue to live like (Agusyanto, R, 2014).
the previous generations (Muslihudin, There are two types of social
Rosyadi, and Santoso, networks. The first type is a network
The decline in paving block making that connects individuals directly. The
business products without the existence second type is a social network that
of social networks will not increase or connects a group of people with a group
develop. This network is built by the of other people. This group of people is
community and government by involving usually called an organization (Budiarti
two or more individuals to expand social S, 2016).
networks. Social networks can also be
built through kinship and friendship, so 3. RESEARCH METHOD
that the process of building a network Qualitative descriptive research
starts from initial communication in method is a research method that aims
the form of introductions which then to produce descriptive data in the form
continues to be improved with more of written or spoken words from the
intense communication. Through community and observe the behavior of
continuous communication which the community itself, which is directed
then opens up the possibility to build at the background and individual
a network (Musahwi, 2018). Therefore, holistically and thoroughly (Moleong
what kind of social network was built JL, 2000 ). This method was chosen to
in the business of making paving blocks provide an overview of the phenomena
at “UD. Little Wong ‘’. The aim is to that occurred in Jetis Village,
find out the relationships and benefits Kemangkon District, Purbalingga
that are built by workers, suppliers and Regency, namely the role of social
government,

44 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
networks in the use of paving blocks 4. RESULTS AND RESEARCH
from plastic waste. This research was DISCUSSION
conducted in Jetis Village, Kemangkon
District, Purbalingga Regency. The The results of the social network
main target of this research is the owner graph at “UD. Little Wong “.
of a paving block making business
in Jetis Village, Kemangkon District,
Purbalingga Regency. While the target
of supporting data in this study was the
Head of Jetis Village, Environmental
Service and UKM (Small and Medium
Enterprises) Office in Purbalingga
Regency, as well as workers and suppliers
at “UD. Little Wong “.
The technique of determining
informants using purposive sampling.
According to Sugiono, purposive
sampling technique is a technique Figure 1. Social network at “UD. Little
of determining the sample with Wong “.
considerations or criteria (Sugiyono,
2007). Data collection techniques are
Based on the social network
in-depth interviews, non-participatory
diagram image above that marketing in
observation and documentation. Data
the business of making paving blocks
sources are primary data and secondary
at UD. Wong Cilik, namely direct and
data. The data analysis technique uses
indirect marketing. Marketing that was
an interactive model according to Milles
issued from “UD. Before it was known,
and Huberman (Miles, 1994), there
Wong Cilik was a social network built
are four stages, namely data collection,
through individuals or individuals, such
data reduction, data presentation and
as relatives, neighbors or people who
drawing conclusions. The data validity
had bought paving blocks and social
testing technique in this study uses data
networks in groups through agencies or
triangulation techniques as an effort
community groups in Jetis Village 2015,
to check from various data sources in
when the paving block making business
various ways and at different times
became popular, many people displayed
which are used as a comparison to the
it on the internet media or social
data that has been obtained (Moleong
media social networks, the business of
JL, 2000).

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 45

making paving blocks began to increase The social network formed by the
on the internet. Social networks for government is in the form of a network
making paving block businesses, these between individuals and institutions,
two actions are rational based on namely a network built through KN
considerations for those who order. as the owner of the paving block at
“UD. Wong Cilik with the government,
4.1. Relationships and benefits namely the Environmental Service.
are built by workers, suppliers KN sees the network built with the
and government government as a rational value measure
Social networks are networks that according to Max Weber.
are built to see relationships between Value rational action, namely the
individuals which have subjective rational action of value, has the property
meanings that are connected and that the existing tools are only conscious
related to something as knots and consideration and calculation, while the
bonds (Damsar, 2015). Building the goal is in relation to the absolute values​​
KN network with citizens, workers and of the individual (George and Douglas,
the government is included in the value 2010). Owners of paving block making
rational action according to Max Weber, businesses feel that from various parties
namely rational value action has the such as the Environmental Service and
nature that the existing tools are only the SME Marketing Agency (Small and
conscious consideration and calculation, Medium Enterprises), only one agency
while the goal is already in relation to is very helpful.
individual values. are absolute (George Environmental Service, a network
& Douglas, modern sociological theory, built with the effort of making
2010). paving blocks, is included in rational
The network that was built with instrumental action according to Max
buyers through individuals before the Weber, namely social action. a person
paving block making business was is based on conscious considerations
widely known, when it was known and choices related to the goal of action
through social media, many people (George and Douglas, 2010).
bought through social media from That maintains good relations
various parties which made the paving with residents, suppliers, not suppliers,
block making business known, especially village heads, the government and
from among the government attracting provides space for the paving block
people because managed plastic waste making business to continue to grow.
became a unique thing, namely paving The benefit in this relationship is the
blocks.

46 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
concern of all parties, both the Village of residents carried out by socializing in
Head and the government, to increase Jetis Village about the existence of “UD.
the empowerment of citizens who Little Wong “and until now there are
are still unconcerned and to improve still socialization activities so that people
infrastructure and facilities policies. get to know” UD. Wong Cilik, a waste
The Village Government collaborates management facility in Jetis Village,
with residents through the waste where garbage collected from residents
care movement to make trash cans will be processed into paving blocks.
independently, because inorganic waste KN, as the owner of the paving
is handled independently in Jetis Village block making business, also maintains
(Dieningrum, Muslihudin, & Suyanto, good relations with the residents and
2020). the existence of this supplier. The
CD as the Village Head builds residents who carry out their wishes as
the role of social networks with KN suppliers want a business to make paving
including instrumental rational action blocks at “UD. Little Wong ”. MI as a
according to Max Weber, namely social supplier is included in Max Weber’s
actions that a person takes based on instrumental rational actions, namely
consideration and conscious choice social actions that a person takes based
related to the goal of action (George and on considerations and conscious choices
Douglas, 2010), KN as the owner of the related to the goal of action (George and
paving block making business UD. Little Douglas, 2010)
Wong “. CD as the Head of Jetis Village . Management can generate and
also wants to expand social networks not benefit like the business of making
only with the Environmental Agency, paving blocks at “UD. Wong Cilik
but with various parties, to increase “There should be more sympathetic
spatial empowerment in infrastructure residents(Dieningrum, Muslihudin, &
and facilities policies. Social networks Suyanto, The process of managing plastic
have two types according to (Budiarti waste into paving blocks in Jetis Village,
S, 2016), namely networks that are Kemangkon District, Purbalingga
built directly with other individuals and Regency, 2020). That the network built
individuals and networks that are built has an impact on community support
through a group of people. The social for the paving block making business,
network that was built by KN as the even though this business still has many
owner of a paving block making business shortcomings, community support
with workers is included in the network is very important so that the paving
that was originally built through a group block making business can continue

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 47

and develop. by paving block making value according to Max Weber, namely
business actors at “UD. Little Wong “. the act of rational value, which is a
means of conscious consideration and
4.2. Marketing in the business of calculation, while the goal is in relation
making paving blocks at “UD. to the absolute values ​​of the individual
Little Wong “. . (George and Douglas, 2010). In
Marketing according to Boyd is a connection with the sale of this paving
social process that involves important block making business, there are more
activities that allow individuals and orders from outside the city than in
companies to get what they need the city, so there is a need for assistance
and want through exchanges with from UKM Service (small and medium
other parties and develop exchange enterprises).
relationships (Boyd, 2000). The network A person as a buyer buys based
built increases the relationship between on the desired considerations, here
various parties through marketing. the marketing he does is more on
Marketing is done in two ways, namely marketing out of town. Another
direct marketing and indirect marketing. statement regarding the marketing of
The business of making paving blocks paving blocks has arrived outside the
markets paving block products not city and in Kembaran. SI sees that the
only in Purbalingga Regency, but the marketing carried out by the paving
business of making paving blocks has block making business is included in
reached out of town. the rational action of value according to
Marketing action is more directed Max Weber, namely the rational action
from outside the city, these buyers know of values ​​whose tools are only conscious
about the paving block making business consideration and calculation, while
at “UD. Wong Cilik “through social goals are related to individual values.
media and information from residents absolute (George and Douglas, 2010).
in Purbalingga, including direct It is necessary to build communication
marketing via the internet (Kotler K., on the social networks of business
2009). Having been in this business for actors making paving blocks to increase
15 years, it is very necessary to maintain marketing so that it is first in demand in
good relations so that buyers of paving Purbalingga.
blocks continue to grow. The head of The business of making paving
“UD. Wong Cilik “marketing increased blocks so that marketing can continue
more and more outside the city. to grow and be known in Purbalingga,
US as workers. that the act of selling it is necessary to have two-way
is included in the rational action of

48 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
communication with the Environment starts with the awareness of residents in
Agency. Two-way communication to Purbalingga that the business of making
provide encouragement that although paving blocks at “UD. Little Wong “.”
paving blocks made of plastic waste and UD. “Little Wong” turns out to have
paving blocks mixed with water, sand, many advantages that can overcome
gravel, and cement are very different in waste. The business of making paving
terms of price, they are still to overcome blocks can be used as an economy in
waste problems and increase the business Jetis Village and if we pay attention to
of making paving blocks. its location.
Support from the Village Head needs “UD. Wong Cilik “can also be used
to be responsive to help as a facilitator. as an educational place for children to
As stated on the CD. Village head. CD maintain a healthy environment that
looks at the marketing conditions in the is free from rubbish and garbage can
paving block making business, including be managed in a unique way, namely
the action. Rational value action has the by making paving blocks to educate
nature that the existing tools are only children in order to increase awareness
conscious consideration and calculation, of their own environment .
while the goal is already in relation to
individual absolute values (George
​​ and 5. CONCLUSION
Douglas, 2010). Regarding the results
Social network for paving block
of the interview that if this business can
making business at UD. Wong Cilik
be considered and developed properly, it
“This is done through two types,
will not only solve the problem of solid
namely direct and indirect networks.
waste but also improve the economy.
The network has been marketed directly
Increased marketing in Purbalingga
to Purbalingga Regency, namely in
will also help the community to know
Kembaran District. While the network
more about the existence of paving
is indirectly marketed via the internet
blocks at “UD. Little Wong ”in Jetis
because in 2015” UD. Wong Cilik
Village, Kemangkon District. Marketing
“experienced a peak known to many
does require support and assistance from
people through social media which has
other parties in the UKM (small and
been marketed to Lampung, Makassar,
medium enterprises) Office, not only
and Palembang. The network applied
from the Environmental Agency.
to the paving block making business at”
So that marketing can increase in
UD. Wong Cilik is currently a social
a balanced way between out of town
network built through social media.
and inside the city in Purbalingga, it

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 49

REFERENCES George, R., & Douglas, GJ (2010).
Modern sociological theory. Jakarta:
Agusyanto, R. (2014). Social Networks Golden.
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Ariana, LK (2006). The Influence of Jakarta: Erlangga.
Social Capital on the Independence Lawang, RM (2005). Social Capital:
of Industrial Centers located in Rural In a Sociological Perspective An
Areas. Jakarta: Lipi Press. Introduction. Jakarta: Social and
Boyd, HW (2000). Marketing Political Sciences Ui Press.
Management “a strategic approach”. Miles, MB (1994). An Expanded
Jakarta: Erlangga. Sourcebook: Qualitative Data
Budiarti S, M. (2016). Social Network for Analysis. London: Sage Publications.
the Sustainability of Small Industry Moleong, JL (2000). Qualitative
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(3), 221-230. and Empowerment of Women Traders
Damsar. (2015). Introduction to in Rau Traditional Market, Serang
Economic Sociology. Jakarta: City. Journal of Hermeneutics, 4
Prenadamedia Group. (2), 13-24.
Dieningrum, AN, Muslihudin, M., & Muslihudin, M., Rosyadi, S., & Santoso,
Suyanto, E. (2020). Community J. (2019). Sustainable traditional
participation in the use of plastic gold mining management at PT
waste into paving blocks at “UD. Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia.
Wong Cilik” Jetis Village, Kemangkon International Journal, 10 (1), 147-
District, Purbalingga Regency. 156.
Journal of Sociological Analysis, 9 Sugiyono. (2007). Qualitative and
(2), 582-596. Quantitative Research Methods R &
Dieningrum, AN, Muslihudin, M., & D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Suyanto, E. (2020). The process of
managing plastic waste into paving
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District, Purbalingga Regency.
Journal of READ (Research of
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50 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Prospect of Military Public Diplomacy by
Indonesian Army in United Nations Peacekeeping
Operation

Angga Nurdin Rachmat1

1
Departement of International Relations,Jenderal Achmad Yani University,
Jl. Terusan Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
The military as a coercive instrument is always positioned to use hard power in
achieving the goals of the state. However, in the new age of warfare the military is
required to carry out roles outside its coercive function, one of which is to carry out
activities in order to exercise soft power to the civilians in overseas. This condition
undelie the concept of military public diplomacy that was applied by the military,
especially the United States, which placed the military as an instrument for carrying
out public diplomacy against people in overseas in their operation. Even though
in reality the implementation of military public diplomacy by the US faces major
obstacles in its implementation in the field, especially in establishing closeness with
civil society where the operation is carried out. In contrast to Indonesia, through the
Indonesian Army, which has the ability to establish good relations with civil society
in the domestic, it is seen as an asset in carrying out the function of public diplomacy
for Indonesia through military public diplomacy. This paper use qualitative method
to explore the understanding Indonesian Army military diplomacy by using primary
and secondary data resources. Therefore this paper will look at the opportunities for
Indonesian Army in particular in carrying out military public diplomacy in peace
operations carried out under the mandate of the United Nations. This paper will
elaborate on the opportunities based on the culture in territorial capability possessed
by the Indonesian Army in the implementation of the UN peacekeeping operations
mission based on the concept of military public diplomacy.
Keywords: public diplomacy, soft power, peacekeeping, civilian population.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 51

1 INTRODUCTION shows how peacekeeping missions are
used to carry out soft diplomacy in the
The development of the practice context of establishing public opinion.
of public diplomacy has been growing Meanwhile, Rachmat (2016) has
very rapidly with the rise of various specifically provided a complete picture
actors and instruments used. Military regarding the implementation of public
public diplomacy is an interesting diplomacy by the Indonesian contingent
phenomenon because of the presence in the UNIFIL mission. Based on this
of the military in the implementation explanation, there has been no research
of public diplomacy that emphasizes that addresses military public diplomacy
the use of soft power, even though the activities carried out in the aspect of
military is sometimes considered to be peacekeeping missions.
associated with the capability and the Based on its content, the purpose of
use of coercive actions (hard power). this paper is substantially different from
Even so, the position of the military the existing writings. The researcher
in public diplomacy that typically argues that from a practical and
prioritizes soft power gets its legitimacy conceptual perspective, research related
by referring to Nye (2006, 2008, p. to military public diplomacy is still
106) which states that the military can very limited. Practically speaking, most
be used as a platform of soft power research on military public diplomacy
for a country capable of carrying out only focuses on US military activities
public diplomacy both in the context of carried out after the invasion of Iraq
peacetime and even during wartime in and Afghanistan. In the conceptual
order to influence the behavior of other context, previous research in military
countries. public diplomacy have not fully covered
The practice of military public the discussion regarding peacekeeping
diplomacy has carried out by the US operations as an important part of the
and Germany (Duggan, 2012; Swistek, issue.
2012; Wallin, 2015). Meanwhile, the Limitations, both from a practical
form of public diplomacy carried out and conceptual perspective regarding
by the military personnel when carrying military public diplomacy, are the
out military operations in the territories basis for this study to discuss more
of other countries (Karadag, 2016; specific problems, by analyzing the
Kilbane, 2009). Although this was opportunities for implementing
not particularly described in specific, military public diplomacy by the
researchconducted by Anker (2005) Indonesian Army in UN peacekeeping
on Kanada and Singh (2011) on China

52 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
missions. In the end, one can carefully actors who are positioned as agents
decide whether the Indonesian Army in its implementation through
can carry out military public diplomacy various mechanisms. These actors are
in peacekeeping operations or not. increasingly diverse along with the
Therefore, this study provides a problem expansion of the objectives of public
formulation of how the opportunities diplomacy carried out by each country.
for implementing military public One of the actors who are important
diplomacy by the Indonesian Army in actors in research on public diplomacy
the UN peacekeeping mission?. The is military personnel, who are gradually
researcher argues that the Indonesian giving rise to new variants of public
Army through the method of diplomacy, namely military public
empowering the defense area / territorial diplomacy (Wallin, 2015).
development has the opportunity to The presence of the military in
establish and maintain communication implementing military public diplomacy
and build relationships with the public is positioned to communicate and build
abroad and with fellow personnel in relationships with the public abroad
order to achieve Indonesia’s foreign and with fellow personnel to achieve
policy objectives in UN peacekeeping foreign policy goals (Wallin, 2015).
missions. The process of building communication
and relations with the public in other
2 LITERATURE REVIEW countries is in line with the third stage
of achieving public diplomacy related
Efforts to carry out public diplomacy
to building relationships with people in
dominated by civilian actors began to be
other countries in order to strengthen
expanded with the presence of military
the closeness between the people of the
actors. The existence of the military as
two countries. In this case, the military
an actor in public diplomacy cannot be
will become a representative of the
denied. Based on existing studies, the
people from their country of origin.
military besides having a duty to defend
Military actors have a place in
and achieve the interests of the state
diplomacy. This is evidenced by the
through armed force has a function in
concept of military diplomacy or defense
order to attract sympathy from people in
diplomacy which is intended as the eyes
other countries, especially when they are
and ears of other countries, which is
on duty in other countries (Coppeland,
represented by the appointment of a
2008; Duggan, 2012; Wallin, 2015).
defense attaché, which is attached to the
The development of public
diplomatic mission of a country abroad
diplomacy has brought various

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 53

(Cottey & Foster, 2005; Swistek, 2012) Management (HADR), military staff
. Even so, this pattern still refers to training programs and assistance with
formal diplomacy and does not touch facilities and infrastructure in other
the public as an important element in countries (Karadag, 2016).
public diplomacy itself. Thus, another Military actors themselves, in
mechanism will be needed in order the context of implementing military
to find the link between the military public diplomacy, which demands
and the implementation of public their presence in other countries, are
diplomacy, where in this study the not possible to invade other countries,
researcher will place the peacekeeping while in the framework of the other
operation mission as a platform for three activities previously mentioned,
military actors to carry out military these activities are still possible to be
public diplomacy by taking a study of carried out by militaries of all countries.
the Indonesian Army. However, what should be noted is that
Military public diplomacy is an peacekeeping operations under the UN
activity that requires the military to flag are still one of the routine activities
build communication and relationships involving military from various countries
with people in other countries, or to be deployed in various parts of the
in other words the military must be world (Karadag, 2016). Peacekeeping
in the territory of another country. operations for military actors will be
Unlike civilian actors who can easily an opportunity in carrying out military
enter the territory of another country, public diplomacy, this will be related to
the military is only limited to a few their legitimate presence in the territory
activities that allow them to be on the of other countries and can interact
territory of another country. This is directly with people in other countries.
demonstrated by the activity of military
public diplomacy by military personnel 3 METHOD
on duty (Duggan, 2012; Wallin, 2015).
This paper uses qualitative research
Both see the implementation of military
methods, because qualitative research
public diplomacy as an activity carried
is a method that can be used to explore
out by the US Army after the invasion
and understand what a number of
of Iraq. While other studies only provide
individuals or groups of people consider
a general explanation of activities
as part of a social or humanitarian
that allow military involvement in
problem (Creswell, 2014, pp. 4–5).
public diplomacy, namely related to
In this case, the researcher sees that
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster
the implementation of peacekeeping

54 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
operations is a social phenomenon in of the Indonesian National Military, can
which several individuals or groups of make close contact with the community,
people are involved. The qualitative so that it has a close relationship with
research process involves important the public. This condition cannot
efforts such as asking questions and be separated from the history of the
procedures, gathering specific data from formation of the Indonesian Army itself
participants, analyzing inductively from which came from the people. Thus, the
specific themes to general themes and Indonesian Army has what is called
interpreting the meaning of the data. territorial capability.
This research is a case study, therefore The implementation of military
data is collected using in-depth interview operations, both Military Operations
techniques supported by secondary data (MO) and Military Operations Other
collection through various literature, than War (MOOTW), involves various
documents, articles in mass media and components in it. In addition to the
publications related to military public main components, backup components
diplomacy and the implementation of and supporting components are also
peacekeeping missions by the Indonesian needed. As the main component, the
Army. Interviews were conducted with Indonesian Army in particular has the
Indonesian Army personnel who had foremost concept, namely the Regional/
experience carrying out assignments in Territorial Command (Kowil) which has
peacekeeping missions. The selection the main task of carrying out territorial
of informants was carried out using development in its territory in order to
the snowball technique for the purpose support the main tasks of the units above
of obtaining relevant and competent it. There are five territorial capabilities
informants to obtain the data needed that must be understood by Indonesian
in research on the opportunities and Army personnel, including: 1) Early
challenges of military public diplomacy detection capability, rapid reporting,
by the Indonesian Army in peacekeeping and early prevention, 2) Ability to
missions. implement Territorial Management. 3)
territorial mastery capability. 4) Ability
4 RESULT AND to build people’s resistance. 5) Social
DISCUSSION communication skills.
Based on the explanation above,
Military public diplomacy, like any one can see that so far, the Indonesian
other application of public diplomacy, Army’s territorial capabilities are still
makes the public the target of this only being implemented in the domestic
activity. The Indonesian Army as a part

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 55

sphere. However, this will be a great abroad for a long time (the placement
potential for the Indonesian National per period for each contingent is 1 year)
Military to carry out military public and in a sizeable number of troops. This
diplomacy if it is applied especially is different from the implementation of
when carrying out operations abroad. defense diplomacy which is still in an
The Indonesian Army’s involvement elite context and only brings together
in MOOTW which is carried out fellow armed forces personnel. In
regularly abroad is through assignments carrying out peacekeeping missions,
in peacekeeping missions under the Indonesian National Military personnel
authority of the United Nations (UN). not only interact with contingents from
The peacekeeping mission will be a very other countries but also communities
effective arena for the Indonesian Army around the area who are part of their
to carry out activities related to military responsibilities.
public diplomacy. The existence of Through UN peacekeeping
Indonesian National Military troops missions as carried out in UNIFIL,
who are members of the Garuda Indonesia places a contingent with the
Contingent in the United Nations strength of one Battalion (Indobatt) to
Interim Forces in Lebanon (UNIFIL) oversee one area (Area of Responsibility)
mission has carried out the function on the border of Lebanon and Israel.
of public diplomacy in addition to the In managing the territory and its
main tasks and functions mandated by responsibilities, the Indonesian
the United Nations (Rachmat, 2016). Battalion, which is a component of the
Unlike the US, which always carries Indonesian Army, always carries out
out operations in the form of war on the several forms of territorial development
territory of other countries, Indonesia as carried out by units from the regional/
adopts a different defense system. territorial command in Indonesia. Every
Indonesia applies an active defensive Indonesian Army soldier must be able
system which means that it will not be to carry out a territorial attitude, so
an aggressor against other countries. that the implementation of territorial
Thus, the deployment and use of the development can be carried out by every
military in other countries will still be individual in Indonesian Army. The
based on legitimacy and applicable target in implementing this territorial
international law. Peacekeeping development is of course the local
missions under the United Nations are people who are in the responsibility of
one of the mechanisms for deploying the Indonesian Battalion.
troops, especially the Indonesian Army

56 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Based on an interview with a their homes or during parties”. Based
resource person who was once part of the on these facts, it shows that the presence
Indonesian Battalion at UNIFIL, it was of the Indonesian Battalion was not
stated that “the presence of Indonesian perceived as a threat or as a foreigner
personnel in the area for which they are but was considered part of their society.
responsible is very well welcomed by the This condition will certainly be very
local community there. This is due to the beneficial, both at the operational level
friendliness and effort of the personnel of the mission implementation and as
to get closer to the local community”. a potential for the implementation of
This statement shows that the presence public diplomacy to the people in the
of Indonesian troops abroad has received region.
a good reception from citizens who Another effort made in the
are in responsibility of the Indonesian context of territorial development is
Battalion in South Lebanon. The ability to organize various activities aimed at
of the personnel to get closer to the introducing Indonesian culture. The
community cannot be separated from target of this activity is both fellow
the territorial attitude that is inherent in UNIFIL contingents from other
each soldier, especially the culture of the countries and communities located in
Indonesian Army itself which is always the territory of South Lebanon. Based
attached to the people. This ability on the interview conducted it is known
makes Indonesian Army personnel that “the implementation of cultural
able to establish good communication activities such as dance, cuisine or
with the local community compared other exhibitions related to Indonesia
to contingents from other countries in is nothing but an attempt to introduce
their territory. Indonesia to the international world”.
The results obtained from the In territorial development, this is
implementation of territorial guidance one part of social communication to
were the recognition of Indonesia build closeness to the community, but
and the building of trust from the when viewed from the military public
community after the presence of the diplomacy side this is done not only
Indonesian Battalion in their territory. to introduce Indonesia and its culture
Evidence of this is based on the but also to get the hearts and minds
interviews conducted, the source person of the surrounding community as well
said that “the community always greets as UNIFIL contingent from other
personnel who are conducting patrols countries.
and even invites personnel to dine at

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 57

 Based on the explanation above, concept of territorial capability has not
it can be seen that the existence of the been fully owned by military personnel
concept of territorial development from Western countries. This means
or which is currently in the country that the army has a very promising
known as empowerment of the defense potential in implementing military
area (Wilhan) as part of the capabilities public diplomacy.
of TNI-AD personnel, has the same The Indonesian Army has territorial
function and purpose with military development or currently known as
public diplomacy applied in operations defence area development which has
abroad. If other countries such as the the same objective as military public
US try to develop mechanisms and diplomacy if it is carried out in other
forms of military public diplomacy, countries at MOOTW mission. The
Indonesia, especially the Indonesian implementation of military public
Army has already perfected a form diplomacy by the Indonesian Army
and mechanism, namely territorial by prioritizing the ability to foster the
development (Wilhan). However, in defence / territorial development can be
this case, the military public diplomacy seen in peacekeeping missions that are
carried out by Indonesia through the run under the authority of the United
Indonesian Army is only carried out Nations.
in involvement in UN peacekeeping
missions. Although it is possible to do Acknowledgements
so if the Indonesian Army is involved
I would like to thank the Lembaga
in other missions abroad in MOOTW
Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat
in accordance with the provisions
(LPPM) of UNJANI for providing
contained in Law No. 34 of 2004.
funding for this research.
5. CONCLUSSION
References
Based on the discussion that has
Anker, L. (2005). Peacekeeping and
been done previously regarding the
Public Diplomacy. Canadian
ability of the Indonesian Army and
Military Journal, 23–32.
its enormous potential in carrying
Coppeland, D. (2008). Public
out military public diplomacy in UN
Diplomacy in Conflict Zones  :
peacekeeping missions. This potential
Military Information Operations
arises in line with the concept and
Meet Political Counter-Insurgency.
territorial capabilities learnt by each
The Hague Journal of Diplomacy,
Indonesian Army personnel. The
3(3), 277–297.

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Cottey, A., & Foster, A. (2005). Kilbane, M. (2009). Military
Reshaping Defence Diplomacy : New Psychological Operation as Public
Role of Military Cooperation and Diplomacy. In N. Snow & P. M.
Assistance. Routledge. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design of Public Diplomacy. Routledge.
Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Rachmat, A. N. (2016). Diplomasi
Method Approach. Sage. Publik Indonesia Melalui Kontingen
Duggan, S. E. (2012). Redefining Garuda/UNIFIL Tentara Nasional
the Relationship  : Reclaiming Indonesia di Lebanon. Jurnal Ilmiah
American Public Diplomacy for Hubungan Internasional, 12(1).
the US Military in Iraq. The Middle Singh, P. K. (2011). China Military
East Journal, 66(1), 53–78. Diplomacy  : Investigating PLA`s
Nye Jr, Joseph. (2006). Think Again Soft Participation in UN Peacekeeping
Pwer. Foreign Policy.com. www. Operation. Strategic Analysis, 35(5),
foreignpolicy.com/2006/02/23/ 793–818.
think-again-soft-power/ Swistek, G. (2012). The Nexus Between
Nye Jr, Joseph. (2008). Public Public Diplomacy and Military
Diplomacy and Soft Power. Diplomacy in Foreign Affairs and
ANNALS of America Academy of Defence Policy. Connection, 11(2),
Political and Social Science, 616, 79–78.
94–109. Wallin, M. (2015). Military Public
Karadag, H. (2016). Forcing Common Diplomacy : How Military Influence
Good : The Significance of Public Foreign Audience.
Diplomacy in Military Affairs.
Armed Forces & Society, 1–20.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 59

A Semiotic Analysis Of Counterpain Advertisement:
The “Jatuh Dan Bangkit Lagi” Version

Cindenia Puspasari1, Dini Rizki2and Ian Aulia1

1
Department of Communication Science, Malikussaleh University, Bukit Indah
Campus,Lhokseumawe, Aceh-Indonesia
2
Department of Sociology, Malikussaleh University, Bukit Indah Campus, Lhokseumawe, Aceh-
Indonesia
{ [email protected], [email protected] & 1*[email protected] }
1 2

Abstract
This study examines the creativity of advertising media in presenting messages
and products. In the Counterpain ad, the “Jatuh dan Bangkit Lagi” version, the
company intends to offer its products with a theme that is relatable to everyone
when facing a sporting event as acted by several athletes in the ad. This study uses
a qualitative approach with semiotic analysis according to Roland Barthes’ theory.
The unit of analysis in this research is the Counterpain advertisement, the version of
“Jatuh dan Bangkit Lagi”. The results of this study are that the meaning contained in
the Counterpain advertisement version of “Jatuh dan Bangkit Lagi” in 2016, which
is reviewed from the denotation and connotation meaning, is to invite everyone
to have the character of perseverance, the spirit of determination, and keep trying
whatever obstacles they are facing, as shown by athletes in thead.
Keywords: Semiotic Analysis, Roland Barthes’theory, Counterpain Ads, “Jatuh
Bangkit Lagi” Version.

1. INTRODUCTION
Public are being exposed to easier for the company to attract public’s
various kinds of advertisement on attention by using television media as a
television, either public service ads or tool in advertising their products since
commercials for products and services. it is accessible for every levels ofsociety.
These advertisements persuade people According to Tjiptono (2005:
to consume the information and 226), advertising is a form of indirect
impression they are presented. It is communication based on information

60 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
about the advantages and the excellence advertisement, the “Jatuh dan Bangkit
of a product, which is arranged in such Lagi” version.
a way as to cause a pleasant feeling
that will change one’s mind to make a 2. SEMIOTICS ACCORDING
purchase. With the aim of attracting TO ROLANDBARTHES
the attention of the audience to buy
marketed products, producers must put Semiotics or semiology is a term
information that is interesting to the that refers to the same science. The term
audience so that the ad can effectively semiology is more widely used in Europe
attract the attention of the audience to while semiotics is commonly used by
see and consider about purchasing the American scientists. The term which
products beingoffered. comes from the Greek word semeion
Ads must also pay attention to which means “sign” in English is the
the value and meaning that will be study of sign systems such as language,
displayed. Therefore, producers must codes, signals, and soon.
be able to concern on the ability of
2.1 Roland Barthes’
the advertisement to attract people’s
SemioticMarking
attention in term of its value as it is the
Signs are everywhere, words are
main message of the ads that is usually
signs, so are gestures, traffic lights, flags
interesting to the audience, in addition
and so on. The structure of literary
to explaining and introducing their
works, film structures, buildings and
commercial products.
bird songs can be considered as signs.
The Couterpain ad, the “Jatuh
Great literary works, for example, are the
dan Bangkit Lagi” version, is an
product of the structur in gof collective
advertisement for a medication product
subjects (Faruk,1999:17).
to relieve muscle pain. In the researcher’s
One of Ferdinand De Saussure’s
initial observation, the advertisement
followers, Roland Barthes, created a
that was broadcasted was very inspiring
systematic model for analyzing meanings
and quite attractive to the audience
and signs. Barthes’s focus is more on the
because there were many shows that
idea of two-order signification. One of
motivated and invited everyone to be
the ways that experts discuss the larger
thewinner.
scope of meaning is to distinguish
Based on the explanation above, the
denotative meaning from connotative
problem formulation in this research
meaning.
is What are the meaning and messages
The Barthes’ two orders of
contained in the Counterpain television
signification consist of first orders of

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 61

signification, namely denotation, and 2.2 Roland Barthes’ Connotations
second orders of signification, namely and Denotations
connotation. The first order includes In Barthes’ observation, the
markers and markers in the form of signs. relationship between myth and
This sign is called denotationmeaning. language also exists in the relationship
between the use of literary and aesthetic
language with ordinary language. In
this function, what is prioritized is
connotation, namely the use of language
to express something other than what is
said. For him, the first layer is the level
of denotation, and the second layer is
the level of connotation: connotative
markers occur from signs of the
denotation system. Thus, connotation
Figure. 2.1. Barthes Sign Map and literature in general is one of the
(Source. Paul Cobley & Litza Jansz. 1999. second layer marking systems that are
In Sobur, 2003: 69) placed on top of the first layer system of
language (Sobur, 2006:19-20).
From the Barthes map above, it Denotation is the same true meaning
can be seen that the denotative sign (3) as the straightforward meaning to convey
consists of a marker (1) and a marker (2). something factual, the meaning of the
In addition, at the same time, denotative denotative sentence does not change.
sign (4). In other words, it is a material Conotative is a meaning that is not true,
element: only when you recognize the which is generally independent and is a
sign of the “lion” will connotations denotative meaning thatchanges.
such as pride, ferocity, and courage So in Barthes’ concept, the
become possible. The connotation stage connotative sign does not only have an
is divided into 2. The first stage has 3 additional meaning but also contains
parts, namely: imitation effect, attitude two parts of the denotative sign which
(pose), and object. Meanwhile, the last underlies its existence. In fact, this is
3 stages are: photogenic, aesthetic, and Barthes’ significant contribution to the
syntax. So, in the Barthes concept, the perfection of Saussure’s semiology, which
connotative sign does not only have an stops at denotative designation and
additional meaning but also contains order. Connotations and denotations
two parts of the denotative sign that are often described in terms of levels
underlies itsexistence.

62 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
of representation or levels of names. In product, which is arranged in such a way
summary, denotation and connotation as to create a pleasant feeling that will
can be explained as follows: change one’s mind to make a purchase”.
a. Denotation is the interaction
between the signifier in the sign, 4. METHOD
and between the sign and the
The research used is a qualitative
referent (object) in externalreality.
research method, and the approach
b. The connotation is the interaction
for the semiotic analysis used in this
that occurs when the sign meets the
study is Roland Barthes’ semiotics. The
feelings or emotions of the reader
technique used is observation which is
or user and their cultural values.
done through watching the Counterpain
Meaning becomes subjective or
advertisement version of “Jatuh dan
interactive. Signs are more open in
Bangkit Lagi” as a unit of analysis of this
their interpretation to connotations
study.
thandenotations.
4.1 Technique of DataAnalysis
The data analysis technique used
3. ADVERTISEMENT
in this research is semiotics with the
Advertising is a form of Barthes approach. In this study the
communication consisting of data will be analysed using the Barthes
information and ideas about a product, marking order,namely:
both simultaneously presented to the 1. Denotation: an understanding of
public/audience in order to get a good what is in the image.
reception. Advertising tries to provide 2. Connotation: looking at the
information, persuade and convince meaning behind an image.
people (Sudiana, 1986: 1). Basically, This advertisement will be disclosed
advertising is the process of delivering based on its image units using Roland
messages, where the message contains Barthes’ semiotic method. With
information about a product, both the method offered by Barthes, the
goods and services. researcher will uncover the contents
The definition of advertising of messages in advertisements, namely
according to Fandy Tjiptono (2005: linguistic messages, encoded iconic
226): messages and uncoded iconic messages.
“Advertising is a form of indirect
communication based on information
about the advantages or advantages of a

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 63

5. RESULT AND Director Bona Palma
DISCUSSION Editor/ Producer David, Dimas, Jake, Ari,
Nino/ Vera

5.1 The Denotation meaning

in the Counterpain
advertisement “Jatuh dan
The ad started with a man who Bangkit Lagi” version
was climbing a very steep rock and a Laskey et al (in Indrianto, 2006)
cyclist doing a trick and was followed by state that good advertising depends
a man who was riding a dirt bike and on whether consumers remember the
fell and then the ad continued to the message, understand the message, are
boxing athlete who was competing and influenced by the message and, end
the floor gymnast who fell/failed while up buying the product advertised. The
riding in the competition. Then proceed Counterpain ad, the “Jatuh dan Bangkit
with several impressions that depict the Lagi” version also tries to present
failures and hard work of several athletes the concept of success of the athletes
in facing the competition and the tough obtained after facing the hardships
training process faced by these athletes of training and being defeated in the
to achieve victory. arena of competition. The possibility
of sudden cramping and pain that can
occur when doing strenuous exercise
is the purpose of advertising. Trying to
describe the use of Counterpains that
Figure. 5.1. Background of Counterpain can relieve pain and muscle cramps so as
Ad, the “Jatuh Bangkit Lagi” version not to hinder the training process until
the competition is held. The storyline
Ad Profile on the Counterpain ad featured several
athletes who failed during a match due
Table 1: Counterpain Advertisement to joint pain and muscle cramps the
“Jatuh dan Bangkit Lagi” version athletehad.
Product Counterpain In the first and second scene, it
Theme Jatuh dan Bangkit Lagi can be seen that the boxing athlete
Duration 70 seconds who is competing feels a very heavy
Production Lynx Film cramps when locked by his opponent
House
that he cannot endure which indicates
Date of 21 June 2016
Production
that cramps and joint pain are serious

64 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
obstacles faced by boxing athletes during Indonesians are forced to believe that pain
training. In Figure. 5.2 and 5.3, it can is something that always comes when trying
toachieve success.
be seen that a woman is experiencing
cramps in her legs due to joint pain From the third scene to the sixth
when climbing, and is helped to walk scene, the ad illustrates the efforts to
by her friends until she gets to the Inn. rise after experiencing failure. The
However, the painpersists. athletes want to achieve success and are
doing training that is hard and with
Table 2. First Scene of the Ad high consistency. However, during the
Signifier Signified training they are feeling severe
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.2 depicts Table 3. Third Scene of the Ad
a boxer who is
being locked up Signifier Signified
by his opponent
Figure 5.4 cyclist who
in a match.
Voice : “Life is always fell Figure 5.4 shows a
challenging” man who is trying
to get up from a
Figure 5.3 fallen bicycle with an
expression of having
Figure 5.3 shows
difficulties trying
a woman who
to get up and not
is in pain and
falling.
being helped
by he friend Figure 5.5
while climbing A rock climber is
themountain. hanging from a rope
In Figure 5.5, you
Denotative Signs
can see a rock climber
trying to reach the
The challenges faced by the two rocks with the help
of a rope for him to
actors in the advertisement cause pain dependon.
Audio: Rise Again
for them to face.

Denotative Signs
Conotative Signifier Conotative
Signified Figure 5.4 A cyclist trying to get up when
falling Figure 5.5 A rock climber hanging
The model who
from a rope
Challenges and pain are feels pain, as an
things that often arise example tothe Conotative Signifier Conotative Signified
when Indonesian
doing an activity. people, is always
ready to face all
the possibilities
that mightoccur.
Conotative Signs

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 65

 In Figure 5.4, facial Table 4. The Seventh Scene of the Ad
expressions and The effort to get up is
gestures of the man seen from the faceand The ninth scene describes the
who is trying to get body movements victory of a boxing athlete who has
up from thebicycle
previously failed and continued to make
that has fallen with Figures 5.4 and 5.5
an expression that is depicts the rise from efforts with strenuous training until he
difficult for the man failure that the youth wins the next match, which are depicted
to try. want to achieve even
In Figure 5.5 the though they have as the result of the hard training that
body movementsof to face very difficult has been done. This advertisement tries
the rock climber times tha produce to convey the message that with hard
trying to reach the greatpain
rocks are assisted by training and great effort, people can
a rope for him to achieve theirgoals.
depend on
Conotative Signs
Table 5. The Ninth Scene of the Ad
The concept of never giving up when getting Signifier Signified
up and trying again to maintain the goal and Figure 5.8 Victory
intention to win Figure 5.8 shows a
boxer who has just
The seventh and eighth scenes won a match and
describe the muscle pain as shown was appointed by his
supporters in the
in Figures 5.4 and 5.5. It also shows Voice : even further
arena.
the weight of the load that must
be shouldered when doing training
5.2 Conotation Meaning in the
physically before competing. In this Counterpain Ad, “Jatuh dan
process, pain often comes and disturbs Bangkit Lagi” Version
the training process. competitive effort
The Counterpain ad, the “Jatuh dan
and the improvement felt by athletes
Bangkit lagi” version, tries to present the
after going through such hard training
concept of the athletes’ determination
that the process of the match that took
when facing tough challenges of training
place was better than in the previous
and defeat in the arena. The concept
match. As in Figures 5.6 to 5.7, the
of strong recklessness is characterized
ad illustrates a good improvement in
by the facial expressions and body
competition made by athletes after
movements of athletes when facing
doing training and data prevention
adversity such as in scene 1, 2 and 6
efforts for cramps and joint pain by
which show a strong determination to
using Counterpains before competing.
win the competition and pass the tough
training process because they remember
the goals to beachieved.

66 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 In Table 2. the third scene, the CONCLUSSION
concepts presented in this ad are
the concept of never giving up that Based on the research that has
the athletes have even though they been done, the researcher draws the
lost a match, and how they pass a conclusion that the Counterpain
tough training process that in the end advertisement “Jatuh dan Bangkit Lagi”
motivate them to push themselves to version conveys a strong meaning of the
the limits. These are shown through the process of achieving goals as shown by
seriousness they show both from their the athletes through the advertisement.
facial expressions and body movements After conducting a literature review and
during the training. In the fourth and data analysis on the Counterpain ad “Jatuh
fifth scenes, the concept presented is the dan Bangkit Lagi” version, the result
concept of persistence which describes a shows that this advertisement conveys
strong intention to win the competition the meaning of the process achieving
and the tough training process because a goal. Counterpain advertisement
they remember the goals they want tries to describe the effectiveness of its
to achieve and the efforts they put in product in relieving pain and muscle
will not be in vain. And the concepts cramps so that it does not hinder the
presented in the seventh and eighth training process until the competition is
scenes are the concepts of confidence held. The storyline in the Counterpain
that athletes have after facing such tough advertisement features several athletes
training and failures that have become who fail during the match due to joint
experiences for these athletes, making pain and muscle cramps causing the
their self-confidence increase and being athlete to fail, and then get up again to
able to perform optimally and become undergo a tough training process towin.
better thanbefore. The meaning of the connotation in
The last concept that is presented is the Counterpain, the version of “Jatuh
the concept of a proud attitude that is dan Bangkit Lagi” is the concept of
owned by the result which is the result determination that is carried out by
of the hard work they have gone through athletes in the training process. This
and the harshness of the challenges they process shows how determined the
have faced makes the targeted goals athletes are. Even though they have
have been achieved until a sense of pride faced failure, they are still struggling
emerges. to get up and try again to maintain
their purpose and intentions to gain
victory in the form of an unyielding,
persevering, confident and pride owned

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 67

by athletes. The ad conveys the meaning Piliang, Y.A. (2012). Semiotika dan
of the efforts in the form of an implicit Hipersemiotika: Gaya, Kode
message to the public to remain strong dan Matinya Makna. Bandung:
in trying to achieve goals and when Matahari.
facing a problem because efforts will Sobur, A. (2006). Semiotika Komunikasi,
never betray the results. If you fall, be Bandung: Rosdakarya,.
determined and persistent, then you Sudiana, D. (1986). Komunikasi
will riseagain. Periklanan Cetak.
Bandung: CV. Remaja Karya.
REFERENCES Tjiptono, F. (2005). Pemasaran Jasa.
Malang: Bayumedia Publishing
Faruk. (1999). Pengantar Sosiologi
Zoest, A.V. (1996). Serba-Serbi
Sastra. Yogyakarta: PustakaPelajar..
Semiotika. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Indrianto, F. (2006). Studi Mengenai
Faktor Kekhawatiran Dalam Proses
Penyampaian Pesan Iklan. Jurnal
Sains Pemasaran Indonesia . Vol 5
No. 3 Pp 243- 268.
Piliang, Y.A. (1999). Hiper-Realitas
Kebudayaan, Yogyakarta: LKiS.

68 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The Impact of One Belt One Road (OBOR) for Asia
Pacific Countries
Colifaturansa1, Dede Muhammad2, M. Calakdo Islami3, Shaqilla Vianta Azzana4, Indra
Jaya Wiranata5
1
Department of International Relations, Lampung University 2Department of International
Relations, Lampung University 3Department of International Relations, Lampung University
4
Department of International Relations, Lampung University 5Department of International
Relations, Lampung University
Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1, Gedong Meneng, Kec. Rajabasa, Kota Bandar Lampung,
Lampung 35141, Indonesia.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

Abstract
The rise of China in the economy has shocked many. Under the rule of Xi Jinping,
China often adopts policies involving multiple countries in order to develop further
and sustain China’s economy. One Belt One Road (OBOR) is one of China’s well-
known economic policies or strategies that involves several countries. OBOR is a
global development program initiated by China and implemented by infrastructure
development and investment in Asia, Africa, and Europe, which first started and
announced by Xi Jinping in Indonesia and Kazakhstan on 2013. The development
carried out has an impact on countries that are part of the OBOR, including
countries in the Asia Pacific region. The Asia Pacific is a strategic region for world
economic activities, such as trade, investment, and other economic activities, so the
impact of the OBOR in the region is interesting to study. This study focuses on
the impact of the OBOR, both positive and negative impacts for countries in the
Asia Pacific region. The perspective of Neoliberalism will be used in this research to
explain the positive impact of OBOR on countries in the Asia Pacific region, and
also the perspective of Neo-marxism to explain its negative impact. This research
uses descriptive methods and qualitative data collection techniques obtained from
several journals and related articles. The results show the positive impact of OBOR
on countries in Asia Pacific in the form of accelerating infrastructure development,
increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) and gross domestic product (GDP) of its
member countries. Meanwhile, the negative impact is, debt problems resulting in
the creation of debt trap for some memberStates.
Keywords: One Belt One Road (OBOR), Impact, Asia Pacific.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 69

1. INTRODUCTION Asian Institute of Research, entitled
The Impact of the Belt and Road
The One Belt One Road program Initiative in South and Southeast Asia
or Belt and Road Initiative owned by by Vasiliki Papatheologou (2019). The
China envision to be a collaboration journal discusses new forms of global
that will unite countries in the Asian governance in a multipolar world, the
region, especially in the Asia Pacific Belt and Road Initiative in Asia, the Belt
region, with countries in the African and Road Initiative and Southeast Asia,
and European regions. This integration the Belt and Road Initiative and South
certainly does not cost a small amount of Asia, and its challenges implementing
money, but of course, hoping that these the Belt and Road Initiative. Although
costs can pay back when the program is the journal does not explain the impact
successful, such as cutting trade costs, of OBOR for all countries in the Asia
improving connectivity, and reducing Pacific region, this journal provides a
poverty in most developing countries clear picture of the positive impact of
in the region. However, there are several OBOR in several areas, including parts
obstacles faced by small countries or of the Asia Pacific, and challenges in
developing countries that take part in implementing OBOR in thefuture.
this program, one of which is the debt The second source of literature that
trap provided by China to developing we use is the journal entitled Examining
countries that have signed China’s BRI the Debt Implication of the Belt and
contracts. Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective
Eight countries have registered, by John Hurley, Scott Morris, and Gailyn
including Sri Lanka, Djibouti, Pakistan, Portelance (2019). In this journal, we
Mongolia, Laos, and others who have can see the significant negative impact
been affected by the risk of defaulting of the Belt and Road Initiative Program
on the loans provided by China. on debts arising in countries involved in
China funds expensive programs this program. Of course, this journal’s
but underperforms even as recipient weakness is because it only focuses on
countries, mostly developing, struggle one negative impact, namely the debt
to repay the loans, so China is accused problem. However, this journal has very
of undertaking Debt-Trap Diplomacy. detailed information starting from the
number of countries participating in
2. LITERATURE REVIEW this program to countries that have been
The first source of literature that negatively impacted by China’s debt
we use is the journal published by The trap in implementing this program. This

70 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
journal also provides detailed research barriers, financial integration, and
on why countries such as Djibouti, Laos, building new bonds between countries
the Kyrgyz Republic, the Maldives, (Cox, 2018). China’s President Xi
Mongolia, Montenegro, Pakistan, and Jinping created OBOR in 2013. He
Tajikistan have difficulty overcoming got inspiration from the concept of an
this problem of money loans that lead ancient Silk Road founded in the Han
to thisdebt. Dynasty, which for centuries, connected
China to the Mediterranean via Eurasia.
3. METHOD Thus, President Xi finally established
the Silk Road Economic Belt and the
This research uses a descriptive
Maritime Silk Road of the 21st century.
qualitative method. The data used in the
OBOR aims to eradicate poverty,
preparation of this research paper comes
create jobs, overcome the international
from various literature related to “The
financial crisis’s consequences, promote
Impact of OBOR Program for Asia
sustainable development, and advance
Pacific Countries.” The literature used
market-based industrial transformation
is books, journals, and online editions
and economic diversification (Cox,
of scientific articles. The data obtained
2018).
were then analyzed with the perspective
OBOR covers approximately 70
of Neoliberalism andNeo-marxism.
countries with more than 4.8 billion
people, covering economies totaling the
4. RESULT AND US $ 21 trillion, accounting for 62% of
DISCUSSION world GDP, and about 65% and 30%
One Belt, One Road (OBOR) of the world’s land-based and maritime
or now known as the Belt and Road economic production, respectively (Cox,
Initiative (BRI) is an initiative or 2018). One Belt in the OBOR consists
program that connects China with of six land roads, or economic corridors,
70 countries and international namely the New Eurasia Land Bridge
organizations in Asia, Europe and economic corridor, the China-Central
Africa, through the construction of Asia-West Asia economic corridor, the
land infrastructure networks and China-Mongolia-Russia economic
route expansion maritime, which can corridor, the China-Indochina Peninsula
increase trade and economic growth economic corridor, the China economic
(Cox, 2018). The OBOR program has corridor. - Pakistan, Bangladesh
five main focuses: policy coordination, Economic Corridor, China, India,
facilitating connectivity, trade without Myanmar (Cox, 2018). Meanwhile,
One Road aims to intensify maritime

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 71

trade between Chinese and European straightforward program of globalization
ports. The program involves cooperation priorities. The OBOR aims to enhance
and investment agreements in Southeast cooperation between countries and
Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Arabian the integration of transportation
peninsula, the Mediterranean Sea, and policies among program partners (Cox,
the East African coastline (Cox, 2018). 2018). For countries in Southeast
Asia, the OBOR program can be said
4.1 Positive Impact of the OBOR to strengthen economic connections
Program for Asia Pacific between China and Southeast Asian
Countries countries. The OBOR program improves
The OBOR program has had many infrastructure and supports industrial
impacts on the Asia Pacific region, both development. OBOR also includes a
from geoeconomics and geopolitics. In railway network development program
carrying out its political affairs, China to deliver technology and services
has always been seen to refrain from regionally. This Program has seen its
interfering in other countries domestic achievements in rail development in
affairs. This policy priority has been Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, and Indonesia
reaffirmed concerning OBOR. OBOR (Vasiliki Papatheologou, 2019). The
follows the principles of globalization OBOR program has the potential to
throughinternational cooperation and provide long- term economic growth in
interdependence. In the words of Xi SoutheastAsia.
Jinping(2018): South Asia, has also positively
“In response to the call of the times, China impacted the OBOR program. As
is ready to promote the Belt and Road stated earlier, OBOR can serve as a
Initiative with international partners platform for enhancing China’s relations
jointly. We hope to create new drivers with neighboring Asian countries while
to strengthen joint development through encouraging the development of a high-
this new platform for international speed rail network as a means of exporting
cooperation. We hope to turn them into a high-end technology and services.
road of peace, prosperity, openness, green Countries in South Asia have a common
growth and innovation, and a road that interest with China in developing their
unites civilizations.”(Polemis & Karlis, economies and improving their people’s
2019) livelihoods (Vasiliki Papatheologou,
2019). In fact, South Asia countries
The statement from the President view that development with OBOR is
of China shows that OBOR is a not a zero-sum game but cooperation

72 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
that produces a ‘win-win’ or mutual region. This is following the theory of
benefit (Vasiliki Papatheologou,2019). complex interdependence, which is one
Research on OBOR that focuses of the theories in Neoliberalism that
on economic aspects shows the strong emphasizes that countries are willing to
positive impact of OBOR. Soyres, (2018) cooperate because it is for their common
estimates an increase of between 2.6% interest. They know that cooperation
to 3.9% in the GDP of participating produces prosperity and stability in the
countries originating from East Asia international system. OBOR can bring
Pacific ( Polemis & Karlis, 2019). Chen many positive impacts for countries that
and Lin (2018) estimate GDP growth are bound in this cooperation. These
of 9% due to the attractiveness of FDI developing countries are the target
by participating countries, and a further of China in developing this bilateral
13% increase in GDP in non-OBOR cooperation model benefit in funding to
Sub-Saharan African countries due to build infrastructure. Lending capital to
the spillover effect (Polemis & Karlis, developing countries for infrastructure
2019). development will impact the economy
From the above explanation, OBOR so that there is hope for a country
under Neoliberalism’s perspective involved in this cooperation for a better
produces several positive impacts in economy.
the Asia Pacific, namely increasing
good relations between China and 4.2 Negative Impacts of the
Asia Pacific countries and generating OBOR Program for Asia
economic benefits for China and Asia PacificCountries
Pacific partner countries (Polemis Of the positive impacts, the One
& Karlis, 2019). OBOR effectively Belt One Road Program or the Belt
improves countries’ infrastructure and Road Initiative has had a negative
along the Belt and Road, promotes impact on several countries that have
trade and investment facilities, and entered into this Program. This impact
enhances industrial competitiveness in does not only affect small countries
the Asia Pacific region. The progress of but also developing countries as well.
the OBOR clearly shows that Chinese According to the CIMB Southeast Asia
investment brings benefits to China Research, several things are the most
and provides income, employment, and detrimental to this Program, including:
multifunctional infrastructure benefits 1. Debt Problems, where the Belt and
for recipient countries, including Road Initiative Program creates
participating countries in the Asia Pacific a Risk of Debt Difficulty or a

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 73

 condition in which the country and BRI geographical representatives
which is lent the money finds it (Hurley et al., 2019). Of the 68
difficult to repay itsdebt. countries, it was researched again that 8
2. Program Delays and Compensation countries were seriously threatened with
Problems, where program delays difficulties in dealing with this debt trap
often occur, which are not caused problem. The countries are Djibouti,
by market conditions but only Kyrgyzstan Republic (Kyrgyzstan), Lao
because of internal politics within People’s Democratic Republic (Laos),
thecountry. Maldives, Mongolia, Montenegro,
From these two problems, we see Pakistan, and Tajikistan. (Hurley et al.,
that the most crucial problem of this 2019).
Belt and Road Initiative Program is the From this case of debt, we can
“Debt Trap” that China is doing, which see several cases of debt held in Asia
attacks several small countries. So that for Pacific countries, which are also
countries that are planning to enter into exposed to several debt traps or debt-
the BRI program and the economically trap diplomacy by China, especially
prospects are inchaos, the terms of in the One Belt One Road Program.
the loan money from China must be Tajikistan has surrendered land on the
considered carefully. Rising debt, and border, disputed with China in 2011
China’s role in managing bilateral as a substitute for paying debts.. The
debt problems, have also exacerbated most severe case in this program is Sri
internal and bilateral tensions in some Lanka, where Sri Lanka was trapped in
BRI countries, such as Sri Lanka, where the loan money provided by China to
citizens regularly clash with police over the construction of the Hambantota
new industrial zones around the port port and continued to end up owing
of Hambantota, and Pakistan, where more than $ 5 billion to China, which
Chinese officials have publicly called caused Sri Lanka to hand over the port
on opposition politicians to embrace and 15,000. Acres of land around it to
the construction of the China- Pakistan China throughout the 99 years. While
Economic Corridor (CPEC), BRI’s there are still and will be many countries
“flagship program” to improve relations hit by this trap, many countries, such
between Beijing and Islamabad. (Hurley as Sri Lanka, are beginning to break
et al.,2019) free and stay away from the charm of
68 countries are included in the Chinese loans in solving it. Nepal and
scope of BRI based on reports from Pakistan decided and canceled several of
China’s pseudo-official organizations their OBOR infrastructure programs in
2017 (Olivia, 2018).

74 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 We can see from these cases, the the countries involved, which, if this
countries involved in the OBOR OBOR is carried out and completed,
program depended on china. According will also provide many benefits and
to the dependency theory, this is the conveniences for the countries involved
dependency of weak states on a strong in this program because of the opening
one. In this case, we can see China’s of roads that distribute between these
power in its economy can provide countries efficiently. This positive
loan money to many countries in the impact is according to Neoliberalism’s
Asia Pacific. And the dependency of existing theory, where cooperation
countries in need of economics help, makes interdependence between various
where the country has weak economic, countries.
becomes quite dependent on borrowed Besides, this program also has
money from China, causing them to a negative impact, which is quite a
be unable to repay the debt and causes problem for the countries involved,
China’s control of the agreement that is especially in developing and small
not fulfilled, as the case that is above. countries. These countries that involved
If we see this, only China is benefited in the OBOR program and gotten
by playing Debt Trap Diplomacy to loans from China to build the country’s
countries that need loans, but that infrastructure must return the loans on
it will be difficult to return it so that time. This is where many countries get
China will benefit from the agreement caught in the Debt Trap Diplomacy
as a strong country itself. carried out by China to attract these
small and developing countries to enter
5. CONCLUSION into this program, and China gets more
benefits from the Traps they have done
We can conclude from the
in some of thesecountries.
discussion above that the One Belt
One Road (OBOR) Program or the
REFERENCES
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has both
positive and negative impacts. This Cox, M. (2018). China’s Belt and Road
impact arises from various aspects, such Initiative (BRI) and Southeast Asia.
as the positive impact seen that OBOR LSE IDEAS-CARI Special Report,
can provide a path of cooperation 52.
for the countries involved, many of Dionysios Polemis, & Thanasis
which are countries in the Asia Pacific. Karlis. (2019). The Belt and Road
Not only that, OBOR also paves the initiative. A geopolitical analysis.
way for economic cooperation in

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 21. https://doi.org/10.13140/ Vasiliki Papatheologou. (2019). The
RG.2.2.12968.21764 Impact of the Belt and Road
Hurley, J., Morris, S., & Portelance, Initiative in South and Southeast
G. (2019). Examining the debt Asia. Journal of Social and Political
implications of the Belt and Road Sciences, 2(4). https://doi.
Initiative from a policy perspective. org/10.31014/aior.1991.02.04.128
Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and
Development, 3(1), 139. https://doi.
org/10.24294/jipd.v3i1.1123
Olivia, N. (2018, November 20).
Jebakan Utang Berkedok Kucuran
Pinjaman Lunak Tanpa Syarat dari
China. SuratKabar.ID - Informasi
Untuk Negeri. https://www.
suratkabar.id/114663/ekonomi/
jebakan-utang-berkedok-kucuran-
pinjaman-lunak- tanpa-syarat-dari-
china

76 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Indonesia’s Digital Society: Challenges and
Prospects
Dian Herdiana
Public Administration Department, Cimahi College of Administration (STIA Cimahi), Jalan Ibu
Ganirah 148
Cimahi City, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
The development of a digital society in Indonesia, on the one hand, is supported
by the fast adoption of technology in society, but on the other hand, there are still
many obstacles such as the infrastructure gap that hinders the development of a
digital society. Based on this understanding, this paper is intended to describe the
problems and prospects of the digital society in Indonesia. The method in this paper
is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The data used are secondary
data obtained from literature reviews of books, journal articles and other relevant
references. The results of the analysis revealed the challenges that should be faced
in building a digital society include disparities in technology infrastructure between
one region and another, the existence of some societies that have not fully accepted
technology based on local values and culture, the different utility of technology
among societies, and social structures. The description above constructs the demand
for consistency to build Indonesia’s digital society considering that the prospects of a
digital society will have a positive impact including reinforcing the nation’s identity
as an archipelago that connects one region to another based on technology, bridging
the development gap and underpinning the smart city.
Keywords: Digital Society, Development, Technology.

1 INTRODUCTION which provides many people with ease

in carrying out their daily activities.
Technology is not something new The utility of technology in Indonesian
to the Indonesian, technology adoption society today occurs in almost all aspects
has been implemented for more than of life, from communication to mobility.
three decades (Wahyudi & Sukmasari, Based on history, Indonesia adopted
2014). Technology has become part of technology when radio was used as a
the development of Indonesian society, broadcasting tool by the Dutch East

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 77

Indies government, after Indonesian The contradiction of some social
independence, television was part of groups stating that technology is
the development of technology, even something that can eliminate the
though at that time television broadcast original values, culture and identity of
was dominated by the government. The Indonesia cannot be avoided (Wahyudi
internet began to be used in the early & Sukmasari, 2014), on the one hand,
1990s when Indonet as an ISP (internet this understanding is acceptable, this
service provider) provided internet is empirically based on the fact that
services for companies in accessing technology development is accompanied
communication via email, since then by the adoption of western values and
internet access has grown rapidly and culture, which in some aspects is not in
is not only used by companies, but line with existing values, cultures and
by the wider community up to now identities.
(Herdyanto, 2020; Wardiana, 2002). The disparity in infrastructure
The utility of technology, which development as an implication of
has become a demand and needs today, Indonesia as an archipelagic nation
constructs the understanding that in which citizens live spread across
Indonesian society has entered a digital Indonesia. In addition, the development
society where technology is not only policy that was previously oriented
used as a tool to facilitate various social towards development on the island
activities, but technology encourages of Java had implications for regional
new values for society, existing values development gap outside the island of
acculturated with new values based on Java (Mukhijab, 2017).
technology. The problems mentioned above are
The construction of the a challenge in how to build the equal
understanding that states Indonesia has distribution of technology infrastructure
entered a digital society empirically do in all regions of Indonesia, synergized
not run that simple, various dimensions by building an understanding of the
are part of the dynamics of the thoughts and attitudes of society on
development of a digital society which the urgency of building a digital-based
has implications for the not yet realizing society, so as to create harmony in values,
of a digital society in Indonesia. Two culture, technology and social relations.
variables become the indicators, namely Based on these descriptions, this
rejection of technology development paper tries to elaborate the various
and the gap in the infrastructure of problems that have arisen so far in efforts
technology development. to build a digital society in Indonesia, so

78 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
that the description of these problems which then results in a real and valid
will result in an understanding of the description of the facts.
problems regarding the digital society.
In addition, this paper also tries to 3 RESULT AND
build prospects from the development DISCUSSION
of a digital society, so it is hoped that
it will become a research study that The analysis in this paper is divided
will encourage understanding of the into 2 (two) focus studies, namely the
importance of digital society in the challenges in building a digital society in
context of Indonesia today. Indonesia and the prospects of a digital
society in Indonesia, a more detailed
2 METHOD explanation of the two focus of the
study is as follows:
The method in this paper is a
descriptive method with a qualitative 3.1 Challenges of Building A
approach in which the description and Digital Society
analysis of the digital society both on Efforts to build a digital society
problems and prospects are described in in Indonesia are faced with various
a narrative, in the form of words and not problems, these problems are challenges
in the form of statistical calculations, that should be faced by the government,
this is in line with the understanding the problems as the challenges in the
from Sugiyono (2013) which states development of a digital society can be
that in qualitative research, the research explained as follows:
results are described in a narrative form The first is the disparity of
in words so that the results of the analysis technology infrastructure. The
are in the form of narrative arguments unequal development carried out by
based on the data used that are relevant the government, especially during
to the study of the digital society. the New Order era which was more
The data in this study are secondary development-oriented on the island of
data obtained from literature reviews Java, had implications for many aspects,
of books, journal articles and other including infrastructure aspects in which
relevant references. Data analysis was areas on the island of Java had a much
carried out through data triangulation better infrastructure of technology
which included the data collection, compared to other islands (Reily, 2018;
display and conclusion stages. With Wilonoyudho, 2009). Empirically, in
this triangulation, the data obtained some areas the society has not been
are presented naturally as they are, able to access the electricity grid until

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 79

now, which is the main requirement that must be made by the government.
in building the infrastructure of The third is the disparity in
technology, the society live without technology adoption and utility.
electricity (Adam, 2016). Empirically there are some societies that
The disparities mentioned above are really need technology in their daily
a challenge for the government to create lives, but on the other hand, there are
the equality in development so that some societies that don’t really need
every society that lives in various regions technology in their daily lives (Arellano
of Indonesia can have the same rights & Camara, 2017).
and opportunities to be able to build a This condition is a challenge for the
digital society. government in building a digital society,
The second is the difference in regarding how people are not only able
values and culture. Indonesia has to accept technology in their lives, but
various ethnic groups, including can also take advantage of technology
cultural diversity and local values as a medium that makes their lives
(Ngafifi, 2014). These local values in easier so that society can adapt and use
some areas do not fully accept western technology equally.
culture in the acculturation process, The fourth is an exclusive social
including technology. In practice, the structure, society in some areas has an
influence of western culture on the bad exclusive social structure in which the
behaviour of some members of society presence of foreigners or foreign culture
such as hedonistic and individualistic is taboo, a society that has this social
behaviour forms the assumption that structure basically inhabits traditional
western culture can damage local villages and/or remote villages.
culture. This has implications for the The existence of a society that
understanding of some societies who upholds local cultural values deserves
think that technology development to be respected, but on the other hand,
is used as a medium for transferring it is a challenge for the government to
western cultures. present technology in their lives, this
This is a challenge for the is not meant to interfere with existing
government to convince the society to local values but as an effort to optimize
accept technology as an advancement public services for society, so that every
that will provide positive benefits society has the same rights in accessing
for society and will not damage local public services.
values and culture, efforts to provide Building a digital society in a
technology literacy is one of the efforts traditional village, for example, becomes

80 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
difficult and even impossible, so that of technology infrastructure will be the
even though the social structure is basis for building a technology-based
exclusive, the government must be able society.
to accommodate their existence in the The condition of Indonesia, which
context of digital society development, has many islands, is a prospect for the
as part of a society that has unique government to build a digital society
characteristics. where the government not only builds
the infrastructure of technology but
3.2 Prospects of the Digital also builds literacy of technology for the
Society society so that people accept technology
The digital society empirically has a and use it as part of their daily lives.
positive impact on society in all aspects of The development of a digital
life, various studies have shown that the society is expected to connect one
digital society has been able to provide region to another, including between
openness, effectiveness, efficiency and remote islands, so that the flow of
welfare (European Economic and Social information, public services and
Committee, 2017). business opportunities will be obtained
The digital society in the Indonesian without having to physically go to
context is not only oriented to be able another area or go outside the island
to provide prospects for the aspects to get these services. The realization of
mentioned above, but it is more broadly a digital society will create connectivity
oriented towards prospects in national between one region and another.
development. The prospects for digital Building a digital society in various
society can be described as follows: regions will eventually form a digital
3.2.1 Connecting Regions as An society nationally so that the digital
Archipelago society will become an identity where
the intertwining of a technology-based
Indonesia is an archipelago that
society in various regions becomes a
has thousands of islands (Tumonggor,
national identity for Indonesia.
Karafet, Hallmark, Lansing, & Sudoyo,
2013), This geographical condition 3.2.2 Bridging the Development
must be addressed as a prospect Gap
for connecting various regions in The disparity in development is
Indonesia, not as an obstacle that will a fact where development has been
complicate development, one of which oriented towards development on the
is the development of technology island of Java (Firdaus, 2013). Efforts to
infrastructure, because the development create a digital society are expected to be

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 81

able to bridge the existing development 3.2.3 Underpinning the Smart City
gap. The development of the smart city in
The process of bridging the Indonesia is currently being intensified,
development gap through a digital with the various infrastructure of
society can be realized through three technology being built as an effort
ways namely: First, the development of a to facilitate the realization of a smart
digital society requires the development city, in fact, some cities have declared
of technology`s infrastructure, so that themselves as smart cities (Prakoso,
the government’s commitment to be 2018; Utomo & Hariadi, 2016). One
able to build a digital society will be of the most important aspects in the
accompanied by the development of successful implementation of smart
technology`s infrastructure, so it is hoped city policy is how to build a digital
that development in other aspects will society where a society smartly utilizes
also be carried out by the government, technology in its daily life (Arellano &
then the equality of development will be Camara, 2017; Sasvari, 2012).
created between regions. Efforts to build a smart city must
Second, if the digital society can be also be balanced with building a digital
realized, then equality of information society that supports the success of
and opportunities in development will a smart city so that there will be a
be obtained which is hoped that the continuous correlation between society
digital community will encourage the and other smart city elements.
realization of balanced development The benefits of the digital society
between regions. Third, justice and in the context of a smart city consist
equality are part of the characteristics of of at least three things, namely: First,
a digital society, so that the society will society as an end customer of a smart
seek to address the development gap to city will directly benefit from the
be resolved immediately, in the end, it implementation of smart city policy,
is hoped that it will accelerate equitable because it will connect society with
development. other smart city elements such as smart
From the explanation above, it is government, smart economy and others.
hoped that the digital community will Second, the success of building a
be able to become one of the actors who smart society as the identity of a digital
speak out for justice in development, society will be able to encourage the
this is because openness and equality success of other smart city elements, for
among societies are part of the values of example for the smart economy element,
the digital society. when a smart society requires access

82 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
to the economy, the economic model 4 CONCLUSION
they want to obtain is not a traditional
economy, but a smart economy, in Empirically, technology has been
the case that a smart economy has not widely adopted by Indonesian, even
been realized yet, the society will strive technology has become part of society’s
to realize a smart economy because it life, it is not automatically referred to
becomes a necessity, so that the smart as the Indonesian digital society due
society will accelerate the development to problematic problems that have
of the smart economy. This also applies implications for disparities in the
in other elements, so that the success of technology utilities.
realizing the elements in a smart city will Various problems become challenges
be largely determined by how successful that must be faced which include
the development of a smart society has disparities in technology infrastructure
been made. between one region and another, the
Third, the digital society will always existence of some societies that have not
be a smart city element that encourages fully accepted technology based on local
the sustainability of smart city policy values and culture, different adoption
so that various innovations aimed at and utility of technology among
the success of smart city policy will societies, and social structures that in
be supported by society, this support some regions are still exclusive and reject
will provide opportunities for the external cultures, including technology.
government to implement the various The description above constructs
innovative policy of smart city in the the demand for consistency to build
future. Indonesia’s digital society considering
From the explanation above, that the prospects of a digital society will
building a digital society will not only have a positive impact on all aspects,
have a positive impact on the society including reinforcing the nation’s
itself but will also have a positive impact identity as an archipelago that connects
on all aspects which comprehensively one region to another with technology,
play a role in the development of a bridging the development gap and
nation, even the adoption and utility underpinning the smart city.
of technology that is part of the digital
society will be able to characterize the
nation.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 83

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ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 85

 Ethics of Bureaucracy in Social Media Between
Freedom of Expression and Impartiality

Dwiyanto Indiahono1, and Anwaruddin1

1
Public Administration Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jenderal
Soedirman, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
The State Civil Apparatus (ASN) Act confirms that civil servants must uphold
the principle of neutrality. The principle of neutrality indicated that every ASN
employee is impartial from any form of influence and does not take the interests
of anyone. On the other hand, the climate of democracy provided individuals with
larger scope for expression in online media, and political actors who are intensely
campaigning for themselves through social media. Civil servants must maintain
their behavior on social media to maintain the principle of neutrality. Social media
can be a new window in seeing ASN’s professionalism seen from the aspect of
upholding the principle of bureaucratic neutrality. ASN or civil servant a unifying
agent of the nation, so that enforcing bureaucratic impartiality is one of the keys to
the establishment of bureaucratic reform in the future.
Keywords: political actors, bureaucracy, interests, social media, neutrality.

1 INTRODUCTION New Order history shows that civil

servants automatically became members
The bureaucracy is essentially a public of the Republic of Indonesia Civil
servant as a state employee. Bureaucracy Servants Corps were visibly loyal to
as a servant of the community demands Golkar as the sole ruler (Mas’oed, 1989
that the bureaucracy must always open and 1994; Imawan, 1997; Dwiyanto,
their ears, eyes, and conscience to read 2006; Thoha, 2012). The loyalty of
the aspirations of the people. On the civil servants to Golkar - which is a
other hand, the bureaucracy is a civil political party - is synonymous with
servant who must be loyal to the state. loyalty to the state. Civil servants were
Bureaucratic loyalty thus refers to loyalty thus successfully moved into the New
to the state and the public interest. This Order’s political engine to perpetuate
bureaucratic position is in fact not easy and enlarge power. Civil servants in
to implement in the fact.

86 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
the New Order then were unable Media users in Indonesia are among the
to develop their responsiveness to largest in the world. The total number
public aspirations, because the central of social media users in Indonesia
government was so strict in regulating reaches 150 million people (Bangka
community, national, and state life. Tribunnews, 2019).
Civil servants must be loyal to superiors ASN which amounts to 4,351,490
and the central government. The only throughout Indonesia, of course, many
growing bureaucratic ethics is loyalty to become users of social media. Political
the leadership, Golkar, and the central actors also in fact make social media a
government. This loyalty then makes means of their political campaign. This
the bureaucracy truly stiff and submits is interesting to be explored, on the one
obediently only to the leadership. The hand, social media is an ideal arena for
bureaucracy changed its orientation not citizens to channel aspirations, but on
as a public servant but only as a servant the other hand, netizens from ASN must
of leadership. also uphold the principle of impartiality
Along with the reform era, civil of the bureaucracy. This paper will
servants were encouraged to become discuss how is the ideal position of ASN
impartial beings. Impartial means that on social media?
civil servants are prohibited from joining
political parties, and are prohibited from 2 THEORITICAL
actively participating in practical politics.
The paradigm of Public
The practical politics that developed in
Administration related to bureaucracy
the Reformation Era were like being a
in practical politics is reflected in the
member of a successful team from the
paradigm of the political-administrative
Presidential Candidates, and Candidates
dichotomy and political-administrative
for Regional Heads. Civil Servants who
integration. In the dichotomy of
then with Law Number 5 of 2014
politics and administration, political
concerning State Civil Apparatus (ASN
actors are positioned as policymakers
Law) are more commonly called as State
and administrators as implementers
Civil Apparatuses (ASN) are withdrawn
(Wilson, 1987; Goodnow, 1900; White,
under conditions that must be neutral
1926; Taylor, 1912; Willoughby, 1918).
and independent of one particular
Bureaucracy works when political actors
political force.
are finished carrying out the task of
The problem of bureaucratic
designing policies. In this paradigm, the
impartiality in the Reformation Era is
administrator becomes very a-political,
in line with the development of social
so that the neutrality of the bureaucracy
media that is almost inevitable. Social
can be maintained.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 87

 The political-administrative government to regulate bureaucratic
integration paradigm instead encourages ethics, bureaucratic neutrality, and the
bureaucracy to be present to allocate the use of media that specifically regulate
value. The presence of bureaucracy is freedom of expression in Indonesia’s
precisely needed to help political officials democratic climate.
to design policies (Waldo, 1952; Simon
et al., 1952; and Harmon, 1989). When 4 RESULT AND
the relationship is only in designing DISCUSSION
policies that favor the public it does
4.1. ASN and Impartiality
not cause problems. Problems began
to arise when the bureaucracy was not Based on Article 2 letter f of Law
only coupled in designing policies but Number 5 Year 2014 Concerning State
more than that, was coupled to design Civil Apparatus, it is stated that one of
and implement policies that benefit the the principles of implementing ASN
ruling group. policy and management is “neutrality”.
The context of a democratic state The principle of neutrality means that
certainly cannot avoid giving room each ASN employee does not take
for the bureaucracy to express itself sides from any influence and interests
following the development of science of anyone. Bureaucratic impartiality
and technology. Dahl (1998: 85-86) was conceived since the birth of the
reveals that 6 political institutions Reformation Era. The bureaucracy
must exist in democracy, one of them which was originally a tool of the
is freedom of expression. On the other New Order ruler to maintain power,
hand, the presence of bureaucracy from the beginning of the reform, the
must be above all parties, it must be bureaucracy was drawn into individuals
neutral and not support one political who could not participate in any
contestant. Therefore, bureaucratic practical political activities. Bureaucracy
regulation in its relations with political is prohibited from becoming a member
actors in the digital era has become very and administrator of a political party or
rigid. Bureaucratic neutrality must be being a successful team in all elections of
reflected in social media in Indonesia. national and local level political officials.
The neutrality of the bureaucracy
3 METHOD is also emphasized by Law Number
10 of 2016 concerning the Second
The method in writing this article Amendment to Law Number 1 of
is by literature review. Researchers read 2015 concerning the Establishment
policies that have been taken by the of Government Regulation Number

88 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
1 of 2014 concerning the Election of the rapid development of social media.
Governors, Regents, and Mayors to The rapid development of cyberspace
Become Laws. This law provides at provides a vast opportunity for anyone
least the following norms: First, based to express their expression on social
on Article 70 paragraph (1) letter b, media. Indonesian citizens also take
candidate pairs are prohibited from advantage of this social media with an
involving the Civil Apparatus of the uproar. Based on the number of social
member of the Indonesian National media users, Indonesia is a country with
Police and members of the Indonesian 150 million social media users, and this
National Army; secondly, based on figure includes civil servants in it.
Article 70 paragraph (1) letter c, the Civil servants in expressing their
candidate pair is prohibited from expression in a democratic climate are
involving the Village Head or other indeed not easy to be strictly forbidden
designation / Village Head and Village from taking sides. In this situation, two
apparatus or other designation / extreme points occur. The first extreme
Village unit; third, based on Article 71 point is that civil servants with all their
paragraph (1), State Officials, Regional rights are allowed to express themselves
Officials, State Civil Service Officials, in cyberspace (including practically
members of the TNI / POLRI, and charged politics); second, public
Village Heads or other designations servants are public servants who must
/ Lurahs are prohibited from making be neutral and must not side with the
decisions and/or actions that benefit or political interests of any political actor.
harm one of the candidate pairs. These two extreme points are in fact
difficult to find a midpoint.
4.2. ASN and Expression Freedom
In the Reformation Era, civil 4.3. ASN, Practical Politics and
servants as well as other citizens have the Media
same rights in expression. This right of Public servants are prohibited
expression can be realized in the form from participating in practical political
of expressing opinions and association. activities which are one of the main
This is important because the main ideas foundations of new governance in
of reform are to provide citizens with the Reformation Era. Prohibition to
human rights and protect every citizen participate in practical politics has
who fulfills their human rights. always been associated with participating
This freedom of expression is also in in being administrators or members
the right climate, namely the climate of of a campaign team or success team in

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 89

the Presidential Election, Legislative is advantageous because this support is
Member Election, BPD Member a “sign of being” an official in the next
Election, and Regional Head Election. period (Yuwono, 2016). The meeting of
The definition of practical politics is these two interests then made the civil
only based on the formal participation as servants dare to openly support their
a member/board of the campaign team political officials.
or the success team, besides that proof ASN, which has the right to express
of participation in practical politics is itself on social media, also has the right
almost difficult to prove. to vote in the electoral procession.
This gap then becomes the “toy However, as a public servant, he
item” incumbent political officials must not give partiality to political
when utilizing bureaucratic political contestants. This is what according to
machinery to perpetuate power. Most Tamma (2016) as partial impartiality.
civil servants involved in practical Open and loose social media as a venue
politics are not formally involved in for expressing expression for ASN then
the structure of the campaign team or experienced heated debate. Circular
the success team. The presence of civil from the Ministry of State Apparatus
servants in pro-incumbent practical Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform
politics is mostly done in the form on the Implementation of Neutrality for
of directives to elect incumbents in ASN in the Implementation of 2018
closed service meetings and internal Simultaneous Local Elections, Legislative
bureaucratic meetings. Elections in 2019, and 2019 Presidential
Amin and Sembiring (2018) stated and Vice President Elections turned
that the results of his research showed out to be straightforwardly regulating
that the bureaucratic network had been how an ASN should behave during the
used massively as a political force to democratic events in Indonesia. Matters
win. The bureaucratic structure - from related to bureaucracy, social media, and
top to low - was involved in the victory. practical politics are first, bureaucracy is
Alignment of civil servants to candidates prohibited from uploading, responding
for political office is openly a form of an (such as likes, comments, and the like)
effort to perpetuate the power of political or disseminating pictures/photos of
officials and perpetuate positions for the prospective candidates/prospective
bureaucracy. Political officials who are candidates for Regional Head, vision,
in a “convincing” position will find it and mission of prospective candidates/
easy to get support from bureaucratic future candidates Regional Head
officials, and for bureaucratic officials, it candidate pairs, as well as other links

90 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
with prospective Regional Head Bangka Tribunnews. 2019. 150
candidates through online or social Million Indonesians Play Social
media. Second, the bureaucracy is Media, These Applications Are
prohibited from taking photos with Used. https://bangka.tribunnews.
prospective Regional Head/Deputy com/2019/02/12/150-juta-warga-
Regional Head by following the symbol indonesia-main-media-sosial-ini-
of the hand/movement that is used as a aplikasi-yang-digunakan accessed
form of alignments. July 23, 2019.
Dahl, R., 1998. On Democracy, New
5. CONCLUSSION Haven. CT, Yale University Press.
Dwiyanto, Agus (ed)., 2006-cetakan
ASN or civil servants as government
kedua. Reformasi Birokrasi Publik di
officials must be neutral and must
Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University
not side with any party. Therefore,
Press. Yogyakarta.
the freedom of expression in using
Goodnow, Frank J., 1900. Politics
social media by ASN cannot indeed
and Administration: A Study in
be an argument for its neutrality in
Government, Newyork: Russel &
democratic events in Indonesia. ASN as
Russel. 17-26.
the upholder of democracy has the right
Harmon, Michael M., 1989. The
to vote, but it must not provide support
Simon/Waldo Debate: A Review
to either political party, legislative,
and Update, Public Administration
DPD, or presidential candidates. The
Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 437-
sanctions must be enforced fairly to
451.
anyone regardless of the incumbent or
Imawan, Riswandha., 1997. Membedah
the opposition.
Politik Orde Baru, Pustaka Pelajar,
Yogyakarta.
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 Replies and Comments. The Willoughby, William F., 1918. The
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Representatives, Januari 25, 1912. Ethical Problems: Political
Thoha, Miftah., 2012. Birokrasi Neutrality of Bureaucracy in
Pemerintah dan Kekuasaan di Local Election. Advances in
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92 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Indonesian Youth’s: Envisaging Indonesian Youth’s
Perspectives Towards the Prospect of Free Sex in
Indonesia

Febriana Aminatul Khusna1, Sekar Lathifatul Aliyah2, Ikrar Genidal Riadil3

1,2,3
English Education Department, Faculty of Educations and Teacher Training, Universitas Tidar.
1
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Promiscuity is a manifestation of deviant conduct which breaches established
norms’ boundaries. In Indonesia, promiscuity is becoming a prevalent problem as
well as “free sex” is the main topic. Free sex is one of the Imperialism Repercussions.
Free sex is growing to become a contentious issue in Indonesia. This would be
demonstrated by the amount of women dropping out of school for becoming
pregnant before marriage. With this concern in mind, the aims of this research are
to ascertain the prospect of free sex for Indonesian youth. This research will also
encourage the parents and teachers in delivering the comprehensive and proper sex
education. Descriptive qualitative method is used for this study and made by using
a structured questionnaire as the instrument of this research. The study method
used a questionnaire, by spreading to the Indonesian youth with the total of 12
questions. In this sample, there are amount of respondents which are 179 young
Indonesian respondents were from diverse backgrounds with the age of 15-26 years.
The finding of this study has indicated that there are 6.7% participants think that
free sex are not bring the negative effect and 93.3% argue that free sex may bring
the negative effect.
Keywords: Free sex, Globalization, Indonesian’ youths

1 INTRODUCTION thought, or others.  Globalization has

ensured that everyone has a chance
Nowadays, people inter­ of making interaction with others to
communicate without any limitations construct a connection. This process
of time or place. They can exchange will proffer them the benefit of getting
information, cultural viewpoint, income, social relationship, knowledge

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 93

or others. Ritzer (2008) stated that which is married. There are several
globalization means an expediting factors of free sex. It can be a lack of
collection of processes embroiling flows knowledge, religious, attention from
which include more numbers of the parents, etc. According to Vundule
world’s area and that preside to intensify et al (2001) that cited by Indriyani
integration and interconnectivity (2020), other elements of free sex come
between those areas. Robertson and from the biological drive, inability to
White (2008) claimed that it is based control the biological drive, the lack of
on four primary aspects of human life knowledge about reproductive health,
which are the cultural, social, political and the opportunity to have sex free.
and economic. Hence, people may have Furthermore, it can be influenced
a chance to associate with different by self-factor, social life, and school
culture background. Thus, people (Johan et al., 2018)sometimes a lot of
can engage with a new notion from a irregularities that can occur among
particular place through globalization teenagers when sexual desire is not
Globalization has a positive and channeled. One of the factors that can
negative impact. However, free sex affect is the type of parenting pattern.
is one of the negative impacts of the Type of this research is observational
globalization phenomenon. The notion analytic research with cross-sectional
of free sex spreads in the wider area method. Total samples fulfilling the
because of this phenomenon. According inclusion and exclusion criteria were
to Wardhani (2008), globalization is 197 respondents. Sampling technique
the causes of free sex emergence from is probability sampling technique, with
teenagers because of the easement in the cluster random sampling method. Data
field of information and communication. collection using questionnaires. Free
Based on Desmita (2005) that cited by variables are parenting type and free
Surtini (2019), any means of whereby to sex behavior as dependent variable.
express and discharge sexual urges which Performed a validity test using Person
attain from the ripeness of sexual organs Product Moment correlation for each
include intimate dating, flirting, sexual questionnaire, while the reliability test
intercourse though the action is valued questionnaire using Cronbach’s Alpha.
not in fitting with the norm because Analysis of research data using Kruskal
teenagers don’t have a sexual experience Walls test. The results showed that
is called free sex. from 122 respondents who received
Moreover, free sex refers to sexual Authoritarian parenting pattern, they
intercourse without a legal relationship performed free sex behavior as much as

94 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
38 respondents (19.3%. Satriana et al. questionnaire using Cronbach’s Alpha.
(2020) and Tasnim (2019) agreed that Analysis of research data using Kruskal
In Indonesia the phenomenon of free Walls test. The results showed that
sex is worrying. Thus, this phenomenon from 122 respondents who received
needs to be concerned. Authoritarian parenting pattern, they
Subsequently, this paper is aimed performed free sex behavior as much as
to examine the Indonesian’ youth 38 respondents (19.3%. Baker (2003)
perception about free sex. Since this claimed that collecting data survey of
phenomenon is a serious matter to be a designated population or sample is
concerned. Because of the negative effect the primary role of questionnaire. The
of free sex can be prevented by increasing collection data of Indonesian’ youth
the awareness of the impact. On the perception about free sex from the
other hand, this paper was conducted questionnaire would be described in the
by using descriptive qualitative research term of descriptive qualitative.
and a questionnaire method. Descriptive
qualitative is utilized to examine 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
hypotheses or to respond questions
People have a desire to do sex as
related to the status of the research
biological needs. However, it needs any
subject (Gay, 1990)sometimes a lot
process such as legal marriage before
of irregularities that can occur among
doing sexual intercourse. However,
teenagers when sexual desire is not
the globalization has given impact in
channeled. One of the factors that can
the fastest of exchange information.
affect is the type of parenting pattern.
Thus, the notion of free sex can spread
Type of this research is observational
easily. Subsequently, several factors
analytic research with cross-sectional
can cause free sex. Therefore, people
method. Total samples fulfilling the
need to concern in preventing the
inclusion and exclusion criteria were
phenomenon of free sex. Since, it
197 respondents. Sampling technique
becomes an interesting topic to be
is probability sampling technique, with
discussed in this situation. Thus, several
cluster random sampling method. Data
researchers also conduct research about
collection using questionnaires. Free
free sex. Novitasari and Nikmah (2017)
variables are parenting type and free
conducted research about perception
sex behavior as dependent variable.
from adolescent of ninth grade toward
Performed a validity test using Person
free sex behavior in vocational high
Product Moment correlation for each
School of Muhammadiyah 1 Moyudan,
questionnaire, while the reliability test
Sleman regency, Yogyakarta. The study

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 95

found that free sex is sexual behavior After the data have collected, it will
which seems like a violation of religious be analysed and recognized. Like what
teachings and wanders from the value Riadil (2020) distinguished that the
and moral norms because of internal questionnaire is quite a useful collection
and external factors. Subsequently, the method because researchers can reach
drive for sexual behavior is predisposed many participants and respondents in a
by oneself and the development of short time, and it does not need cost so
technology, science, communication much.
and friends are the factors of free sex Also, there are twelve questions for
based on Doloksaribu et al. (2017) on the questionnaires, those questions were
perceptions of high school teenagers prepared and asked the 179 Indonesian
about free sex in Medan ethical schools youths are the participants of this study.
in 2019. To investigate the Indonesian youths,
in order to achieve the study’s goals and
3 METHOD objectives. As for this research method,
the authors carried out the following
The researchers’ used qualitative
steps:
approach on this study. Quinn
The arrangement of this study
& Cochran (2007) deduced that
consists of:
qualitative research is distinguished by
1. Research subject the research
its goals of recognizing other facets of
subjects were Indonesian youths, in
social existence, and by its techniques
Indonesia with 179 people.
of producing terms rather than
2. Research place the research was
statistics, as evidence for examination.
conducted in Indonesia.
Qualitative research is fully understands
3. Research time this research was
the social trend on the grounds of the
conducted in the year 2020.
participant’s point of view. The data
The data collection of this research,
are collected by giving questionnaires
first, the researcher creates questions
to participants who are the Indonesia
for the questionnaires. Second, the
Youths. The data collection procedures
researcher makes questionnaires on
of this study were started by giving the
Google form and share the link to
questionnaire, asking the participants to
the respondents. Next, the researcher
fill in the questionnaire, and finally, the
collects all of the data. Finally, the
researcher compiled the questionnaire
researcher analysed one by one of the
that had been answered. This method
data and put it on the article specifically
is influenced by (Cam & Tran, 2017).
in results and discussions section.

96 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Besides that, the questions which asked participants about their opinions,
given are in the English language. Even whether they could accept or reject the
though it does not impact the research, existence of free sex in their life.
besides, they could express their feeling In this section consists of the results
easily and free (Riadil, 2020b). Not only of research and how they are discussed;
that, but the questionnaire also does Table 1: Data of the respondents
not let the respondents write their real
Variable Age Sample %
names. They could write the gender.
Male 28.5%
Then the researcher will name them as Gender
Female 71.5%
respondents one, two, so on (Riadil,
2020c). Furthermore, it does not In the table 1, it is used to identify
impact the data collected. Eventually, the number and gender of participants
analysis findings of questionnaires who have filled out the questionnaire
were a culmination of the study that of this research. The table shows that
was intended to help the population, 28.5% are male or equivalent to
and the government to help absorb 51 participants. Meanwhile, female
the development of sex education in participants occupy 71.5% with a
Indonesia. percentage of 128 participants who have
filled out the questionnaire. From this
4 RESULT AND explanation, it can be concluded that
DISCUSSION the largest number of participants were
RESULT women with a percentage of 71.5% or
the equivalent of 128 participants.
In this study, the researchers
will find out about the perceptions Table 2: Data percentage of age
of the Indonesian youths generation Variable Age Sample %
about free sex. Nowadays, free sex is a Age 15 2.8%
phenomenon that is being discussed by 16 0%
many people. This research is useful to 17 11.7%
18 21.2%
find out the response of participants
19 19%
using a questionnaire distributed and
20 24.6%
disseminated by the youth generation
21 7.3%
of Indonesia. The questionnaire 22 3.9%
contains several questions related to 23 3.9%
the acceptance or perception of the 24 1.1%
Indonesian youth generation of free 25 2.2%
sex. Besides that, the questionnaire also 26 2.2%

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 97

 In this table above, show According
about the percentage of the range to your
perspectives as
of age that participant must fill Indonesian
the questionnaire. This table have youth
2. generation, 35.3% 64.8%
shown that the respondent who has do you think
places of
participated in filling questionnaires prostitution
about their perception of free sex is should be
legalized?
between 15-26 years old. There are
Please give a
2.8% of total participant in 15 years reason briefly
old or 5 participant who have fill if you agree. Brief Brief
3.
Then, if not, Answers Answers
the questionnaire. Then, there is no give a
participant of 16 years old. Furthermore, reason briefly.
According
there are 21 participants or 11.2% who to your
was filling the questionnaire, 21.2% or perspectives as
Indonesian
38 participants for 18 years old. youth
4. 12.8% 87.2%
Subsequently, for the 19 years old generation,
can you
there are 19% means 34 participants accept the
has fill this questionnaire. Besides, 20 phenomenon
of free sex?
years old respondents are 24.6% or 44
Please give a
participant and for 21 years old there are reason briefly
if you agree. Brief Brief
7.3% or 13 participants. Next, 22 years 5.
Then, if not, Answers Answers
old with 3.9% or 7 participants has fill give a
reason briefly.
the questionnaire, 23 years old with
According
3.9% or 7 participants. Afterwards, to your
there are 1.1% or 2 participants for perspectives as
Indonesian
24 years old. Last, there are 2.2% or 4 youth
participants for 25 and 26 years old. generation,
what if
6. 5% 95%
Table 3: Data of response token your friends
or your
NO Question Response (%) environment
changes and
Yes No follows the
According free sex trend,
to your do you agree?
perspectives as Please give a
Indonesian reason briefly
youth Brief Brief if you agree. Brief Brief
1. 7.
generation, Answers Answers Then, if not, Answers Answers
what do you give a
know and reason briefly.
think about
free sex?

98 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 According about the questions given. The researchers
to your give 12 questions that participants must
perspectives as
Indonesian answer. First question is according to your
youth perspectives as Indonesian youth, what do you
generation, do
you think free know and think about free sex. Second, the
8. 93.3% 6.7%
sex will bring
question is “According to your perspectives
negativity to
Indonesian as Indonesian youth, do you think places
generations
and the of prostitution should be legalized?”
individual and “Please give a reason briefly if you agree.
itself?
Then, if not, give a reason briefly” for the
Please give a
reason briefly third questions. Then, for the fourth question
if you agree. Brief Brief is about youth perspectives, can they accept
9.
Then, if not, Answers Answers
give a the phenomenon of free sex.
reason briefly.
Subsequently, “Please give a reason
According
to your briefly if you agree. Then, if not, give a reason
perspectives as briefly” and “According to your perspectives
Indonesian
youth, how as Indonesian youth, what if your friends or
would you your environment changes and follows
respond
if your Brief Brief the free sex trend, do you agree?” for
10.
boyfriend or Answers Answers the fifth and sixth questions. Besides,
friend asked
you to have seventh question is please gives a reason
sex or have briefly if you agree. Then, if not, give a reason
an intimate
date (free sex)? briefly. Furthermore, for the eighth question is
Give your
reasons!
according to your perspectives as Indonesian
What are youth, do you think free sex will bring
Brief Brief
11. you afraid of negativity to Indonesia and the individual
Answers Answers
about free sex?
itself? Also please give a reason briefly if you
According
to your agree. Then, if not, give a reason briefly for
perspectives as
ninth questions.
Indonesian
youth, what Furthermore, in the number tan is
Brief Brief
12 do you
think about
Answers Answers according to your perspectives as Indonesian
the current youth, how would you respond if your
generation’s
understanding boyfriend or friend asked you to have
of free sex? sex or have an intimate date (free sex)?
Give your reasons. What are you afraid
In the third table, show about the
of about free sex is question number
response token from the participant

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 99

eleventh. Last question is according to your especially I often hear stories from my
perspectives as Indonesian youth, what do friends about this. As it is common
you think about the current generation’s knowledge among young Indonesians,
understanding of free sex? I am not surprised by the discussion of
free sex.”
DISCUSSION However, some of them are arguing
that they can accept the phenomena of
In this research the researcher found
free sex. There are question about the
that Indonesian youth are closely with
acceptance to legalize of prostitution
free sex. In other words, they understand
place. The question is “According to your
about the issue of free sex in the society.
perspectives as Indonesian youth, do you
In this research, the Indonesian youth
think places of prostitution should be
also have different perspective of free
legalized?” and there are 35.3% or 65
sex. There are positive and negative
participants can deal with it.
perspectives. Like this statement “In
Some of them think that
my opinion, free sex is a deviant action
legalizing prostitution places has a good
where the size of the deviant behaviour
effect. The government can control and
describes the decrepit behaviour of
provide sex education properly. The
humans. In addition, if you look at it
statement is “Prostitution is a business
from a religious perspective, surely there
that has existed since ancient times,
is no religion that allows this bad thing.
because it is part of human needs.
Furthermore, from a health perspective,
Which is the problem, the prohibition
free sex can increase the spread of
actually makes it even more dangerous.
the disease they can get HIV/AIDS.
Because it will appear in places we don’t
Because we know that the greatest value
know. We can’t control the spread of
of spreading HIV is caused by free
disease and so on. If there are no rules,
sex. Then, it will affect social norms,
it could be a child consumer. Legalized
religious norms, humanitarian norms,
and made rules, they can be control by
legal norms and other norms. So that the
eh government. Consumers must be
perpetrator neglects or underestimates
people of a certain age, and have a certain
the existing norms and only cares for his
income. The workers are protected and
desires”.
educated about sexual health and sex
Then the participants also argued
education properly. There are routine
that free sex was commonplace and
health checks too.”
was no stranger to be the main topic in
Besides that, there is also a view
juvenile delinquency. The statement is “I
of indifference among the younger
think things like this are very common,

100 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
generation. According to them, if 1988). Parents are not providers of
the phenomenon of free sex does not factual information. However, the role
interfere with their business it is not of parents is needed in the development
a problem they can accept it. The of children to think and adapt. A child
statement is “Because if I close my eyes begins to create a new identity, build or
and dodge it is like telling me that this is adapt social patterns through peers and
so common, I don’t want to shirk reality. social institutions, such as schools, to
No matter how bad, it’s still a living define their own social values (Smelser
reality in society. As long as it does not & Baltes, 2001).
harm me, my family and my loved ones, Apart from parents, the school
then let someone else take care of their environment is also a window for
own affairs”. In other words they also children to learn sex education on the
argue that free sex is common issue in right path. In this case, the teacher is the
youth perception, like “In my opinion, second character after parents to provide
the current generation’s understanding sex education material which has been
of free sex is increasingly wrong and considered taboo by the community.
declining, because in this day and age Sex education in schools must treat
a lot of young people actually think social and family values with respect and
that free sex is a common thing or that professionalism. Then teachers must
many young people actually enjoy free promote sex education by combining
sex behavior without thinking about the sexual values with parents, religious,
many negative impacts from free sex.” cultural and social organizations
Based on youth perspectives that then strengthened by providing skills
have been given, it shows that the role training and factual information needed
of the environment is very important all teenagers (Shtarkshall, Santelli, &
to control the development of free Hirsch, 2007).
sex among the community. The role
of sex educators in improving sexual Sex Education
health and literacy is very important
Free sex is the impact of changing
(Shtarkshall, Santelli, & Hirsch, 2007).
times that are increasingly developing.
They are the main shield in providing an
Free sex is one topic that cannot be
understanding of sex education.
separated for some people to discuss. In
First, the theory of adolescent
Indonesia, free sex is a topic that never
development supports the idea that
ends to be discussed repeatedly. This is
parents are the primary agents of
evidenced by the large number of reports
socialization for most children (Muuss,
that show many teenagers get pregnant

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 101

before marriage. Most of them are still it was decided on the need for sex
in junior high school to university. education for adolescents. In one of
Research conducted by the non- the consensus items emphasized on
governmental organization Synovate efforts to seek and formulate sexual and
Research in four major cities in Indonesia reproductive health care as well provide
with a survey that was attended by comprehensive information including
450 people who reached the age range for teenagers.
of 15-24 and most of them came According to Diana (2018), there
from the middle to lower economy. are two factors why sex education is
This research, which was conducted very important for teenagers. The first
in 2004, produced real evidence factor is where children grow up to be
that most teenagers in Indonesia get teenagers, they don’t understand with
information about various things about sex education, because parents still think
sex from their friends (65%), 35% from that talking about sex is a taboo subject.
pornographic films and the remaining So those from the lack of understanding
5% they get the information from their the teens feel irresponsible with sex or
parents. Besides that, the fact that can health anatomy reproduction.
amaze researchers is about the free sex The second factor, from the
activity of Indonesian adolescents that adolescent’s lack of understanding
has been carried out since the age of 16. about sex and anatomical health their
Of the four cities surveyed directly by reproduction, in the social environment
the research team, 44% of the women of society, this is offered only limited to
admitted that they were no longer commodities, such as media that present
virgins because they had experienced things that are of a nature pornography,
free sex (having sex) and what was worse among others, VCDs, magazines, the
was 16% of the respondents admitted internet, and even television shows
that they did it around the age of 13 up it has led to something like that. The
to 15 years. impact of not understanding teenagers
Based on this explanation, sex about sex education, many negative
education is needed from an early things happen, such as high sex outside
age. This is useful for giving children’s of marriage, unwanted pregnancy,
reasoning about free sex. Based on transmission of the HIV virus etc. their
an international agreement in Cairo reproduction, in the social environment
1994 (The Cairo Consensus) about of society, this is offered only limited to
reproductive health which was signed commodities, such as media that present
by 184 countries including Indonesia, things that are of a nature pornography,

102 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
among others, VCDs, magazines, the 1. Establish an understanding of the
internet, and even television shows sex differences between men and
it has led to something like that. The women in the family, work and all
impact of not understanding teenagers life, which are always changing and
about sex education, many negative different in every society and life
things happen, such as high sex outside 2. Establish an understanding of the
of marriage, unwanted pregnancy, role of sex in human life and in the
transmission of the HIV virus etc. family; sexual relations and love,
By learning about sex education, feelings of sex in marriage and so
it is hoped that teenagers can keep the on.
reproductive organs in their bodies 3. Developing self-understanding
and not touch other people’s organs regarding the function and needs of
reproduction, especially for young sex. In other words, sex education
women. Adolescent reproductive organs in a narrow sense (in context) is
are a right adolescents and it is the education about human sexuality.
responsibility of the teenager himself 4. Helping students in developing
to protect from things that are not their personalities so that they are
desirable (Purnama, 2018). Education able to make responsible decisions,
in sexuality includes the fields of ethics, for example choosing a mate,
morals, physiology, economics, and whether or not they live in a family,
other knowledge needed so that a person divorce, sexual morals, and so on
can understand himself as a sexual Social Acceptance of Free Sex
individual, and have good interpersonal
In some countries, free sex is a
relationships. Sex instruction without
natural thing for someone to do. Society
education in sexuality can lead to
accepts the existence of free sex and
promiscuity and deviant sexual relations.
responds to it as normal. Different in
The purpose of free sex in general
Indonesia, free sex is against the norm
according to the international agreement
and is included in juvenile delinquency.
“Conference of Sex Education and
Then, there are still a few people who can
Family Planning” in 1962, is to produce
accept this. Unfortunately, discussions
adult humans who can lead happy lives,
related to free sex are considered taboo
because they can adapt to society and
so that teenagers and children cannot
their environment, and are responsible
understand sex education.
for themselves and people.
The view of sex education in
The goals of sex education can be
Indonesia is still a matter of controversy
detailed as follows:
in society. At present, there are still many

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 103

members of the community who do not of the child from the parent. This affects
agree that sex education is taught in the children, they will look for a place
social, family or school settings. Society’s to escape and seek information that
view of sex education is still considered actually brings them into promiscuity.
a “taboo” thing to talk about. They
assume that there are times when their 5 CONCLUSSION
children will understand themselves.
Talking about free sex has a lot of
Sexual relations before marriage
perspectives and points of view for all
or free sex for the people of Indonesia
parties. The younger generation is one
are still seen as unacceptable actions
of the main figures in the development
both socially and culturally in other
of a country. This is because the younger
words, it is a violation of social norms
generation has a broader and more
(Widyastuti, 2009). According to
modern point of view in evaluating
Shaluhiyah (2007) argue that even
things. In the results of research that has
though in the modern era like now,
been done, it shows that the younger
young people tend to be more tolerant
generation has different perspectives on
or can accept the existence of free sex
free sex. Many of them think that free
behaviour. The lack of understanding
sex is a negative act or violates the norms
of society and the assumption that free
in society.
sex is a taboo subject to discuss certainly
Education is a deliberate and
has an impact on the understanding of
structured process to impart knowledge
adolescents and children about it.
and skills, and to influence individual
The condition of society that
development (Kirby, 2001). Literacy
considers sex education to be taboo
is more than just learning facts and
actually makes teenagers or people
identifying symbols; literacy includes
engage in free sex. The cause of free sex
the skills needed to integrate knowledge,
among adolescents is environmental
enable a person to express ideas or
factors, both family environment
opinions, make decisions and solve
and social environment. The family
problems correctly. By promoting sexual
environment in question is whether or
literacy, sex education can contribute
not the religious education provided by
to psychosocial development and well-
parents is sufficient for their children.
being throughout adolescence and
Not enough love and attention that the
adulthood, in addition to this lack of
child gets from his family. It is enough or
sexual literacy is a source of many health
not the example that the child receives
and social hazards, including STDs and
from his parents, and so on, is the right
pregnancy before marriage.

104 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
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 The Driving Factor Analysis of Same-Sex Marriage
Legalization in Taiwan 2017-2019
Gita Amalia Pravitasari
Alumnus of Department of International Relations, Jenderal Soedirman University
[email protected]

Abstract
This research attempts to analyze the factors that underlie Taiwan in legalizing same-
sex marriage. The legalization of same-sex marriage in Taiwan that is individually
regulated through Act for Implementation of JY Interpretation No. 748, is the
outcome of various driving factors from domestic and non-domestic. As the first
Asian country that allows same-sex marriage, Taiwan has obtained domestic and
international numerous attentions. Same-sex marriage is a debatable issue in Asia
since it is commonly legitimized by western countries, which has different values
and norms with Asia. This argument’s object was articulated by particular Taiwanese
groups and become one of the obstacles of this legalization. This paper also addresses
the influence of government cabinet structure and several international organizations
on Taiwan. This research applied the policy-making process theory and queer theory.
The findings of this research show that the LGBT activists’ demand for marriage
rights, Taiwan’s government cabinet structure post-election 2016, and international
affairs have contributed to the legalization of same-sex marriage in Taiwan 2017-
2019.
Keywords: Driving Factor, Legalization, Same-Sex Marriage, Taiwan

INTRODUCTION however, was not successfully gained

government attention at first. Same-sex
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and marriage equality has re-emerged in the
Transgender (LGBT) has become presidential election period from 2014
one of the prominent global political to 2016 (Chang, 2019, pp. 148).
topics nowadays. The value within Taiwanese LGBT group attempted
the increasing scale of democracy’s first in acquiring the legal status of
existence in various countries affects same-sex marriage in 2009. Synergized
many aspects that adhere to this with other women groups, LGBT
concept. LGBT activists in Taiwan activists formed the Taiwanese Alliance
have struggled for the last three decades to Promote Civil Partnership Rights
to have their rights. This problem, (TAPCPR) to produce and propose

108 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Three Bills of Diverse Family to the published on May 24, 2017 (Knight,
government. This draft bills showed, 2018).
the Civil Code provision on marriage Pros and contras were inevitable in
potentially violated the LGBT, and parliament. The support of parliament
thus, each point of this draft addressed respecting the LGBT case was found at
Taiwan’s government to review the the intention to revise the definition of
applicable Civil Code. It was merely marriage in the Civil Code since it was
one of three points in total that agreed perceived as a legitimate heterosexual.
to be discussed by the Legislative Yuan Marriage was recognized only between
in 2013 (Kuan in Cohen, Alford, & Lo, a man and a woman, then pronounced
2019, pp. 600). as husband and wife. On the other
The same-sex marriage case stays hand, the opponent persevered the Civil
polemic, including for Taiwanese Code and encountered the legalization
generally. When the public overheard the of same-sex marriage. Thus, the Act for
parliament’s decision to review, religious Implementation of JY Interpretation
groups as the majority protester and No. 748, published on May 17, 2019,
other conservative groups were against marked the end of parliament debate.
compromise. It remained uncertain This individual regulation of same-sex
the rights of LGBT in years before the marriage promulgated by the President
presidential election 2016. The lack of on May 22, 2019, and came into force
legal recognition in healthcare as the effectively on May 24, 2019 (Zhang,
cause of Jacques Picoux’s suicide, a gay 2019).
professor at National Taiwan University, According to the historical timeline,
stimulated the LGBT to reaffirm and Taiwan is the 29th country which
scale-up their demand in 2016 (Chang, allows the same-sex couple to marry.
2019, pp. 149). This authority is mostly implemented
The Judicial Yuan discussed the in Europe and the USA, followed by
marriage equality respecting LGBT in Australia and South Africa (Green,
2016. As a result, the provision of Chapter 2019). Considering different values and
II on Marriage of Part IV on Family of norms with Western mainly, Taiwan is
the Civil Code was unconstitutional the first Asian country that empowers
and required an amendment that LGBT same-sex marriage. This article would
may not be discriminated. The Judicial take a further step to analyze more
Yuan also asked the Legislature to enact about the factors that determined the
the relevant laws within two years. This government’s legalization of same-sex
Interpretation No. 748 was officially marriage.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 109

LITERATURE REVIEW of Taiwan’s effort proving the character
ownership compared internationally.
Po-Han Lee (2016) assumes the The coalition is a consolidation of
type of legal system, the democratic varied social movements for gender
condition and political opportunity and sexual minority, including Taiwan’s
for the minority, the state of economic identity transformation (Lee, 2017,
development and modernization, and pp. 692). Likewise, Terri He (2007)
the level of globalization would be the posits that cyberspace has been a great
factors of the distinctive legal attitude medium to unite the voice of LGBT
towards LGBT in countries. According communities in Taiwan as well. In
to it, Taiwan is still considered the He’s article “Cyberqueers in Taiwan:
most LGBT-friendly country in Asia Locating Histories of the Margins”, He
(Lee, 2016, pp. 982). On the contrary, discovers its power at the annual LGBT
Yu-Rong, Ping, and Liu identify the pride parades whose online participants
imperfect regulation over the LGBT are larger than the offline community.
in Taiwan. They argue the hate speech Regardless of sexualities and sexual
based on sexual and racial differences orientation, the LGBT pride parade
remains. Most people in society, in Taiwan obtains public attention
including politicians, misinterpret effectively to stand out their aspiration
the freedom of speech to violate the in opposing the heteronormativity. This
community. For that reason, the absence moment also can be conceived due to
of such anti-discrimination laws persists their inadequacy of political stance
the obstacles to LGBT human rights (McLelland in He, 2007, pp. 62).
development in Taiwan (Yu-Rong, Ping, Having said that, we can
& Liu, 2010, pp. 402). comprehend many aspects may
For Stewart Chang (2019), encourage legalization. This defines the
the Taiwan government’s policy in policy-making process as well, which
decriminalizing same-sex marriage has inputs, conversion, and output to
can be seen as a leading action rather elaborate the legislation formulation.
than following any Western countries The input itself divers the demands and
regarding gay rights. It is concluded supports briefly (Easton in Almond,
by the collaboration among the 1965, pp. 192). The conversion involves
government bodies to guide the public the constitution and its capability to
in directions of profound tolerance refining the inputs to an outcome −
and equity (Chang, 2019, pp.167). the policy. This level consists of four
Moreover, as in Lee’s article, the functions, such as the articulation of
rainbow coalition is a political reflection

110 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
interest, the aggregation of interest, METHOD
the policy formulation, and the policy
implementation (Almond & Jr. Powel, This article utilizes the qualitative
1978, pp.15). Towards LGBT demands research by exploring, describing, and
and supports apprehension, the queer interpreting the elements of Taiwan’s
perspective may offer a solution same-sex marriage legislation. The
challenging the normativity in Taiwan. method to gather data for this research
Sexual orientation and identity may relies on secondary data that includes
not differentiate the access of LGBT in books, academic journals, reports,
attaining the rights (LaSala, 2007, pp. government official documents through
182). In spite of major queer theorists its websites, and other relevant resources.
criticize the notion of marriage, other In analyzing the data, the author adopts
influential theorists still consider the policy-making process theory of
marriage positive. Marriage can be seen Gabriel Almond to identify the inputs on
as an expression willingness in similar same-sex marriage legalization in Taiwan;
to coming out (Warner, 2000, pp. 99). comprehend the policy formulation
The critical perspective on marriage process that involves Taiwan’s
would deteriorate the effort to fulfill the constitution/government; as well as
LGBT rights, especially in civil rights seek the effect of Taiwan’s government
(Clark, 2011, pp. 32). Andrew Sullivan cabinet structure post-election 2016 on
assumes that marriage is essential in the the legalization. Secondly, this paper
politics of LGBT because it involves also utilizes queer theory of Michael
public acknowledgment of homosexual Warner to conceive Taiwanese LGBT
identity. Marriage is not a private rights activists’ demands and supports,
contract, but it is also public recognition for homosexuals, particularly in order
of a private commitment. Hence, to obtain their rights to acquire equal
denying same-sex marriage is the most treatment as heterosexuals.
public affront possible to their public
equality (Sullivan in Secomb, 2007, pp. DISCUSSION
131). The queer theory believes that Considering socio-political and
leaders in politics, religion, and medic governance systems are essential before
sustain social control by imposing the we determine the factors of legalization.
norm of heterosexual marriage (Warner Taiwan is a country with religion and
in LaSala, 2007, pp. 182). ethnic diversity. Nevertheless, most
Taiwanese are Buddhist and Taoist with
Han ethnicity (MoFA ROC, 2019).

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 111

Due to the end of Martial Law in 1987, “Domestic Violence Prevention Act”,
Taiwan has revised its constitution seven “Sexual Assault Crime Prevention Act”,
times in establishing a better democratic and “Sexual Harassment Prevention
country and refresh its condition. The Act”. In addition, there are “Gender
revision occurred in 1991, 1992, 1994, Equity Education Act” and “Act of
1997, 1999, 2000, and 2005 (MoFA Gender Equality in Employment” as
ROC, 2019, pp. 26). Taiwan realized inclusive safeguards for the LGBT. Both
the first direct presidential election of these regulations aim to eradicate
in 1996 with the political system of sexual-based discrimination (Hang
multiparty democracy. Nonetheless, et al., 2018, pp. 16). Nevertheless, it
only particular parties run political has not overcome the discrimination
contestation. Kuomintang (KMT) and well yet. Taiwan Tongzhi Hotline
Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Association (2017) found out that
for instance, was seen as powerful parties most of Taiwan LGBT experienced the
since its first appearance in Taiwan LGBT-unfriendly workplace. LGBT
politics, followed by People First Party identity exposure would impact their
(PFP), Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU), promotion and career development.
and New Power Party (NPP) that According to the survey conducted
emerged in the 2000s. Along with the by the Intersex, Transgender and
semi-presidential system and president- Transsexual People Care Association
parliamentary type as well as a republic, and other organizations in 2016, there
the President of Taiwan is empowered are 56% of transgender respondents had
to appoint heads of four branches of the been harassed in their industry owing to
government. The branches are Executive, their gender or sexuality. Consequently,
Judicial, Examination, and Control 35% of them were dismissed or left
Yuan. The President is also allowed to the job (Hang et al., 2018, pp. 18). In
dismiss the Prime Minister, who leads the educational sphere, sexual bullying
the government and Executive Yuan. becomes the main problem. As specified
Hence this authority would imply the by the survey of Department of Civil
President in controlling the state (Wu in Affairs of Taipei City Government
Elgie & Moestrup, 2007, pp. 208). in 2012, about 12% of respondents
Speaking of LGBT rights, the had personally experienced, 14%
government has actually provided several had witnessed, and 40% had heard of
regulations to protect its citizens’ rights in bullying or harassment targeting LGBT
every aspect of life. To illustrate, Taiwan students on campus (Hang et al., 2018,
supports gender equality through the pp. 19). On another aspect, although

112 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Taiwan’s Government has focused on study concerning attitude towards
the HIV/AIDS issue towards LGBT, it homosexuality in Asia in 2008 showed
has not supported a broader approach that East Asian people are more likely less
to other potential issues in healthcare. tolerant than Western developed nations
Taiwan has not recognized the LGBT people, but they are more supportive
in the medical system and procedure, than African and Middle Easterners.
including medical assistance and This is the result of the strong emphasis
healthcare. Based on Jacques Picoux’s on the value and culture that most people
experience a gay professor in Taiwan, believe (Adamczyk & Cheng in Cheng,
the party who can be involved in Wu, & Adamczyk, 2016, pp. 318). A
any of the decision’s treatment is the substantial proportion of East Asian are
patient’s partner. This was problematic Confucian which priors traditional value
as his relationship legal status absent. on the family-kinship system. Similarly
Subsequently, his partner, who had to other East Asia nations, it stumbles
cancer, was unable to continue the the acceptance of LGBT people in
medical treatment and ended in death Taiwan (Cheng, Wu, & Adamcyzk,
(White & Cole, 2016). 2016, pp. 318). So, at the beginning
The government of Taiwan enables of the 2000s, the LGBT community
same-sex marriage legalization stressed the public acceptance of LGBT
because of various driving factors. existence as well as education and
These factors include domestic and economic rights attainment. As the
international elements as the input of Taiwan Social Change Survey in 2012,
the decision-making process. In brief, it accomplished 54.2% of respondent
the domestic inputs can be identified support on same-sex marriage (Fu et al.,
by the LGBT activists’ demand for in Hang et al., 2018, pp. 6).
marriage rights and the structure When the suicide of Picoux gained
of Taiwan’s government cabinet extraordinary public attention in 2016, many
post-election 2016. Meanwhile, LGBT activists reaffirmed the government in
international input can be found ruling same-sex marriage. The role of local
through the effect of Taiwan’s and international mass media was extensive
international relations. at this moment. Along with better tolerance
of LGBT, as well as the relationship between
1 LGBT ACTIVISTS’ DEMAND the legal status of a same-sex couple and
FOR MARRIAGE RIGHTS health access as the reason of the tragedy,
Public acceptance is the foundation the legalization of same-sex marriage has a
of same-sex marriage legalization. A tenacious urgency for Taiwanese at that time.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 113

 The LGBT activists seek to challenge the All the demands proposed by LGBT
traditional value through their draft, entitled activists above indicate their effort in acquiring
Three Bills of Diverse Family, proposed by the rights is not only focused on same-sex
TAPCPR. In short, the draft rely on individual marriage authority but also other potential
diversity, including sexual orientation, and issues after the marriage itself. Even further,
urges equality for the LGBT on each point. this advanced concept LGBT brought up
The first point is marriage equality rights. would afford evaluation and solution towards
It perceives the legalization would provide the standard marriage system in Taiwan. The
LGBT an equal legitimacy as heterosexual to context can be noticed at the second and third
earn other particular rights, such as the rights point that is applicable for heterosexual.
of child adoption. Secondly, the partnership
system which intends to combat the sexual 2 TAIWAN’S GOVERNMENT
control mechanism in Taiwan. Marriage STRUCTURE CABINET POST-
would be acknowledged as the union of two
ELECTION 2016
independent and equal individuals, regardless The government is the key actor who
of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity. decides whether or not a policy is valid. 2016
It also stipulates prenuptial agreement to has become the momentum for LGBT activist
enforce the rights and obligations of each party, long-term efforts on marriage equality. The
as well as manifest the importance of mutual government cabinet structure transformation
care and support (Hsu, 2015, pp. 158). Last in 2016 implicates the acceleration to regulate
but not least, the multiple-person household same-sex marriage. It can be spotted by
— a chosen family system. The notion comparing the government structure in 2006
delivers a solution, either for LGBT itself or and 2016. Before 2016, the LGBT community
even people in general who are willing to form tends to struggle on the legislation stage as a
a family without any romantic affiliation, by result of the conservative groups’ significance
doing household registration. This approach, in a number of government authorities. For
unfortunately, restricted the lobbying process example, in 2006, DPP Legislator Hsiao Bi-
on legislative and public understanding. From khim was the first legislator who proposed
this point, Legislator Yu Mei-Nu re-proposed the draft respecting same-sex marriage.
the draft with another strategy  simplified The attempt, however, failed to obtain
the demands without differentiating the main enough support. At this period, a group of
goal in owning legal recognition and other conservative parties  KMT and PFP, were
rights. The attempt eventually brought a better possible to compromise the legislative agenda
path for the Taiwan Government to approve due to its substantial percentage, compared
same-sex marriage as the first stage (Chin, to DPP and other left-wing party groups. The
2019, pp. 7). second submitting attempt of the draft in 2012,
favored by TAPCPR, was unsuccessful as

114 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
well. In accordance with the recapitulation of on legislative election. Also, when the tragedy
election 2012, KMT earned 56.64% votes on of Picoux gained tremendous public attention,
parliament, a higher ratio than DPP’s 35.40% it becomes the momentum for LGBT to pursue
votes (CEC, 2012). This gap was powerful the concrete outcome of her support.
enough to affect the legislative outcome of
same-sex marriage since KMT members tend 3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
to have a closer connection with religious AND AFFAIRS
groups that oppose the idea (Hsu, 2015, pp. Taiwan has tackled international
159). recognition for years. Since 1971, Taiwan
The election 2016 has profitably placed was excluded by UN members and strived to
Tsai Ing-Wen  DPP’s candidate, and Chen engage with other international communities.
Chien-jen as the president and vice president Notwithstanding, the government endures its
of Taiwan to 2020. On her campaign, work in achieving acceptance through various
President Tsai expressed her support towards international mandate related policies. For
LGBT and articulated marriage equality example, ratify ICCPR and ICESCR  the UN
in reflecting her concern towards Taiwan’s conventions through a regulation named Act
LGBT rights (Kirby, 2019). It was also a to Implement the International Covenant on
reflection of her party’s vision to maintain the Civil and Political Rights and the International
liberal democracy of Taiwan (BBC, 2020). Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural
Furthermore, DPP attained a majority in Rights in 2009. It is Taiwan’s commitment
parliament as well. It gained 60% seats, while to severe human rights, although Taiwan was
KMT reached 31% and followed by other no longer part of the United Nations (TAHR,
parties (MoFA ROC, 2019, pp. 29). When the 2013, pp 5). In addition, Taiwan implements
government authority was dominated by DPP, CEDAW through its Enforcement Act of
it enabled a straightforward legislation process Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of the draft since a large-scale proportion of of Discrimination against Women to protect,
DPP members supported same-sex marriage. promote, and enhance the equality of women’s
Thus, the draft bill proposed by Yu Mei-Nu in rights.
2016 was more comfortable to pass than the The legalization of same-sex marriage
submission in previous years. may become one of the government
Despite the association between the strategies to strengthen Taiwan’s position
party’s interest and same-sex marriage in foreign affairs. The decision to enforce
legislation issue, many parties in states focus the independent recommendation of
on LGBT rights issues as one of their political the Review Committee on Taiwan’s
strategies to receive ballots. When President CEDAW report 2014. The committee,
Tsai encouraged the LGBT community which consists of two CEDAW official
publicly, it promoted the DPP votes, including

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 115

committees, interpreted that the the country’s position in international
subordination towards LGBT in Taiwan is the cause of legalization. The
remains due to its special recognition of letter of Amnesty International and
heterosexual marriage (GEC, 2014, pp. Human Rights Watch helps to scale-
17). While evaluating the report, the up the urgency of same-sex marriage
existence of international NGOs is vital legalization, yet there is a public protest
for the success of the legislation. On through the referendum 2018 on
the community level, the international government resolution.
NGO performs to educate Taiwan
civilians in regard to marriage equality, CONCLUSION
as has been done by the International
The legalization of same-sex
Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). At
marriage is encouraged by domestic
a different stage, Amnesty International
and international factors that affect
and Human Rights Watch published
the government of Taiwan’s decision-
an open letter to the government in
making process. These complete
reminding further consideration of same-
factors constitute one cohesive unit.
sex marriage after the referendum 2018.
At the domestic level, the longing
Both NGOs ensure the government
demand on same-sex marriage from
needs and be able to legalize same-sex
LGBT activists is the main factor that
marriage relevant to domestic law and
presents the government of the urgency
international legal standards. LGBT
itself. The struggle from 1986 to
rights are human rights as well so that
2015 was unsuccessful due to a strong
other Asian countries would distinguish
indigenous public opinion. LGBT was
Taiwan as a figure of human rights
considered as an obscenity, deviant, and
protection. Human rights obligations
terrible violation of Chinese tradition.
of states should not be dependent on
Simultaneously, the government
discriminative popular vote and ought
cabinet structure post-election 2016
to have an international law basis (Tassi
allows the agenda of same-sex marriage
& Reid, 2018).
legalization accessible. DPP majority
The involvement of numerous
in the government contributes to
international actors demonstrates the
hasten the policy outcome. The
influence of international and foreign
legalization of same-sex marriage, that
affairs for same-sex marriage legalization
individually regulated through “Act for
success in Taiwan. The alignment of
Implementation of JY Interpretation
international NGOs’ role with the
No. 748, is a manifestation of Taiwan’s
government’s aim on strengthening
liberal democracy, which the government

116 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
has pursued since the end of martial Taiwan: Taiwan Tongzhi Hotline
law. Equally critical, international Association.
NGOs — Amnesty International and MoFA ROC. (2019). 2018-2019
Human Rights Watch devotes the Sekilas Taiwan. Taiwan: Ministry of
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would eliminate the subordination of Love: from Plato to Popular Culture.
LGBT gradually. This context would Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
help to support Taiwan’s international Press.
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com/article/51646

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 Arranging Justice with the Right to Politics in the
Electoral Court
Ilham Kurniawan Ardi1, Resa Yuniarsa Hasan1, Heru Susetyo1
1
Faculty of Law, Indonesia University, Salemba Raya street No. 4, Jakarta, 10430
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Seeking and arranging justice in political life in Indonesia involves various parties,
especially the courts. In addition, there are various elements that play an important
role in the contestation of general elections, including time, the process of evidence,
to the nature of judicial decisions. Search political justice, limited only in the
process of proving that so short, whereas the figure demands of leadership is needed
in order to avoid a power vacuum. Political legitimacy and legality of election court
decisions are able to produce good leadership succession and also build public trust.
Therefore, this research is needed to trace related to the authority of the parties
involved, where the government leadership gets political legitimacy and public trust,
along with reliable legal basis support. In the course of the history of Indonesian
constitutionality, it can be said that political life has lost its direction in realizing
substantive justice, by prioritizing practical politics that justifies any means. It seems
that the neglect of reality and events has become commonplace by presenting them
before the law. Thus, the legal facts that are presented before the trial aim to seek
justice in political contestation. The long journey in the evidentiary process has also
become a concern of the parties involved, especially the diverse nature of election
court decisions that have resulted in disharmony between institutions in realizing
electoral justice. This paper will later provide suggestions for judicial processes that
handle disputes over general election results that will provide legal certainty to the
constitutional democratic process in Indonesia.
Keywords: justice, political dispute, electoral justice

1. INTRODUCTION constitutional democracy mentioned

in Article 1 Paragraph (3) and Section
As a modern nation, Indonesia has 22E of the 1945 Constitution of
chelate Elections, both the Presidential the Republic of Indonesia, On the
and Legislative Election four times, implementation of the presidential
post-Reformation. It reflects justice election in 2019, political upheaval or
and politics simultaneously in a less equally reminiscent of the dynamics

120 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
of the presidential election of 2014, workload so that more than 500 officers
in which the presidential candidates died. The number of damaged, delayed,
contesting is the same candidate, namely and exchanged the ballots has increased.
Joko Widodo and Prabowo Subianto. Campaign to parties and candidates in
Although the 2019 presidential election the silent swallowed frenetic nationwide
contest is a repeat of the 2014 presidential campaign (Supriyanto, 2020).
election, political friction in the 2019 This paper looks at the phenomenon
presidential election is stronger than the of the Presidential Election which then
2014 presidential election. This friction has an impact on justice for political
was created from the polarization that rights after PMK is regarding General
was formed since the 2014 presidential Election Result Disputes (PHPU). The
election. Since then, the dynamics of candidate pairs have high hopes for the
Indonesian politics have become more Constitutional Court because of the
active. centrality of its role in handling PHPU
This phenomenon of political cases. The birth of the Constitutional
aggression is getting stronger driven Court as a constitutional court in
by the ability to convey information in Indonesia was motivated by the function
various media which is rife and tends and authority of the Constitutional
to be uncultured. As a result, a lot of Court which is quite important and
disinformation, fake news or hoaxes, strategic, which is believed to be able
black campaigns were campaigned by to protect the spirit of the constitution
various parties. Political dynamics are so that it is not violated by the practice
getting stronger with the holding of of state administration and the political
simultaneous elections between the system that is being carried out by the
presidential and legislative elections authorities (Safa’at, 2019).
at the same time, also known as the Thus, in this sense see the presidential
“Five Box Election”. The election election is not just limited to the
format is the result of the Decision of embodiment of democratic principles
the Constitutional Court (PMK) No. in practical politics, but still in the series
55 / PUU-XVII / 2019, which offers of “election” of the nomination process,
national elections plus the provincial submitted to the KPU, campaigns,
and district / city legislative elections elections and the process of litigation in
In its implementation, it caused the Court. The whole series cannot just
many problems, such as confusion of be separated.
voters with 11.2% proven invalid votes. In this election contestation
Election organizers objected to the is different from the 2014 election

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 121

where the position and opportunity of the stages only, after the KPU Decree was
two  candidates are  equal.  Election 2019 is questioned in the Constitutional Court,
different, that paslon Joko Widodo would have the opposition had to be careful to
a privilege more than Prabowo Subinto. The explain the existence of legal reasons for
president,  in this case Jokowi, is currently examining disputes over general election
in power and is running for another results.
term or is referred to as the  incumbent, The stages in the Constitutional
in the context of democracy  who is the Court are no longer “political battles” but
most  profitable  party  compared to other “legal battles” which are used to convince
candidates.  The  incumbent  candidate  has a judges to grant the demands submitted
very long time to socialize with the people, by the losing candidate pair. In this stage
including political “campaigns” through the author actually seen any weakness
government programs he leads. that should have been  inequality  of
The stages that determine the winner of social  and economic background of
a  candidate pair  in the election  are 2 (two) the principles of justice as fairness as an
first, the winner is determined by the KPU instance of “the difference principle”
Decree through the results of the acquisition (the difference  principle)  should be
of ballots.  Second, when the results of the with proper notice any limitations that
KPU Decree are disputed, the decision is not it is not of  paslon  , but proceedings
in the hands of the KPU anymore but the The Constitutional Court itself creates
Constitutional Court will determine who injustice, how can political rights
is the winner of the election.  So that there mature to accept democracy while the
are 2 (two) battles in this contest, namely judicial process itself does not clearly
political battles and legal battles in the provide protection.  So, whether this
Constitutional Court.  Fighting  like this is victory should be obtained properly
the result of democracy which actually creates with the weaknesses that occur within
strong power relations.  Non-  incumbent the judiciary itself.
candidate  pairs  must be active in order
to generate new political power even 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
though this was done in 2014.  However,
2.1 Fairness
it cannot be  denied that the political
When speaking law is certainly not
forces of the opposition must readily
far from a concept called justice. Justice
and carefully see opportunities.  It is by
is an ideal when we know a concept of
analyzing the  incumbent’s  weaknesses  that
law.. Bellefroid said the issue of the law
the  opposition can get support.  However,
should be determined according to two
the whole process was limited to the election
principles: fairness and benefits. When

122 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
talking about law, of course it is not far into three general concepts: the
from a concept called justice. Justice is benefit/purpose (purposiveness), justice
an ideal when we get to know a legal (Comprising  justice), and the rule of
concept. Bellefroid said that legal issues law (legal certainty) (Emil Lask, Gustav
must be determined according to two Radbruch, Jean Dabin, Kurt Wilk,
principles, namely justice and benefit  1950). Radbruch’s legal definition is:
(Utrecht, 1983). Radbruch in his “the complex of general precepts for the
opinion said that the idea of ​​law is only living-together of human beings”
justice (Emil Lask, Gustav Radbruch,
Jean Dabin, Kurt Wilk, 1950). In  essence, this legal idea
Justice  here  refers to the relationship is oriented towards justice or
between moral beings.  John  Rawls  in equality.  Justice becomes the basis of
his concept of justice introduces law as law so that justice has a normative
the existence of “original position” and constitutive character for law.
( original position ) and “veil of ignorance”
(  veil  of  ignorance  ) which  position 2.2 Political Rights
the  existence of an equal and equal The right to vote is a form of
situation between everyone in society political right that is included in the
so that no one has a higher position category of human rights. The right to
or one another, such as the position of vote is regulated in the fundamental legal
social status, level of intelligence, ability, provisions of a country (usually in the
strength, and so on. (Faiz, 2006). One of constitution and in related laws) and in
the theories developed by John Rawls is various international legal instruments
called “ justice as fairness.”. The principle concerning human rights. In some cases,
assumes that rationality, freedom voting rights are specifically regulated in
(liberty) and equality can be  combined case law .
in a single principle of justice (Anggara, Political rights is a set of rights
2013). which by their nature are related to
Moving on to the “rechtspilosophie» activity and participation in the process
put forward by Gustav  Radbruch, of state and government administration.
he  reaped success in 1932 with the Thus, political rights have democratic
concept of legal ideas based solely on characteristics, as stated by Hans Kelsen:
justice (Leawoods, 2000). The essence “The so-called political rights are among
of justice  here  is the equality to be those which the legal order usually reserves
achieved.  More complete concept of for citizens. They are commonly defined as
law according to  Radburch  divided those rights which give their possessor an

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 123

 influence on the formation of the will of the The provisions in the 1945
State. The main political right is the right Constitution of the Republic of
to vote, that is, the right to participate Indonesia are parallel to the provisions
in the election of the members of the in the International Human Rights
legislative body and other State officials, instrument. The Universal Declaration
such as the head of State and the judges.” of Human Rights (UDHR) elaborates
(Kelsen, 1961) on the recognition of political rights, as
follows: regarding freedom of opinion
Departing from this definition, the and expression, Article 19 UDHR
essence of political rights includes the determines that “ everyone has the right
right to freedom of assembly, association, to freedom of opinion and expression
expression or expression. “ Its scope includes: “ freedom to hold
In line with this definition, political opinions without interference and to
rights can be identified in Chapter XA of seek , receive and impart information
the 1945 Constitution of the Republic and ideas through any media and
of Indonesia, in Article 28C Paragraph regardless of frontiers . “Regarding
(2) which guarantees that everyone freedom of assembly and association,
has the right to  advance themselves in Article 20 UDHR, defines” everyone
fighting for their rights collectively to has the right to freedom of peaceful
develop society, nation and state. Article assembly and association. “As a result
28D Paragraph (1), guarantees equal of this respect for freedom,” No one
standing before the law, and Paragraph may be compelled to belong to an
(3) guarantees that every citizen has association. “The political nature of
the right to equal opportunities in these rights becomes evident with the
government. Article 28E Paragraph (2) provisions of Article 21.1 UDHR, that”
guarantees the right to express thoughts everyone has the right to take part in the
and attitudes according to conscience, government of his country, directly or
and Paragraph (3) guarantees the right through freely chosen representatives,
of everyone to freedom of association, “and the underlying principle, namely”
assembly and opinion.  Article 28F the will of the people. shall be the basis
guarantees the right to communicate, of the authority of government.”
obtain and impart information. Article Coupled with the International
28I Paragraph (1), reinforces Article Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
28E Paragraph (2), stipulates that (ICCPR), it also contains provisions
the “right to freedom of thought and specifically related to the interests of
conscience,” is a right that cannot be citizens in administering government,
reduced under any circumstances.

124 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
as stipulated in Article 25 ICCPR, 2002 on the third amendment to Article
stipulating that : 24 Paragraph (2) the 1945 Constitution
Every citizen shall have the right and of the Republic of Indonesia, Jimly,
the opportunity, without any of the namely:
distinctions mentioned in Article 2 Judicial power is exercised by a Supreme
and without unreasonable restrictions: Court and judicial bodies under it in the
a) To take part in the conduct of public general court, religious courts, military
affairs, directly or through freely courts, state administrative courts, and
chosen representatives; by a Constitutional Court. (Asshiddiqie,
b) To vote and to be elected at genuine Struktur Ketatanegaraan Indonesia
periodic elections which shall be by Setelah Perubahan Keempat Undang-
universal and equal suffrage and shall Undang Dasar 1945, 2003)
be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing
the free expression of the will of the With the birth of the Constitutional
electors; Court as a judicial institution of new
c) To have access, on general terms of post-reform means the Supreme Court
equality, to public service in his is not alone in resolute the case in
country. Indonesia.
In its implementation, political There are 2 judicial bodies in the han-
rights may experience a narrowing of the dling of cases related to elections in In-
scope of ratione personae , from human donesia, namely the Supreme Court and
rights to citizen rights , which can the Constitutional Court. The two judi-
only be enjoyed by citizens in relation ciary institutions have their own limits
to their country. This is specifically of authority in handling cases related to
translated in Article 25 of the ICCPR elections.
above. This means that the right to
politics is a general provision, then in 2.3.1 Supreme Court and the
implementation it becomes a special Judiciary Below
right for citizens, namely the right to
In the election, of course,
vote actively or passively to become part
it must be carried out based on
of and participate in the running of the
the  standards  stated  in  Article 23E of
government.
the 1945 Constitution of the Republic
2.3 Election Judgement of Indonesia, namely that elections are
held directly, publicly, freely, secretly,
Post-reform after the amendment
honestly and fairly. However, in practice
of 4 times in the period from 1999 to
the election are likely to be fraud

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 125

( fraud ), oversight ( mistake ), as well as in nature (Asshiddiqie, Konstitusi dan
winning election strategy that does not Konstitusionalisme Indonesia, 2006).
break the law but lowers public confidence The authority of the Constitutional
(  non-  fraudulent  misconduct  ) (Gaffar, Court as regulated in Article 24C
Politik Hukum Pemilu, 2013). Seeing paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution
the potential legal problems, a rule of the Republic of Indonesia and
was formed as a guide.  There  are six Article 10 paragraph (1) letter d of Law
categories  of election law problems Number 24 of 2003 concerning the
in Indonesia, namely (1) election Constitutional Court in conjunction
administration violations; (2) an election with Article 29 paragraph (1) letter d
crime; (3) election disputes; (4) election of Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning
state administrative disputes;  (5) Judicial Power one of which is owned by
violation of the code of ethics of the the Constitutional Court states:
election organizers;  (6) disputes over “The Constitutional Court has the
election results. (Topo, 2006). So that in authority to judge at the first and
fulfilling justice, political rights are one last levels whose decisions are final to
of them through the authority of the examine the law against the Constitution,
Supreme Court. In this case the District decide disputes over the authority of state
Court and the State Administrative institutions whose authority is granted
Court. by the Constitution, decide the dissolution
of political parties, and decide on disputes
2.3.2 Constitutional Court over general  election results.”
The birth of the Constitutional Court
is one of the characteristics of a rule of law According to the first, IDG Palguna
through  independent  judicial  power  to that the authority of the Constitutional
uphold law and justice (Sangadji, Court to decide PHPU disputes stems
2003). Because in principle, he quotes from the understanding that elections
Brian Thompson’s statement, namely are instruments of democracy . (Gaffar,
“... a constitution is a document which Hukum Pemilu dalam Yurisprudensi,
contains the rules for the operation of 2013) So that in fulfilling the principles
an organization.” (Thompson, 1997). of democracy, law as the fulfillment of
The organization in question is the human rights has an important role.
State which has a constitution. The
constitution as a means of operating 3. METHOD
a country, which means that the
This research uses literature study.
constitution is the highest rule in a
Literature study can study various
country or even the most fundamental

126 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
references and the results of similar elections which are conducted by voting
previous research which are useful in a direct, public, free and secret
for obtaining a theoretical basis for manner; association rights; and other
the problem to be studied (Sarwono, rights which are closely related to these
2006). The literature study was carried rights.
out in this research by collecting data Considering that there are several
and conducting a review of documents rights that stem from the right to
and reports related to the theme of the justice guaranteed in international legal
writing. instruments concerning human rights
The process of library research is (for example the right to attend an
carried out by selecting topics based open and impartial trial and the right to
on phenomena, both current and undergo a fair legal process), these rights
ongoing, then searching for information must also be seen as right to electoral
as secondary databases from books, justice.
journals and internet sources related Various electoral dispute resolution
to the topic, analyzing them and bodies - including administrative, judicial,
constructing and presenting them in the legislative, or international bodies -
form of scientific writing. can guarantee citizens’ suffrage.  When
a temporary (provisional) or transitional
4. RESULT AND agreement  has been reached.  In the
DISCUSSION context of an  ad  hoc  body  , among
others: (i) an administrative body,
4.1 The Political Right to Justice
namely an election management body
The right to vote is a form of in charge of organizing elections;  (ii)
political right that is included in the judicial bodies, namely general courts
category of human rights. The right to which are branches of judicial power or
vote is different from political rights independent courts (separate), such as
because of the different instruments constitutional councils or courts, state
that guarantee the two rights. In some administrative courts or special election
countries, voting rights are protected by courts that are not under traditional
an electoral justice system or electoral legislative, executive or judicial
dispute resolution system, while powers; (iii) the legislative body, that is,
political rights are guaranteed by other the people’s own representative council or
legal instruments or procedures. part of the council (eg committee); and
Some of the most important voting (iv) international bodies, namely bodies
rights include the right to vote and be having jurisdiction in countries that
elected in free, fair, honest and periodic

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 127

recognize the existence of regional or democracy, Bung Karno said:
international courts that issue binding “Undang–Undang Dasar itu adalah
decisions and are obliged to be enforced politieke-democratice. Menurut UUD
by the competent national body. (IDEA, engkau sama dengan engkau. Menurut
2010) UUD engkau sama-sama mempunyai
In general, the electoral justice hak untuk memilih. Menurut UUD
system must be able to guarantee the engkau sama-sama mempunyai hak untuk
right of every person to file a complaint dipilih. Menurut UUD engkau boleh
if the party concerned feels that he has mengeluarkan engkau punya pikiran.
been harmed as a result of taking certain Menurut UUD engkau boleh menjadi
actions or not taking them.  For this menteri, engkau boleh jadi hakim, engkau
reason, it is necessary to take effective boleh menjadi apapun. Sama rata sama
settlement steps in an impartial court rasa menurut UUD.” (Nugroho, 2016)
in order to protect and restore violated
voting rights. Referring to Bung Karno’s view, it is
As a rule of law which is very clear that the 1945 Constitution of
constitutionally reflected in the the Republic of Indonesia guarantees the
Preamble and Article 1 Paragraph political rights of citizens and the state
(3) of the 1945 Constitution of the guarantees the implementation of these
Republic of Indonesia, that Indonesia political rights, so there is no reason
must guarantee the constitutional to limit the political rights of citizens
rights of citizens. In the context of the a quo , especially the right to vote and
fulfillment of civil and political rights the right to be elected. except the right
(the right sipol ), then every citizen has for mere administrative purposes.  By
the same rights in law and government, following the provisions of Article
including political rights in local 27 Paragraph (1) and Article 28D
elections, the election of president and Paragraph (1) and Paragraph (2) of the
vice president as well as the election 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
of the members in the legislature.  As Indonesia, every citizen, in principle, has
one of  the  founding  fathers  , Soekarno the “right to be elected and the right to
deeply understood and appreciated vote” in the General Election with only
the fundamentals of the “right to be limits mere administrative boundaries
elected and the right to vote.” With such as domicile arrangements and age
an understanding of the political limits-which set the age limit for acting
rights of citizens in election activities and categorized as “adult” and / or being
as the raison  d’etre for a constitutional able to have relations with third parties.

128 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Then in the reform era, strong of power and authority in the form of
aspirations and claims emerged so that the use of state finances for the purpose
elections as the most tangible means of of direct or indirect benefit to political
implementing democracy must be held parties;  (ii) Unlawful channeling of
in a truly direct, public, free, secret, funds in the framework of “political
honest and fair manner. So that in the inducement” against a person, group
1999 Election there were relatively or organization, to achieve victory
honest and fair elections, especially for a certain political party;  and (iii)
when compared to the elections in the Money giving and receiving money for
New Order.  However, problems or the purpose of illegally influencing  the
threats to the improved implementation election administration process, such
of the General Election began to emerge as determining candidates, voting and
again at the beginning of this era, counting votes, to determining the
namely the implementation of the 1999 election results. (Hermawan Sulistyo
General Election. Problems with the dan A. Kadar, 2000)
acceptance of election results by election That the practice of fraud occurs
participants emerged because there due to low human resources, both
were several political parties that still participants in the election itself, because
considered fraud. Although the Election deliberately cheating takes advantage
at that time came from representatives of the ignorance of the community,
of political parties, the election results then the number of people’s economy
could not be ratified due to differences is very low, so it is very vulnerable to
of opinion.  Finally, the results of the be influenced by promising a certain
1999 General Election were approved amount of money without seeing the
by the President. (Gaffar, Demokrasi person or program in the future to
dan Pemilu di Indonesia, 2013) nation and state.  Fraud called money
In addition, in the implementation politics greatly affects the results of
of elections in the reform era until now these elections, both in the legislative
there are still various forms of violations, elections, as well as the President and
including those that occurred during Vice President as well as the elections
campaigns, money politics, verification, for Regional Heads.  Not to mention
and even stipulations.  The violations the fraud committed by election
in the form of money politics were organizers. There are steps that must be
specifically written by Herman Sulistyo taken so that the implementation of the
and A. Kadar. Money politics is practiced Election called the Democratic Party can
in various forms, including: (i) Abuse be carried out as well as possible so that

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 129

the guarantee of people’s democratic awareness, but because of persuasion
rights, namely by increasing public with a certain amount of money
awareness, is an important indicator or existence. intimidation from the
to diminish the development of the authorities to be forced to vote.
practice of money politics because most Increasing human resources is
people only think about profit. himself the responsibility of the government
without realizing the effects that arise in as  stated in the Preamble to the
the future. 1945 Constitution of the Republic
The practice of money politics of Indonesia, namely to educate the
can destroy the future of this country nation’s life.  So if the Indonesian
because it will be enough to drain the people are smart, they are not easily
finances of a party or individual running influenced because they have thought
for election so that after being elected in and determined the person who will be
the election it will trigger the intention elected to lead this country. By increasing
of corruption.  The perpetrators of Human Resources, the economy
these practices take advantage of the will certainly increase, so that when
increasingly difficult economic situation they channel their aspirations during
of the people so that people do not easily general elections it can be held without
be tempted by the benefits received for any influence and also for election
the time being. It is recommended that participants and election organizers will
the government conduct socialization run according to the provisions.
of elections that are clean and free of Ideally, in order to achieve free,
money politics to the wider community safe, fair and peaceful elections in
so that the level of public participation General Elections, a complete space
in democracy directly increases.  It is and participation mechanism must
necessary to be serious in extension of be created, where citizens formulate
political education to the community democratic mechanisms and have the
by cultivating safe, peaceful, honest and power to make decisions according to
conducive values ​​in choosing. the will of their own citizens, without
This can help awaken people to any seduction or intimidation from
vote based on conscience without being interested parties, because the idea of​​
tempted by the practice of money democracy being campaigned is actually
politics which can destroy democracy quite simple, namely to protect the
and violations of political rights, namely rights of citizens in exercising freedom
the right to vote, because someone uses of expression.
their right to vote not on the basis of

130 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
4.2 Pouring Political Rights Constitutional Court. This research will
through Electoral Courts only discuss administrative, criminal
The implementation of and election result disputes.
the  presidential election  is basically In this case everyone has the right
an embodiment of the principle of to obtain justice in politics so that the
political rights. Efforts are made to run judicial function not only affects the
right  politics  are not  semerta  -merta legal justice alone but political justice.
absolute so as to impose an outcome 4.2.1 MAHKAMAH AGUNG
that contradicts with the principles of
a. Election Administrative
the state.  Efforts to comply with the
Violations
political rights are not just limited to
the  paslon  but applies to a successful In  previous  election cases it  was
or winning team and the community stated that one of them was an
which supported kung one candidate. administrative violation.  According
Problems in elections or called to Topo Santoso, violation of Election
election law problems if grouped under administration is an act of violating
Law No.7 of 2017 concerning General the provisions of laws and regulations
Elections are as follows: which are not threatened with criminal
a. Election Administrative Violations sanctions,  especially  violations of
b. Election Criminal Violations provisions, conditions, obligations,
c. Ethics Violation orders and prohibitions. The definition
d. Dispute over General Election of Election administration violations
Results based on Article 460 of Law Number
Previously, it has been described that 7 of 2017 concerning Elections
there are two judicial institutions that is classified as:
handle election dispute cases, namely the “Includes violations of the procedures,
court under the Supreme Court and the procedures, or mechanisms related to the
Constitutional Court. These judiciary administration of the implementation of
bodies have different powers in handling the Election in every stage of the Election.”
election disputes. The problems in
points a and b are the authority of the The idea that emerged in the
State Administrative Courts (PTUN) election case was in the handling of
and District Courts (PN) , point c is administrative disputes by giving the
the authority of the Honorary Board authority to handle Pilkada disputes at
of Election Administrators (DKPP) the State Administrative High Court.
, and point d is the authority of the In an idea the State Administrative

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 131

Court became the last forum after an 2006). The role of enforcement of
election administration dispute was election crimes was taken over by
submitted to Bawaslu (Ayuni, 2018). In Bawaslu, the Indonesian National
this case, cases that can be submitted to Police, and the Attorney General’s
the Administrative Court are disputes Office of the Republic of Indonesia to
related to administrative disputes. form Gakkumdu. The three institutions
When juxtaposed with a dispute jointly resolve criminal cases in terms of
over the results of the general election, elections. In this case, those who have
the Decree for determining the results the authority to declare the existence of
of the general election is also included an election crime are Bawaslu, Provincial
in the category of administrative Bawaslu, Regency / City Bawaslu, and /
decisions (beschikking) in accordance or District Panwaslu which coordinates
with the definition of the State with the Police and the Attorney
Administrative Decree in Article 1 General’s Office in Gakkumdu. This
point 10 Administrative Court. This is means that the three institutions jointly
due to two things; First, the General resolve criminal cases within Bawaslu
Election Commission is one of the because the Secretariat, operational
executive bodies of state officials that budget and further provisions in total it
issues a decree on the determination is borne by Bawaslu.
of election results. Second, the General In this case, those who can file a
Election Commission Decree is case are every person who has a loss for
concrete, individual and final for the someone’s actions in terms of elections,
parties which have legal consequences so that they can submit a report to the
for the parties in the election / regional police to get legal treatment.
election . So that the authority to judge 4.2.2 MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI
the decree should be in the hands of the
Unlike the judiciary  under
Administrative Court.
the  Supreme Court, in this case the
b. Election Criminal Violations Constitutional Court has a central
Election crime is an act of violating role in determining the winner of the
election provisions as stipulated in the election. Cases that can be submitted to
election law which is punishable by a the Constitutional Court are related to
criminal sanction. (Santoso, 2006) disputes over the results of the general
Criminal acts must be resolved election.
by the criminal justice system which Election result disputes are disputes
consists of components of the police, arising from decisions by election
prosecutors and courts. (Santoso, organizers regarding election results

132 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
that are considered to be detrimental to cases based on Article 22E paragraph (1)
certain parties, in this case individual so that the handling of Election cases in
election participants (for the election a complete manner is not only a matter
of DPD members), political party of results but cases of Election quality.
election participants (for the election In  Article 24C paragraph (1)  the
of members of DPR and DPRD), 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
President and vice President candidates. Indonesia  written that the authorities
Regent/Mayor, as well as candidates for handling the case disputes the results
regional head and deputy regional head, of the elections  is the authority of the
which occurs at the stage of determining Constitutional Court, namely:
the election result. (Santoso, 2006) In The Constitutional Court has the
the construction of Election law, what authority to judge at the first and
is meant in disputes over the results of last levels whose decisions are final to
general elections is disputes between examine the law against the Constitution,
the KPU and election participants decide disputes over the authority of state
relating to the determination of the institutions whose authority is granted
vote acquisition of the national election by the Constitution, decide the dissolution
results of political parties and decide on disputes
The scope of disputes over the results over the results of general elections.
of the Election is the determination of
the votes acquired by the members of But the author mentioned earlier
the People’s Representative Council, had turned out case handling election is
Regional Representative Counciland not only concerned about the outcome
Regional People’s Representative of elections, but also related to the quality
Assembly and the determination of the of the election referred to in Article 22E
votes acquired by the President and paragraph (1)  the 1945 Constitution of
Vice-President Election which affects the Republic of Indonesia, namely:
the determination of seats and results. General elections are held in a direct,
Case handling  violations  electoral general, free, secret, honest and fair
fact many violations that are not handled manner every five years.
by the Election Supervisory Body, as
this form of latent meaning that is not So that the two constitutional
covered by the Election Law plainly foundations of the Article  in
how to  accomplishing  things that are the  1945 Constitution  of
not  tertangangani  by Bawaslu?  So the the  Republic  of  Indonesia  cannot be
Constitutional Court in this case also has separated or either chosen, because the
the authority to handle Election quality two articles are actually related so that

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 133

they create a knot for the realization of a votes for cheating up to more than 2%, then
democratic state. the pair is safe. Second, this provision
However, in its development, in hinders the enforcement of substantive
order to achieve substantial democracy, justice, which argues that to maintain
the Constitutional Court can also the quality of democracy, violations that
adjudicate not only on disputes over the fulfill the structured, systematic, and
election results, but also in the entire massive (TSM) elements in the General
Election process as long as the process is Election must be canceled. “
proven in court to violate the principles
of an overflow and judicial election. This From some of the opinions  above,
is the Constitutional Court’s effort to it is normative that this PHPU is only
achieve a substantive democracy, not just related to the number of votes. However,
democracy that is strictly procedural. experts are aware of a weakness rather
(Hidayat, 2013) Just as the process than a normative construction with
of Election that stick to the Section 22E diction “disputes on general election
of  the Constitution NRI  Year  1945  , results” which override the value rather
as submitted by Mahfud MD in his than the electoral process under Article
writings, namely: 22E paragraph (1) the 1945 Constitution
“At the time of the General Election not of the Republic of Indonesia. So that the
simultaneously, the Constitutional Court consequences of realizing democratic
was overwhelmed in handling post-conflict elections will never be realized.  But
local election disputes , especially if it was in the 2019 Presidential Election
carried out simultaneously. That is why Dispute, the Court not only related to
through Article 158 of Law no. 1 of 2015 the counting of votes or as a calculator,
stipulates that the Constitutional Court but further into the process to bring
may only adjudicate “vote counting” forth  the principle of  election  Direct,
disputes where the difference in votes Public, Free, Confidential and Fair
between the winner and the petitioner (LUBER and JURDIL).  However,  in
is not more than 2% (or approximately, the implementation of difficulties in the
it depends on the population). Such process of legal evidence.
provisions still cause problems for two
reasons. First, there is an opportunity 5. CONCLUSSION
(and it is reported that many pairs of
Electoral justice is a concept of
candidates) commit fraud deliberately
how elections as a contest are carried
causing a difference of more than 2% in
out according to the rule of law which
winning so that the Constitutional Court
is made just for all and implemented
will not try them. If one partner can buy

134 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
by an independent institution with of the power and authority very wide,
maintained integrity. This concept so it is necessary to reconstruct laws
is based on the philosophy of social through legal political means. This is
justice contained in the fifth principle intended solely to uphold the principle
of Pancasila, in which all citizens must of equality in law and the principle of
be guaranteed equal rights, especially justice so that political contestation in
the right to vote as their political right. the transition of leadership is truly of
According to this concept, freedom and high quality and without implying the
equal rights for all citizens are the keys use of interests through a position for
to realizing electoral justice. Where, to political interests. Democratic justice
make it happen, all citizens must be free can be assessed if instruments such as
to make choices. At the same time, it is regulations governing it are applied
also free from all forms of influence or fairly without exception.
fraudulent acts of election contestants. Based on the 1945 Constitution of
The 1945 Constitution of the the Republic of Indonesia on General
Republic of Indonesia provides the Elections and Judicial Power, it is hoped
opportunity for the people to become that it can protect political rights with
President and Vice President for two justice as a corrective , harmonization
or two terms of office. Although this and synchronization step , in order to
opportunity is only limited through realize constitutional democracy. This is
political parties as a “vehicle” to run for an effort to increasingly make democratic
office. However, the 1945 Constitution life by applying equal principles and
of the Republic of Indonesia does not values in Indonesia in accordance with
stipulate that an official who will run the fifth precept of Pancasila, Social
for the second time in a row must resign Justice for All Indonesian People.
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President. Although Law Number 7 of References
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136 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Switzerland, best practice of the use of human
rights in environmental policy
Indra Jaya Wiranata1, Khairunnisa Simbolon2, Mirah Satria Alamsyah3, Ridha Amalia4
1
International Relations Department, Social and Political Science Faculty, Lampung University Jl.
Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1, Gedong Meneng, Kec. Rajabasa, Kota Bandar Lampung,
Lampung 35141, Indonesia.
2
International Politics Department, School of Public Administration and International Politics,
Shandong University, 72 Binghai Rd, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China.
4
International Affairs and Global Governance Department, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang
University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Xihu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
[email protected], [email protected]. [email protected],
[email protected].

Abstract
Environmental issues have become scholars’ concerns. Europe’s industrial revolution
in the 18th century argued intensifying the environmental problem. The industrial
revolution later spread to the United States, Japan then becomes a global phenomenon,
also an environmental problem. Since the industrial revolution, climate change,
clean water crises, and waste problems contribute to the popularity of environmental
issues. Environmental issues are important since a healthy environment is needed
to achieve basic human rights that are the right to life, liberty, and the security of
a person. Furthermore, one of the Human Right characteristics is interconnected,
it becomes important to link human rights with environmental issues. Despite the
importance of the environment and global responsibility needs to achieve human
right, less country responsible enough for the environment. Switzerland is an
exception. It is the headquarters for fifteen companies from 500 Fortune Company
but concerns with the environment sector. Based on the Environmental Performance
Index, in 2020, Switzerland is number three in the world for its achievements in
sustainability and environmental conservation. This index conducts by seeing
several indicators, such as the availability of clean water, sanitation, and climate.
This study aims to analyze Switzerland’s effort in responding to environmental issues
by prioritizing the fulfillment of human rights in its policy. For that, connecting the
dots between human rights and environmental issues will be included in the paper
as a conceptual framework to explain Switzerland’s experiences. This is qualitative
research using literature studies for data collection.
Keywords: Human Rights, Environment, Environmental Policy, Switzerland.

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1 INTRODUCTION South Asia but even for developed
industrial countries, the lack of national
In the 1970s, environmental environmental regulation is an issue.
issues were first posed in the study For instance, for the past 20 years,
of international relations. This East Asian countries have been hailed
phenomenon was marked by the 1972 as economic great achievements. But,
United Nations (UN) Environment the depletion of resources added with
Conference in Stockholm, Sweden. the environmental pollution in East
Two decades later, the environmental and South Asia, according to the Asian
issue was presented again at the Development Bank, is so ‘widespread,
1992 United Nations Environment accelerating and relentless’ which it
Conference in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, endangers human health including
followed by the 1990 United Nations livelihoods (Asian Development Bank,
World Climate Change Conference in 2001)
Montreal, Canada (Mansbach, 1997). Despite states, the Multinational
The regular meetings of the United Corporation (MNC) is an essential
Nations Conference on Environment player in the global industry’s growth,
and Sustainability are the first global as well as a significant player in global
gathering in the history of the world. environmental challenges. In several
For some reason, environments nations where environmental controls
have become a global concern. First, are missing, ineffective, or not being
ecological concerns often have global implemented, MNCs still run.
consequences. For example, problems Widespread contamination of air, water,
related to CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and land is a significant problem for
contribute to global warming and local governments, environmentalists,
developed the form of the disease due and, increasingly, for economic planners
to the loss of the ozone layer that occurs as the consequences of pollution become
worldwide. Second, environmental clearer. Not only local communities
concerns often concern the degradation and environmental media, but also
of global resources including the oceans regional, transboundary and global
and the atmosphere. Third, the issue is habitats, such as rivers, seas and oceans,
often transnational, so environmental air and watersheds, and also the global
harm. atmosphere and ozone layer, are affected
The environmental problem not by widespread toxic, chemical and
only impacted the developing and bacterial contamination (UNEP, 2001;
underdeveloped countries in the global Asian Development Bank 2001). The
South, such as much of Africa and

138 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
amount of human exposure to toxic and and greenhouse gases are produced from
hazardous waste also rises in developing the combustion of industrial materials,
and even developed countries because of power plants, and agriculture. A cement
ignorance and lack of control. factory will, for instance, generate CO2
There are many causes of from its manufacturing. Although
environmental pollution, including greenhouse gases, in addition to CO2,
urbanization, a lack of sufficient there are several compounds, such as
infrastructure for water and waste CH4, N2O, and others.
management, the use of old and Switzerland has been prepared to deal
outdated industrial technologies, with this kind of environmental issue.
increasing transportation systems, and At the international level, participates in
wasteful consumption patterns. Overall, international environmental agreement,
in the sense of quick industrialization, such as the Doha Amendment to the
pollution is mostly the result of failed Kyoto Protocol, the UNFCCC (United
policies. In reality, accountability is not Nations Framework Convention on
only placed on the MNC but in this Climate Change), and some others.
case, the MNC should be accountable At the domestic level, Switzerland’s
for its own choices and actions. environment regulations namely
Despite the problem regarding the Water Protection Act (WPA)
environmental protections around the Environment Protection Act (EPA)
world, Switzerland has achieved well been applied to address a specific
in managing environmental issues so environmental problem.
that it can hit the number third spot in Switzerland’s effort could be seen
the 2020 Environmental Performance as a successful example. However
Index, and although Switzerland is the Switzerland’s success not the main
headquarters of the 15 big global Fortune focus of this paper. This paper argued
500 companies, such as Glencore that Switzerland environmental
International, Nestle, and Holcim policy-based and focus on protecting
(TOPMBA 2012). The performance of human right also, that make their
the Swiss Government in overcoming environmental protections effort
and avoiding compounds that can affect outstanding. This paper aimed to
the atmosphere in Switzerland is the explain how environmental policies
success of the management of climate relate to Human Rights protection,
and environmental issues referred to especially in Switzerland’s experiences.
here. Of course, by being the industrial In the literature review, this paper will
center of large corporations, a lot of waste elaborate more on the relations between

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the environment and Human Rights. rights of human beings” (United
Then in the discussion subchapter will Nations, 1968).
explain Switzerland’s experiences. A year after that, a Declaration
on Progress and Development in
2. LITERATURE REVIEW the Social Arena which explored the
interdependence between the protection
To understand the connection
of the environment and human rights
between Human rights and a right to
adopted by the United Nations General
a healthy environment, first, needed
Assembly (Thorme, 1991). In 1972,
to comprehend the definition of both
for the first time, The United Nations
terms. According to the United Nation,
formally recognized the right to a clean
Human Rights are rights inherent to all
environment. This UN conference on
people, no matter race, sex, nationality,
the Human Environment was held in
ethnicity, language, religion, or
Stockholm proclaimed in Chapter 1
another status. Human rights include
stating that:
the right to life and liberty, freedom
“man has the fundamental right
from slavery and torture, freedom of
to freedom, equality and adequate
opinion and expression, the right to
conditions of life, in an environment of
work and education, and plenty of
a quality that permits a life of dignity
more. Everyone without any exception
and well-being, and he bears a solemn
is entitled to those rights (United
responsibility to protect and improve
Nations). Meanwhile, environmental
the environment for present and future
rights definition is “any proclamation
generation” (United Nations Conference
of a human right to environmental
on the Human Environment, 1972).
conditions of a specified quality” (UN
Environment Programme).
This declaration finally recognized
In the late 1960s, international
the protection of the environment as
human rights law and contemporary
a pre-condition for the enjoyment of
international environmental law was
many human rights (Shelton D. , 2006).
strongly perceived (Shelton & Anton,
Eighteen years after the Stockholm
2011). Then in 1968 in the General
conference, the UN General Assembly
Assembly of the United Nations, the
recalled the language of the Stockholm
idea of the environment as a human
Declaration in resolution 45/94 that
rights emerged in the International
stated:
arena. General Assembly of the United
“Recognizes that all individuals are
Nation recognized that “technological
entitled to live in an environment
changes could threaten the fundamental

140 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 adequate for their health and well-being; the mechanisms allowing individuals
[and] [c]alls upon the Member States and and groups to claim their rights, the
intergovernmental and non-governmental environmental law seeks to protect both
organizations… to enhance their efforts natures for itself, and the benefit of
towards ensuring a better and healthier humankind on a local and global scale.
environment” (UNGA, 1990). This inclusion is important considering
“the pervasive influence of local and
The important note from the above global environmental conditions
resolution is to include states and non- upon the realization of human rights”
state actors to take responsibility in this (Cullet, 1995). Also, environmental
matter, especially, in which most of the issues like climate change are already
environmental harm caused by non- regarded as “common concern of
state activity. humanity” (UNGA, 1988; United
A major development took place Nations, 1992). Thus Human right
in 2012 when Human Rights Council council as an organization that upholds
decided to appoint an independent human rights have the right to take an
expert to “study the human rights interest in the matter of environmental
obligations relating to the enjoyment harm. The objective is not to define
of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable rights but responsibility to protect
environment,” (Human Rights Council). the environment. Sometimes, these
The results reveal that at general revel, responsibilities are encapsulated in the
the experts agree that the states should “rights of future generations to inherit
protect the environment because a living, life-sustaining planet” (Zarsky,
environmental harm can and often does 2002).
interfere with the full enjoyment of Secondly, the right to life is the
many human rights, including rights to core of all other types of rights because
life and health. This result was presented it refers to the essence of human being
to the Human Rights Council in March existence. What’s more, it has already
2014 (Knox & Pejan, 2018). clear that protection, conservation,
From the history above, we can and restoration of the environment are
see how human rights and a right to an important and integral part of the
a healthy environment intertwined. enjoyment of the right to life, the rights
Thus, what the argument linked to to health, food, and water including
these two together? First, they both a decent quality of life (Tiirk, 1992).
have intertwined objectives. Both strive Thus, it can be said that the environment
to produce better conditions of life is a “precondition to the enjoyment of
on earth. While human rights ensure human rights” (OHCHR, 2011).

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 The United Nation Human Right health and well-being of himself and his
Council (UNHRC) has made the family, including food, clothing [and]
connection between human rights housing.” Article 12 of the ICESCR
and climate change in the UNHCR Parties states in paragraph 4 that “the
Resolution 10/4 (2009) by stating: right to health embraces a wide range
Noting that climate change-related of socio-economic factors that promote
impacts have a range of implications, conditions in which people can lead
both direct and indirect, for the effective a healthy life, and extends to the
enjoyment of human rights including, inter underlying determinants of health, such
alia, the right to life, the right to adequate as… a healthy environment” (Office of
food, the right to the highest attainable the High Commissioner for Human
standard of health, the right to adequate Rights, 2000). One of the preconditions
housing, the right to self-determination advanced for the realization of this
and human rights obligations related standard is “the improvement of all
to access to safe drinking water and aspects of environmental and industrial
sanitation, and recalling that in no case hygiene” (United Nations Human Right
may a people be deprived of its own means Office of the High Commissioner, 1966).
of subsistence (Human Right Council, This means that the implementation of
2009). the right to health cannot be limited
only to medical care but it also includes
Therefore, the connection between the protection from environmental
Human rights and a right to health hazards, food and water pollution,
environment cannot be avoided. For and radioactive contamination. It also
humans to enjoy human rights in the encompasses other issues of concern
fullest form, there is a need to ensure to a majority like noise disturbances
that the environment is healthy. or air pollution arising from airports
Thirdly, a strong connection or motorways and industrial pollution
between Human Rights and an adequate (Cullet, 1995). Which stated in General
standard of the natural environment Comment 14 on the right to the highest
can be established because a healthy and attainable standard of health, the CESCR
human environment is a precondition provides a broader interpretation of
for human health and well-being. The the right to health by stating that it is
right to health is stated in the Universal “an inclusive right extending … to the
Declaration of Human Rights, with an underlying determinants of health,
implicit reference to the environment. It such as access to safe and potable water
proclaimed that everyone “has the right and adequate sanitation, an adequate
to a standard of living adequate for the

142 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
supply of safe food, nutrition, and Switzerland is number four from all
housing, healthy occupational and OECD countries and 41 European
environmental conditions” (Office of Countries for its Environmental
the High Commissioner for Human Policy performances. Switzerland’s key
Rights, 2000). From the above passages, policies that SGI highlighted are the
it indicates that enjoyment of the right actual reduction of greenhouse-gas
to health is inextricably dependent on emissions by 30% in which aimed to
environmental conditions (Leib, 2011). reduce by 50% in 2030 (Bartelsmann
Stiftung, 2020). Besides recent success,
3. METHOD Switzerland before the 1960s suffers
from untreated wastewater streams that
This is qualitative research. This
come from factories, businesses, and
paper uses literature studies as a method.
households. For example, oxygen in Lake
Data collection has been done by
Halwil 1941-1942 is almost completely
compiling the academic journal, book,
exhausted resulting in decreasing in
articles, reports, and website related to
fish population and swimming become
the topics. This paper analyzes
dangerous (Jaag, 1972).
This paper identifies that
4. RESULT AND Switzerland’s achievement in
DISCUSSION environmental protection comes
Based on the Environmental from two aspects. The first is people’s
Performance Index (EPI) by Yale participation and the second is
University, in 2020, Switzerland is government policy. Both government
number three in the world for its and citizens collaborate in environmental
achievements in sustainability and protection. But, before explaining the
environmental conservation. The EPI collaborative aspect, it important to
score reaches 81.5, it is only behind describe how each actor contributes to
Denmark and Luxembourg in which environmental protection.
each score is 82.5 and 82.3. However, This paper will begin with
Switzerland is the best in preserve government effort through
sanitation and drinking water, also environmental policy. It begins with the
keeping low pollution emission growth Waters Protection Act (WPA) in 1955,
rate (Yale Center for Environmental until 1955 there are no regulations to
Law & Policy, 2020). In Sustainable prevent environmental pollution from
Governance Indicators especially in waste (Wager, 2007). That’s the reason
environmental policies, in 2018, behind the case like in Lake Halwil could

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 143

happen. Through WPA, Switzerland in 1983, Switzerland agreed on another
starts to diminish the waste, especially important regulatory measurement
on the water also building wastewater on the environment, which is the
treatment. As a result, the proportion of Environment Protection Act (EPA).
the Population which was connected to While WPA specific only on waste and
a wastewater treatment plant rose from a prone of danger to water, EPA is a
12% in 1965 to 93% in 1995 (Kissling- more holistic approach. It is regulatory
Näf & Kuks, 2004). The basic principles on the organism, chemical, ambient
of WPA are the protection of waters pollution control, soil, and waste. Also
against harmful effects, the duty of care, followed by other regulations, such as
and pollutant pays principles. Take an the Federal Act on the Protection of
example from WPA Chapter I Article Nature and Cultural Heritage of 1966
6 and 7 (The Federal Council of Swiss (NCHA), Federal Forest Act of 1991
Government, 1991): (ForA), Federal Agriculture Act of 1998
Article 6. It is prohibited to introduce (AgricA), Federal Act on Non-Human
into a body of water, either directly Gene Technology of 2003 (GTA),
or indirectly any substances which Federal Act on the Reduction of CO2
may pollute it; the infiltration of such Emissions of 2011 (CO2 Act) (Federal
substances is also prohibited. Office for the Environment (FOEN),
Article 7. It is also prohibited to store or 2013).
spread such substances outside a body of The existence of specific
water if there is a genuine risk of water environmental law indeed contributes to
pollution. Switzerland’s success in environmental
protection. However, people support
Only from these two articles, it also the advantages that own by
could be seen the strict measurement Switzerland. Based on an ISOPOP
of waste disposal. It could be translated poll by May 1988, 5 years after EPA,
any waste disposal that might pollute 75% of Switzerland populations saw
the water either in the surface or the environment as the nation’s major
underground water is prohibited. As problem (Church, 1989). In other
a result Switzerland after WPA first papers, Janicke found that consensual
time banning the landfilling of waste countries are more successful than
which could pollute the water. Also, the conflictual countries on environmental
government follows up with building policy. For example, Japan, Holland,
Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators Luxembourg, Sweden, Switzerland, and
(MSWI) (Wager, 2007). After WPA, Austria compared with Turkey, Greece,

144 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Spain, and former Yugoslavia (Janicke, the scope of the Federal Environmental
1992). Even, for now, Luxembourg, Protection Act (EPA), the Federal Act on
Sweden, and Switzerland still among the the Protection of Nature and Cultural
best on environmental protection. The Heritage (NCHA) and the Federal Act
absence of domestic conflict for Janicke on Non-Human Gene Technology
helps the Switzerland government in (GTA) (Rom, Dürig, Brogini, &
the environment sector. OECD also Grando, 2020).
reported that the success of Switzerland Government policy and people’s
on environmental protection is achieved participations indeed include
by the ambitious regulatory approach, Switzerland’s success story. However,
strong support from the public, and the most important insight in this paper
considerable financial effort. Based is that Switzerland’s environmental
on OECD, public involvement in policy is based on Human Rights
Switzerland is very developed. Citizens protection which makes it outstanding.
may intervene in the preparation Take an example from EPA and WPA,
of legislation, propose subjects for Switzerland environmental regulations
referendums, and vote directly on major always put people protection in the
policy issues (OECD, 2000). first place before the special aim of
People’s participation also could the regulations. Chapter 1 article 1 of
be seen in the policy forum such as EPA state, ‘This Act intent to protect
ProClim, Schweizerische Gesellschaft the people….’; Chapter 1 Article 1
für, Hydrogeologie, and Wasser Agenda point a of WPA ‘to preserve the health
21. Manuel Fischer & Isabelle Schläpfer of people’. (The Federal Council of
argued that policy forums provide Swiss Government, 1991; The Federal
output to environmental policy in Council of Swiss Government, 1983) In
Switzerland. NGOs are also important Human Rights, people are the focus, in
in bridging people’s participation, such line with it, Switzerland regulations also
as The World Wide Fund for Nature put people in the first place.
(WWF), The Swiss Heritage Society, People’s participation in
The Swiss Foundation for Landscape environmental policymaking as
Conservation, and Greenpeace. Isabelle explained before also showing the
Romy and her colleagues informed that assurance of people’s Human Rights
About 30 environmental protection on political participation. Specifically,
organizations have a statutory standing to the granted of NGO’s statutory
to appeal rulings and decisions of the standing to appeal Switzerland
federal or cantonal authorities within environmental policy. Freedom House

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 145

on the Switzerland freedom Overview The quality of local living conditions
2019 gives Switzerland 96 score from in a country has a direct effect on our
100 for freedom assurance in political health and well-being. One critical
rights and civil liberties. Then, in the environmental problem is that directly
aspects of people’s political participation, impacts the quality of the lives of people
Switzerland got a score of 4 from 4, which in outdoor air pollution. The health
means people’s government granted effects of urban air pollution continue
enough political rights for the people to escalate, despite national and
(Freedom House, 2020). Concerning international initiatives and reductions
people’s participation, Switzerland in primary pollutant emissions,
through the Freedom of Information with air pollution set to become the
Act makes people easier to get general world’s highest environmental cause of
access for the public document, without premature mortality by 2050. In urban
exceptions the environmental document centers, air pollution, often induced
(Council of Europe, 2006). by transport, including small-scale
As mentioned in the previous combustion of fuels or coal, is related to
chapter, a healthy human environment several health problems, from mild eye
is a precondition for human health and irritation to short-term upper respiratory
well-being. Take an example from Joel symptoms and chronic respiratory
Floris and Kaspar Staub, their research disorders as asthma, cardiovascular
aims to seek an association between urban diseases, and long-term lung cancer.
infrastructure projects, such as water In OECD countries, PM2.5, small
waste infrastructure with the mortality particulate matter small enough to be
rate in Switzerland. They found that inhaled into the lowest part of the lung
at the end of the nineteenth century, (WHO, 2018), is tracked because it can
the modern water waste infrastructure affect human health and decrease life
contributes to decreased typhoid fever expectancy. PM2.5 levels in Switzerland
mortality rates by 22 percent and urban are 14.5 micrograms per cubic meter,
district infant mortality rates by 8 marginally higher than the OECD
percent. This research shows that specific average of 13.9 micrograms per cubic
policies on the environment contribute meter, and more significant than the
to saving more human life from disease annual World Health Organization
(Floris & Staub, 2019). Indeed, it is one guideline cap of 10 micrograms per
of the examples of environmental policy cubic meter. For human well-being,
based on and guarantees Human Rights access to clean water is fundamental.
to life. Despite substantial progress in reducing

146 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
water contamination in OECD Resolution 16/11 on ‘Human Rights
countries, changes in freshwater quality and the Climate’ in March 2011 and
are not always easy to distinguish. 95 % recommended that OHCHR perform
of Switzerland people say they are happy a detailed empirical report on the
with the quality of water, one of the relationship between human rights and
highest in the OECD, where the overall the environment. (UNGA, 2011) These
satisfaction level is 81% (OECD, 2015). unresolved issues include the need for and
Since the foundation of the WPA future substance of the right to a healthy
in 1955, Switzerland has been putting environment, the role and obligations
human rights in a significant role in of private actors (UNGA, 2011). To
creating environmental protection and answer these issues, the report proposed
preservation policies. Although the that, through its relevant processes, the
structure for the relationship between Human Rights Council should consider
human rights and the environment was paying particular attention to the
not formally defined that year, priority relationship between human rights and
was given to the protection of rights in the environment, including through the
the created policy articles. In 2006, the possibility of creating a special human
European Convention for the Protection right and environmental procedure.
of Human Rights and Fundamental The United Nations General
Freedoms was established based on Assembly adopted the human right
establishing an efficient mechanism of to safe and clean drinking water and
regulation over the rights and freedoms sanitation in 2010. Resolution 64/292
granted to individuals. The right to the (UNGA, 2010) points to the importance
security of health and the environment of fair, secure, and clean drinking water
(Council of Europe, 2006) is stated and sanitation as an integral component
in Section B, Chapter 1, in line with of the fulfillment of all human rights and
Articles 6 and 7 of the WPA. The ties the right to water to the achievement
subject-matter of the cases discussed of the Millennium Development
by the Court indicates that a variety of Goals. “The first important operative
environmental factors, such as airport paragraph of the resolution” declares the
noise levels, industrial emissions, or right to healthy, clean drinking water
urban planning, may impact individual and sanitation as a fundamental human
convention rights. (Council of Europe, right for the full enjoyment of life and
2006) all human rights.
In addition to that Convention, A similar resolution (UNGA, 2010)
the Human Rights Council adopted was adopted by the Human Rights

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 147

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ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 151

 Sindumartani Residents’ Resistance Against Sand
Mining at Kali Gendol
Khairul Syafuddin1
1
Media and Cultural Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Teknika Utara, Pogung Kidul, Sinduadi,
Kec. Mlati, Kab. Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
Merapi is a volcano in Central Java. As an active volcano, Merapi provides disaster
as well as a blessing for the surrounding community in the form of sand mining.
One of them is at the Gendol river. However, the people who live there reject the
mining and put up a fight. One form of resistance was through a banner against
sand mining at the Gendol river. This study looks at how banners are used as a
medium to represent human attitudes against exploitation of nature as a form
of survival for self-prevertion in accordance with Horkheimer. This study uses a
qualitative method. The analysis technique used is the multimodal discourse offered
by Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen. The results of this study found that the
modes of verbal text and visual text in the banner have a strong relationship and
relationship in building discourse of resistance. The banners also seems to have an
element of nationalism based on the visual and verbal modes shown. In addition,
the discourse on environmental destruction is raised in the form of the impact of
sand mining which can harm the people. So that mining seems to be a form of
exploitation.
Keywords: merapi, multimodal discourse, resistance

1. INTRODUCTION natural disasters. However, some people

see this as a blessing because the eruption
Merapi is one of the volcanoes on of Merapi also provides sustenance for
the island of Java. As one of the active those who can enjoy it.
mountains, Merapi has a routine cycle A blessing from Merapi as described
of eruptions. Even in 2020, Merapi is by Worosetyaningsih (2012: 97-99) is
still erupting, marked by a catastrophic in the form of sand mining. After an
hot cloud from the top of the mountain eruption, such as in 2010, Merapi is
that has resulted in ash rain. This cycle considered to provide a blessing in the
certainly has a negative impact due to form of sand with millions of cubic

152 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
meters of sand, especially when the This has also triggered an active
volume of sand available for mining response from the people around the
starts to run low. One of the rivers with river, one of them who lives around Kali
the most lava flow from the eruption Gendol, or more precisely the people in
of Merapi is Kali Gendol. This is seen Sindumartani District, Sleman Regency.
by the community as an economic In previous years when there was still
opportunity. With this large amount of plenty of sand, the residents there
sand originating from the eruption of provided roads and allowed the miners
Merapi, they then began to be able to to take the sand’s blessings. Even to speed
mine the sand and sell it. up mining, they use stupid machines so
Worosetyaningsih (2012: 79-89) they can dredge sand quickly and with a
also explains the many impacts caused considerable volume.
by the eruption of Merapi, including However, in 2019 and 2020 they
silting riverbeds, air pollution, flash expressed resistance and resistance to
floods, damage to human settlements, sand miners, especially on the banks of
damage to agricultural land, and so the Gendol River which is part of the
on. All of these impacts were caused Sindumartani District. They showed
by the cold lava flow of Merapi which this form of rejection openly through
overflowed into residential areas. In fact, the media of banners with various
as a result of this, many residents died, writings. The content of the banners is a
either from being hit by hot clouds or call from the Sindumartani community
being dragged along by the swift flow of against the refusal to mine sand in their
cold lava from Merapi. location.
The big eruption in 2010 has long This public appeal in the form
since passed. In the period until 2020, of rejection which is formed through
Merapi has not experienced an eruption banners posted around Kali Gendol can
that is classified as large, resulting in be seen as a form of discourse (discourse).
cold lava floods in every river that is a According to Jorgensen & Philips (2002:
path of cold lava. This causes the sand 5) discourse is a form of social action
that is usually mined to start to thin out. that has a role in producing the social
The depletion of sand in the river has world including knowledge, identity,
made sand miners from various regions and social relationships, so that in the
begin to lack sandy fields that can be end it maintains certain social patterns.
mined. Not all points in the mining What is written by the community on
area are considered legal areas for them the banner against sand mining at Kali
to dredge. Gendol can be seen as a social action

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 153

manifested by the community there. refusal banner can be seen as having
The manifestation form is in the form different material assets in determining
of a call for miners to stop mining sand the language to be conveyed. The
at that location. This then can lead to choice of material capital in forming
forms of social relations, both from the representations is also seen as non-
internal community in the location, the neutral language. In the language that is
leaders there, to the outsiders who are produced, there are interests behind the
the target of this text. formed text.
The banners produced by the In building a language, both
community in Sindumartani District visual and verbal language are formed
can be seen based on two models. In this through grammar. Halliday (Kress
case I divided them into conventional & Leeuwen, 2006: 2) explains that
models and contemporary models. The grammar goes beyond the formal rules
conventional model of the banner can be of truth. Grammar is formed as a
seen from the way it is made by making means of representing their experience
verbal writing using paint to form a patterns. This allows subjects to build
message through the language used. a picture of a reality in understanding
Then the contemporary model, in this the experiences that occur around them.
case, the content of the banner is made The grammar then they build into a
through digital methods, by creating a shout in a banner that also represents
visual design (image) accompanied by their experience during the sand mining.
verbal writing which is then printed Their experiences that were built into
using print technology. The differences this grammatical arrangement were
in the making, visual, and verbal writing later revealed to be a form of protest
models in this case also determine the and resistance from the sand dredging
discourse they want to build in the activity in Kali Gendol.
action of resistance. The banner, which is a form
Gunther Kress (Leeuwen, 2015: of resistance from the residents of
450) explains that language is not Sindumartani against the sand miners,
a neutral vehicle for expressing a is composed of verbal and visual texts
representation. Visual mode and in the form of pictures. Barthes (Kress
verbal writing in forming a language, & Leeuwen, 2006: 8) argues that the
both have their respective effects. The meaning of images is always related
form of knowledge can change when to verbal text. The meaning of an
it is manifested in different material image can provide a variety of possible
assets. The content of the sand mining meanings because it has openness in

154 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
the formation of meaning. In order to as something that must be done for
arrive at a definite meaning because the ongoing development. This also hides
visual meaning is unlimited, language is behind the guise that natural mining
needed as a confirmation of that visual is necessary for the economic progress
meaning. of the community. For the welfare of
This research is also accompanied society, nature needs to be sacrificed.
by a point of view regarding the This natural sacrifice ultimately leads to
issue of environmental damage that economic interests.
occurs due to mining. According to Based on this background, the
Resosudarmo, Resosudarmo, Sarosa, purpose of this study was to determine
& Subiman (2009: 33-35), mining can the formation of discourse texts that
accelerate development for the welfare the Sindumartani residents wanted
of the community, but on the other to build in order to fight against the
hand it can be a source of conflict and sand miners. In addition, it is also to
environmental damage that affects the know the discourse on the relationship
closure of the mine. Environmental between the refusal of sand mining
damage due to mining is important to there to the natural or environmental
study because Indonesia is a country rich damage that has occurred. Based on
in natural potential. But on the other these objectives, it is hoped that later
hand, the community has not been able through this research readers will be able
to manage this nature wisely and it has to know and understand how the text in
resulted in widespread and widespread the banner plays a role in rejecting the
destruction of nature. The expansion of sand miners, as well as understanding
natural damage can ultimately be seen as the relationship of resistance to steps in
having an impact on the lives of future protecting the environment.
generations who must experience the
suffering of the destruction of nature. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
This research also takes the point
There have been many studies
of view of Horkheimer’s thinking about
that discuss community resistance or
the rebellion of nature from human
marginalized parties through posters.
oppression against nature. In this case
Pariawan, Sila, & Hardiman (2019)
Horkheimer (Sindhunata, 1983: 109)
in their research saw the action against
explains that the human attitude in the
reclamation carried out in Bali using
form of exploiting natural resources is
posters as a medium of resistance. This
a form of survival for self-preservation.
study analyzes the visuals of the poster
As a result, natural destruction is seen
using Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 155

analysis method. There are several visuals respect each other, but this is considered
that show resistance to the reclamation, a form of resistance to the behavior of
including the skull face icon, excavator, men and women which is considered
left hand grip, atomic bomb bullets, unfair. In addition, this research also
and so on. Each of these icons has its sees that the existence of unfair texts
own meaning, such as the skull icon can also lead to unfair behavior as well.
which means death, the excavator as a So that in this case it can be seen that
reclamation dredging, the grip of the the text has an important role in social
left hand as resistance to the evil that phenomena.
has occurred, to the atomic bomb as Both studies show that the text
a symbol of destruction. Each symbol in the poster has an important role in
used in the poster depicts a resistance building a discourse of resistance. Based
against those who want to carry out on these two studies, I take a gap from the
reclamation. This shows that local point of view of multimodal discourse
residents as marginalized vulnerable analysis, which I use as a method for
parties want to try to fight back. Even studying posters that are the object of
so, this research is only limited to my research. Besides that, I take the
analyzing the visual text on the poster opportunity to research environmental
without discussing more specifically the issues because currently environmental
circumstances that occur there. issues are one of the issues that are quite
Elizabeth (2017) also conducted widely discussed by the community,
research on resistance through poster even there is a lot of resistance being
media with a different theme. This made by the community in order to
research is more towards women’s visual preserve nature.
resistance through posters. This study
looks at the interpretation of religious 3 METHOD
texts as a source of gender injustice and
This study uses a multimodal
gender realities in society. This research
discourse analysis method with the
looks at the visual expression of posters
approach offered by Gunther Kress and
that have religious elements that contain
Theo van Leeuwen. This perspective has
an insinuation that religion commands
a relationship between multimodality
men to do good to women. However,
and social semuotics. According to Kress
in reality the phenomenon of violence
(in Noviani, 2018: 111) multimodality
against women is a widespread symptom.
is a domain where multimodality gets its
Another text in this study sees that men
theory, while social semiotics is a theory
and women here are encouraged to
about that meaning. Kress (2003: 29)

156 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
explains that meaning is the result of of sand mining in Kali Gendol by
work (semiotics) as articulation in signs Sindumartani residents was built through
that are made outwardly, as in writing, a media banner containing visual and
or as interpretations in signs made in verbal texts. This banner represents their
the heart, such as in reading. In this desire to stop mining which has been
case, reading as an interpretation is the going on for a long time. In this banner
creation of a new sign from a sign that is there are discourses that they build, such
accepted as a marker. as poverty and environmental damage
The text that I analyzed in this study that they can directly feel. The discourse
was the content of the banner against that was built cannot be separated from
sand mining in Gendol River which was the text building which is composed of
produced by the people of Sindumartani the selection of images, colors, writing,
District. I conducted an analysis of two to the media used.
kinds of banners displayed on the side 4.1 Analysis of Resistance Texts
of the road by Sindumartani residents, One of the large banners on the
namely banners containing visual and side of the road near Kali Gendol
verbal content printed via a printing Sindumartani can be seen in Figure 1.
machine, and banners containing only Based on the text, it is clear that the
verbal content using paint on a white message of this banner is a form of
field. strong rejection. It can be seen from
Based on the content in the banner, the text which reads “KALI GENDOL
I did an analysis of the visual and verbal ORA DIDOL!” (Kali Gendol is not for
text. Here I am analyzing based on the sale). Judging from the type of language,
images shown to support verbal writing, the text was built using Javanese ngoko
the layout of the images, and the color lugu. In everyday Javanese conversation,
selection. Furthermore, for verbal this language is used for pedicabs
writing, apart from choosing colors, I between individuals of the same age and
also analyzed the word selection used to between parents and children. When
construct the text. Similar to the banners this language is used backwards, like
that are produced using paint to write a child to a parent, the child will be
the rejection message, I focus on the text considered rude to the parent. Javanese
that is built into the language used. ngoko lugu is also commonly used by
Javanese when they are angry. In this
4 RESULT AND case, a person’s emotions are important
DISCUSSION when they choose what language to use
in communicating.
The call for resistance and rejection

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 157

 out development. So when talking
about the meaning of “DIDOL” or as a
buying and selling activity, the people of
Sindumartani voiced that Kali Gendol
was not an item to be sold. Kali Gendol
is part of the environment that must be
preserved. Not only to be dredged for
personal gain. So that the text contains a
Figure 1 : Sindumartani resistance banner
form of resistance against the capitalists.
In addition, the text in plain Javanese
Enter the text “KALI GENDOL
ngoko also ends with a punctuation
ORA DIDOL!”. When viewed from
“!”. This punctuation mark is a form
the wording, “KALI GENDOL” is
of confirmation of the message written
the subject, “ORA” is the predicate,
on the banner. An affirmation of the
and “DIDOL” is the object. In the
meaning that the residents there will not
text, the residents of Sindumartani
strictly sell Kali Gendol for individual
give a message that the sand mining
economic interests. They expressed a
location called “KALI GENDOL”
desire to defend the site from those who
is not for sale. The placement of the
would dig and buy it.
word “KALI GENDOL” as the subject
Furthermore, it can be seen
indicates that the place is not an object
the text which reads “WARGA
or commodity that can be sold. This
SINDUMARTANI MENOLAK
location is considered as a subject that
PENAMBANGAN DENGAN ALAT
must be maintained. This led to the
BERAT”. In this text, you can see
resistance of the Sindumartani people
changes in the language used, namely in
to the Capitalists. If traced further, the
the previous text using Javanese Ngoko
existence of sand mining there cannot
lugu, but in this text using Indonesian.
be separated from the interests of the
The text expresses the message
capitalists. Indeed, the miners come
straightforwardly that the subject, in this
from the proletarian class, where they,
text “WARGA SINDUMARTANI”,
as day laborers, earn their income from
rejects the mining activities carried out
dredging sand, then transport it by
in Kali Gendol. However, this text also
truck, to the location of the buyer.
contains an explanatory element in the
Buyers here are not only seen as
form of “ALAT BERAT” which refers to
people who need sand to build a house.
an excavator.
However, it is seen more broadly,
Referring to Halliday’s explanation
namely the capitalists who are carrying

158 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
(Kress & Leeuwen, 2006: 2) which of Sindumartani strongly and strongly
explains that grammar is formed as a reject mining activities there. This can
means to represent the experience pattern also be related to the previous history
of text makers, then the description of that this rejection has been done for
this heavy equipment arises because of a long time but is still being violated.
their experience from sand mining in So that when emphasizing the form of
Kali Gendol. Sand mining on the banks rejection, the word is made different
of Kali Gendol is not only done by sand with a bigger size as a form of affirmation
diggers using shovels. However, there and to clarify their resistance.
are also heavy equipment that digs the The banner containing the
sand to give to the sand miners who discourse on resistance against the Kali
come by truck. This is where the sale Gendol sand miners in Figure 1 was also
and purchase of sand from excavator built through visual text. Based on the
users to truck drivers occurs. visual text presented, it can be seen that
If it is linked to the previous text there is an image of a hand holding it
which shows the message that Kali accompanied by a black image of the
Gendol is not for sale, then excavator excavator that was destroyed by the
users who seem to be buying and selling grip. The two images have a meaningful
there can be seen as an illegal sand relationship, namely the hand as a form
mining operation. This experience was of resistance and the excavator as a form
felt by the people of Sindumartani, of mining. The visual representation of
which was then manifested in the form these two images can be interpreted as a
of grammar. Heavy equipment appeared form of strong resistance from the people
there without any legality and approval of Sindumartani against the miners. The
by the residents there in carrying out miners are narrated through the visuals
mining. This is seen as creating resistance of the excavator heavy equipment. The
from the community. This resistance selection of this image is based on the
is formed from the text which states experiences experienced by the residents
that “WARGA SINDUMARTANI of Sindumartani, where sand mining
MENOLAK PENAMBANGAN has been using this heavy equipment.
DENGAN ALAT BERAT”. Kress & Leeuwen (2006: 79)
When the focus is on the word explain that the structure of visual
“MENOLAK”, it is printed differently representations can be in the form of
from the other words in the text. This nasations that present ongoing actions
word is printed in a larger size. This and events, processes of change, and
larger size also shows that the residents temporary spatial arrangements. As

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 159

explained by Kress and Leeuwen, the image contained in a red circle with
visual representation of the hand grip a crossed line. This symbol is a form
and the excavator presents an action and of prohibition. Around the symbol
an event currently taking place. Basically, is written “PAGUYUBAN SINDU
the sand mining using excavator heavy TOLAK ASAT”. Based on its name,
equipment has not been stopped. this association was born to take
This visual text also has a relationship action against the sand miners. This
with the verbal text “WARGA association seemed to represent the
SINDUMARTANI MENOLAK people of Sindumartani in voicing
PENAMBANGAN DENGAN ALAT their resistance. When the name of
BERAT”. The verbal text is supported this association is attached to a visual
by visual text narrative, thus building symbol that prohibits the excavator,
a strong sense of resistance from it is a narrative form of affirmation of
Sindumartani residents in preventing the prohibition of operation of this
the miners from continuing to exploit heavy equipment represented by the
the sand in Kali Gendol. association. Apart from that, this visual
Until now, the excavator used for arrangement looks like a legality logo
sand mining in Kali Gendol is still from the formation of the Sindu Tolak
operating. However, this sand mining is Asat Association. This narrates that the
not included in the Sindumartani area. action of refusal was shown to be legal
Even so, the actions of resistance and by the residents there. In addition, the
resistance to mining are still ongoing. appearance of this association is also a
The visual return of the hand can be sign that their thoughts on this rejection
seen as a sign of resistance. They are have been accommodated and mutually
ready to fight if this excavator operates agreed upon. So that the bonds from the
in Sindumartani. Through this visual, it resistance of the Sindumartani residents
can be seen that the image represents the to the miners are formed stronger.
participant who becomes the producer When viewed from the color
in conveying messages and also involves selection for the excavator, the black
other participants as viewers, thus giving color seems to indicate that this heavy
rise to ways of social interaction and equipment is a threat to the residents of
social relations through the image itself Sindumartani. This kind of black color
(Kress & Leeuwen, 2006: 114-115). tends to be identified as a form of crime.
Visual resistance to mining using Based on this, when this black color is
this excavator heavy equipment is also attached to the excavator, it shows that
visualized through the black excavator mining is a cruel act for the residents of

160 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Sindumartani. They are like shadows brings up the issue of the economy of the
that haunt people’s lives there. This is also Sindumartani people. The issue brought
based on the experience of the residents up in this text is the issue of poverty. It is
of Sindumartani, where since the arrival felt that the people around Kali Gendol,
of mining, especially when using heavy which is the location for sand mining,
equipment, the environment there has only get the negative impact from the
become damaged. This can be seen in sand mining. They do not get economic
the next verbal technique. benefits from this mining, what they get
In the text “BANYU ASAT, is the impact of environmental damage,
RAKYAT MELARAT”, in Indonesian water that starts to struggle to flow, to
it means “running out of water, poor the environment that feels hot because
people”, which refers to environmental it is a mining location. This is also seen
and economic issues. The text “BANYU from the history of Kali Gendol around
ASAT” refers to environmental damage Sindumartani which was previously
in the form of springs in the area drying fertile and can be used by residents for
up. The text is associated with sand farming. From this fertility, residents can
mining there. Mining that is carried out use it to grow a variety of plants which
continuously is ultimately considered they can sell or consume themselves.
to have an impact on the surrounding However, the presence of the miners
environment. In the text, the people ultimately damaged the surrounding
of Sindumartani develop a discourse environment. As a result, the residents
that by continuous mining, this will there can no longer cultivate crops.
harm the lives of the residents there. Especially during mining, they do
One thing that is then felt is the lack not get significant economic benefits,
of clean springs there. The experience because the majority of the residents’
they had when sand mining was not as livelihoods are not as miners or truck
massive as today, the water flow in Kali drivers.
Gendol is considered smooth. They can The verbal text “BANYU ASAT,
shower and even wash clothes there RAKYAT MELARAT” also has a
because the springs are clean. With this connection with the visual of Mount
sand mining, the flowing springs are Merapi which is one of the backgrounds
hampered. Besides, the spring wasn’t as of this resistance banner. The visual
clean as before. As a result, they cannot appearance of Mount Merapi, which
carry out their daily activities by utilizing is shown to be still active through
these natural resources as before. visual smoke from its crater, narrates
The text “RAKYAT MELARAT” that the people of Sindumartani are

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 161

part of Merapi itself. If it is related to showed courage in fighting against
Merapi’s blessing, so far the people the exploitation that occurred in Kali
of Sindumartani seem to have not Gendol. They also show a form of
received this blessing. This blessing fighting spirit with angry emotions that
was continuously taken and explored are visualized through the image of the
by parties outside the Sindumartani hand holding up that is able to destroy
community. From this dredging, the the excavator. The text also shows their
residents there only felt that they had sense of being oppressed and they must
the negative impact as in the previous fight back. This text also shows that for
verbal text. them the spirit of patriotism as part of
In fact, if seen from the blessings their nationalist spirit is to courageously
that can be felt as long as Merapi fight against this oppression.
is still active, residents around the Then banners of rejection and
Merapi area can feel the benefits in the resistance to the sand miners were
form of more fertile land, economic also produced through colored fields
improvement, apart from the blessing with black writing using paint. In this
of sand itself (Worosetyaningsih, 2012: multimodal discourse analysis, text
97-105). However, seen from this form is seen as a material object resulting
of resistance, those who are part of from various representations and
Merapi do not get this blessing. They production practices in a tagging system
feel they only get the impact in the with various media that can generate
form of environmental damage, difficult motivation in certain cultures (Kress
economy, and end up threatening their & Leeuwen, 2006: 216-217). So that
lives when Merapi erupts again. the selection of white media with black
The final visual text on this banner paint has its own motivation in building
that unites the entire text that is built a representation of the discourse that
is the red background. The selection Sindumartani residents want to build.
of the red background shows the anger In this study I took two samples
felt by the people of Sindumartani. The of banners. The text in the white field
meaning of red itself actually varies, reads “PENOLAKAN KAMI HARGA
from blood which is identified with MATI” and “BEGO MUDUK KAMI
struggle to the last drop of blood, spirit SIAP TEMPUR” which can be seen in
of struggle, anger, to courage. If linked Figure 2. In the text “PENOLAKAN
from the whole text, all the meanings KAMI HARGA MATI”, there seems to
that I express become one in this text be influenced by the value of nationalism
of resistance. Sindumartani residents in Indonesia regarding NKRI, the Dead

162 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Price. “Dead price” in the text means excavator, which has now been pulled
that something is inviolable in any by the owner of the capital, when it
way, and is not sold at any value. The returns to operation, the residents of
text contains a myth about a strong and Sindumartani are ready to take action
irrevocable loyalty. If it is related to the against them. “SIAP TEMPUR” in
value of nationalism, the text “Dead the developed discourse seems to
Price” has a strong nationalistic value emerge because of the influence of the
towards something that cannot be taken experience of the people there as the
and changed. Regarding the refusal of Indonesian nation. Their readiness
the residents of Sindumartani to mining for combat seemed to think that these
sand in Kali Gendol, this cannot be sand miners were invaders. They were
contested. The discourse that they build discouraged as the party carrying out
from this text shows that their rejection the exploitation and occupation of Kali
is irreversible. They are ready to put up Gendol Sindumartani. So that combat
a fight when their ideology against this readiness refers to the preparation of the
resistance is challenged. people there to fight the miners, even in
the form of violence to expel them, such
as when the Indonesian nation expelled
the invaders.
The two banners bearing the
discourse on resistance were made on a
white banner media with black paint on
it. How to make it by hand. When viewed
from the history of demonstration
Figure 2 : A pair of resistance banners
media used by the Indonesian people,
with black paint
the use of these media and text-making
techniques implies that their expression
The discourse also has a link with
is an expression of strong rejection.
the text on the next banner which
The banner seemed to contain their
reads “BEGO MUDUK KAMI SIAP
enthusiasm to fight against the miners.
TEMPUR”. Bego, in this case is heavy
This tough and unyielding spirit is
excavator, which is discussed as a threat
expressed in the form of a traditionally
to the people of Sindumartani. This
made appeal banner. This gives more
is indicated by the word “MUDUK”
pressure from the seriousness of the
which means down. Going down in
residents there in fighting the sand
the text leads to the meaning that the
miners.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 163

 In addition, both banners are this mine seems like a catalyst capable
made via computer technology or in of accelerating existing development
traditional ways, both use capital letters in the country. This development is
in their entirety. The use of capital expected to be able to improve the
letters indicates a nonverbal message in welfare of the community around
the form of a shout. Verbal texts that the area (Resosudarmo et al., 2009:
are expressed in writing to construct 33). Development that occurs in
the meaning of anger and the act of Indonesia basically does not lead to
screaming are expressed by choosing community development. However, it
capital letters to form whole sentences. tends to infrastructure development.
So that in the end it can be seen that This development will ultimately have
the residents there are angry with the to sacrifice nature. Mining nature
exploitation of the sand mining that as raw material for carrying out
has been carried out so far. They tried development. The impact is damage to
to express their anger and screams to the environment and natural ecosystems
end the mining through the texts they themselves. Mining with the aim of
produced in various forms. this development, in the end, does not
bring welfare to the entire community.
4.2 Discourse Construction on This welfare is only obtained by those
Damage to Nature who have interests and benefits. On the
The resistance action in the form of other hand, there will be parties who
banners displayed on the side of the road, feel oppression because they cannot take
in the Gendol Sindumartani river area, advantage of the natural wealth that
also raised the issue of environmental exists in Indonesia.
destruction. This issue has prompted There have been many mining
them to unite in fighting against the activities carried out in Indonesia,
sand miners. One of these resistance be it gold mining, coal mining, even
occurred as explained earlier, namely sand. This mining ultimately leads to
the people of Sindumartani who live exploitation of nature because it cannot
around Kali Gendol felt they did not be stopped and human life depends on
get Merapi’s blessing. Even though the the mining. As a result, this mining
blessings are abundant. However, what activity becomes a conflict because it also
they get is environmental damage which leads to policies and regulations on land
has an impact on the economy. use and property rights, to pollution
When examining the issue of and environmental impacts on local
the existence of mining in Indonesia, residents (Resosudarmo et al., 2009: 34-

164 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
35). This has resulted in many mining feel the natural environment around
activities which have met with resistance them is damaged without obtaining
from local residents. Mining activities in economic benefits which is called a form
the area were closed. However, this does of prosperity. This was manifested in the
not mean that mining activities end. The resistance banners they erected on the
miners in the end only move locations to side of the road, precisely on the edge of
continue to exploit this natural wealth the Kali Gendol.
for their economic interests. The existence of this article also
It is realized that the environmental gives rise to illegal miners. Many miners
damage caused by mining cannot be are then mining freely in Kali Gendol.
stopped, especially when the exploitation Without any definite legality, they also
of nature has a legal basis. This is shown claim that the areas they mine belong
by Resosudarmo et al. (2009: 37) to them. So that no other party can
through article 33 number 3 of the mine. They then inevitably have to buy
1945 Constitution which mandates the it. In fact, if we examine it again, the
state constitution to control and exploit sand is a blessing from Merapi that flows
all land, waters and natural resources along the Gendol River. Kali Gendol
for the welfare of the people. When itself, when viewed as a space, is not an
this article is examined more deeply, the individual’s privacy space. Kali Gendol
state itself seems to allow exploitation is a public space that can be owned by
of nature on the basis of the people’s every community. But the miners later
welfare. This prosperity is re-understood considered it an area of privacy. Anyone
as a form of prosperity in the economic who wants to experience this blessing
realm. When the people’s economy is must buy it. Including the Sindumartani
provided with proper clothing, food and residents themselves who are in the Kali
shelter, they will be called prosperous. Gendol area.
Prosperity itself is also not that easy The massive extent of this illegal
to achieve, as happened to the residents mining in the end causes environmental
of Sindumartani. This is inversely problems (Resosudarmo et al., 2009:
proportional to the reality in the Kali 42). This can be seen from the condition
Gendol Sindumartani area, which can of the land there which has resulted in
be a source of sand mining, ultimately landslides, and even threatens the lives
making the residents there feel of the miners themselves. However,
disadvantaged. They did not prosper. But for the residents of Sindumartani, the
what they do get is the negative impact environmental problems that are felt
of the mining that occurs. They must directly by them are related to the threat

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 165

of clean water. With continuous mining, Here in order for humans to survive to
it can inhibit water flowing upstream live, they must be able to conquer nature.
of the Gendol River. Even though the This form of conquest of nature takes
benefits of this water can be felt directly the form of sand mining which is then
by them. When mining continues, water sold to capitalists in order to carry out
flow from above will be obstructed and development. Sand miners can survive
rivers in the Sindumartani area become the economic results of selling the sand.
dry. It is feared that this will also have Capitalists have managed to survive
an impact on the availability of ground with the interests of the development
water (wells) of the residents there. they are running. Here both of them
In addition, with the mining, the exploit nature for their benefit.
agricultural land of the Sindumartani The economy, which is seen as the
residents has decreased. Previously, Kali goal of the prosperity of human life,
Gendol could be used by them to run ultimately builds a rationality that the
agriculture. However, the land has now exploitation or conquest of nature
become damaged due to it becoming in the form of sand mining is a noble
mining land and routes. Previously, the thing. This thinking continues to
agricultural potential in Kali Gendol grow as evidenced by the massive sand
was also considered good, because mining to date. In this case Horkheimer
the water flow was smooth. So that (Sindhunata, 1983: 111) accuses
irrigation is not constrained. In contrast “rational domination” as a natural
to now where illegal mining continues adaptation for plausible reasons “for
to develop and the government is not the sake of self-preservation”. Human
inclined to regulate it. As a result, local rationales who think that mining is
residents intervened to fight against the necessary for the sake of the individual
mining action which they considered economy results in the destruction of
illegal. nature itself. In this case, humans are
When the sand mining is considered seen as oppressing nature and causing
exploitation of nature, it is also seen here environmental damage. However,
that there is a struggle between humans according to Horkheimer’s view, nature
and nature. Horkheimer (Sindhunata, does not remain silent and also oppresses
1983: 109) explains that human humans who depend on nature.
attitudes toward nature are a form of The form of natural resistance that
survival for self-preservation. This also makes people oppressed in the case
has a connection with humans today of sand mining can be seen from the
who are considered an industrial society. damage to the environment around

166 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Sindumartani. Humans who need water resistance text also appears to have
to live, with the exploitation of these elements of nationalism based on the
sand miners, this has resulted in the visual and verbal modes shown. Such
residents of Sindumartani experiencing as the visual selection of hand grips
water difficulties. Furthermore, the that are always shown when fighting
issue of agricultural land that has been against oppression and resistance to the
previously described is part of natural invaders. Then the choice of grammar
resistance to humans. Initially, the for “HARGA MATI” and “SIAP
people of Sindumartani were able to TEMPUR” was as if they were preparing
get food from the land in Kali Gendol, to fight against the invaders, as in the
but now the land is damaged. The wider post-colonial era. Even in the discourse
oppression of nature against humans is text, there is a discourse on economic
related to human dependence on nature. and environmental damage which have
Here, humans seem unable to live an impact on the lives of Sindumartani
without exploiting nature, in this case residents.
mining sand. This makes them trapped The discourse on environmental
in a circle of mining needs from nature damage also appears quite strong in the
to survive. In fact, in mining, threats resistance banner. The environmental
from nature can also lead to human damage caused by the illegal mining
death. Not a few miners are then buried of sand has an impact on the lives of
in sand due to the landslide dredging. local residents. Those who live on the
slopes are deemed unable to receive
5. CONCLUSSION Merapi’s blessings. They only get a
negative impact from the mining
Based on the discussion that has
activities that continue to be carried
been done, it can be seen that the
out. Mining exploitation is also seen
residents of Sindumartani are trying
as regulated in the 1945 Constitution.
to fight against the sand miners by
However, it allows exploitation for the
building discourse in the banner media.
purpose of community welfare. The
Both the verbal text mode and the
result is not the welfare that is gained
visual text in the banner have a strong
by humankind’s oppression of nature.
connection and relationship in building
Instead, the repression from nature to
the discourse of resistance. Through
humans which is manifested in the form
this media, Sindumartani residents
of potential natural resources felt by the
can fight back and show their ready
people of Sindumartani is starting to
struggle against miners who enter the
disappear, and human dependence to
Sindumartani area. Besides that, this
live only comes from nature.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 167

Acknowledgements Noviani, R. (2018). Wacana Multimodal
Menurut Gunther Kress dan Theo
My gratitude goes to Allah SWT van Leeuwen. In W. Udasmoro
who has given fluency to the fluency in (Ed.), Hamparan Wacana dari
writing this research. I would also like to Praktik Ideologi, Media hingga
thank my parents who have supported Kritik poskolonial (pp. 107–134).
my education and research to date so Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.
that because of their blessing everything Pariawan, K. J., Sila, I. N., & Hardiman.
I have done has gone smoothly. Finally, (2019). Analisis Semiotika Poster
I would like to thank Putri Yuniar Aksi Bali Tolak Reklamasi Karya
Ayuningtiyas who has encouraged me Nobodycorp. Jurnal Pendidikan
to participate in this conference. Seni Rupa Undiksha, 9(2), 77–86.
Resosudarmo, B. P., Resosudarmo, I. A.
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168 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Indonesia’s Counter-Violence Extremism Policy
Against ISIS Propaganda in Social Media
Mario Surya Ramadhan
Centre for Political Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
Social media has become a new way of communicating in the 21st century. It allows
someone to promote ideas to a wide range of audiences, without being limited by
distance and time. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) as an organization with a
political agenda of establishing a caliphate, uses social media as a tool to achieve its
goals. Social media turns out to be a useful tool for ISIS to spread its ideology and
ideas, communicate with members and sympathizers in planning and executing
terror act, and recruitment. One of the counter-violence extremism (CVE) policies
that are often done by the government of Indonesia is to shut down social media
accounts associated with terrorist groups. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the
policy is still a question. This study discusses the effectiveness of CVE policy in
the social media. It uses qualitative explanative method. The study put the strategic
logic of ISIS’s propaganda in social media as theoretical framework and Indonesia’s
CVE policy as a case study. This article argues that closing social media accounts
associated with the ISIS group is not an effective CVE policy in eradicating the
terrorist movement in social media because it does not counter the strategic logic of
ISIS’s propaganda comprehensively.
Keywords: ISIS, social media, strategic logic, counter-violence extremism policy

1. INTRODUCTION CVE policymakers face a new challenge,

the use of the internet, especially social
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) media by terrorist groups. This study
uses social media as a tool to achieve its discusses the effectiveness of Indonesia’s
goals, establishing a global caliphate. CVE policy in social media, namely by
Social media arguably is a useful tool closing social media accounts related to
for ISIS to conduct various actions, the terrorist movement. In analysing
such as spreading its ideology and the effectiveness of the policy, this
ideas, communicating with members or study will look at the strategic logic
sympathizers in planning and executing of ISIS’s propaganda in social media.
terror act, and recruiting new members.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 169

The main argument is closing social essay maps out the use of social media
media accounts associated with the as a propaganda tool by terrorist groups,
ISIS is not an effective CVE policy in especially ISIS, into three aspects:
eradicating terrorist movement because strategic logic, technique and outcome
it does not counter the strategic logic and CVE policy.
of ISIS’s propaganda comprehensively.
In explaining the argument, first, the 2.1. The strategic logic of ISIS
essay begins by discussing the literature propaganda in social media
review related to ISIS propaganda in ISIS propaganda, especially
social media, on the aspects of reason, in social media, is a method, to
implementation, and CVE policy. On support strengthening the three ISIS
that basis, the study builds ISIS’s strategic identities namely ISIS as state entity
logic for the theoretical framework. or government (Cronin 2015, p. 8), as
Secondly, it explains the methodology revolutionary organization at local and
of the study. Thirdly, the study discusses global level (Walt 2015, p.44), and as
the emergence and ideology of ISIS terrorist organization which legitimate
and its propaganda in social media, and violent act.
Indonesia’s CVE policy towards ISIS’s ISIS’s propaganda in social media
propaganda in social media. Fourthly, it has particular strategic logic. Strategic
analyses the effectiveness of Indonesia’s logic becomes the principle element
CVE policies in social media, using that determines ISIS’s narrative and
ISIS’s strategic logic as the analytical propaganda techniques in social
tool. media. This study argues that there
are two primary determinants of the
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ISIS strategic logic, namely the push
determinant and pull determinant.
The discussion on social media
The push determinant of ISIS
and terrorism was triggered by the
propaganda in social media is ISIS
growing use of social media by terrorist
organizational logic itself. Plebani and
groups in different activities, such
Maggiolini (2015, p.28-43) argue that
as dissemination of ideas, member
the key to ISIS’s strategy is to construct
recruitment, communication, planning
perceptions of the enemy as a target of
and coordination of terror activities.
violence, and in-group perception, as
Propaganda is a crucial element of ISIS’s
it sustains the continuity of the ISIS
strategy and organization in realizing its
doctrine, and justify ISIS to conduct
vision of establishing a global Islamic
violent acts. Ingram (2015, p.735-
caliphate (Klausen 2015, p.3). This
736) illustrates a more comprehensive

170 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
portrait of the strategic logic of ISIS’s 64). Also, social media tends to have
information operation, identifying very loose regulation but ensures the
two strategic reasons: perceptual confidentiality of communication, and
factor and pragmatic factor. ISIS one can quickly create accounts with
identity formation is the perceptual anonymous identities and freely spread
factor for the implementation of ISIS ideas, news or communicate on any
information operation. ISIS pursue topic (Lieberman 2017, p 101). ISIS
identity formation through out-group benefits social media as a virtual library
and in-group narratives, ISIS as the in- where members or sympathizers can
group, is a solution of crisis situations learn ISIS’s ideas, terror act and bomb-
experienced by Muslims due to the making techniques, which can easily
oppression by out-group (Ingram 2015, be found in social media (Lieberman,
p 736). Perceptual factors play a role in p.103).
propaganda by encouraging audiences
to choose their identity and affiliation 2.2. Technique and outcome of
rationally. Pragmatic factor refers to ISIS propaganda
the importance of maintaining the ISIS has a complex communication
security, stability, and sustainability of strategy, and social media is a relatively
ISIS’s territories (Ingram 2015, p.735). new tool in carrying out acts of
To achieve this goal, the narrative used terrorism. The use of social media is
is ISIS has adequate both military only one part of the overall structure of
and political power (Ingram 2015, p ISIS communication strategy. The main
736). Not only that, but ISIS also uses character of ISIS’s communication tactic
narration which shows its humanity is the ISIS brand’s centrality, the use of
side (Winter 2015, p. 23-31). A vital multiplatform and multidimensional
element of the pragmatic factor is the approach, and the linkage between
consistency between action and the narration and action in the field
propaganda narrative being constructed. (Ingram 2014, p.4). There are three
The second component of the alternative views on ISIS’s organizational
strategic logic of ISIS propaganda in communication structure. Ingram
social media is the pull determinant; (2015) and Cohen (2015) identify
social media can maximize ISIS efforts there is a central authority that controls
in realizing its vision. Social media ISIS communication operations.
provides an opportunity for ISIS Meanwhile, West (2016, p.14) argues
to actively initiate communication ISIS’s communication organization
with its target (Weiman 2016, p.45- is decentralized or leaderless. ISIS’s

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 171

communication structure can be seen 2015, p.10-11). Some scholars had
as a network in cyberspace (Berger and discussed CVE policies in Indonesia.
Morgan 2015; Clause 2015). Social Huda (2019) argues that online counter-
media facilitates various ISIS activities, radicalism policy needs to be continued.
including psychological warfare, Sadarusalam and Hassan (2019) state
information dissemination, planning that the National Counter Terrorism
and coordination of action, data theft, Agency (BNPT) has had clear objectives
fundraising, member recruitment, in tackling radicalism in Indonesia by
publication and propaganda, and utilizing offline and online mass media.
networking (Weiman 2004, p.5-10).
3. METHOD
2.3. CVE policy towards ISIS
propaganda in social media This study uses qualitative
explanative method. In explaining the
The movement of ISIS in the
effectiveness of CVE policies in dealing
internet world, especially social media,
with ISIS propaganda on social media,
becomes a new challenge for counter-
this study uses the ISIS strategic logic
terrorism policy in various countries.
as an analytical tool. Indonesia’s CVE
The effectiveness of suspending ISIS-
policy on ISIS propaganda on social
related social media account remains
media serve as the case study. Case
a question and raises debate. Berger
study ca be used in exploring processes,
and Morgan’s analysis (2015, p.55-56)
activities and events (Cresswell 2014)
suggests blocking social media accounts
Data were obtained by collecting
has a real impact by limiting ISIS’s
government and non-government
movement in social media. Meanwhile,
reports, journals, books, and news.
Greenberg (2016, p.168) believes the
policy is ineffective as new accounts
emerge immediately. Some academics 4. RESULT AND
examine other possible CVE policies DISCUSSION
that can be more effective, such as 4.1. ISIS: emergence and ideology
marginalization of ISIS activities in social ISIS emerged as Abu Mus’ab al
media (Cohen 2015, p 54-56), multi- Zarqawi, the leader of the Jamaah Tauhid
faceted policies (Lieberman 2017, p Wal Jihad, transformed his organization
109), CVE marketing approach (Rubel- into al-Qaeda Iraq (AQI) in 2004 and
Thiele and Anibaldi 2016, p. 53), and claimed the al-Qaeda franchise in Iraq
the CVE policy at various levels and the and the Arabian Peninsula (Gerges
involvement of multiple actors (Liang 2016, p.74). In mid-October 2006,

172 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
al-Masri, who became leader after al- believes. Ideology is crucial for ISIS as
Zarqawi was killed in 2005, declared it plays a role as glue to both members
the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).). After and sympathizers (Gerges 2016, p 23).
declaring Daula Islam fi Iraq, on April Salafist-Jihadism is the central ideology
19, 2007, al-Masri announced the adopted by ISIS (Bunzel 2015, p.
creation of a government led by Abu 7-8). ISIS’s ideology is influenced by
Umar al-Baghdadi (Bunzel 2015, p.17). the ideology embraced by Al-Qaeda,
In April 2010, after Abu Ayub al-Masri which combines Wahabism and Salafi-
and Abu Umar al-Baghdadi were killed jihadism. Meanwhile, ISIS, which is the
in Tikrit, Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi took transformation of AQI, has the character
over the command. In April 2013, of Salafi-jihadism and mixes it with
Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi declared the identity politics, namely hyper-Sunni or
expansion of the ISI to become Islamic anti-Shiite ideology (Gerges 2016, p 23-
States of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). This 25). The ideology of jihadism justifies
declaration also marked the merging ISIS to exercise violence and terror acts.
of Jabhah al-Nusrah to ISIL (Friedland
2015, p.10). 4.2. ISIS Indonesia and Indonesia’s
Al-Baghdadi’s announcement of CVE policy in social media
a “Caliphate” on June 29, 2014 (Al As of February 2020, government
Jazeera 2014) and public speech on counted 1,276 ex-ISIS Indonesian
July 4, 2014, indicated ISIS’s move to citizens who lived in camps (CNN
take territorial gains (Strange 2014). Indonesia 2020). The number of
ISIS intended to exploit the religious, Indonesian citizens who had declared
historical, and ideological connotations to join ISIS is more than that. Bachrun
of the word “Caliphate”. “Caliphate” Naim and Bahrumsyah, as ISIS
is not only an entity but as a collective Commanders from Indonesia based
duty of Muslims (Gerges 2016, p.28). in Syria, are key figures connecting
The ISIS character as a country is the global ISIS with its members and
demonstrated by its role as a legitimate sympathizers in Indonesia. Other
government, i.e. forming police force, figures who became the patron of ISIS
issuing identity cards, developing a action in Indonesia include Abu Jandal,
sharia-based legal system, opening a Abu Walid, Aman Abdurrahman, and
day care centre, and managing waste the Santoso group. (Sinaga, Ramelan &
(Arango 2015). Montratama 2017, p. 115-121). Some
ISIS propaganda, including in of the terror acts claimed by ISIS are the
social media, cannot be separated attack in Sarinah Jakarta in 2016, the
from the ideological context that ISIS suicide bombing in Medan, the attack

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 173

in Samarinda, the pan bomb attack in 1500 social media accounts related
Kampung Melayu, etc. (Nainggolan to terrorism and radicalism (Alaidrus
2017). 2019). The government also threatened
There are several differences of ISIS to close social media platforms if they
methods from Al-Qaeda. ISIS used do not block social media accounts
online media to deliver funds. Bahrun spreading radicalism (Haryanto 2017).
Naim was active in spreading terrorism Second, the Indonesian government
through social media (Sinaga, Ramelan spreads multimedia counter-propaganda
& Montratama 2017, p. 110). Online through the Pusat Media Damai/Peace
contents related to terrorism are widely Media Centre (PMD), which was
available, in various languages, and can initiated by BNPT (Sujatmiko 2020).
be accessed by anyone from all over the The government collaborates with
world, on commonly used social media community leaders, religious leaders
such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and youth organizations to initiate
and messaging applications such as offline activities such as campaigns,
WhatsApp and Telegram. In 2019, workshops and seminars. PMD also
90% of 36 terrorist suspects arrested, distributes counter-propaganda in the
were recruited online (CNN Indonesia form of books, bulletin and magazines
2019). Women and adolescents were online.
targeted for recruitment because they
tended to be under suspicion. The youth 4.3. Effectiveness of suspending
is mostly active user of social media. ISIS-related social media
Police officer is now the primary target accounts
of terror act. ISIS network in Indonesia The CVE policy toward ISIS on the
is quite large but there is no central internet by closing social media accounts
figure and structured organization. associated with ISIS or spreading violent
The Indonesian government extremist content is ineffective because
implements two approaches in it is unable to address the strategic logic
countering ISIS social media propaganda. of ISIS’s propaganda in social media
First, President Joko Widodo ordered entirely. There are four reasons to support
the closure of social media accounts the argument, firstly, the policy is partial.
and blocked websites related to ISIS, Referring to the strategic logic of ISIS’s
terrorism or radicalism (Nugroho propaganda in social media used in this
2016). From 2010 to November 2018, essay, this policy only addresses the pull
the government had taken down 500 determinant. Meanwhile, this policy
websites (Setyowati 2018). During does not address the underlying push
2019, the government blocked over determinants behind ISIS propaganda

174 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
in social media. Closing ISIS social media are seen as having a mutually
media account will not affect perceptual beneficial relationship, as mainstream
and pragmatic factors. The effect of media’s rating, viewers or readers
the policy on obstructing ISIS to use increased when they are reporting
social media is still questionable. Some ISIS, at the same time ISIS is getting
research indicates that social media publication (Rafizadeh 2017).
account closure can limit movement and The third reason is the shutting
disrupt the ISIS network in social media down of ISIS social media accounts
(Berger and Morgan 205; Alexander does not reduce ISIS’s capabilities in
2017). However, some argue that the conducting its operation in the field.
shutdown is ineffective in counteracting One of the keys to ISIS’s strategic logic
extremist propaganda in social media propaganda is the correlation between
because ISIS sympathizers account narrative and action on the ground. This
reappears with different account names essay argues if ISIS is still able to show its
(Lieberman 2017, Greenberg 2016). capability in the field then the material to
The second reason that supports make the narrative still exist. Moreover,
the argument is that the policy is too the narratives compiled by ISIS will
technical. The policy does not undermine always have credibility and relevance
the narratives built by ISIS. Account as they correspond to the realities on
suspension does not have any effect on the ground. The narrowness of gap
ISIS’s narratives of in-group and out- between field realities and dispersed
group, ISIS as the solution to the crisis, narration became the key to ISIS’s
and ISIS capabilities and capacities in propaganda effectiveness. Furthermore,
performing government functions. The the policy does not paralyze the ISIS
closure of social media accounts arguably media infrastructure for production.
will limit the spread of the narratives, Supported by reasonably sophisticated
but it should be remembered that social structures, suspending social media
media is only one of the propaganda accounts will only force ISIS media
tools, as ISIS uses multiplatform in its organization to find other ways of
information operation (Ingram 2014, spreading propaganda material.
p.4). Moreover, ISIS still can benefit Finally, shutting down ISIS social
encrypted messaging application to media will be counterproductive
spread of such narratives. In addition, with intelligence efforts. According
the mainstream media corporations to Weimann (2017, p.48), the use of
play a role in spreading the narratives social media by members of terrorist
(Williams 2016). ISIS and mainstream groups raises the risk of their identities,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 175

strategies and action plans known by is unable to widen the gap between the
the government apparatus. In recent narrative of ISIS’s ability to provide
months, ISIS has banned its members security, welfare, and stability with
from using social media to avoid spying realities on the ground. The policy is
(Dearden 2017). The presence of ISIS also counterproductive with intelligence
members in social media makes it efforts that have the opportunity to
easier for government officials to track monitor the movement of ISIS groups
their location and activities. Shutting through spying ISIS social media
down ISIS social media means fewer accounts. In the future, CVE efforts
opportunities to eradicate ISIS power in social media should be able to
physically in the field. In fact, ISIS cover the strategic logic determinants
strength in the field is one of the critical comprehensively. It means that the
elements of strategic logic for ISIS CVE policy should present a counter-
propaganda to be effective. narrative over the narratives built by
ISIS. Not only that, the CVE policy
5. CONCLUSSION must simultaneously be followed up
by field operations to undermine ISIS’s
This essay discussed the effectiveness
capability to make the ISIS propaganda
of shutting down ISIS social media
narrative unreliable and irrelevant.
policy. Indonesia’s counter-violent
extremism policy (CVE) by closing
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180 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
The 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic as an Opportunity
for Reunification in The Korean Peninsula
Nafarani Guswanti and Tundjung Linggarwati
International Relations of Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract :
The research entitled “The 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics as An Opportunities for
Reunification in the Korean Peninsula” compiled based on the holding of the 2018
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics which made South Korea the host country. On
that opportunity, South Korea invited North Korea to participate in the Olympics.
This research was analyzed using the concept of Soft Power Diplomacy by
Joseph Nye and Sport Diplomacy mechanism by Havard Mokleiv Nygard and
Scott Gates. In this 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic, South Korea use their Soft
Power source that combines sports and entertainment events to establish good
relations with other countries, especially North Korea, and creating a different
way of opportunities for reunification in the Korean Peninsula. South Korea’s
efforts in organizing the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics use the Sports Diplomacy
mechanism in the form of Image building, Building a platform for dialogue,
Trust-building, and Reconciliation, integration, and anti-racism. According to
the data, South Korea turned The 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics into a “Peace
Olympic” and interaction in sports events continued to be a discussion of high-
level delegations between South and North Korea.
Keywords: The 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics, Soft Power Diplomacy, Sports
Diplomacy, Reunification, Korean Peninsula.

1. INTRODUCTION independent state, the Soviet Union

with communist ideology controlled
The Korean Peninsula is known as North Korea, and the United States
an area of conflict
​​ between the State with its liberal ideology taking power in
of South Korea and the State of North South Korea.
Korea. The division of South and North The Korean War began in 1950
Korea was caused by the division of and physically ended with a ceasefire
power after World War II after Japan in 1953, but the conflict between the
handed over control of Korean land two countries has not yet been resolved
to the allies. Before standing as an

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 181

and there has been no peace agreement. Peninsula with the initiative of the South
Several times North Korea has provoked and North Korean states themselves
South Korea by testing nuclear weapons after North Korea participated in the
and missiles in the border area. During 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics.
2017, relations between South and
North Korea heated up, but it was 2. RESEARCH METHOD
different at the beginning of 2018.
South Korea was appointed to host the The method used in this research is
2018 Pyeongchang Olympics. descriptive qualitative which emphasizes
North Korean leader Kim Jong data collection in the form of words in
Un in his 2018 New Year speech telling the effect of one phenomenon
declared North Korea’s participation on another. This research is intended
in a series of Olympic events. The to reveal as much data and information
dialogue between South and North as possible about how South Korea
Korean representatives agreed that the seeks to open up opportunities in
two countries would be under one flag the reunification process on the
and join forces in the opening and Korean Peninsula through the 2018
closing parades of the Olympics. The Pyeongchang Olympics. The subject of
dialogue regarding participation in the this research is South Korea, the data
Olympics then opened the discussion source of this research is secondary (data
to discuss other topics, namely the obtained from books, or other literature
High-Level Conference between the such as journals, papers, print media
leaders of the two countries to the such as newspapers and articles that are
possibility of reunification of Korea credible on the internet, government
and denuclearization of the Korean data). The data collection technique
Peninsula. (BBC Indonesia, 2018). is a literature study. The data analysis
This improving relationship technique uses the Analysis Interactive
between South and North Korea Model from Miles and Huberman which
creates opportunities for reunification divides the steps into 4 parts, namely
on the Korean Peninsula. The idea of​​ data collection, data reduction, data
reunification has long been proposed by display, and conclusion. This research
previous South Korean leaders through will be analyzed with the concept of Soft
policies during his reign. This research Power Diplomacy and Sport Diplomacy
will try to discuss the development of Mechanism (Miles dan Huberman,
relations between South and North 2007).
Korea and efforts to reunify the Korean

182 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
3. RESULTS AND On September 21, 2017, President
DISCUSSION Moon Jae In attended the UN General
Assembly in Newyork, and on this
3. 1 Soft Power Diplomacy occasion, President Moon Jae In
Korea (2018 Pyeongchang announced the ‘Pyeongchang Peace
Olympics)
Initiatives’. Where South Korea will
In organizing the 2018 attract North Korea’s participation
Pyeongchang Olympics, South Korea in the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter
combines Soft Power sources, namely Olympics and turn the Olympics into
sports and entertainment events to a peace Olympics. President Moon
establish good relations with countries, Jae In’s statement was realized through
especially North Korea, and create the Ministry of Unification as the
opportunities for reunification on the official government body that openly
Korean Peninsula. South Korea chose invites North Korea to participate in
Soft Power Diplomacy to deal with organizing the Olympics, together with
North Korea because it is following making agenda-setting by turning the
the values ​​in South Korea’s policy of 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics into an
prioritizing peace, in the perspective Olympics that bring peace. In his new
of reunification, South Korea from year’s speech, Kim Jong Un responded
the beginning was more lenient and to South Korea’s invitation and said he
prioritized the pursuit of peaceful would send a delegation and his best
relations. This was also supported by athletes to compete in the Pyeongchang
the South Korean leader who was very Olympics. North Korea’s response
optimistic about the relationship with demonstrates North Korea’s willingness
North Korea. to be free from South Korea’s coercion.
In implementing Soft Power South Korea attracts North Korean
Diplomacy it must be with the awareness attraction with sources of Soft Power
of both parties so that the interests of in the Pyeongchang Olympics, the first
a country can be conveyed properly source is culture. The Pyeongchang
and can create a collaboration. The Olympics itself is a source of culture in
spectrum of behavior is making agenda the form of mass culture or pop culture.
sets sourced from the institution, then In the Olympics, South Korea also
attracting attention (attraction) that displays traditional and modern culture
comes from values, culture, and policies, that builds the identity of the Korean
and then cooperation can be achieved people and can attract North Korea’s
(Nye, 2008). attention. The next source values, values​​

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 183

that South Korea holds, and wants to The first image-building effort
show to the international community was to determine the Olympic mascot.
and North Korea on this occasion is South Korea incorporates Korean
peace which is then highly reflected in traditional beliefs and culture to build
government policymaking. The third an image of peace and unity through
source is policies (policies) in this context, the Mascots for the 2018 Pyeongchang
namely foreign policies or policies Olympics, Hoorangi, and Bandabi.
related to and attracting the attention of In its philosophy of belief which is
North Korea that reflect peace, namely symbolized by the Olympic mascot,
through the ‘Pyeongchang Peace South Korea uses the traditional beliefs
Initiatives’. The 2018 Pyeongchang of the Korean Peninsula which includes
Olympics as a source of Soft Power and the two Koreas. South Korea wants to
South Korea’s Soft Power Diplomacy show that South Korea and North Korea
media by making it a momentum to have the same culture and ancestral
work with North Korea in creating an beliefs because of the same history, also
activity agenda and attracting North South Korea wants to build a peaceful
Korean participation without coercion and friendly image towards North Korea
from South Korea, to further achieve and is always open to working together
reconciliation of conflicts on the Korean and forging better relations with Korea
Peninsula and open up opportunities North.
for reunification (Nye, 2004). The second image-building effort
is to make South and North Korea
3. 2 Sports Diplomacy in the 2018 into a contingent and hold a joint flag
Pyeongchang Olympics parade under the united Korean flag at
3.2.1 Image Building the Opening Ceremony and Closing
Ceremony. Flag with the emblem of the
The first mechanism is to build
Korean Peninsula without demarcation
the country’s image during the 2018
lines. Togetherness between North
Pyeongchang Olympics. South Korea,
and South Korea builds the image of
which hosted the Olympics, of course,
a safe and peaceful Korean Peninsula
received the attention of the international
and builds an image of good relations
community. How the event is held will
between South and North.
determine the assessment and views of
The efforts to build South Korea’s
the international community in South
image in the Olympics are also aimed
Korea. In organizing this Olympics,
at the international community, South
South Korea wants to build an image of
Korea wants to show that it is a country
peace on the Korean Peninsula.

184 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
that supports the peace of the Korean President of South Korea, and agreed to
Peninsula by integrating culture in a hold a meeting again (KBS, 2018).
series of international sports events. Following up on the meeting
The South Korean culture that is at the Olympics, South Korea sent
displayed attracts attention and adds representatives to dialogue with North
to the enthusiasm of the international Korea several times and resulted in
community to participate in watching an agreement to hold the Inter Korea
the series of Olympics, which later the Summit on April 27, 2018. The 2018
moment of unity between South Korea Pyeongchang Olympics succeeded in
and North Korea in this event can also building a dialogue platform between
attract the world’s attention as a rare South and North Korea to improve and
historic moment. normalize relations between the two
countries. North Korea’s cooperation and
3.2.2 Building a Platform for participation in international sporting
Dialogue events then opened up other discussions
regarding the security, politics, and
Organizing international events
peace of the Korean Peninsula, which
involves various countries and provides
culminated in the Inter Korea Summit
opportunities for countries to meet
on April 27, 2018.
and have a dialogue. The dialogue
between countries on this occasion was
the beginning of the normalization of 3.2.3 Trust-Building
conflicting state political relations. Its Sports can be used to build trust
success depends on how the country which then creates peace together. The
makes the best use of this moment. peace that is realized from interactions
A high-level delegation from North between individuals from different
Korea, Kim Yo Jung, deputy director communities in a sporting event. This
of the Central Committee of the Labor interaction builds trust between the
Party who is also the younger sister countries involved and the trust of
of the President of North Korea, was the international community, how the
sent to attend the opening ceremony international community believes in
of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics interactions, and about a country, after
on February 9, 2018. Along with this the sporting event ends. South Korea’s
occasion, the North Korean delegation building of trust through the 2018
met with the Korean President. South Pyeongchang Winter Olympics can
for discussion, delivered a letter from be seen with South Korea’s efforts to
the President of North Korea to the invite North Korea to participate. The

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 185

involvement of high-level delegates and Jong Un met at the Inter-Korean Peace
North Korean athletes in the Olympics Hall, Panmunjom, South Korea on
can build trust in the Olympics as an April 27, 2018. The meeting resulted in
Olympics of peace. an agreement between the two parties
Trust can be built due to more for reconciliation and a formal peace
intense interactions. The intense agreement. then called the Panmunjom
interaction was when South and North Agreement. The agreement ended the
Korea combined their athletes into state of conflict and created a peaceful
a “Korean” team in a Women’s Ice regional condition. North Korea’s
Hockey competition. In this match participation in the 2018 Pyeongchang
together, it means that not only North Winter Olympics is a testament to the
Korea has cultivated its trust, but the peace efforts.
international community has also
gained trust. The trust built in the 2018 4. CONCLUSION
Pyeongchang Olympics can further
South Korea uses the 2018
normalize relations and peace. The
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics as
trust that is formed in the international
momentum to regain good relations and
community will change the viewpoint
end the conflict with North Korea and
of the Korean Peninsula and recognize
foster peace on the Korean Peninsula.
the determination of the two Koreas
The peace that grows on the Korean
to end the conflict and create a stable
Peninsula is an opportunity for the
political environment (KCCI, 2018).
reunification of the two countries. South
Korea took advantage of this momentum
3.2.4 Reconciliation, Integration, and because this effort was a different effort
Anti-racism from government policies in opening
Sports are used to build peace reunification that was previously owned
through reconciliation, integration, and by South Korea. Sports events can create
anti-racism. The 2018 Pyeongchang positive interaction and togetherness
Winter Olympics succeeded in creating between South and North Korea and
interactions between South and North reduce tension between the two.
Korea and dialogues between the two South Korea in realizing its policies
countries so that the culmination was uses the efforts of the Sports Diplomacy
agreed to be the Inter Korea Summit Mechanism which includes image
(Summit) between South and North building, building a dialogue platform,
Korea. South Korean President Moon building trust, and finally reconciliation,
Jae In and North Korean President Kim anti-racism, and integration. The Sports

186 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Diplomacy mechanism is deemed Dadan Suryadipura. Yogyakarta:
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Opening and Closing Ceremonies to

188 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
The Impact of Korea’s New Southern Policy on The
Political Economy Cooperation Between Indonesia
and South Korea

Novi Kartika Nurlaili and Tundjung Linggarwati

International Relations of Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
South Korea is an East Asian country located on the Korean Peninsula. South
Korea is one of the developed countries with a GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
income of USD 1.693 billion in 2018. With a relatively high GDP, this makes
South Korea considered to have influence in the Asian region, including Southeast
Asia. One of South Korea’s influences in Southeast Asia is the New Southern Policy
inaugurated by South Korean President Moon Jae-In in 2017. The New Southern
Policy is a policy that leads to cooperation between South Korea and Southeast
Asian countries (ASEAN) and India. New Southern Policy in Moon Jae-In’s
government shows that South Korea needs to strengthen ties with neighboring
countries, especially the Indo-Pacific region, including Indonesia. This policy has
an impact on the cooperation between Indonesia and South Korea, especially in
the economic and political fields. This makes Indonesia South Korea’s main partner
in implementing the New Southern Policy. With the New Southern Policy, it is
believed that the relationship between the two countries will be closer considering
that the two countries will continue to improve, given the met needs of each other
and the uncertain global situation.
Keywords: Indonesia, New Southern Policy, South Korea

1 INTRODUCTION policy is a form of reducing South

Korea’s dependence on the United States,
The New Southern Policy, better China, Japan, and Russia. Besides, this
known as the New South Policy, is policy is also a form of protecting the
a policy that leads to South Korea’s South Korean economy from the impact
cooperation with Southeast Asian of a trade war between the United States
Countries (ASEAN) and India. This and China (Budiartie, 2018).

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 189

 According to South Korea’s Ministry two countries have. In addition to
of Foreign Affairs, the New Southern the process of economic and political
Policy aims to strengthen cross- progress of the two countries, it opens up
economic, strategic, and social ties. At the opportunities for cooperation between
19th Korea-ASEAN Summit, President the two countries in various sectors that
Moon Jae-in announced that one of the are increasingly wide open. Besides,
cores of South Korea’s diplomatic policy Indonesia and South Korea also actively
is to deepen cooperation with Southeast support each other in various forums
Asia and India (Easley, 2018: 2). - regional and international forums
South Korea’s New Southern Policy such as candidacies for international
was marked by President Moon Jae-in’s organizations (Kementerian Luar Negeri
first visit to Southeast Asia by visiting Indonesia, n.d).
Indonesia on November 8 to 10, 2017.
During the visit, the leaders of the 2 FRAMEWORK
two countries reached an agreement to
2.1 Interdependence
improve the bilateral relations of the
Interdependence or known as
two countries with the status of “Special
interdependence is one of the traits that
Strategic Partnership” (Kementerian
can describe the relationship between
Luar Negeri Indonesia, n.d). The status
countries and the international system
of the “Special Strategic Partnership”
at this time. Interdependence is a
is a special strategic partnership in the
derivative of the perspective of liberalism
hope that the two countries can jointly
found in the study of International
contribute to peace, security, and
Relations. Interdependent liberalism has
prosperity in the region and the world.
the assumption that modernization will
With the special strategic partnership,
increase the level of interdependency
it is hoped that the two countries will
between countries. Transnational actors
continue to cooperate more tangily in
are becoming increasingly important,
various areas including infrastructure
military power is an instrument that
development to realize the welfare of the
is not absolute and prosperity is the
two countries (Kedutaan Besar Republik
dominant goal of the state. Complex
Korea untuk Republik Indonesia, 2017).
interdependence will create a much
The relationship and cooperation
more cooperative world of international
between Indonesia and South Korea
relations (Perwita & Yani, 2005: 78).
are very close because it is supported
An important theme in
by the complementary nature of the
interdependence is the belief in
resources and the advantages that the
free trade. Free trade has economic

190 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
benefits because it allows each country 3 RESEARCH METHOD
to specialize in producing potential
goods and services for them. However, The methodology used in the study
free trade also draws countries into a “The Impact of Korea’s New Southern
network of economic interdependence Policy on the Political Economy
which means that the material costs of Cooperation between Indonesia and
international conflicts are so great that South Korea “ uses a qualitative method
war is something to avoid (Heywood, that is descriptive-explanative. This type
2017: 115). is a study that describes and explains
research (Gulo, 2000).
2.2 International Cooperation This research in its collection data
International cooperation is a series uses existing past research and also uses
of relations between countries on behalf secondary data such as papers, journals,
of its citizens to meet the needs of its papers, books, data from the internet
citizens and the national interests of their and so on that will be incorporated into
country. International cooperation can the bibliography (Sarwono, 2006: 123).
be bilateral, regional, and multilateral In the paper “The Impact of Korea’s
cooperation to address ongoing issues or New Southern Policy on the Political
emerge issues. Cooperation can be done Economy Cooperation between
with the negotiations conducted by the Indonesia and South Korea”, the level
country concerned. of analysis used to analyze the country
International cooperation in level.
general arises due to the international
life covering various fields such as 4 RESULTS AND
economics, politics, socio-cultural, DISCUSSION
ideology, and so on. The main issue of the The President of the Republic of
concept of cooperation is the fulfillment Korea, Moon Jae-in announced in
of personal needs, where the beneficial November 2017 a new policy aimed at
outcomes of both parties will be obtained improving relations with Southeast Asian
through cooperation rather than trying countries, as North Asian economies
to fulfill their interests by trying alone. seek to minimize their dependence on
Therefore, continuous interaction, the China and the United States. The policy
development of communication, and is known as the New Southern Policy
transportation between countries can which aims to better connect South
facilitate communication to achieve the Korea with the Association of Southeast
objectives of cooperation. (Dougherty Asian Nations (ASEAN) and expand
& Pfaltzgraff, 1997:419-420).

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 191

the influence of Asia’s fourth largest and the new southern region based on
economy in the region (Whiteside, a balanced form of diplomacy (Kwak,
2017). 2018: 2).
New Southern Policy focuses The New Southern Policy
on the so-called “3P Community”. established by President Moon Jae-
3P Community stands for People, In strongly prioritizes the values
Prosperity, and Peace community. and principles of cooperation and
People-centered values are governed by peace. This is demonstrated by the
the ASEAN Constitution and the basic commitment of the two countries to
principles embraced by the current creating regional peace. One of them is
government, emphasizing that “society that Indonesia supports the creation of
is the main one”, this is in line with the peace on the Korean Peninsula. This was
New Southern Policy’s policy of pursuing demonstrated by the formation of a joint
a “people-centered community”. Also, contingent of South and North Koreans
to build a prosperous society, the South at the 2018 Asian Games held in Jakarta
Korean Government seeks opportunities and Palembang (Aditya, 2018).
with greater regional trade and shared Indonesia is an important partner for
prosperity through revised agreements South Korea. This was conveyed directly
in the Free Trade Area of Asia Pacific and by South Korean Foreign Minister Kang
ASEAN (FTAAP) and comprehensive Kyung-wha. Kang Kyung-wha also
Economic Partnership Agreement stated that Indonesia is at the center of
(CEPA) (Kwak, 2018: 2). the New Southern Policy. Not only is it
The New Southern Policy also aims central to the New Southern Policy, but
to expand the scope of cooperation in Minister Kang Kyung-Wha also stated
the new region and at the same time to that Indonesia is an absolute partner for
maintain its relationship with the United South Korea (Pramudyani, 2019).
States and China. This is done by South Indonesia and South Korea’s
Korea so that its foreign economic policy relations have improved since an
can maximize profits by diversifying agreement to improve the bilateral
its trading structure. Therefore, the relations of the two countries from
vision of the New Southern Policy can the level of “strategic partnership” to
be summarized as a strategic foreign a “special strategic partnership” in
policy that pursues practical interests November 2017, Indonesia–South
in addition to its four traditional major Korea’s total trade in 2018 continued
diplomatic partner countries such as the to increase by US$ 18.57 billion or up
United States, China, Japan, and Russia 12.58% from the previous period. The

192 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
composition of the bilateral trade value of investment commitments between the
the two countries consists of Indonesia’s private sectors of Indonesia and South
exports to South Korea amounting to Korea, as well as a memorandum of
US$ 10.35 billion, Indonesia’s imports understanding between BKPM and
from South Korea amounting to US$ Hyundai Motor Company. There are
8.22 billion, with a trade surplus of US$ 15 memorandums of understanding
2.13 billion for Indonesia (Kementerian and 6 investment commitments (Badan
Luar Negeri Indonesia, n.d). Koordinasi Penanaman Modal, n.d).
Quoted from the website of the In November 2019, Indonesian
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the President Joko Widodo visited
Republic of Indonesia, the value of Busan to attend the ASEAN-ROK
South Korean and Indonesian non- Commemorative Summit 2019. In
oil and gas trade in the period January the meeting, Indonesia and South
to November reached US$ 15.18 Korea agreed to several co-operations,
billion. This was an increase of 9.40% one of which is related to investment.
compared to the previous year. The Some of the investments coming into
trade value in this period is a surplus Indonesia are an investment from
from the Indonesian side with a value of Hyundai Motor worth US$ 1.5 Billion
US$ 2.13 billion. The trade value of the and the Government of Indonesia is also
two countries consists of South Korea’s encouraging the realization of investment
exports to Indonesia of US$ 8.21 billion from LG Chem engaged in the lithium
and imports of US$ 10.34 billion battery industry and LG International
(Kementerian Luar Negeri Indonesia, which is planned to invest in the field
n.d). of food and beverage and internet of
Then, in the field of investment, things (IoT) engaged in information
the two countries agreed on a and technology (Mahardika, 2019).
memorandum of understanding with a In 2020, Indonesia and South
potential investment of US$ 6.2 billion Korea’s relationship with the New
(Office of the President’s Staff of the Southern Policy continue amid the
Republic of Indonesia, 2018). Quoted pandemic situation around the world.
from the Press Release of the Capital This was confirmed by South Korea’s
Investment Coordinating Board or Ambassador to ASEAN, Lim Sung
Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal Nam, where he said that society is the
(BKPM), President Joko Widodo’s visit most important aspect of the New
to South Korea in 2018 resulted in 15 Southern Policy, where everyone is
MoUs and six 32 business to business currently suffering from the Covid-19
pandemic (Suswanti, 2020).

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 193

 Considering Indonesia as a key cooperation with South Korea. In
partner in South Korea’s New Southern the trade sector, Indonesia and South
Policy and the close bilateral relationship Korea increased trade in 2018 by
between the two countries. South Korea US$ 18.57 Billion or up by 12.58%.
assists in handling the COVID-19 In the investment sector, the two
pandemic by prioritizing Indonesia as countries produced a memorandum of
the country to export equipment needed understanding of US$ 6.2 Billion in
to control the COVID-19 pandemic 2018. And the last sector is the political
(Kurnia, 2020). sector, both countries are committed
to creating regional peace. Indonesia
5. CONCLUSSION supports the creation of peace on the
Korean Peninsula, as Indonesia has
The New Southern Policy, better
diplomatic relations with North Korea.
known as the New South Policy, is
In 2020, Indonesia’s relationship
a policy that leads to South Korea’s
with South Korea under the New
cooperation with Southeast Asian
Southern Policy continues by focusing
Countries (ASEAN) and India, except
the public as the most important
Indonesia. South Korea’s New Southern
aspect in the handling the COVID-19
Policy has had an impact on improving
pandemic and making Indonesia a top
political-economic cooperation between
priority in the export of the COVID-19
Indonesia and South Korea. The impact
test equipment.
of the implementation of the New
Southern Policy in Indonesia is to
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196 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Indonesia and IORA: Middle Power Strategy in the
Disruptive Era
Raden Ajeng Rizka Fiani Prabaningtyas1 and Hayati Nufus2
1
Centre for Political Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),Jl. Gatot Subroto X, Jakarta,
Indonesia
2
Centre for Political Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),Jl. Gatot Subroto X, Jakarta,
Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Indonesia is facing challenges from the geopolitical disruption in the Indo-Pacific
region. To secure its national interests in the Indo-Pacific, Indonesia can exercise
its leadership through the existing multilateral mechanism. Indian Ocean Rim
Association (IORA) is the only regional multilateral architecture in the Indian
Ocean region. Indonesia has been involved actively in IORA, especially during its
leadership in 2015-2017. This involvement can be seen as part of Indonesia’s strategy
as a middle power in the Indo-Pacific. However, this Association has not met its full
potential yet, mostly due to its lack of institutional building. This article seeks to
examine the extent to which IORA can support Indonesia’s middle power strategy
in the Indo-Pacific. This study mainly uses qualitative data analysis drawn from
primary and secondary sources that have been gathered from various resources. It
argues that although IORA has institutional problems, IORA remains a substantive
regional forum in the Indian Ocean region that can support Indonesia’s position as
a middle power. From the perspective of institutional design, IORA has developed
a suitable institutional mechanism despite the lack of political will to advance its
performance. Therefore, IORA has the modalities to support Indonesia’s middle
power’s strategy in the Indo-Pacific region. The support is manifested in economic,
political, and normative dimensions.
Keywords: Indonesia, middle power, IORA, institutional design, Indo-Pacific

1 INTRODUCTION “reconceptualise Asian regional space”

(Beeson and Wilson, 2018) leads to the
The emergence of Indo-Pacific questions of how states will conduct their
as a regional construct has brought relations based on respective national
a certain extent of challenges amid interests in the newly-recognised space
global uncertainty. The efforts to

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 197

and shape the dynamics of the Indo- of which the synergy among existing
Pacific regional process. institutions to support the Indo-Pacific
As a geopolitical construct, the Indo- regional system.
Pacific expands the strategic scope of Being long-neglected, the Indian
established Asia Pacific by incorporating Ocean region has recently become an
the Indian Ocean region into its more integrated part of Indonesia’s national
extensive oceanic imagery. As Doyle priorities. Most literature relates this
(2018) precisely points out, the Indo- shifting attention with Indonesia’s
Pacific conveys the rising significance of maritime vision under the Jokowi’s
the Indian Ocean region in the global administration (Prasetyo, 2016; Putri,
scene. Therefore, the discussion about 2018; Setiyanto, 2015). Laksmana
the Indo-Pacific region’s management (2011) argues that Indonesia’s
cannot be separated from examining geopolitical architecture can better
the development of existing regional explain the Indian Ocean’s growing
mechanisms in the Asia Pacific and the significance within Indonesia’s
Indian Ocean regions national interests as it can unfold three
While there are many established significant concerns relating to the
multilateral institutions within the region: terrorism, great power politics,
scope of Asia Pacific, the Indian Ocean and maritime security.
Rim Association (IORA) is the only This article seeks to examine the
economic regional cooperation in the extent to which IORA can support
Indian Ocean region. It involves almost Indonesia’s middle power strategy in
all littoral states in the Indian Ocean rim the Indo-Pacific. This paper begins by
and engages with great powers such as discussing IORA and its institutional
the United States (US), China, France, mechanism and positioning this paper
and The United Kingdom (UK) as its within the discourse of Indonesia’s
dialogue partners. IORA is expected to middle power strategy in the Indo-
uphold its main economic objectives Pacific. It argued that although IORA
to “promote the sustained growth and has institutional problems, IORA
balanced development of the region remains a substantive regional forum
and of the Member States” (IORA in the Indian Ocean region that can
Secretariat, 2018), but at the same time, support Indonesia’s position as a middle
it gains political significance due to the power. In fact, IORA has developed a
central position of the Indian Ocean in suitable institutional design despite
the two-oceans, Indo-Pacific construct, the lack of political will to advance the
and the need to exercise the extent institution’s performance. Therefore,

198 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
IORA has the modalities to support (2019) argues that the three most potent
Indonesia’s foreign policy as a middle Indo-Pacific middle powers (Australia,
power in the Indo-Pacific region. Indonesia, and South Korea) have
the potentials to assert their influence
2 LITERATURE REVIEW and position in the global order by
strategically developing communities
Some scholars have engaged
of practice. This strategy works in a
with the discussion about Indonesia’s
multilateral setting, which reiterates the
involvement in the Indo-Pacific through
limitation of middle powers in relying
the existing institutions. Anwar (2020)
on themselves to pursue a significant
and Weatherbee (2019) propose a
status or position in the global scene.
similar idea on Indonesia’s leading role
The preference for a multilateral
in constructing the Indo-Pacific within
approach is closely related to the
the ASEAN framework by proposing
concept of “Middlepowermanship,” a
ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific
middle power’s characteristic seen from
(AOIP). Anwar (2020) argues that
a liberal perspective (Wilkins 2019).
Indonesia’s position in the Indo-Pacific
It is identified by states’ behaviours in
revolves around its revitalised ASEAN-
conducting diplomatic practices that
centred foreign policy. Weatherbee
adhere to the common values of rule-
(2019) sees this as the Indonesian
based order (such as multilateralism,
government’s way to earn ‘symbolic
good international citizenship, etc.)
credibility’ regarding its ambition to
while maintaining a certain degree
become a Global Maritime Fulcrum.
of autonomy from great powers’
Nevertheless, both articles focus more
influence. Some scholars (Hidayatullah,
on Indonesia’s activism in the Asia-
2017; Thies and Sari, 2018) explain
Pacific-setting regional institution,
Indonesia’s status in the international
namely ASEAN, that remains to be
system by examining its middle power’s
the first pillar in Indonesia’s foreign
role. Hidayatullah (2017) classifies three
policy concentric circle. The discussion
roles of middle powers based on their
that links Indonesia and India Ocean’s
activism in regional and multilateral
regional institution in the context of
institutions (enforcer, assembler, and
Indo-Pacific is still understudied.
advocator), whereby Indonesia initially
To discuss IORA in Indonesia’s
acted as an Assembler but gradually
middle power discourse, this article
transformed into an Advocator since its
attempts to reconcile the established
activism to promote democratic values.
perspectives in identifying Indonesia’s
In a different sense, Thies and Sari’s use
role as a middle power. Swielande

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 199

of role theory see Indonesia’s middle official website serve as essential sources.
power as a socially recognised status The secondary data were derived
based on its three auxiliary roles: “being from a literature review or academic
a good international citizen, a supporter material that provides background on
of multilateralism and a supporter of the IORA institutional development and
existing international order” (Thies and its role and potentials in supporting
Sari, 2018, p. 414). Indonesia’s middle power strategy in
While there is a lot of research relating the Indo-Pacific. Some material is also
to IORA’s progress issue as regional drawn from various sources such as
cooperation, a comprehensive discussion major newspapers and magazines, both
about the factor of institutional design in Indonesian and English. This study
remains limited. Prasetyo (2016) argues tried to get a comprehensive picture
that the development of IORA is still of IORA’s role to support Indonesia’s
slow and underdeveloped, even though middle power strategy in the Indo-
it can become a strong international Pacific through the qualitative approach
organization. Putri (2018) argues and descriptive method.
that Indonesia has contributed to the
development of IORA’s institutional 4 RESULT AND
building by developing IORA Action DISCUSSION
Plan 2017-2021 and initiating IORA
Summit. She also contends that IORA Rational Design of IORA
can engage closely with other regional To examine the IORA institutional
institutions, primarily ASEAN, to mechanism’s development, we adopted
enhance its institutional capacity. the rational design of international
However, Prasetyo and Putri do not institutions as an analytical framework
analyse specific features within IORA’s (Koremenos et al., 2004). According to
institutional design that can bring this theory, international institutions
out potential modalities and critical are explicitly designed by actors to solve
challenges for Indonesia. cooperation problems in particular
areas. Koremenos et al. (2004) identified
3 METHOD five main institutional design features:
This study mainly uses qualitative membership, scope, centralization,
data analysis drawn from primary and flexibility, and control.
secondary sources gathered from a IORA, initially the Indian
variety of resources. Official publications Ocean Rim Association for Regional
and documents derived from IORA Cooperation (IOC-ARC), was

200 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
established in 1997 as a regional and disaster risk management in its
organization to foster cooperation cooperation. Expanding IORA’s scope
among rim countries in the Indian could be seen as a mechanism to cope
Ocean. IORA commits to the principle with uncertainty in the region. The
of open membership. All sovereign states inclusion of the “non-economic” area
in the Indian Ocean Rim are welcomed reflected that there are also growing
to join as IORA members (IORA concerns over regional security in the
Charter, 2018). The membership Indian Ocean region. The broadening
of IORA has kept growing since its of IORA’s priorities to include maritime
establishment. Until 2020, IORA security and safety issues also indicated
consist of 22 member states (Australia, that the region not only holds significant
Bangladesh, Comoros, India, Indonesia, economic value but, more importantly,
Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, the region needs a stable and secure
Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, environment to support its dynamic
Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, economic activities.
South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, On the other hand, the broader scope
Thailand, United Arab Emirates, and of cooperation in IORA is also related to
Yemen). The growing membership of heterogeneity among this Association’s
IORA could be seen as the increasing actors. As the number of IORA
of IORA strategic importance. Besides, members increased, the heterogeneity of
IORA also has 10 Dialogue Partners, interests within the Association is also
which consist of China, Egypt, France, increased. When one actor values issue
Germany, Italy, Japan, Republic of X more than issue Y, and the other ranks
Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, them the opposite way, both can be
and the United States of America. made better off by exchange and linking
In terms of scope of cooperation, the issues (Sebenius, 1983; Koremenos
IORA covered broader issues than the et al., 2004). In the context of IORA,
initial period of its establishment. IORA island nations like Seychelles, Comoros,
was established with the objectives of Mauritius, and Sri Lanka, consider
economic cooperation. Its activities focus climate change and environmental issues
on trade facilitation, promotion and as an important area of cooperation
liberalization of trade, and investment other than the economy, whereas well-
promotion. Since 2011, IORA include developed member countries such as
issues beyond economic sector, such as Australia, India, and South Africa pay
maritime safety and security, academic, more consideration to the security
science and technology cooperation, issues. Through the broadening area

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 201

of cooperation to include maritime which is more flexible and less decisive
security and disaster risk management in its cooperative engagement (Muni,
and research cooperation, IORA could 2005). These characteristics are reflected
facilitate cooperation and generate in IORA’s design of control and flexibility.
more opportunities to reach mutually Koremenos et al. define control as
beneficial arrangements among how collective decisions are made in
members. the institutions and flexibility as how
A large number of actors within will institutions’ rules and procedures
IORA also tend to increase bargaining accommodate new circumstances.
and transactional cost in the institution. IORA build its cooperation based
To overcome this problem, IORA prefers on consensus and without laws and
to develop a centralized institution by binding contracts. These characteristics
setting up an IORA secretariat that helps indicate that IORA has less control and
the institution promote centralized more flexible institutional design. The
information sharing and monitoring preference for this design is to reduce
mechanisms. According to the Charter, the distributional problems which are
the Secretary-General is appointed rising with the increase of heterogeneity
by the Council of Foreign Ministers among member countries. Since the
(COM). It is responsible for managing, distributional problem depends on
coordinating, service, and monitoring how each actor compares its preferred
the implementation of policy decisions, alternative to other actors’ preferred
work programs, and projects in IORA. choice, it will be more significant
The secretariat is also responsible for when the actors are too heterogeneous.
all IORA meetings, the representation Inequality in the level of economic and
and promotion of the Association, development among members will also
the collation and dissemination of exacerbate the distribution problem.
information, and mobilization of The consensus-based decision-making
resources in IORA. Centralization in process and flexible agreement structures
IORA permits the institution to decrease allow IORA to reduce bargaining costs
transaction costs by supplanting many when distributional problems occur and
bilateral negotiations with a mechanism make IORA more adaptive under the
that allows members to coordinate shadow of uncertainty.
their efforts and assure that they do not From the rational design of
duplicate or work against each other. international institutions perspective,
IORA has characteristics of new IORA has developed a suitable
regionalism in the post-Cold World era, institutional design to effectively

202 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
promote cooperation in the Association. grand vision Global Maritime Fulcrum
The broader scope of cooperation and with the Indo-Pacific construct to
centralized information sharing and analyse the extent to which Indonesia’s
monitoring help IORA overcome grand vision can contribute to the Indo-
the problem of heterogeneity in its Pacific regional stability. Along with the
membership. Simultaneously, less rising awareness of Indonesia’s central
control and more flexible arrangements geographical position at a maritime
allow IORA to cope with distributional crossroads, Indonesia realized its
problems and uncertainty in the strategic absence in the Indian Ocean
cooperation. However, as Prasetyo region so that it attempts to redeem
(2016) argues, there is still a lack of it during its chairmanship of IORA
political will and investment among (2015-2017). If following Emmers and
members to accelerate IORA to become Teo’s (2018, p. 29-47) type of regional
an influential regional institution. IORA strategies for middle powers in managing
is still not considered a priority by some the regional environment, this focus
member countries. This is reflected by on the maritime issue can be seen as
the low frequency of meetings and the Indonesia’s attempt to adopt functional
one-off summit in 2017 as initiated strategy by addressing “specific issues
by Indonesia. The summit mechanism and be recognized as leaders—or at least
is also not regulated in the charter yet. key players—in those areas” while at the
The lack of political will and investment same time “requires the middle power to
from member countries will hinder have some form of specialized skills and
the acceleration of IORA’s moves to resources and utilize them effectively.”
overcome the challenges ahead. However, Emmers and Teo are more
convinced to argue that Indonesia is
Indonesia and IORA: Indonesia’s more successful in adopting a normative
middle power strategy in the middle power strategy. The low level
Indo-Pacific of resource capabilities and low-threat
security environments affect Indonesia’s
Despite the diverse political
choice to promote a normative agenda
commitments among IORA member
through multilateralism than functional
countries, Indonesia has the political
cooperation. However, Indonesia’s
will to strengthen its presence in
performance within IORA reflects both
the Association mainly due to the
its attempt to conduct both functional
momentum of Indonesia’s vision to be
and normative strategies. Therefore,
a global maritime fulcrum (GMF) since
the analysis of IORA’s potentials to
2014. Aufiya (2017) connects Indonesia’s

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 203

bolster Indonesia’s performance in group, aims to “produce a concrete
the Indo-Pacific will be informed by program in support of post-pandemic
how Indonesia creatively undertakes economic recovery, specifically
normative and functional strategy. There improving the welfare of fishermen,
are three dimensions, namely economic, encouraging marine tourism in the
political, and normative, whereby Indian Ocean, and increasing fisheries
Indonesia’s strategy can benefit from its trade and investment (Embassy of the RI
active involvement in IORA. in Bogota D.C.Republic of Colombia,
IORA can support Indonesia’s 2020).” This shows how IORA’s
middle power strategy in economic institutional design allows a more
sectors by providing access to the market flexible and adaptive mechanism that
intra-region and opening a chance can be responsive to global uncertainty
to cooperate in Indonesia’s economic dynamics. Furthermore, IORA’s initial
priority sector. Indonesia can benefit COVID-19 response is an excellent
from IORA’s broad range of issues that illustration of Indonesia’s functional
mostly relevant to Indonesia’s maritime strategy to address domestic challenges
interests as the spearheads of economic in maritime sectors and secure regional
diplomacy (Setiawan 2015). In facing welfare through a regional cooperative
global economic uncertainty during the mechanism.
COVID-19 pandemic, for example, The political gain from being
Indonesia has actively encouraged IORA actively involved in IORA can be seen
to establish a concrete joint action to from Indonesia’s middle power position,
tackle the negative impacts of pandemic which seeks to manage potential conflicts
under the IORA platform. Indonesia in the Indo-Pacific and challenges
suggests that the organization can from other countries’ power projection
specifically address the difficult situation through the multilateral institution. The
faced by member countries in the great power rivalry between the US and
maritime sectors to accelerate the micro, China has been a dominant narrative
small, and medium enterprises recovery in the Indo-Pacific dynamics. As the
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RI, growing uncertainty emerges from the
2020). As a concrete manifestation adoption of the Indo-Pacific construct,
of its commitment, the Indonesian IORA provides an avenue for Indonesia
government engages with other 8 IORA to continuously engage with influential
countries to establish a new working regional powers like India and Australia
group on fisheries management under and great powers as well as other like-
the IORA mechanism. This working minded member countries through

204 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
the meetings of COM and Committee IORA’s geopolitical importance through
of Senior Officials (CSO). Indonesia’s the normative-ideational construct of
presence in these meetings should be maritime governance (IORA Concord)
directed to reiterate the importance of and the reform of institutional design
economic cooperation to tone down (Putri 2018). Although the IORA’s
the security-heavy of the Indo-Pacific flexible design allows the Association
concept. Because Indonesia tends to to adapt to the uncertainty in the Indo-
choose multilateral engagement and Pacific region, a too loose institution
coalition-building with like-minded can hamper its ability to focus its
countries as their diplomatic strategy, development direction. Therefore,
middle powers are likely to assume a Indonesia’s proposal to develop IORA’s
certain extent of institutional leadership Action Plan is crucial as it serves as a
in organizations to exercise their “force practical guide to managing the side
of mediation” instead of “force of effects of flexibility. This plan ensures
contestation” (Deas 2019). To face IORA can have a more focused direction
the uncertainty, if IORA can have a to develop regional cooperation.
reliable and coordinated voice among While the above analysis
its members and perform well based demonstrates IORA’s potentials in
on its Action Plan, IORA can serve as a supporting Indonesia’s middle power
complementary backing for Indonesia’s strategy, it requires a concerted effort
interests besides ASEAN. This will among member countries in the spirit
balance Indonesia’s regional significance of multilateralism to advance the
posture in the Asia Pacific and the cooperation. There is a momentum
Indian Ocean regions. to elevate IORA’s performance and
The normative investment that function within the context of the Indo-
Indonesia has made in IORA should Pacific regional construct. However, it
also be capitalized to support Indonesia’s is still unclear whether IORA member
middle power status in the Indo-Pacific. states are willing to raise their political
Indonesia has normatively contributed commitments to reform IORA and
to IORA’s institutional building, which make it more capable of tackling
can be seen from Indonesia’s initiative practical challenges.
to conduct IORA’s leader summit and
the endorsement of IORA Concord and 5. CONCLUSION
Action Plan 2017-2021. As Putri (2018)
This article demonstrates how the
points out, these initiatives reflect
development of IORA’s institution
Indonesia’s contribution to bringing out
can benefit Indonesia’s interest as a

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 205

middle power. It should be noted that Journal of International Studies, 6
Indonesia’s involvement in IORA is (2, November): 143-159.
not only to serve the domestic interest Beeson, M. & Wilson, J. (2018). The
in developing maritime vision, but it Indo-Pacific: Reconceptualizing the
also complements Indonesia’s already Asian Regional Space. East Asia 35,
established leverage in the Asia-Pacific 79–84.
through ASEAN. By analyzing the Deas, J. (2019). Too big to fit? Locating
institutional design, it can be argued “rising powers” regarding the
that IORA has a sufficient institutional middle power category. In T.S.D,
foundation that matched its regional Swielande, D., Vandamme, D.,
vision. Indonesia can take advantage Walton and T., Wilkins (Eds.).
of this design to strengthen Indonesia’s Rethinking Middle Powers in the
middle power strategy in the Indo- Asian Century: New Theories, New
Pacific. Case (pp. 85-98). New York:
In addition, in the context of Routledge.
uncertain and changing situations in Doyle, T. (2018). The Rise and Return
the global order, especially with the of the Indo-Pacific: Oceans, Seas
recent COVID-19 global pandemic, and Civilisational Linkages. East
countries should prioritize areas of Asia, 35, 99–115.
interest for conducting a more efficient Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia
and effective foreign policy to support (RI) in Bogota D.C. Republic of
domestic recovery. Based on IORA’s Colombia. (2020, June). Fishermen’s
rising significance, it remains crucial for Welfare and IUU Fishing Become
Indonesia to maintain its presence and Indonesia’s Focus on the IORA
increase its investments in the Indian Forum. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Ocean region as a part of its middle Retrieved from https://kemlu.go.id/
power strategy in the future. bogota/en/news/7332/fishermens-
welfare-and-iuu-fishing-become-
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208 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Xi Jinping’s Effort to Improve China’s Identity
Through Chinese Dream Concept

Reza Desfarika Putri1, Muhammad Yamin2

1
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Bengkulu, Indonesia
2
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract.
Chinese Dream is an idea made by Xi Jinping in his early leadership. Many parties
articulate about Chinese dream, but what is certain is that Chinese dream is an effort
to form China’s image or identity, since Xi desires China to hold important role in
the international world. This is certainly related to China’s past history that it was the
most civilized nation in its era and Xi is also inspired by Mao Zedong’s governance,
so that Xi always respects Mao Zedong’s leadership principles which was be able to
raise China from adversity. This history encourages the formation of Chinese dream
where there are dreams regarding Chinese people’s welfare and prosperity, realization
of global peace, cooperation and development. In its implementation, Xi focuses
on young generation and culture, as these two factors may help realize the Chinese
dream, because the young generation is the successor of the nation and culture is
the guide for the country.Therefore, the research was conducted to examine China’
attempts and Xi Jinping’s measures to realize the Chinese dream.
Keywords : Chinese Dream, Identity, Xi Jinping, Young Generation, Culture

1 INTRODUCTION attended an exhibition with a theme of

the path to awakening on 29 November
In this paper, the author attempts 2012 at the National Museum of China.
to explain President Xi Jinping’s efforts In his speech in the first meeting of the
to improve China’s identity through his 12th national people’s congress of China
concept of Chinese Dream. (Qomara, in Beijing, Xi also explained more of
2015). After assuming the position the concept of Chinese Dream. The
as President in 2012, Xi Jinping meaning of the concept is to realize
immediately promoted his concept. He China’s great awakening and the
introduced it for the first time when he concept does not belong only to China,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 209

but the expected welfare is to be felt The author sees Chinese Dream,
by the whole world since its process is is government effort to raise China’s
performed peacefully (Nufus, 2014). economy and politics and make Chinese
Chinese Dream may become the base people prosperous as well as the world
of ideology of Xi Jinping’s leadership, society. When the objective of China
therefore it is important to understand state is achieved through this concept, it
the meaning of the Chinese Dream in will indirectly improve China’s identity,
order to understand Xi Jinping’s policies and other countries’ perspective of
and government in the future (Wang, China will certainly be better in the
2014). world. Therefore, the author will employ
China Government leaders always the constructivist theory to help analyze
bring concept or slogan to achieve their what efforts have been made by Xi in
objective. In China Government, the improving China’s identity.
previous leaders had usually brought
renewal concepts, almost all generations 2 RESEARCH METHOD
of the leaders used such concept, from
In the discussion, the author tries
Sun Yet-Sen and Chiang Kai Shek.
to see Xi Jinping’s attempt to improve
It is not surprising when Xi Jinping
China’s identity through Chinese
still uses this concept in support of his
Dream. The author used the evidences
leadership. The most important thing in
showing the efforts made by Xi Jinping
a concept is to understand the base and
to achieve the desired identity. Cresswell
context of the concept, thus it may be
explains qualitative method as a type
implemented in China’s foreign politics
of method which finds a result which
and policies (Wang, 2014).
cannot be found using a statistical
In maintaining socialist values
method or measurement way. This
in globalization era and to realize the
method may also be used to find and
Chinese dream, Xi encourages the young
get an understanding of what is hidden
generation as the nation’s successor to
behind phenomena which may be
learn and help to spread of Chinese
difficult to be understood satisfactorily.
culture and not be afraid to dream. The
A qualitative approach is expected
young generation is an important actors
to create an in depth explanation
in realizing social transformation and
of a remark, writing, and behavior
national rejuvenation, so Xi believes
observed of a certain individual,
that the young generation is the hope
group, community or organization in a
of the nation and also culture to be able
discussion studied with a comprehensive
to guide the country to become a better
perspective. Qualitative aims to gain a
country (Xinhua, 2013)

210 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
general understanding of social fact, and depending on what is thought and
this understanding is not determined done by the state, thus anarchy is also
first, but the research must perform an what is made by the state, not material
analysis first and make it the focus of aspect of structure but intersubjective
research (Rahmat, 2009). which influences state’s behavior
and intersubjective structure formed
3 THE CONSTRUCTIVIST by collective meaning. Identity is
THEORY IN ANALYZING important in the international world.
IDENTITY Wendt defines identity as international
actor’s property which produces in state’s
The constructivist theory emphasizes motivation and behavior or special
the importance of state in terms of social attribute, thus identity is important
ideas and discourse. Idea and identity since it is the base of interest and more
owned by an actor will form state’s fundamental (Wendt, 1992).
interest and in process will change the In international relation, Wendt
norms, rules and international system categorizes 4 types of identity. First,
institution. Alexander Wendt makes personal identity, is state’s attribute
two basic principles of constructivism, which can distinguish one state from
(1) structures formed in any association the other, thus the state has a personal
is determined by exchange of ideas identity that is not owned by any other
produced together instead of material country. Second, type identity, is an
power, (2) identity and interest which identity classifying state into a certain
are actor’s objective are built from joint category, and this category depends
ideas instead of nature based. This on the characteristics inherent in the
theory also explains that history has state. Third, Role identity, is an identity
the function of natural change process which views state’s position and role
forming state’s identity and interaction in international relation and regarding
between countries (Katzenstein, 1996). state’s responsibility when faced
Wendt said that international with certain situation. This identity
environment is created from interaction requires intersubjective to know actor’s
process. Likewise in identity, actor’s position. Fourth, corporate identity or
identity is not given but developed and collective identity, is an identity formed
maintained and even changed in an when the actors has similar interest,
interaction. In the international world, thus these actors will perform joint
identity and interest are maintained action. Constructivists see Identity
with practice based on intersubjective, as an attribute inherent in actor, and

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 211

it is fundamental for the meaning of the “American Dream”. The two
actor to surrounding environment. are indeed different from the
Actor’s awareness and understanding of comparative perspective, but the
themselves gives meaning in an action two’s base of thinking is global
(Rosyidin, 2015). development and world peace.
• Chinese Dream is considered a
4 DISCUSSION derivative of the three sources
of belief, as the path of socialist
The Concept of Chinese Dream in
Xi Jinping Era development, socialist theoretical
system and sociopolitical socialist
Xi Jinping starts his leadership
system with Chinese characteristics
by making a concept known as: 中国
(Li, 2015).
梦 zhōngguó mèng (Chinese Dream).
Chinese Dream is not only an
The idea of 中国 梦 zhōngguó mèng
idea, but a combination of two or
(Chinese Dream). There 5 point the
more ideas and emerges as a sole idea
meaning of of this concept :
where there is Chinese politics, Chinese
• Manifesting prosperity. The Chinese
philosophy, Chinese culture, modern
Dream is based on the history of
Chinese people’s interest, including
Chinese rejuvenation. This concept
Chinese history and Chinese people’s
explains that people living today
collective memory, particularly memory
have a good chance of building and
regarding bitter times. We may state that
achieving success with the country.
Chinese Dream is a real representation
• The Chinese Dream is the dream
of previous experience to help social
of Chinese society, which includes
development and transformation, and
various aspects such as better
help China realize its development
education, decent work and income,
objective, national consensus and
social security, improved health,
future prospect, all of which covering
improved housing and a better
economic, political, cultural and social
environment.
sectors (Civilization, 2013).
• This concept is a universal
Concept like this has actually been
concept, because it is not only the
a legacy and used from the end of 19th
Chinese people who want peace,
century, in which the culture and dark
development, cooperation and
history encourage the revolutionists to
beneficial reciprocity, but the whole
use the concept to mobilize political and
world community.
bring China back to its glorious times
• Chinese Dream was inspired by
(Wang, 2014). In the 20th century,

212 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
China suffered destruction as the result depend their dream on the government,
of Western countries’ expansion, The who holds the power, thus the Chinese
Chinese Revolution kept occurring communist party’s position is very
until finally after half a century Mao and important to the people. In addition,
his generation used a collective socialist it awakens the sense of nationalism,
strategy, which was capable of building which is also an objective of the Chinese
and prospering Chinese people and Dream (Ratnasari, 2017).
protecting the national sovereignty. The
short revolution from 1949-1976 was Xi Jinping’s Effort to Realize
the dream of all nations to make a big leap Chinese Dream
in changing their country to betterment. The awakening of China is proofed
In addition, the rapid economic growth by development of one belt, one road,
after Mao period became the source of China changes its diplomacy direction
development power of China and this and foreign politics. China’s success in
was Chinese socialism’s success in its big diplomacy is the result of formation of
basic objective and entire achievement big strategy of China’s new diplomacy
(Li, 2015). which is certainly based on the vision
The formation of the Chinese of Chinese Dream. The awakening
communist party and the establishment idea makes China more confident and
of the People’s Republic of China open to the international world, thus
and the return of regions previously its diplomacy gets more active. This is
occupied by colonial nations are Mao certainly different from Mao Zedong
Zedong’s success, which may be felt by and Deng Xiaoping who tended to be
Chinese people until now and make low profile. China’s active diplomacy
China as a new economic power in conforms to what was delivered by Xi
the world. This is what encourages Xi Jinping in a conference held by the
Jinping to continue Mao’s struggle to Chinese communist party in discussion
return China to its past glory, although on foreign political development on
in his leadership, Mao did not use any 28-29 November 2014 in Beijing. Xi
concept (Nufus, 2014). stated that China’s relation with the
The expected awakening and international communities get closer
welfare emphasize that this dream is than it was previously, and with this Xi
the dream for all Chinese people. The felt that China was in a development
people’s dream in association with the era. Therefore, China must be capable
state’s dream facilitates Xi Jinping’s of adapting to the global development
performance, since the people will in order to maintain or even improve its

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 213

development. Xi reminds the people that Personal Identity Built
in facing global development, China By China Through Young
does not ignore the views and values Generation and Culture
which have been China’s characteristics. The author’s analysis views that
China’s new diplomacy also offers China uses the role of young generation
the cooperation concept of “win-win and culture to build personal identity,
cooperation” in relations with other young generation and culture which are
countries. This concept is implemented an integral asset of a state, and young
on the basis of friendship, sincerity, generation as the successor of state may
mutual benefit and inclusivity and help spread strong culture and culture
upholding law, respecting non- as guidelines for the state to be a strong
intervention principle in other state’s state, thus it is closely related to Chinese
internal affairs, and respecting other Dream. Young generation’s interaction
countries’ choice. Settlement of problem will affect China, how it behaves gives
with other countries in this concept meaning to others, since identity
should prioritize amicable method, and depends on the meaning in actor’s
in any conflict, China will use dialogue interaction process (Rosyidin, 2015).
or consultation (Keqiang, 2014). Young Generation’s Role
In support of the development, Young generation is the appropriate
China establishes an international instrument to help develop a state,
financial institution serving to solve and a state will keep operating when
infrastructure project issue, namely there is young generation who will
the Asian Infrastructure Investment be the successor of the nation. Young
Bank (AIIB). The AIIB establishment is generation has strong will, strong
positively welcomed in ASEAN forum, sense of responsibility and sense of
APEC forum and some bilateral forums, competitiveness, thus Xi encourages
in which AIIB covers transportation, Chinese young generation not to
energy, communication, industry and be afraid to have a dream, work
agriculture. Infrastructure development diligently to gain their dream and help
is an important issue in improvement of state revitalization, all of this is the
economic growth in Asia, considering expectation to realize Chinese Dream.
the financial gap in Asia. Asian countries In his visit to the China Academy of
expect AIIB to develop the economy and Space Technology, Xi stated that he had
integration of Asia through promotion big expectation of the young generation
of investment in infrastructure sector to achieve innovation in science and
(Kemenkeu, 2015). technology, hone their capability and

214 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
skill needed for their career. With this, CYLC will lead all of its members to
Xi asked party committee and the strive for victory, which will determine
government to make a condition which community development for prosperity
might support youth’s career (Xinhua, in all fields, build a modern socialist state
Youth urged to contribute to realization and realize Chinese Dream for national
of ‘Chinese dream’, 2013). rejuvenation. This league will promote
In 2018, Xi as the secretary the core socialist values to the youth,
general of PKC in his meeting with with guidance of revised constitution of
the new leader of central committee CYLC and inserting Xi Jinping’s ideas of
of communist youth league of China socialism with Chinese special attribute
(CYLC) in Beijing stated “a country (Xinhua, 2018). The youth is the
will have a great future, and a nation future of the nation and the world and
will have full hope, when the young closely related to Chinese dream with
generation has strong ideals, capability world’s dream and the Chinese people
and sense of responsibility”. The youth should contribute more to the world
of China must be brave to have a dream, community. Therefore, Xi puts his hope
since the Chinese Dream of national and encourages young generation to
rejuvenation will eventually be realized serve the nation and humanity, not only
through the youth’s efforts. Therefore, struggle for rejuvenation of China but
Xi will reform CYLC and emphasize also work for sustainable development
that CYLC should focus on 3 matters, for a better future of mankind (CGTN,
namely maintaining development and 2019).
social movement successor, connecting Culture’s Role
and spread the base of government party The author sees that the history of
to the young generation and serving Chinese culture makes the best, rich
state’s interest in its entirety. In addition, history and culture for Chinese people,
CYLC should always follow the party, the link between history, culture and
for a strengthened political combination politics has formed and constructs
for the youth and CYLC should have full China’s identity. Mao Zedong and Xi
faith in the theory, system and culture of Jinping are authoritarian figures who
socialism with Chinese special attribute see culture as the means to implement
and uphold the authority of central the saying yiyantang “one voice room”
committee of PKC (Ye, 2018). to intellectuals and Chinese people.
CYLC is a mass youth organization This belief grows after the big revolution
established in 1920 and has 81 million of proletarian culture in 1966 and is
members throughout the country. the turning point of Chinese politics

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 215

and culture. The Chinese Government socialist values. The positive energy idea
sees that cultural revolution is likely to is taken from a British psychologist,
reoccur. Yu Youjun, former governor Richard Wiseman, in which he states
of Shanxi Province and secretary of that there are 3 sets in positive energy,
Ministry of Culture party argues that namely “righteousness, kindness and
“Land for cultural revolution is still beauty”. The interesting thing is there
fertile, especially when the people do is no cultural policy which displays
not in-depth and reasonable knowledge these terms which is shown strikingly
of culture and fact explains that leaders in China. To communicate this positive
greatly influence the people’s cultural energy, based on PKC’s official policy,
and spiritual life. Xi asks artists and litterateurs to
After becoming President and realize China’s awakening for Chinese
secretary general of PKC, Xi campaigns culture to develop and prosper and
that he invites all of Chinese people to may be achieved in 2049. They are
“revive Chinese culture” bound to the encouraged to create excellent works
concept he builds, Chinese dream. The in this era by maintaining its direction
cultural awakening plays a big role in of creativeness and placing people
achieving super-nationalistic objective pursuant to their place. Xi believes that
of the birth of world’s spectacular values the soul of Chinese people is that of
and view of China. Xi Jinping also sees socialist literature and art. This aims at
the link between culture and national strengthening and improving the party’s
power, saying that “the power of a state leadership in literary and art works. Xi
and the people is supported by a strong also pays attention other big cultures
culture. Therefore, the rise of a state and positions Chinese culture China
requires Chinese cultural development as an excellent culture in international
and prosperity. According to the relation (ICS, 2016).
ministry of culture and department of
PKC’s propaganda, culture may be used 5 CONCLUSION
wisely and politically in improvement of
The research conducted by the
the people’s trust in the socialist values
author shows that Chinese dream may
and characteristics of China and PKC
be achieved through the role of young
rules (Lam, 2016).
generation and culture. Through young
The other cultural policy made Xi
generation and culture, China attempts
Jinping is to promote “righteousness,
to build personal identity, which
kindness and beauty” cultures, and these
considers actor as a unique personality
3 focuses are the objective of practicing
which distinguishes one actor from

216 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
the other. The two are interrelated = s&source= we b&cd=&ca
actors in realizing Chinese dream, d=rja&uact =8&ved
young generation ha the role to learn, = 2 a h U K Ew j _ v 5 D E 3 Kv s A h X
understand and spread and maintain bbn0KHSU 0A3g QFjADegQIB
the culture. Culture that has existed hAC&url=https%3A%2F%
from the past and survived until now 2Fwww.icsin.org%2Fuploads%2
is a reliable culture, since a country is F2019%2F 02%2F05
capable of becoming a big country when %2F6650b8e0c 31da7744d796
it has a strong culture. 0f84acbb8 bb.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3
mhornRBCL_7nlXyDDr
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Lam, W. (2016, 11 02). Xi Jinping uses Rosyidin, M. (2015). The Power of
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terkuat-cina-sejak-mao-zedong-
cyXo

218 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Migrant Workers’ Economic and Social
Remittance’s Impact on their Entrepreneurship
Sri Wijayanti, Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Agus Haryanto, Tundjung Linggarwati, Arif
Darmawan, Muhammad Yamin

Abstract.
Economic and social remittance potentially change migrant workers and families’
life depending on how they treat these forms of remittance. This paper aims to
discuss the migrant workers’ use of their economic and social remittance in terms
of their entrepreneurship. By use of economic remittance, we refer to the ways they
manage their income, and social remittance refers particularly to ideas or skills and
social capital brought home by the migrant workers. This research studied four
former migrant workers who have been or who had run small or medium enterprises
after their return to Banyumas, Indonesia. From this research it is found that in
relation to founding new enterprises, economic remittance management and direct
use of skills and social capital were influenced by factors external to migrants. They
are pre-migration planning about income and remittance management as well as
future economy plans, family expectations, and post-migration economic needs and
opportunities. In addition, we paid attention to the prior skills and social capital
that influence the formation of social remittances. From the cases that were studied
through in-depth interview, these factors took place differently and influence the
decision related to running enterprises, when they began doing it, and the kinds of
enterprises they made. This study means to represent cases of transnational families
as well as highlights the urgency of politics of migration to treat migrant workers
not merely as the needed elements of industry, but also as individuals with dignity
whose own development are equally important.
Keywords: migrant workers, economic and social remittance, entrepreneurship

1 INTRODUCTION
Migrant workers’ remittance has has been argued to help the economy in
been studied both in its economic and developing or least developed country
social forms. Remittance is commonly where the migrants are originally from.
understood as money transferred by Indonesian migrant workers had been
migrant workers from the countries they claimed to send back as many as USD
work back home. This transfer of money $2.711 billion in the third quarter of

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 219

2018, with highest host countries were paper acknowledges the opportunities,
Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Hong Kong the economic and social capital as
and Taiwan (Remittance made by well as the decision-making process,
Indonesian migrant workers, 2019). including on not to work overseas and
This money had commonly been used stay to make the business venture. It is
to meet the family daily needs, pay for learned how the pattern of sending back
education, renovate their houses, pay money and the grasp of ideas, behavior
off debts, purchase new properties, and and the maintain contacts as forms
build a new business (Diyantoro, B., & of social capital inspire and influence
Alie, M. M., 2014, h. 322). their decision in founding enterprises.
The social remittance of migrant Shapero (as cited in Bercovitz, Martens
workers refers to the more abstract and Savage, 2013) argue that one’s
forms of modalities that the migrants decision to be an entrepreneur is
brings home for themselves and their influenced by the perceptions shaped
communities, namely ideas, behaviors by their past observations as migrant
and social capital (Levitt, 1998, p. workers on enterprises whether or not
926; Levitt and Lamba-Nieves, 2011). they were involved in the activities.
Indonesian migrant workers social Bercovitz, Martens and Savage
remittances have been studied in a (2013) found that the former migrant
number of works for example by Wulan, workers in Mexico who managed to be
T. R., Kolopaking, L. M., Wahyuni, E. entrepreneurs overcome the obstacles
S., & Abdullah, I. (2009), Rosalinda in capitals, hard and business skills as
(2013) and Wijayanti and Zayzda well as support for their efforts. Another
(2020). These works point out how the study by McCormick and Wahba (2001)
social remittances change or influence shows that former Egyptian migrant
the migrants’ life after the migration. workers have more opportunities in
Another study analyses the impact of entrepreneurship because of the skills
both economic and social remittance by and ideas they absorbed while working
Octaviani (2015). abroad.
This paper is interested in explaining The discussion on the economic
the impact of economic and social and social remittance’s impact on former
remittance with particular focus on the migrant workers’ productive economy
former migrant workers’ productive after their migration could contribute
economy. By paying attention on the to the studies on transnational
former migrant workers’ experience families of migrant workers as well as
in making their own business, this politics of migration. On the one side,

220 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
their experiences as discussed here 2 METHOD
demonstrates the multifaceted life of
transnational families, which to some This research used qualitative
extent are influenced by the common method through in-depth interview
expectations of family and community with a number of former migrant
on economic remittance. This paper workers in Banyumas Regency
captures the ways that these migrant Indonesia. The Banyumas regency
workers manage their income and itself is one of the regions in Indonesia
decide how much to keep for their a which high number of Indonesian
business or future economic planning migrant workers are originally from.
and how much goes to improve daily As of BP2MI data in 2019, Banyumas
and social life at home. Besides, it is also Regency ranked 17 in Indonesia as the
highlighted the unique ways that they origin region of Indonesian migrant
absorb new skills that they deem to be workers. The former migrant workers
useful in the future. In terms of politics being interviewed are selected based on
of migration, this paper attempts to their current economic activities, where
stress the importance of policy makers they run or work at small and medium
and other stakeholders as well as businesses in the similar field to their
employer that while labor international former job or were influenced by their
migration is endorsed to meet industrial experiences while working abroad.
needs, their transnational family should
be treated as equally important. While 3 DISCUSSION
the case studies show that some of the 3.1 The intertwining of economic
migrant workers unintentionally learn and social remittance
new things and manage their income This part identifies from the cases
with considerations, the treatments of the economic and social remittances
migrant workers with dignity and as separately, while the following part
active agency in sustainable development analyses them altogether as factors
needs to be a new norm. There should influencing the returned migrant
be no more people who migrate due workers’ enterprises development. It
to destitution or treated as cheap labor was found that economic remittances
and their self-development need to be have been used both in productive and
supported. non-productive manners. The decision
regarding their income can be traced
back to their planning prior to migration,
their future vision being formulated

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 221

during migration and the circumstances hair treatments, i.e. hair washing and
they face after their return. The social massaging, doing face foundations,
remittances, in terms of ideas and hard shading, and so on. This unexpected
as well as soft skills were developed experience provided her with a necessary
both intentionally and accidentally. skill for running a beauty salon or service
Nevertheless, once developed, they in the future.
greatly influence the future of the The second case study is of Elis
migrant workers being researched. The who developed her skills in clothing
‘intentional’ social remittance acquiring productions. She had worked in
belong to those who work abroad in the a convection in Jakarta before her
resembling field as their former activities migration to Malaysia; therefore,
prior to their migration. In addition to garment works was not entirely new
these, social capitals have also played to her. She worked in the garment
some roles in the development of their industry in Malaysia for 3 years In both
business. When discussing social capitals jobs, she worked in sewing using big
as a form of social remittance, we refer machines. Nonetheless, she claimed to
to those created and built during their have learned more on effective sewing
migration. However, in this paper, social given the more sophisticated tools in
capital that are built at home before and Malaysia and the working condition in
after are also discussed as they influence the garment industry that demanded
the ways that ideas, skills and economic her to work a lot.
remittances are transformed into new The experience of Halim, the third
productive economies at home. former migrant worker, was marked
The story of Supriyati represents by circular migration. He left to work
how social remittance could be obtained abroad immediately after graduated
given the opportunities to learn. She left from high school. Therefore, he did not
Indonesia to work in Taiwan as a domestic necessarily have a working experience.
worker for three years. The training that He had returned to Indonesia and again
she got during pre-departure programs to Malaysia for a couple of times for
all related to the needs of working as 15 years. In those years of working in
a household assistant. Her employer Malaysia, he worked in a number of
in Taiwan was an owner of beauty and sectors, including construction projects,
hair salon. She liked to spend her spare farming, plantations, poultry, and dairy
times in the salon. Due to her interest industry. Therefore, upon his return
and eagerness, she learned from her for good, he was already resourceful in
owner the techniques of make-ups and many areas.

222 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The last respondent was Sugeng been more skilled and experienced, she
who worked as construction worker in gained more trust from the society in
Malaysia for 2 years. He also worked in her village. For example, her proposal of
construction projects in Jakarta before a sewing training program for women to
migrating. He was already a supervisor the village government was immediately
yet he still wanted to go to Malaysia for accepted. She then encouraged the
more experiences. The differences of villagers to join the program in which
working in construction in Indonesia they followed her lead. As for Halim,
and Malaysia, he claimed, was that in terms of soft skill, he developed a
construction works in Malaysia utilized number of qualities of a businessman,
more tools, while construction works in Halim was sharp in identifying business
Indonesia were more manually based. opportunities, growing consumer’s
Therefore, by working in Malaysia, trust, working promptly with deadlines
he learned new skills like operating and giving out guarantees which are
excavators and flooring machine. unlikely in construction business. In
Aside from the ‘hard skills’ or the addition to the skills related to building
improvement in specific capabilities construction, Sugeng also developed
in doing hard labours, these former his managerial skills, including leading
migrant workers also demonstrate a group of workers and formulating
how their working experiences shape budgets.
their work ethics and motivation. The case studies have also disclosed
Supriyati’s new skill in beauty treatment how social capital interact with the
encouraged her to pursue this area after other aspects of social remittances. The
her return to Indonesia. Elis’ experiences most apparent use of personal relations
of working in the garment industry and networks in their life as returnee
helped her develop management skill was in the case of Elis. Not only did
in clothing industry. She noticed that she maintained close contacts with
in a garment industry, higher level fellow former Indonesian workers, but
of efficiency was made possible with her contacts with relatives and friends
thorough division of labours, where have helped her paved her way to her
a worker did one part of the process, business. Her life after returning from
i.e. cutting, sewing, packaging, etc as working overseas was a search for a new
opposed to the model where a person venture. She travelled to some places in
does more than one job descriptions. Indonesia and with the help of those
She has also been more capable of personal contacts, she got a job along
managing human resources. As she had the way. When she in the end came

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 223

back to Banyumas, together with some social capital for personal gain and/
of her relatives, they decided to start a or transfer them to their surroundings
convection business. to grow as well, like in the case of Elis.
None of the other respondents While social remittances are created
informed the existence or significance during the migration and influenced by
of social capital formed while working the migrants’ own modalities that they
abroad in their life after migration, yet possess before then, these remittances
their old or new social capital at home do not only come back home as raw
were important factors in their success skills and networks, but also as a new
in building a new life. As he began quality inherent to the migrants which
his light steel business, Halim gained make them being looked up to in the
trust from one teacher, to a school, community. Of course, like Levitt and
and then to wider public. Sugeng Lamba-Nieves (2011) had reminded us
build a new personal network with that not all social remittances are good
other construction workers in the area. things or rather, culturally-acceptable
Supriyati had casually started doing behaviour. In this research, it is not
make ups for other people in the local art the bad remittances that are being
communities, although only more than identified, but the availability of social
ten years after that she began formally remittance itself. It can be seen that all
learning the skill and put herself into of them learned and brought home new
the business. The relations that she had skills and some, new acquaintances, and
built for years with the communities as had eventually, despite different time
well as the help of her relatives help her spans, created economic opportunities
to find demands for her service. Finally, for themselves.
she also joined the Indonesian make- The last aspect of remittance is
up artists association (HARPI) which the economic ones, namely the money
landed her a lot of jobs at events. sent home by the migrant workers. The
From the discussion above, it could question surrounding remittance is
be argued that social remittances in the whether or not the migrant workers had
given cases were formed and transmitted planned ahead the future use of their
back home through several process. hard-earned money. The subsequent
First, formation of skills and social question is if they did or they did not,
capital. Second, interaction of said skill did they make use of their income as the
and social capital with opportunities at capital for their new enterprises. Some
home specifically in productive economy interesting notions surfaced; some of
terms. Third, the use of the skill and them managed not to send parts of their

224 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
money home so they could use them not being discussed in the similar depth,
to buy necessary tools for the future but the following discussion elaborates
business ventures they had in mind. how the ideas, skills, money, and social
Halim went some steps further whereas capital directly and indirectly shape the
he purchased variety of tools starting returned migrant workers’ life when
from grass trimmer to construction they decide to stay.
work tools. The tools that he bought Social remittances that are identified
in Malaysia was hard to find back in in this research comprise of skills and
hometown, hence the buying. Supriyati social capital. It has been also established
did the same by buying the make up that social remittance produces a certain
equipment in Taiwan to bring home, as image for the former migrant workers,
she began thinking of doing make-up when being worked out well. However,
services. The remittances in Halim’s and explaining how social and economic
the others’ cases do not significantly go remittances actually manifested into
to the opening up new business. They the creation of small and medium
used it for the common use of economic enterprise require our attention on a
remittance; house renovation, land number of other factors. The first is the
purchase and debt pay off. Economic pre-migration planning about future
and social remittance together opened economy. Elis was the one with the
up the new opportunities for former strongest vision of the plan for post
migrant workers. migration in terms of the kinds of works
she would do in the future, whereas she
3.2. Inspiration and Decision had worked in clothing industry as well
on Entrepreneurship among before. Halim, who worked abroad
former migrant workers for 15 years developed this plan along
The experiences of migrant workers the way although there was no specific
as explained above demonstrate the kind of business in mind, but he did
varying ways that social remittance is eventually plan several different business
made and the varying use of economic that he also executed later. Supriyati
remittance. The simultaneous also developed her interest and dream
development of the two have influenced after working for a while, so it was not
the choices that the returned migrant necessarily designed in advance. Sugeng
workers made for their future productive on the other hand had been working in
economic activities as well as the ways the industry for a long time, so it was
they managed them. The factors external natural for him to go back to the works
to economic and social remittances are after.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 225

 The second factor is family or close main income source was not initially
relatives’ expectations of their working planned out, but he started it given
abroad. Transnational families take the interest of the people around him.
various forms with different nuances. He is still raising the goats on the side.
In some families, a father or a mother Supriyati also did not work abroad for
leaves and the children stay with the second time despite her relatively
other relatives, but in some cases, it is good experience in Taiwan because she
the grown-up children who leave. In was concerned about her child. Elis did
these different families, the migrating not go back to working in Malaysia but
members leave behind or rather leave she travelled around Indonesia to work
with expectations of improving the and eventually have children herself and
family’s livelihood, securing properties decided to stay.
for future plans, and for some, paying-
off family’s debts. These considerations 4 CONCLUSION
guided them to determine how much
The case studies presented in
they should save and how much they
this paper gave examples on how
should send back home to spend. The
management of economic remittance
case studies show that they send back
and transmission of social remittance
more than half of their income for
work particularly in making further
the above needs. They keep the rest to
economy decisions in migrant workers
secure the production tools like in the
and their families’ life. This paper does
case of Halim and Supriyati, or to travel
not suggest that all migrants do the
and explore other opportunities, in the
same as the ‘successful’ migrant workers,
case of Elis.
yet pre-migration planning for income
The third is the intertwining of
management as well as opportunities
economic needs and the personal or
for migrants to absorb knowledge,
family decision whether or not to work
skills and technology while working
abroad again. Halim stopped going
abroad are imperative. For decision
back to Malaysia in 2016 because
makers especially in home countries
of family-related considerations.
like Indonesia, assistance for migrant
Therefore, he started a couple of small
workers’ families are crucial and while
businesses he could think of. He offered
now a number of programs are in place,
goods with instalments, he opened up a
they are still rooms for improvements.
motorcycle-wash, and runs a goat farm
before finally sticking to light steel. The
light steel business that is currently his

226 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
REFERENCES McCormick, B., & Wahba, J. (2001).
Overseas work experience, savings
BP2MI, 2020. Data Penempatan and entrepreneurship amongst
dan Perlindungan TKI Periode return migrants to LDCs.  Scottish
Tahun 2019. https://bp2mi.go.id/ journal of political economy,  48(2),
statistik-detail/data-penempatan- 164-178.
dan-perlindungan-tki-periode- Octaviani, L. (2015). Pemanfataan
tahun-2019 Remitansi Ekonomi dan Sosial
Bercovitz, J., Martens, A., & Savage, di Kalangan Buruh Migran
J. (2013, June). Human mobility Perempuan (Studi Kasus: Desa
and returnee entrepreneurship: Penggalang dan Welahan Wetan,
evidence from Mexico. In Presented Kecamatan Adipala, Kabupaten
paper at 35th DRUID Celebration Cilacap, Provinsi Jawa Tengah).
Conference (pp. 17-19). In Forum Ilmu Sosial (Vol. 42, No.
Diyantoro, B., & Alie, M. M. (2014). Pola 1, pp. 57-69).
penggunaan remitan tenaga kerja Rosalinda, H. (2013). Analysis on
Indonesia (TKI) serta pengaruhnya Social Remittances as the Impact
terhadap perkembangan daerah of International Migration Case
asal.  Teknik PWK (Perencanaan Study: The Return Migrant Women
Wilayah Kota), 3(2), 319-332. in East Java Indonesia.
Idnfinancials. 24 January 2019. Wulan, T. R., Kolopaking, L. M.,
Remittance made by Indonesian Wahyuni, E. S., & Abdullah, I.
migrant workers abroad reaches (2009). Strategi Pemberdayaan
US$ 2.711 billion Buruh Migran Perempuan
https://www.idnfinancials.com/archive/ Indonesia di Hong Kong.  Jurnal
news/22191/Remittance-made- Agrisep.
by-Indonesian-migrant-workers-
abroad-reaches-US-2711-billion
Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances:
Migration driven local-level forms
of cultural diffusion.  International
migration review, 32(4), 926-948.
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of Ethnic and Migration
Studies, 37(1), 1-22.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 227

 Contemplating IR’s Future out of the Ruins
Stanislas Kostka Jesias Leks Tabori1, Arif Darmawan2
1
Institute of International Relations, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Profesor DR. HR Boenyamin
No.708, Purwokerto, Indonesia
2
Institute of International Relations, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Profesor DR. HR Boenyamin
No.708, Purwokerto, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
This year has turned out to be the series of disrupting challenges we have to deal with.
The current global health crisis has shattered every policy maker and nation to their
very nadir, forcing them to unite to protect the citizen; even what had been thought
as a superpower cannot efficiently settle down the fiend. Nonetheless, there is still
an ongoing conflict of interest among nations, heating security issues, prevailing
social act, and the list goes on. This paper will be conducted in qualitative method
which is library research-based study. The opening of this paper will seek and answer
how this disruption bending international relations as there is more visible amity-
enmity changing. The followed chapter will discuss the arousing traditional security
issues happening in the middle east and later will discuss the culminating social
movement. In the end, we will together foresee—at least theoretically—how these
challenges conceivably shift the international relations in the following years as the
concept of sovereignty appeared to be questioned.
Keywords: Disrupting, Challenges, International Relations, Shift, Foresee

1 INTRODUCTION period the world health authority issued

a statement that this disease became an
The fact is that difficult time epidemic, and in a short while became
will come and the global condition a pandemic. What was initially a health
is recently in a destructive time. The issue in a country quickly damage many
concerned destructive time started from global agendas.
the end of 2019 when a mysterious In view of the problem above,
respiratory disease appeared in China. the global world is on the verge of an
This new disease quickly spread in the unimaginable cooperation; but is that
East Asian region, to Southeast Asia and so? When the global health crisis is still
American Continent; and within a short going on indefinitely, many countries

228 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
are still in disputes with each another. Future of International Politics (Robert
The inter-nation conflicts in the Middle S. &Zhue Feng, 2008); who initially
East are still continuing and there are predict the rise of China and predict
controversial actions of major power the transition of power from US to
which increase the political tension. China (Fourie, 2010, p. 829). There
This paper aims at contributing to is also prophecy predicting that in
International Relations Study with the near future, the world will return
an approach which is capable of into a multi polarity (Coetzee, 2013).
explaining the meaning behind the Feminism also predicts the future of IR
recent phenomena. This paper attempts with strengthening gender equality in
to observe the countries’ maneuvering international politics following Sweden
actions, analyze the reason of such actions government’s adoption of feminist
and explain—at least theoretically— foreign policy (Aggestam et al., 2018).
how this disruptive era may change Even there are some ambitious writings
future international relations. proposing IR scholars to think inter-
conceptually following the emergence
2 LITERATURE REVIEW of issues: post-humanism; change in
relations with climate and ecological
Many writings try to predict what
condition; and shift of interconnection
future International Relations will be.
between human and technology (see,
This starts from renowned writing; a
for example, Eroukhmanoff & Harker,
book written by a US political scholar,
2017; (Efstathopoulos et al., 2020).
Francis Fukuyama—The End of History
and The Last Man (1992)—stating that
3 METHOD
liberal democracy is the only remaining
ideology. However, some events serve This paper was composed using a
as a slap in his face, such as Tienanmen qualitative research method. Qualitative
Square, Gulf War, and Berlin Wall research means analysis on the collected
(Fawcett, E., 1992 p. 103). Realists data by the researcher. The data taken
also give their ideas of how the future might be in the form of document,
will be such as: The Rise of China and note to observation, interview, video,
International Security: America and Asia picture and others—but in this research
Respond (Kevin J. Cooney &Yoichiro the sources were books, journals and
Sato, 2009), The Empire of Lies: The international news. The qualitative also
Truth About China in the Twenty-First aimed at describing the community, acts
Century (Guy Sorman, 2008), and and phenomena in social life (Neuman,
China’s Assent: Power, Security, and the 2013, p. 475). In this paper, however,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 229

the subject studied was the existing context it means spending a large
phenomena in international relations. number of money, providing sufficient
PPEs to health workers, and the list
4 RESULT AND keeps continuing (Dodds et al., 2020, p.
DISCUSSION 291). Talking about health sector issue,
we should see how China reacted—and
4.1 COVID-19 OUTBREAK
at the same time compare the measures
A new pneumonia disease emerged in taken by other countries—as the
the end of December 2019 in Mainland epicentrum of the first COVID-19.
China and spread to many countries Immediately after the first officially
including South Korea, Thailand, Japan, confirmed case, the Government of
United States, Vietnam, and Germany; China closed the market suspected to
in a period of less than one month after sell bat meat expected to be the cause of
the first reported case, there were more the virus; this was also taken by closing
than 20 thousand positive cases with all meat trades. The Government of
more than 500 death cases (Wu et al., China also proactively traced its citizens
2020, p. 217). The Chinese Lunar New such as putting surveillance cameras
Year celebration was also suspected to into use, which were capable of catching
contribute to the global virus spreading symptoms from face expression, and
after the Chinese diasporas from conducted house-to-house tracing and
throughout the world returned to their forcefully quarantined they who go
country of origin. What was previously sick. The next measure was to identify
domestic health issue is currently a large scale case and supervision, city
destructive multi-dimension issue. quarantine and social distancing, as well
The sudden emergence of disease as building emergency hospital within
which is caused by SARS-CoV2 virus only ten days. The measures above were
makes there is no individual, country, claimed to be capable of suppressing the
or political entity ready for this devil. virus from spreading—even President
The European Union is currently facing Xi repeatedly announced that China
a new crisis amidst the financial crisis, had won the war against COVID-19
issue of migrant from war affected (Al Takarli, 2020, p. 44-47). However,
countries, and most recently UK’s exit appropriate measures to China are
from the supranational organization. not necessarily appropriate to other
In this condition, the policy makers, countries.
governments and international Italia was one of the countries that
organizations are forced to pay their were helped by Chinese health workers;
attention to the health sector: in this

230 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
however, Italia found it difficult to defeat: many officials did not take it
convince its citizens to perform social seriously, for example; President Trump
distancing. The country, which was said that using masker was “voluntary”
deemed to have the best health system and would personally not to wear it
in the world, was the European country (Time, 2020)—even though this is the
which suffered the most because of its best measure to cut off the chain of
unfavorable demographic condition. infection.
Italia did not apply regional quarantine With the urgency of this problem,
in the beginning of pandemic, which was big countries competed to create
basically a crucial measure. With regard vaccines in a short period and the small
to regional quarantine, this strategy countries competed to obtain vaccine
seems to be quite dilemmatic. India also from the big countries. These vaccines
applied the regional quarantine policy, were created to save humankind—but,
but it came at a high price. Although is that so? This will be discussed in
the regional quarantine had successfully the chapter on international relations
reduced the spreading of COVID-19, starting to change and see—at least
but this was a burden to households that theoretically—what future of IR will be.
depended their living on daily wage;
even worse, the regional quarantine had 4.2 SECURITY ISSUE IN MIDDLE
weakened mental health (Golechha, EAST
2020, p. 830). Reflecting on this, the In early 2020, United States
Indonesian Government did not apply launched rocket assault through
regional quarantine but a policy called drone on 3 January 2020 which killed
PSBB; President Jokowi said that Commander Major General Qassem
quarantine was good, but not suitable Soleimani. This was deemed by the US
to Indonesia considering that each Department of Defense as a “decisive
country had their characters respectively action” (Kenneth et al., 2020). From this
(Ministry of Finance Republic of event, the media—both international
Indonesia, 2020). However, this policy and local—stated that this might
was challenged by many parties since it potentially trigger the Third World War
was considered to prioritize market to (see, for example, The Sun, 8 January
the people’s safety. Even the so called 2020; CNN, 5 January 2020). This
hegemony United States was stated by conflict culminated in the period of
many to be defeated in the war against December 2019 to early January 2020;
this pandemic. The Federal Government in December 2019 US claimed that
was accused the most responsible in this Iran had supplied a number of defense

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 231

equipment to Iraq, on 27 December Israel, an ally of US in the Middle East,
Iraq’s air strike, with Iran’s support, killed was considered to be besieged by terrorist
a number of US citizens. Previously, US organizations supported by Iran such
Ministry of Defense stated that if Iran as Hamas and Hisbullah. This support
by any means attacked any US citizen, certainly annoys US, especially when
ally, and interest, it will receive decisive Washington has declared war against
action (Kenneth et al., 2020). Thus, US’s terrorism (Hussain, 2015, p. 34-37).
attack on last 3 January on US Military With regard to Israel and Palestine,
Commander was basically a series of the Middle East is indeed the hot spot of
attacks-counter attacks occurring all the the armed conflicts. These conflicts also
time.  seem not to end with simple problem
The tension between United States solving and—whether or not—peace in
and Iran started from Iran’s Islamic the Promised Land cannot be achieved
Revolution in 1979 and still continues in the near future. There were at least
until now. Actually, there are 3 problems six underlying problems revealed in
which worsen United States-Iran Camp David Summit: 1.) formation
relations: Iran’s nuclear program, Iran’s of the State of Palestine; 2.) location
suspected support for “terrorist group”, of the State of Palestine; 3.) evacuation
and Iran as the opposition to the security of Israeli settlements; 4.) division of
design in the Middle East (Hussain, Jerusalem; 5.) Palestine’s custodianship
2015, p. 34). Iran initially cooperated of Temple Mount; and 6.) refugee issue
with US in the nuclear program although (Lewin & Bergh, 2016, p. 1). 
it must cease in 1979 because of the This tension actually started
revolution. However, Iran’s interest in from the end of the 19th century and
nuclear energy increased again in 1990 the early the 20th century following
with assistance of Germany and Russia. the formation of States of Israel and
From here on, the nuclear issue started Palestine consecutively. The British
when US did not trust Iran’s use of Mandate was then formed as a legal
nuclear for peace purpose. Iran’s support instrument to divide the border
for Palestine is also a difficult issue. The between the Independent Arab State
other matter which annoys US is Iran’s and the independent Jewish state. The
regional influence has multiplied in Mandate states that Jerusalem City is
Arab countries. US’ declining influence under a Special International Regime
in Arab world is a good mark to Iran’s (UN Resolution 181,1947 in Lewin
influence in the region. Teheran called & Bergh, 2016, p. 4). Although the
this as “The Rise of Islam”. In addition, borders had been determined, but both

232 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
states did not come into an agreement. disruptive era. After US police officer’s
The Palestinians claimed it as their amoral enforcement on the black
historical home; the Palestinians are citizens, social movements demanding
the original descendant of Canaan, justice spread quickly; from mainland
Het, Fenisia, and Filistin—long before America to European Continent. Such
the Israelis occupied it (Maoz, 2013 in social movements may be associated
Lewin & Bergh, 2016. p 16). However, with populism. While many scholars
Israel is currently occupying most of give their opinions, but it may be
the land, with the State of Palestine broadly understandable with political
at the West Bank, occupying Judean position placing the common people
Mountains, and partial exclave on the antagonistically facing political elites
edge of Mediterranean Sea, Southwest of who are deemed corrupt; populism
Israel. It is interesting that Israel did not may give the people a hope that
give much space to Palestine although something may change (Muddle 2004,
the territory had been agreed on, and p. 542-563 in Darmawan, 2017, p.
border wall had also been built— 2; Panizza et al., 2005, p. 56). This
although the wall was in the West Bank explanation may be definitive, but
territory. In the Palestinian territory, such social movements were expressed
Israel established settlements for its in the metropolitan streets throughout
citizens; These settlements were actually the world, they sued justice, equality
in violation of the Geneva Conventions rights, change of regime—although
related to protection of war victims still in mild corridor—and rejected
and settlement prohibition (Article 49 sentiment symbols of anti-specific race.
paragraph (6), in Meron, 2017, p. 358). The mass also attacked statues which are
Recently, Prime Minister Netanyahu contradictory to their political view, and
and President Donald Trump planned even destroyed buildings and statues
to capture the West Bank as an effort which are considered holy by some
to enforce peace in the Middle East people. Further, to the South America,
(Bateman, 2020)—however, this drew demonstration also occurred in Bogota,
much criticism. Colombia. This protest expressed
some reasons such as decent income,
4.3 THE RISE OF SOCIAL provision of better health services, and
MOVEMENTS cessation of gender based violence (Al
In this time of crisis, there are Jazeera, 2020).  
arousing social movements in various These social movements occur
parts of the world—therefore, it is everywhere, and even demonstration
suitable for this time to be called a in Hong Kong is heating recently. The

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 233

current demonstrations have different hiatus, one alternative which may come
path and objective: the demonstrations into one’s mind is to help each other. In
occur between those who “support the International Relations Study, there
democracy” and those who do not are Three Core Principles: dominance,
in the first place; but there are three reciprocity, and identity—the latter is
poles: those who “support democracy”, the most suitable to be applied now. The
those who do not support democracy, Identity Principle definitively means a
and police. All of these riots occur in principle to settle issues for mutual good
the time of global health crisis. These by changing participant’s preference
social movements may quickly spread based on the sense of unity in the same
and the catalyst is the same: they want community (Pevehouse & Goldstein,
a change. To the populists, these events 2016, p. 3): humankind community.
occur because there are elites that are After all of this, is that so?  
not in harmony with them (criticism After the virus spread, the trade war
to elites); and they claim to express the between China and AS continued, one
voice of coherent and united people accused the other guilty in the health
(Béland, 2019, p. 174). In view of the crisis; the US even made a controversial
explanation above, it is likely that we statement stated to exit from WHO,
are experiencing a disruptive era in the effective in July 2021. China which
midst of a global health crisis regarding basically had a vision to be a superpower
these events. by 2050, pursuant to the blueprint
issued by President Xi (Bloomberg
5. CONCLUSSION News, 2017), participated and took this
opportunity to broaden its dominance.
In a short period, the international
China had attempted to change the
world faces an unimaginable crisis.
narration from COVID-19. China
The international world is indeed no
stated that it was possible that the virus
stranger to crisis, such as World War
did not come from them, but from the
I-II, Spanish flue outbreak, SARS and
US; China eventually also sent medical
MERS outbreaks occurring a while
workers and health instruments, sent its
ago—however, no political entity is
experts with abundant “experiences”;
able to survive. Two big powers in the
China announced that they will give
world—at least right now—are equally
aid to 82 countries, WHO, and African
helpless: the one where the global
Union (Verma, 2020, p. 253)—the latter
health crisis started and the other in
is known with Mask Diplomacy. Thus,
which suffers the most with the global
China once more wanted to confirm its
health crisis. With the global crisis on

234 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
position in global stage to be a trusted non-state actors since decades ago, but
power when European countries and state is the final policy maker capable
United States failed to handle the case, of making a change. With fundamental
and became the “Good Samaritan” criticism and attacks from many parties,
(Verma, 2020, p. 254-256). COVID-19 readers may reflect from this disruptive
successfully divided the international era, with assistance of arguments given
world into some poles, regarding this above, that state will remain existing, but
such condition, amity-enmity relations in a weaker form. Cosmopolitanism will
are prone to change. be echoed even more, environmental
There are many issues as explained justice will become the main agenda in
above. Humans are truly in a disruptive International Relations more, and finally,
era. Health issue which was initially in the future, the concept of sovereignty
on a national scale has become a will only serve as a complement to
global health crisis which brought passport when one is going on a tour.
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238 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization
(BSEC) in Maintaining Economic Stability of East
Europe (2015-2018)

Suci Indah Lestari1, Pyngkan Daola B. 1, Febrina Septiana Putri1, Deswan Firlian1, Indra
Jaya Wiranata1
1
International Relations Department, Social and Political Science Faculty, Lampung University
Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1, Gedong Meneng, Kec. Rajabasa, Kota Bandar Lampung,
Lampung 35141, Indonesia.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], fdeswan@gmai.
com,[email protected].

Abstract
After the Cold War, the high intensity of conflict in Eastern Europe made it difficult
for countries to develop. International organizations can play a role in reducing
the potential for conflict and integrating countries into complex cooperative
relationships. Based on the concept of regionalism, a country can enter into more
than one regional organization. Several Eastern European countries are members
of the European Union (EU) and also members and observers of the Black Sea
Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC) as a form of regional strengthening
and safeguarding the national interests of countries in the Black Sea region, where
the EU has Permanent Observer status with BSEC since 2007. Regional cooperation
initiatives in 2015-2018 conducted by BSEC aim to encourage pragmatic, effective,
and mutually beneficial cooperation among its member. This study aims to analyze
the role of BSEC in the East European economy using the Harrod-Domar theory
of economic growth, the concept of development by Peet and Hartwick, and
regionalism according to Mansbaach as an analytical framework. This research is
supported by an economic indicator data panel which includes nine variables using
descriptive-quantitative research methods through literature study. The results show
that the regional cooperation initiative by BSEC has a parallel effect in maintaining
economic stability in Eastern Europe, and it is necessary to strengthen inter-
regional relations between BSEC and the EU to maximize thepotential.
Keywords: Regionalism, Eastern Europe, BSEC, The EU, EconomicStability.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 239

1 INTRODUCTION These economic interests led to the
formation of the Black Sea Economic
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of Cooperation (BSEC) with the signing
the European continent which consists of the Istanbul Summit Declaration and
of small and developing countries and the Bosphorus Statement by the heads
is part of the ex-Soviet Union. At first, of state in the Black Sea region on June
Eastern Europe did not call themselves 25, 1992 (BSEC,2020).
part of Eastern Europe itself, but they The BSCE head office was officially
called themselves another Europe until built in Istanbul in March 1994 under
finally, the countries in Eastern Europe the name The Permanent International
decided to join as members of several Secretariat of the Organization of the
organizations, including the North Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). (BSEC PERMIS). BSEC just got
) and the European Union (EU). Every an international legal identity and
country has its interests which tend to international recognition as a regional
conflict with each other, this results in economic cooperation organization on
relations between countries that can lead May 1, 1999, after the enactment of the
to conflict. Global political conditions BSEC Charter ( BSEC, 1999).
can affect the economies of countries BSEC is a form of regional economic
in the world as a resultof globalization, cooperation to increase commercial,
therefore it is necessary to establish an economic, scientific, and technical
internationally integrated cooperative cooperation between countries in the
relationship. Black Sea region where this region is an
The rapid progress of the European area rich in natural resources, especially
Union in various fields is the driving oil and natural gas, and is located at a value
force for Eastern Europe to improve point. strategic linking three continents:
itself, especially in the economic field Europe; Asia; and Africa. However, the
amid competition from the countries Black Sea region has a condition of
of the region. The economy is very political relations that tends to be less
important for a country, especially for harmonious and unstable where these
developing countries such as in Eastern conditions affect the economies of the
Europe where most of the countries have countries in the region so that among
low economic growth. To improve and them the main objective of BSEC is to
achieve economic stability, a region needs promote the Black Sea region as an area
to carry out international cooperation of peace, safety, cooperation and rich
as a form of strengthening regionalism. (DPT, 1995)

240 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Until this research was conducted, most countries in Eastern Europe in the
there were twelve member countries BSEC is the background for research
of the BSEC organization, namely in analyzing the role of BSEC which
Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, has an impact on the economy in the
Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Eastern European region.
Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine.
Countries that are members of the 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
BSEC can negotiate their interests in
There are several previous studies
various fields and form cooperation
that the author uses to help explain this
with several countries outside the region
research phenomenon. First, research
and other international organizations.
written by Charalambos Tsardanidis
Apart from member countries, several
(2005) entitled The BSEC: From New
countries are granted observer status and
Regionalism to Inter-Regionalism. This
the third party the BSEC. Countries
study uses a qualitative method with a
or international organizations with
new regionalism concept to describe
observer status will have the right to
the BSEC organization as an example
contribute and play an active role in
of new regionalism which focuses on
the BSEC, while third party status
the discussion of low politics, especially
is given to countries or international
about the economics and politics of
organizations that are only interested in
countries in the Black Searegion.
conducting dialogues and cooperation
Second, research is written by Davut
in a particular field.
Han Aslan, et. al. (2014) with the title
Of the total BSEC member
Turkey and the Black Sea Economic
countries, five of them are countries in
Cooperation (BSEC). The author uses
the Eastern European region, namely
the concepts of international security
Albania, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, and
and regionalism with descriptive
Ukraine. And there are several countries
methods in explaining the relationship
in Eastern Europe which are also
between Turkey and BSEC in integrating
observer countries in the BSEC, namely
Turkey’s relations with countries in the
Belarus, Czech Republic, Croatia,
Black Sea region to minimize future
Poland, and Slovakia. Thus most of
conflicts.
the countries in the Eastern European
The last study that became the
region were involved in the BSEC,
reference for this study was related to
except for Hungary, Latvia, Bosnia and
the participation of the European Union
Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Estonia.
(EU) in BSEC as an important partner
This shows that the involvement of
since the Lisbon treaty in 2007 with the

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 241

title Participation of the EU Institutions Prices, (4) Exports, (5) Imports,
in BSEC after the Lisbon Treaty (2012: (6) Unemployment Rate, (7)
45) by Dr. Ioannis Stribis. The author Population, (8) Government Income,
analyzes how EU participation has and (9) Government Expenditure,
implications for the development of the where economic indicators can reflect
BSEC organization since the EU has economic stability in a region.
become an important part of the BSEC
and explains the development of the EU 3. METHOD
itself after the Lisbon Treaty in 2007.
This research uses a descriptive-
Different from the three studies
quantitative method in analyzing panel
above, this study tries to explain
data on economic growth in Eastern
how BSEC has an important role in
Europe according to the Harrod-Domar
maintaining economic stability in the
economic growth theory with economic
Eastern European region during the
indicators, namely Gross Domestic
implementation of regional cooperation
Product (GDP) per capita, Export
initiatives that occurred from 2015
to Import coverage ratio, Income to
to 2018. This collaboration aims to
Expenditure coverage ratio, Current
integrate pragmatic, effective, and
Account Balance, Unemployment Rate,
cooperative relations. mutual benefit
Inflansi Level and Average Consumer
among BSEC member countries. The
Prices, with data collection techniques
research method that I use is descriptive-
through literature studies. This study
quantitative methods and data
will describe the role of the Black Sea
collection techniques through literature
Economic Cooperation organization on
studies with the Harrod-Domar theory
economic stability in Eastern Europe
of economic growth, the concept of
based on the researcher’s interpretation
development by Peet and Hartwick, and
of the results of statistical dataanalysis.
regionalism according to Mansbaach as
a framework for analysis. The author
will examine whether or not the role of
4. RESULT AND
BSEC in maintaining stability in the DISCUSSION
Eastern European region by analyzing a Regionalism according to
panel of economic indicator data which Mansbaach, which states that the
includes nine variables, namely (1) grouping of regions can be identified
GDP, (2) Investment, (3) Inflansi, and from the aspects of geographical
AverageConsumer proximity, culture, trade and economic
interdependence, communication,

242 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
and state participation in international cooperation relations with the EU and
organizations (Hopkins and Mansbaach, the European integration process. This
1973), in other words, regionalism is is strongly supported by the EU’s status
a form of integration of cooperation as Permanent Observers with BSEC and
between countries in the region. to form most of the Balkan countries that are
the ideal international organization. members of the BSEC are also members
Black Sea Economic Cooperation of the European Union. In which the
(BSEC) is a form of new regionalism that inter-regional cooperation between
is more open to its agendas which are not BSEC and the EU is expected to be able
limited to cooperation in the economic to accelerate the economic integration
dimension but also multidimensional of the Balkan countries with the EU
as a form of strengthening regionalism (Tsardanisdis, 2005: 376-390) by using
to solve low politics issues such as the the BSEC strategic point values for
economy, where the country’s economic Eastern European countries as a whole.
interests - countries around the Black Cooperation in the fields of trade,
Sea region which initiated the formation foreign investment, technology transfer,
of the BSEC economic cooperation communication, and transportation are
relationship. important factors in accelerating the
The main objective of the BSEC economic development of BSEC member
organization is to improve and create countries which are implemented into
reciprocal relations in the economic, many project agendas and bringing
social, and technological fields of them into broad cooperative action.
multilateral members by taking The regional cooperation initiative
advantage of geographical proximity carried out by BSEC which began in
and potential resources, this is none 2015 is one of the efforts to establish a
other than to create stability and Free Trade Area as well as to encourage
prosperity in the Black Sea region. pragmatic, effective, and mutually
As for its development, BSEC beneficial cooperation among its
moves from a regional organization member countries. Problems that
to an inter- regional organization become barriers to BSEC trade include
(Tsardanisdis, 2005:362), where the border issues and coastal trade, trade
BSEC cooperation relationship does liberalization, incentives for Small and
not only involve member countries Medium Enterprises (SMEs), facilities
but also regional organizations. Most for cross-border trade movement
BSEC member countries emphasize (export-import), and visa requirements
substantial inter-regional development for business purposes (Tatlidil and

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 243

Arslan, 2013: 3). BSEC also bridges the BSEC will also affect the economy
the political interests of each member throughout the Eastern European region.
country and passes conflicts that occur in Countries in the Eastern European
the Black Sea region, which encourages region that are BSEC member countries
improvements in the economic are Albania, Moldova, Romania, Serbia,
conditions of member countries through and Ukraine, and there are as many as
the agenda of BSECactivities. five countries, namely, Belarus, Czech,
The development agenda by Croatia, Poland, and Slovakia who are
BSEC adheres toseveral principles, observers in the BSEC. Conventionally,
namely prioritizing friendly andgood the concept of development is evaluated
neighborly state relations and not using the concept of economic growth
contradictinginstitutional values at belonging to Harrod-Domar (1959)
the international level. Basedon the which focuses on massive economic
development concept by Peet and achievements and periods of steady
Hartwick(2009: 1), development growth economic stability. So to find
is a way to make life betterfor out whether BSEC plays a role in
everyone from an economic, political, maintaining economic stability in
cultural,social, environmental, legal, Eastern Europe, the researcher analyzes
and security perspective.This is nine derivative variables of the main
intended to show that the Black Sea economic indicators, namely Gross
region isa safe, peaceful, and synergic Domestic Product (GDP); investigation;
area as one of the mainobjectives of the inflation and average consumer prices;
formation of the BSEC organization. export; import; unemployment rate;
Despite its economic size, BSEC has population; government revenue;
not yetreached a position comparable and government spending sourced
to the EU, overallBSEC has been from the IMF database; World Bank.
able to develop an effective structure. This variable can reflect the level of
The level of development of BSEC sustainable development and stable
member countriesshows that there is economic growth in a region.
a transformation process thatincreases
in each activity and the development
ofcooperative relations carried out
by BSEC. This has an impact on the
dynamics of Eastern Europe, where the Based on the data panel that the
economic stability of the ten Eastern researcher has analyzed using the
European countries that are members of economic growth formula (R), which

244 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
is the percentage result of the reduction growth of the four countries managed to
in GDP in one year (GDPt) with the increase rapidly in the following years.
previous year’s GDP (GDPt-1), as well After seeing the results of the
as the division of GDP from the previous exposure of the panel data on economic
year and multiplied by 100 percent, indicators of countries in Eastern Europe
the following results economic growth involved in the BSEC organization, we
data in each of the Eastern European can see the final result of the economic
countries involved in theBSEC. growth rate of the Eastern European
region which is shown in the figure
below.

Figure 1. Economic Grow th of Eastern

European Countries in BSEC 2015-2016 Figure 2. East European Economic
(in Percent) Growth Rate Index 2015-2018 (in USD)
Source: Compiled by authors from Source: Compiled by authors from
International Monetary Fund (IMF); International Monetary Fund (IMF);
World Bank, 2018 World Bank, 2018

Judging from figure 1, the country’s It can be seen in figure 2., the
economic growth has experienced ups Economic Growth Rate of East
and downs annually where Albania, Europe shows a relatively stable graph
Romania, Serbia, Czech, Croatia, and movement. The increase in GDP per
Slovakia experienced positive economic capita of the countries involved in the
growth in 2015-2018 which indicates BSEC organization also affects the
that these countries managed to maintain increase in economic growth in the
their performance in the process of Eastern European region, and vice versa,
economic development. Meanwhile, as happened in 2016, both the country’s
Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland GDP and regional GDP experienced a
experienced negative economic growth decline. So it can be said that the BSEC
in 2015-2016, after which the economic organization has a role as one of the keys

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 245

to maintaining economic stability in BSEC, (2020). Organization of The
EasternEurope. Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Information, accesed on 19 Maret v
5. CONCLUSSION 2020,
<www.bsec-organization.org>.
The involvement of most countries
Tsardanisdis, Charalambos., (2005).
in Eastern Europe in the activity agenda
The BSEC: From Regionalism to
and the development of the BSEC
Inter-Regionalism, Agora Without
cooperation relationship shows the role of
Frontiers, Vol. 10, No. 4.
BSEC in economic dynamics in Eastern
Aslan, Davut Han, and M. Sharapov,
Europe. The regional cooperation
(2014). Turkey and the Black Sea
initiatives carried out by BSEC in
Economic Cooperation (BSEC),
2015-2018 brought commercial
Vistula Uiversity (34), Warsaw,
enhancement and created pragmatic and
Poland.
mutuallybeneficial cooperative relations
Friedman, G., (2009). The Next 100
among its member countries. The
Years, New York, NY: Doubleday.
economic conditions of BSEC member
Tatlidil, Hüseyin and Neslihan Arslan,
countries which are also countries in the
(2013). Economic Development Of
Eastern European region, take part in
The Black Sea Economic Cooperation
maintaining economic stability in the
Organization (Bsec) Member
Eastern European region which can be
Countries For The Period Of 2001-
seen from the economic growth graph
2011, Journal of Social Sciences,
of Eastern Europe which follows the
Dumlupinar University EYI.
direction of national economic growth
International Monetary Fund, (2020).
of the countries that are members of the
World Economic Outlook Database,
BSEC. So BSEC needs to strengthen
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<https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
and the EU in this globalization era to
SPROLLS/world
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Organization of the Black Sea
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Peet, Richard and Elaine Hartwick,
(2009). Theories of Development,
Second Edition: Contentions, Argu­
ments, Alternatives, GuilfordPress.
Hopkins, Raymond F. and Richard W.
Mansbaach, (1973). Structure and
Process in International Politics,
Michigan: Harper andRow.
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Xenophon Paper No.12.v

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 247

Social Adaptions of Bonokeling Community Toward
Modernity

Sulyana Dadan1, Rawuh Edy Priyono2 and Endang Dwi Sulistyoningsih3

1,2,3
Departement of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Jenderal Soedirman University
[email protected], [email protected],endang.sulistyoningsih@
unsoed.ac.id

Abstract
Indigenous peoples face serious challenges in the era of disruption. Apart from the
issue of recognition of the existence of the state, indigenous peoples experience
cultural dynamics related to social transformation within their communities.
Several studies state that indigenous peoples have systems and mechanisms to
defend themselves in an era of disruption. Another study found that the increasingly
massive co-optation of external cultures could threaten the existence of indigenous
peoples in the future. Different from the studies above, this paper will show how the
social and cultural adaptation of society in an era of disruption. Through case study
research at the Bonokeling Community in Banyumas Regency, it was found that
indigenous peoples were able to keep up with the times with their local wisdom.
Referring to the concepts of social change, this study finds that indigenous peoples
still exist and can adapt to the rapidly evolving social dynamics. Indigenous peoples
do experience social transformation, but with the socio-cultural adaptation strategy
they implement, indigenous peoples remain the subject, not the object of social
transformation.
Keywords: social transformation, social adaptation, indigenous peoples

1 INTRODUCTION mass media, both print, electronic

and social media. The massive use
The world is changing faster and of information technology has made
faster. Distance and time, which are interactions between humans now
used to limit the space for human develop into very complex networks;
movement, can now be engineered social stratification fades, anonymity
with the presence of information becomes commonplace and norms in
technology. Geographical barriers have the interaction process become biased.
been successfully penetrated by various In essence, social life experiences a leap

248 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
of motion that is far beyond what social that indigenous peoples perceive
scientists thought in the past. This modernization as a bad thing and limit
condition is popularly known as the era themselves from various things related
of disruption. to it. The indigenous peoples construct
Disruption, with its various their local wisdom as a medium to
problems, has not only occurred in survive and fight against modernization
communities with high levels of literacy as well as to show their existence
and consumption of technology such as (Salim, 2016). Local wisdom is used
urban communities but has touched areas as a shield from various bad influences
that have been known to have limited from outside cultures, such as what
access to technology, namely indigenous happened to the people of Kampung
peoples. The era of disruption presents Naga Tasikmalaya who have maintained
tremendous challenges for indigenous their original culture until now. (As’ari
peoples, after the difficulty of obtaining & Hendriawan, 2016). In fact, in the
formal recognition from the state and village of Kemiren Banyuwangi, the
the negative effects of modernization indigenous people specifically reinforce
that are still being felt today. Formal local environmental wisdom to stem
recognition from the state regarding the negative impacts of modernization.
indigenous peoples is usually related (Sufia et al., 2016).
to issues of personal identity, view of Even so, there is also a study of
life, claims of territorial rights, conflicts indigenous peoples who finds that
over ownership of natural resources, modernization has changed many
etc. (Haba, 2010). Meanwhile, the things so that indigenous people begin
negative impact of modernization is to lose their existence. Indigenous
often associated with drastic changes in peoples, whether consciously or not,
the life order of indigenous peoples in have experienced significant socio-
certain aspects, especially culture (Hatu, cultural changes in the present era,
2011). when compared to several previous eras,
Several studies on the relations such as the Kasepuhan Banten Kidul
of indigenous peoples state that the Sukabumi Indigenous Community.
existence of society has been threatened (Azri, 2018)gradually this traditional
since the advent of the modernization Kasepuhan society experienced a
discourse. Indigenous peoples are cultural change. Cultural changes that
positioned as a traditional group whose occur as a result of the challenge and
position is lower than in modern response of Kasepuhan adat community
society. Therefore, it is not surprising to new things so that there has been

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 249

acculturation of culture.The purpose of society that still preserves its ancestral
this study is to find out how the general tradition, initially did not respond
description of Desa Sirnaresmi and to positively to the new things but
know the cultural changes Kasepuhan gradually they began to follow. This is
Adat Banten Kidul people in the Village further supported when the entry of the
Sirnaresmi District Cisolok Sukabumi. telecommunications network, so that
The method used in this research is interaction with the outside community
historical method. Historical research is increasingly massive and make the
model is a method that studies events and indigenous people of Kasepuhan has
events in the past based on abandoned started to leave the tradition of her
sources. This research method is done ancestral heritage because it replaced by
through four stages, namely heuristic, incoming outer culture. Acculturation
critic, interpretation, and historiografi. between indigenous cultures and outside
The results of the research in the field cultures that enter, create the birth of a
can be concluded that there has been new culture. Subastansial things begin
a cultural change in Kasepuhan Adat to be abandoned and replaced by a new
Banten Kidul in Sirnaresmi Village, culture that comes from outside and
Cisolok Subdistrict of Sukabumi is considered more modern. The same
Regency, this is indicated by changing thing also happened to the Cireundeu
aspects of language, technology, Indigenous People who were very open
livelihood, religious system, community to changes that came from outside
system, knowledge and art system. because they were following the times
Changes in the culture of Kasepuhan (Nurhayanto & Wildan, 2016). In
Adat Banten Kidul in Sirnaresmi Village some places, the making of indigenous
occurred significantly in the early 2000s, peoples as a cultural destination has
when it was repaired by road facilities resulted in drastic changes in various
connecting with the Kecamatan center aspects, from waning customs, reduced
and after the entry of electricity in the intensity of interaction, weakening of
area. The existence of more adequate social solidarity, and so on (Gunawan et
facilities, making the Kasepuhan Adat al., 2015).
Banten Kidul more intensely interacting The studies above show that there
with the outsiders and the indigenous are two contradictory findings when
people of Kasepuhan have been able to relating the issue of indigenous peoples
follow the development of the outside to the current conditions. On the one
community. The Kasepuhan Adat hand, some people are firm against the
Banten Kidul, which is a traditional hegemony of modernization, on the

250 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
other hand, they accept it with open local knowledge and some call it the
arms and cause socio-cultural changes. invention of tradition). Hobsbawm
In contrast to the two groups of findings (1983) said that the invented tradition
above, this paper will explain that there is a set of practices, which are usually
are indigenous communities that tend determined by clear or vague rules or a
to be in the middle line in responding symbolic ritual, which wants to instill
to external cultural influences. certain values and
​​ norms of behavior
They do not completely reject, nor through repetition, which automatically
completely accept. This means that implies continuity with the past. This
cultural influences from outside do not definition implies that local wisdom
necessarily respond reactively, but new has three dimensions of time, namely
things from outside are understood and processing from the past, being applied
discussed customarily so that the final to the present, and being used as a guide
result is carried out wholeheartedly for future life. This means that local
by the customary community. wisdom is in a setting and context that
The community in question is the changes according to the times.
Bonokeling Community in Banyumas In simple terms, local wisdom can
Regency, precisely in Pekuncen Village, also be interpreted as local wisdom.
Jatilawang District. An indigenous Meanwhile, at a philosophical level, local
community is known as followers of wisdom is interpreted as a knowledge
Javanism (Rachmadhani, 2015) which system of the local community
is resistant to Puritan Islam (Nawawi, / indigenous people (indigenous
et al, 2016) and still adhere to various knowledge systems) which are empirical
traditions and rituals that are interesting and pragmatic (Basyari, 2014). Local
to study. wisdom is empirical because it is the
result of local people’s thinking that
2 LITERATURE REVIEW departs from the facts that occur around
them. Aiming pragmatically because
Discussing the issue of indigenous
all concepts that are embodied in
peoples cannot be separated from the
local wisdom aim to solve problems of
issue of local wisdom, because it is in
everyday life. Some forms of traditional
indigenous peoples that various forms
knowledge emerge through stories,
of local wisdom are stored, from various
legends, songs, rituals, as well as local
traditions, arts to various kinds of
laws or regulations (Sartini, 2009).
knowledge about the ways of everyday
In the context of indigenous
life. In some literature, local wisdom
peoples, local wisdom is very important
is often identified with local wisdom,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 251

and useful because it has become part of that inevitably occurred in indigenous
their lives (Ade dan Affandi, 2016). Local peoples. In various traditions of
wisdom can be referred to as the soul and indigenous peoples, for example,
identity of indigenous peoples. As a local their existence must be understood
knowledge system, it differentiates one as the orientation and attitude of the
indigenous community from another indigenous community towards the
indigenous community (Suyatno, various external influences it faces.
2016). According to Haba (2010), Tradition is not interpreted as an artifact
the relationship between local wisdom of the past but is a process that is ongoing
and indigenous peoples is related to since the past and will apply to the
geographical conditions, the order of future. Therefore, traditions will always
community relations, and the social exist in varying degrees in each era and
changes they experience. The social undergo adjustments depending on the
change referred to includes changes in policies and virtues of these indigenous
the social and physical environment peoples. That is, talking about tradition
which are fast-paced, which makes as a form of local wisdom is talking
indigenous peoples have to anticipate about a process that continues to be,
and adapt. not a result of a final one. These various
In connection with the social traditions can include ideas, artifacts,
changes that occur in indigenous and physical objects, and even ways
peoples, this study will use several of looking at certain things, including
concepts from Sztompka (2004) ways of looking at social change itself.
regarding the process of social change The following will explain how the
in society, especially the dynamics of transformation and adaptation of the
perspective and implementation of Bonokeling community in the era of
community traditions from time to disruption, according to the path that
time. Sztompka states that social change Sztompka proposed, namely change and
can occur at a macro or micro level. adaptation in traditions, daily behavior,
Changes at the macro level can take the and perspectives on change.
form of economic, political, and cultural
changes. Meanwhile, changes at the 3 METHOD
micro-level occur in daily interactions
The method used in this research is
and individual behavior.
a qualitative method with a case study
In Sztompka’s perspective, the
approach to the Bonokeling Traditional
discussion about local wisdom that was
Community, in Pekuncen Village,
presented was seen as a dynamic change
Jatilawang District, Banyumas Regency.

252 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Information gathering was carried out also various traditional rituals and
in a multi-stakeholder manner, namely ceremonies, typical clothing in the form
figures and members of the Bonokeling of all-black suits, traditional houses,
Traditional Community, local village and others. According to Iswinarno
government officials and cultural (2013), the various rituals and beliefs
observers, and historians in Banyumas of the Bonokeling community are
Regency. Data analysis was performed acculturations of Hindu and Islamic
interactively and dialogically following culture, which in some cases contradict
the flow of data analysis from Milles and puritan Muslims. While Ridwan
Huberman. Data validation was carried (2008) revealed that the Bonokeling
out using simultaneous and rigorous community’s beliefs are a unique blend
data triangulation. of Islam, Hindu-Buddhism, and local
religions. However, this combination
4 RESULT AND has not been completed until now,
DISCUSSION resulting in a new variant. From the
Hindu side, it can be seen from the style
Adaptation and Policies in of the clothes that are still used in the
the Rituals of the Bonokeling traditional ceremonies that are held.
Community Then, the local tradition is manifested in
The Bonokeling Community the slametan ritual. Meanwhile, Islamic
constitutes the majority of the values ​​are embedded only to the point
population who occupy the Pekuncen of belief in the oneness of Allah.
Village area. Information from the head The most interesting thing about
of Pekuncen Village, that 70 percent of the Bonokeling community is its
the population in Pekuncen are followers consistency in carrying out traditions
of the Bonokeling Community. through various forms of ritual. In one
Pekuncen Village is one of the villages year, there are more than 20 rituals
in Jatilawang District and is only about performed, both large and small scale.
5 KM to the South from the Jatilawang This large-scale ritual is usually followed
District office. by all children of Bonokeling descent,
The Bonokeling community including those who have migrated
has several unique traditions, such outside the Pekuncen area. Meanwhile,
as developing Old Javanese songs to small scale rituals are usually carried
praise the Creator (Finesso, Kompas, out by a small part of the community
3 Agustus 2013). Besides, in the in the Pekuncen area. An example of
Bonokeling Community, there are a large-scale ritual is “upload”, which

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 253

is a ritual to welcome the month of there is a policy from adat, that they are
Ramadan which is carried out a week allowed to use footwear, namely flip-
before the month of Ramadan. In flops and that does not violate custom.
this ritual, all children of Bonokeling The reason is rational because now all
descent are required to come, even those the roads have been sealed so that if they
from outside the region, such as Jakarta, walk barefoot, it will hurt their feet and
Bandung, including those outside Java. they cannot participate in the rituals.
Meanwhile, an example of a small-scale Next is the use of smartphones in
ritual is Perlon Kyai Gunung, which ritual events. If in the past rituals were not
is the activity of cleaning the graves allowed to carry electronic devices, now
of Kyai Gunung, who is said to have the offspring of the Bonokeling breed
been one of Mbah Bonokeling’s trusted who participate in the ritual can carry
people in the past. There is also a ritual electronic devices, so the phenomenon
prayer together every Monday Pahing of Bonokeling children doing selfies in
according to the Javanese calendar the middle of ritual pickles has become
system and a praise ritual every Friday a common sight.
night during the month of Shuro. Then in terms of publication
Although these various rituals are and documentation. The Bonokeling
still carried out and do not change in Community has allowed its community
the way they are performed, there are to be exposed outside. Apart from
several things related to this ritual that empowering their members, the
transforms. One of the things that Bonokeling community has collaborated
experienced a transformation was the with outsiders to document Bonokeling
use of modern technology which the ritual activities. The parties that have
Banokeling community considered been working together come from
could not be categorized as a violation government agencies, universities,
of custom. For example, the use of schools, and the private sector. The
footwear for upload rituals. In the past, if forms of cooperation carried out include
some Bonokeling children and followers making videos, publishing books,
would follow the upload ritual and they articles in scientific journals, and others.
came from outside Banyumas, especially So far the Baonokeling community has
Banajrnegara, Cilacap, and Purbalingga, also been quite careful in responding to
then they had to walk barefoot. Their various publications about Bonokeling
journey to Pekuncen Village from their and if there is information that is not
place of origin can take a long time, quite right, usually the Bonokeling
even along the road for a day. Currently, community tries to clarify and correct
it.

254 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Transformation in the System Bonokeling people had unconsciously
and Daily Interaction of spread the belief of the Bonokeling
Bonokeling Community Community to various regions, even
outside Java.
The changes in the daily system of
society can be seen, among others, from
the achievements and distribution of The Bonokeling Community’s
education, employment, and migration Attitude Towards Change
levels. For education, now many Since 2015, the Banyumas Regency
Bonokeling communities have attained Government has planned the Bonokeling
secondary education and even higher area to become one of the cultural
education in Banyumas, Yogyakarta, tourism destinations in Banyumas. This
Jakarta, and other cities. Likewise is based on the fact that every moment
with the type of work, if the seniors of large-scale Bonokeling rituals such as
are still struggling with the world of uploads, the public interest is relatively
agriculture, the young generation of the large. This is evidenced by the large
Bonokeling Community has a variety number of visitors who come and
of jobs, from civil servants, teachers, witness the ritual, both visitors who just
entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, and watch and academics who research and
others. Even one of the voters of the journalists who devote these moments.
“Ngapak t-Shirt” Franchise product The plan to develop Bonokeling into
which is a typical Banyumasan t-shirt, a cultural tourism destination will, of
is a native of Bonokeling and has taken course, have an impact on the people of
part nationally in the development of Pekuncen Village and the Bonokeling
MSMEs in Indonesia. Community itself, especially threats to
Another change is the issue of their cultural existence.
migration. If in the past the Bonokeling The Bonokeling community
community was only concentrated in themselves responded wisely to this
Pekuncen Village, now its followers plan. They stated that they did not
have spread to various regions. This reject the existence of a program to
cannot be separated from the policy of make Bonikeling a cultural tourism
the Bonokeling elders who allowed their destination as long as the plan did not
citizens to marry outsiders. Whereas change and destroy existing traditions.
in the past, Bonokeling people had to They also try to work together with
marry fellow Bonokeling people, the the government by forming Pokmas
change in policy that allowed members (community groups) related to the
of their community to marry non- plan to develop Banokeling into a

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 255

cultural tourism destination. The various traditions in the Bonokeling
Pokmas consists of elements from the community have been preserved until
Bonokeling traditional community and today.
figures as well as the Pekuncen Village
Government. This Pokmas has a role References
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As’ari, R., & Hendriawan, N. (2016).
between the Bonokeling Community
Kajian Nilai Kearifan Lokal
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Masyarakat Adat. Prosiding Seminar
matters related to cultural tourism,
Nasional Geografi UMS.
both in terms of the substance of the
Azri, J. K. (2018). Perubahan Sosial
tour, facilities, and infrastructure and
Budaya Masyarakat Kasepuhan
promotion. Although it was only
Adat Banten Kidul-Kabupaten
formed in 2016, Pokmas have been able
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to bridge the interests of the government
Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya.
and the Banokeling community
https://doi.org/10.15575/rjsalb.
regarding which cultures can be used as
v2i2.3098
tourism commodities and which are not
Gunawan, H., Suryadi, K., & Malihah,
allowed.
E. (2015). Analisis Perubahan
Sosial Budaya Masyarakat
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Desa Cihideung Sebagai Desa
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Bonokeling indigenous people, change is org/10.17509/sosietas.v5i2.1524
not always interpreted as being towards Haba, J. (2010). Realitas Masyarakat di
something completely new. Change is Indonesia: Sebuah Refleksi. Jurnal
interpreted as adjustments in which Masyarakat Dan Budaya, 12(No.
local traditions are still implemented 2), 225–276.
in such a way but still wisely keep up Hatu, R. (2011). Perubahan Sosial
with the times. The dynamics of the Kultural Masyarakat Pedesaan
fast-paced world can still be followed (Suatu Tinjauan Teoritik-Empirik).
without leaving the various traditions Journal Inovasi.
that guide them in their daily lives. The Nurhayanto, P., & Wildan, D.
presence of technology is accepted with (2016). Transformasi Nilai-Nilai
certain limitations. Changes to cultural Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Adat
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Rachmadhani, A. (2015). Kerukunan
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A. (2016). Kearifan Lokal dalam
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org/10.17977/jp.v1i4.6234

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 257

 Competitive Strategy of Small Micro Businesses
Industry Cluster in the Middle of Pandemic
COVID-19
1
Titi Darmi, 2Nuryakin, *1Bella Dian Nusantara
1
University Muhammadiyah Bengkulu, Indonesia
2
University Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
E-mail [email protected]

Abstract
The shift in patterns of economic activity during the COVID-19 pandemic had
an impact on the performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) from the
demand side, namely consumption and purchasing power which then disrupted the
production and trade processes. MSEs that are affected include the sector, services,
culinary, transportation, tourism, hotels, heavy equipment, automotive, agriculture
and plantations. This article briefly discusses the competitive strategy of MSEs in
the midst of the Covid 19 pandemic for industrial clusters in the Kota Bengkulu
area.
Keywords: Covid 19, competitive strategy, performance of MSEs, digital
technology

1. INTRODUCTION shifted the position of Aceh province,

which has so far occupied the poorest
The economic growth of Bengkulu province on the island of Sumatra, which
province for the period of March 2020 was replaced by Bengkulu province in
grew by around 3.82%, slowing down 2020 to become the poorest province in
when compared to the previous period the island of Sumatra.
which grew by 5.08%. The slowdown The increase in the number of poor
in economic growth has resulted in an people is due to disrupted community
increase in the number of poor people. economic activities and has an impact
Based on the release of the Central on the income of the population. One
Statistics Agency (BPS) in March 2020, of the causes of disruption of economic
Bengkulu province experienced an activity is the large-scale social restriction
increase in the number of poor people (PSBB) policy in order to prevent the
with a poverty percentage of 15.03. corona virus (Covid-19) from spreading
This means that Bengkulu province has

258 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
widely in society. PSBB policies and during the economic crisis in 1998
health protocols (keep your distance) became the driving force for Indonesia’s
have implications for economic sector economic growth, while MSMEs were
activities (Pakpahan, 2020). the saviors of the nation’s economy. (T.
A shift in the pattern of economic Tambunan, 2008), However, during
activity has also occurred in Bengkulu the Covid 19 pandemic, UMK was the
province, since the Covid 19 pandemic worst hit.
and the implementation of the PSBB. Shifting economic patterns due to
The problems faced by MSEs, on Covid 19 have caused most people to
average, MSEs are difficult to find new have to carry out daily activities from
customers, they do not have online home alone, whether for shopping,
promotional media. This means that work or studying. This shift in the
during Covid 19, SMEs did not innovate pattern of economic activity has
and be creative and have not been able to negative implications for the domestic
adapt to changing conditions or shifting economy, such as a decrease in public
economic patterns. consumption and purchasing powert
The Covid 19 incident, created a (Pakpahan, 2020).
new civilization called a new normal. The uncertainty of the end of Covid
The new normal has implications for 19, is a necessity for humans as servants
the pattern of consumers who switch of Allah to realize that whatever is on
to making purchases with low contact this earth is His creation. That is, as a
(online). Closed traditional shops are creation of Allah, we human beings who
making consumers switch to buying have reason are able to take wisdom
online. To meet needs such as health and be able to protect ourselves / the
equipment, health supplements, environment, istiqomah and innovative
clothing, kitchen utensils, to food and remain productive in the face of
ingredients they buy online, take away, any form of disaster that is befallen to
or home delivery. humans, so that life can survive.
Changes or shifts in economic The sustainability of the growth
patterns also have an impact on changing and development of MSEs is important
patterns of consumer behavior. This to analyze and can determine the right
change has an impact on the growth competitive strategy in the hope that
of industrial cluster MSEs. who have Micro and Small Enterprises will be able
not adopted digital or online-based to contribute to the economic growth
governance. of Bengkulu, especially Indonesia in
MSME is an economic sector which general during the Covid 19 pandemic.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 259

2. LITERATURE REVIEW Enterprises had a high contribution to
the economic growth of the Indonesian
Literature related to the impact of nation, especially MSMEs that were able
the Covid 19 pandemic has been widely to absorb labor. Many articles discuss
published by journals both national and this, for example (Situmorang, 2015; T.
international journals. International Tambunan, 2009; T. T. H. Tambunan,
journals explain that the impact of 2012; Tedjasuksmana, 2014). The
Covid 19 spreads to all lines of life (Ma authors agree that MSMEs play an
et al., 2020), This article explains that important role in economic growth,
Covid 19 has psychological implications and can even reduce poverty levels. Even
for humans, namely humans experience when Indonesia experienced a crisis,
stress. The social economic impact MSMEs were able to grow and develop
caused by Covid 19 is as in the article significantly.
(Nicola et al., 2020). The decline of MSEs during the
The impact of Covid 19 is very Covid 19 pandemic can be overcome,
much felt by low-income groups and if Micro and Small Enterprises can
for people who are involved in the increase the capacity of MSE managing
small and medium scale business world HR (Darmi,Titi & Suwitri, 2017). One
(Aziz, Othman, Lugova, & Suleiman, of the factors in low organizational
2020). For the sustainability of Small performance is that it has not utilized
and Medium Enterprises it is important technology (Darmi, Suwitri, Yuwanto,
to have a strategy with the use of digital & Sundarso, 2017), in the context of
technology (Papadopoulos, Baltas, & MSE management, the use of digital
Balta, 2020)there is limited evidence technology is a necessity (Papadopoulos
on the use of DT for dealing with the et al., 2020)there is limited evidence
consequences of extreme events, such as on the use of DT for dealing with the
COVID-19. We discuss this gap by (i. consequences of extreme events, such
Journals in Indonesia have also as COVID-19. We discuss this gap
published many articles discussing the by (i the use of technology is the right
impact of Covid on the business world, strategy to increase the performance of
for example (Awali & Rohmah, 2020; MSEs during the Covid 19 pandemic
Pakpahan, 2020). This paper explains (Hardilawati, 2020). There is also
the impact and strategies for small and an article explaining that innovative
medium enterprises in the midst of the human resources can increase marketing
Covid 19 pandemic. capacity in managing SMEs (Nuryakin
Before the COVID-19 pandemic & Retnawati, 2016).
tragedy, Micro, Small and Medium

260 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Capacity is indicated by the weight = 285 × 5 = 1,425
capability of human resources in 2) The cumulative number of the
dealing with unusual situations, but smallest weight value = Number
still surviving. This means that if MSEs of respondents × the smallest
have HR capabilities, MSEs can adapt measurement weight = 285 × 1 =
to any situation, including during the 285
COVID-19 pandemic. 3) Largest percentage value = 1,425 /
1,425 × 100% = 100%.
3. RESEARCH METHOD 4) The smallest percentage value = 285
/ 1,425 × 100% = 20%
This research comes from primary
The assessment criteria of each
data and secondary data. Secondary
variable used in this study are shown in
data refer to the results of previous
Table 1 below:
research and reports from both the
authorities and the media. Primary Table 1. Assessment Criteria
data comes from the answers to the Percentage interval Assessment Criteria
questionnaire using google form. There 20 – 35 Very less
were 285 respondents consisting of 31 – 51 Less
industrial cluster MSEs domiciled in 52 – 67 Moderate
the city of Bengkulu. The technique 68 – 83 Good
of taking respondents using purposive 84 -100 Very good

sampling, the researcher takes the Source: compiled by the author

sample because it is considered to have
met the predetermined indicators. The Determination of indicators that
statement given is based on indicators are considered dominant is done by
of how MSEs’ competitive strategies adding up all the answers to questions
are in a covid pandemic 19. Indicators / statements made by respondents from
of competitive strategy are translated the MSE competitive strategy indicator
into 6 questions. Using a number scale statements at the time of the Covid 19
(1) is very poor, number (2) is lacking, pandemic.
number (3) is moderate, number (4) is
good, number (5) is very good.
4. RESULT AND
The data analysis used the frequency
distribution statistics as follows:
DISCUSSION
1) The cumulative number of the Human resources (HR) are the main
largest weight value = Number of or basic resources in carrying out all
respondents × largest measurement management activities for the industrial

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 261

cluster MSEs The availability of HR is consisting of 7 people less than 25 years
a fundamental standard, however, HR old (2.5%), 21 people between 26-30
standards can be innovative, creative years old (7.4%), 24 people between 31
and able to adapt to any atmosphere - 35 years old (8.4 %), and those aged
or condition that can survive in an between 41 - 45 years were 131 people
emergency. Below are the characteristics (74.7%), and over 46 years old were 56
of the respondents based on gender as people (19.6%).
in Table 2. Table 4 shows the education level
Table 2. Gender of Respondents of the respondents consisting of 10
people (3.5%) who have primary school
Frequency Percent
education, seen from the junior high
Valid Mile 72 2.3
school education level as many as 22
Women 213 74.7
people (7.7%), from the senior high
Total 285 100
school education level as many as 204
Source: Google Form, 2020 people (71.6%) , from the diploma
level there were 18 respondents (6.3%),
Table 2 provides information that and 29 people from the undergraduate
the HR management of the industrial level (10.3%), meanwhile, at the
cluster MSEs based on gender consists postgraduate level there were only 2
of 72 men (2.3%) and 213 women respondents (0.7%).
(74.7%). The majority of respondents Table 4. Respondents Education
in this study were women. Level
Table 3. Age of Respondents Frequency Percent
Frequency Percent Valid Primary 3.5
10
school
Valid ≤25 year 7 2.5 Junior high
22 7.7
26 - 30 year 21 7.4 school
31 - 35 year 24 8.4 Senior High
204 71.6
School
36 - 40 year 46 16.1
diploma 18 6,3
41 - 45 year 131 46.0
Bachelor 29 10.2
> 46 year 56 19.6
Postgraduate 2 0.7
Total 285 100
Total 285 100
Source: Google Form, 2020
Source: Google Form, 2020

Then, the characteristics of

respondents were seen from age,

262 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Tabel 4. Strategi Bersaing UKM Klaster Industry
Very Good Good Moderate Less Very Less
Statement F
F % F % F % F % F %
1 20 7.018 128 44.91 102 35.79 32 11.23 3 1.053 285
2 24 8.421 162 56.84 76 26.67 21 7.368 2 0.702 285
3 11 3.86 98 34.39 148 51.93 27 18.6 1 0.351 285
4 14 4.912 65 22.81 129 45.26 71 9.474 6 2.105 285
5 13 4.561 161 56.49 86 30.18 25 24.91 0 0 285
6 20 7.018 196 68.77 59 20.7 9 8.772 1 0.351 285
5.965 47.368 35.08 13.392 0.760
Source: Google Form, 2020

Primary data based on responses from For question number 2 with the
respondents ‘answers have indicators statement ‘I have easy access to cheap
of MSEs’ competitive strategies in the sources of raw materials’, data in the field
midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. shows that the respondents answered
This is stated by 6 questions, namely 1) ‘very good’ as many as 8,421% of people,
I have easy access to cheap labor; 2) I answered 56.84% ‘good’, answered
have easy access to cheap raw materials; ‘moderate’ 26.67%, and answered ‘less’
3) I am able to keep production and as much as 7,368%, and answered ‘very
administrative costs cheaper than my poor’ as much as 0.702%
competitors; 4) I have easy access to The table above also explains that
working capital; 5) I have easy access the responses to statement number 3
to selling products in the market; 6) I with the statement ‘I am able to reduce
do inexpensive promotional activities production and administrative costs
in selling my products. Respondents’ cheaper than my competitors’ were
answers are as in table 4 below. 3.86% answered ‘very good’, 34.39%
Table 4 provides information that answered ‘good’, 51.93% answered
for statement number 1, namely ‘I have ‘moderate’, and respondents answered as
easy access to cheap labor’, respondents much as 18.6% ‘less’, and respondents
answered ‘very good’ as much as gave a response of 0.351% for the’ ‘very
7,018%, then, those who answered less’ category.
‘good’ were 44.91%, respondents For statement number 4, namely
answered ‘moderate ‘as much as 35.79%, I have easy access to business capital,
answered’ less’ as much as 11.23% and respondents gave 4,912% responses
1.053% of respondents answered ‘very with ‘very good’ responses, 22.81% of
less’.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 263

respondents gave ‘good’ responses, as time of the Covid 19 pandemic was
many as 45.26% of respondents gave categorized as “good”.
‘moderate’ responses, and 9,474% of The COVID-19 pandemic has
respondents gave a ‘less’ response, and hampered the growth and development
0.351% of respondents said ‘very poor’. of MSEs in all parts of the world,
Statement no.5, I have easy access Indonesia including Bengkulu City.
to selling products in the market, data in One of them is the industrial cluster
the field shows 4,561% of respondents UMK. In general, the industrial cluster
gave ‘very good’ answers, 56.49% UMK in Bengkulu City complained
of respondents gave ‘good’ answers, about the decline in turnover during
30.18% of respondents answered the Covid 19 period. This decrease in
‘moderate’, and 24.91% of respondents turnover was because all events that had
memneri the answer is’ less, and none been scheduled were postponed until an
of the respondents answered ‘very poor’. undetermined time.
Statement no.6, namely ‘I carry out The impact of the cancellation of
cheap promotional activities in selling all scheduled events is due to the PSBB
my products’, received a response of policy and the application of social
7,018% answered’ very good ‘, 68.77% distancing in order to avoid wider
answered’ good ‘, 20.7% answered’ transmission of the Corona virus. In
moderate ‘, and 8,772% responded’ less general, the impact of this policy, of
‘, and 0.351 respondents gave a’ very course, has implications for decreasing
poor ‘response. the income of industrial cluster MSEs.
Data in the field confirms that the This study wants to find out how
MSEs competitive strategy during the the competitive strategy of MSEs in
COVID-19 pandemic is the total score the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
of the answers to the 6 items, which is Data in the field confirms that in general
5,933 with the highest total score of 5 × the industrial cluster MSEs in Bengkulu
285 × 6 = 8,550. Thus the comparison City can compete, even in an uncertain
result is 5,9550: 8,550 = 0.6939 or business climate.
0.6939 × 100% = 69.39%. Indicators of labor, raw materials,
Based on the assessment criteria, production costs, marketing can be
the MSE competitive strategy value overcome with various innovations and
is 69.39% in the range of percentage creativity. This is in line with the results
intervals between 68 - 83. The data in of previous research, these indicators
the field shows that the MSE industrial are part that cannot be avoided so that
cluster competitive strategy at the MSEs can be the body in a sustainable

264 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
manner (Awali & Rohmah, 2020; El cluster MSEs. To minimize the impact
Hasanah, 2018; Pakpahan, 2020; Shafi, that will occur, it is important for
Liu, & Ren, 2020). MSEs to have a competitive strategy for
Capital problems that often become business sustainability in the future.
obstacles to the management process In general, the industrial cluster
of MSEs, it is confirmed from data in MSEs competitive strategy at the time
the field that the majority agree that of the Covid 19 pandemic in the city
MSEs have difficulty accessing banks of Bengkulu was in the ‘good’ category
to obtain capital loans. This difficulty is with the indicator that MSEs were able
due to the difficulty of fulfilling banking to have a competitive strategy between
requirements by MSEs, for example, they having easy access to labor, having
must have an agent, this is supported by easy access to sources of raw materials.
the article (Darmi & Agussalim, 2017; cheap, able to reduce production and
Tedjasuksmana, 2014). administrative costs cheaper than
To overcome the problems and competitors, able to reduce production
conditions of the uncertain business costs, has marketing capacity.
climate in the midst of the Covid
19 pandemic, MSEs should have Acknowledgements
an organizational strategy. MSE
This article is a small part of a research
development strategy, in addition to
entitled “Strategies for Strengthening
the 6 indicators which are the most
the Management Capacity of MSMEs
important research statements, MSEs
in order to Improve the Family
should improve the quality of human
Economy of Business Actors” sponsored
resources, mastery of technology, and
by the Ministry of Research and
develop business management and
Technology’s DRPM with an Applied
strengthen cooperation and partnerships
Research scheme. For this reason, the
between SMEs.
authors would like to thank DRPM
Kemenristekbrin who has provided
5. CONCLUSSION
facilities and support, thanks also to the
In the midst of an uncertain business Bengkulu Province KUMKM Office
climate, coupled with the spread of the which is represented by the Integrated
Covid 19 pandemic, there has been Business Service Center (PLUT) which
a shift in economic activity. Shifting has been the discussion team during
patterns of economic activity have an research activities.
impact on the growth of industrial

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 265

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Research in Globalization, 2,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 267

The Changing Landscape of Terrorism in The United
States After 9/11: The Transnational Network of
White Supremacist Extremist Movement

Nuriyeni Kartika Bintarsari1, Arif Darmawan2

1
Department of International Relations, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Central Java,
Indonesia
2
Department of International Relations, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Central Java,
Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
This article will discuss the rising cases of White Supremacist Extremist (WSE)
movement in the United States, particularly since the terrorist attack on September
11, 2001 or known as the 9/11 terrorist attack. There are several official reports on
the rising incident of attacks perpetrated by American inside the American soil,
including Charleston Church’s shooting in 2015, Tree of Life Synagogue shooting
in 2018, and El Paso Texas shooting in 2019. Those shootings are motivated by
hatred toward different races, religions, and ethnicities, and can be categorized as
domestic terrorism. There are also WSE organizations such as the Atomwaffen
Division and the Rise Above Movement (R.A. M) which has transnational network
with other WSE based in Europe. This article will analyze the shifting paradigm of
terrorism study in the US, from focusing on Islamist-motivated terrorism to the
White Supremacist Extremist nurtured domestically in the US, it also offers insight
into the transnational network of WSE between the US and Europe.
Keywords: White Supremacist Extremist, Domestic Terrorism, Atomwaffen
Division, Rise Above Movement.

1 INTRODUCTION nationalist political party in Germany,

during the 1930s. Its leader, Hitler,
The White Supremacist Extremist has published Mein Kampf, which has
Movement (WSEM) is not a new become the main source of political
phenomenon in the world politics. In ideology for Nazi during its reign
the dawn of World War II, the world (Holborn, 1964). The main ideology
witnessed the rising of Nazi, an ultra-

268 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
of Nazi is to conduct a genocide and minded organizations and individuals,
eradicate the whole population of Jews from Australia, Canada, Russia, South
and other minorities in Europe. Nazi Africa, and elsewhere (The Soufan
wants to eradicate the so-called lesser Center, 2019).” The danger pose by this
races, the sub-human, and the fears that type of terrorist organizations is no less
the non-white or non-Aryan race will dangerous than the Islamist or Jihadist
contaminate the greatness of German form of terrorist acts. Based on the same
people is what motivated Hitler to report by the Soufan Center “white
wrote “the strength of the Germanic supremacy extremists were responsible
race may be sapped by the admixture for three time as many deaths in the
of other races. Once the true Germanic United States as were Islamists (the
elements will have gained full power Soufan Center, 2019).” There were
over the people, it will be possible to several hate-related attacks perpetrated
eliminate racially inferior groups and by the member of this group, for example
to enhance the breeding of the superior the killing of 11 people at the Tree of
racial stock (Holborn, 1964:545).” This Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh, US, on
belief is the driving force behind every October 27, 2018 (Beauchamp, 2020).
White Supremacy Movement in the Beauchamp’s report also mentioned
US, the perception that they are the that after the Pittsburgh’s massacre
superior race and now they are under “there were shootings at two more
siege within their own states because of American synagogues: one in Poway,
the coming influx of immigrants from California, and another in Miami..
all over the world. Mostly the non- There’s been an epidemic of physical
white immigrants and the descendants assaults on Orthodox Jews in Brooklyn.
of Black slaves, which nowadays known The number of anti-Semitic incidents
as the Black American people. nationwide, ranging from violence to
The Soufan Center, a reputable non- swastika graffiti on synagogues and on
partisan strategy and security research campuses, has been at historic highs for
centre based in the United States, in its two straight years (Beauchamp, 2019).”
September 2019’s report stated “From Robert Bowers, the perpetrator of the
Pittsburgh to Poway and Charleston to attack at the Tree of Life Synagogue, is a
El Paso, white supremacist Extremists former truck driver who allegedly has a
(WSEs) pose a clear terrorist threat link with one of the WSEM in the US.
to the United States…this report will Those shootings and other incidents
demonstrate that they maintain links are perpetrated by White Supremacist
to transnational networks of like- Extremist members, as similar incidents

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 269

also happened in 1957 and 1958, terrorism involving citizens of the
when White Supremacist targeted eight territory of more than one country.
American Synagogues (Beauchamp, The term ’terrorist group’ means any
2019). The attacks were motivated by group practicing, or that has significant
the American Jewish involvement in subgroups that practice, international
the civil rights movement that gained terrorism (Schmid, 2013, p.138).” This
its peak within that decade. The United definition is relevant to the discussion
States Government Accountability of the transnational network of WSEM
Office (GAO), conducted a research in several states, including in the United
between September 12, 200, through States. The definition of WSEM itself is
December 31, 2017, using the US found not in a theoretical conception
Extremist Crime Database, found that but in its working definition as “a
the WSE has done no less than sixty- transnational challenge-its tentacle
two violence acts, which is thirty-nine reach from Canada to Australia, and
more than the incidents perpetrated by the United States to Ukraine-but it has
the Jihadist groups (The Soufan Center, evolved at a different pace in different
2019). his research highlights a changing parts of the world (The Soufan Center,
narrative of the terrorist threat in the 2019). The two definitions above will
US after 9/11, from Islamist extremist be utilized to analyse the WSEM, its
groups threats to the White Supremacy transnational network and its impact
Extremist Movement groups, already on the security in the US in the recent
incited several high-profile attacks on years.
American soil.
3 METHOD
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
This research is a qualitative method
This research will use the definition research, in the form of descriptive
of terrorism and the WSEM to analyse explanation. The research method
the research question. The definition to be used is a qualitative method.
of terrorism according to the Title 22 Qualitative methods are carried out
of the US Code, Section 2656 d is by capturing various facts or social
“Premeditated, politically motivated phenomena, through observation, then
violence perpetrated against non- analyzing them and trying to carry out
combatant targets by subnational theorization based on what is observed
groups or clandestine agents usually (Bungin, 2007).The method used to
intended to influence an audience. The collect data in this study is through
term’ international terrorism means literature research by going through

270 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
documents. The available documents the Department of Homeland Security,
are reports, letters, research journals, criminal justice apparatuses including
articles on the site, and other sources lawyers and district attorneys, have
that have been confirmed to be credible. reacted more swiftly in condemning
the terrorist attacks done by WSE as
4 RESULT AND domestic terrorism. The Soufan Center
DISCUSSION (2019) has examined that there are “two
of the United States’ most prominent
The threats posed by the WSEM, white supremacy extremist groups, the
especially in the United States is said Atomwaffen Division (AWD) and the
to be compounded by the attitude Rise Above Movement (R.A.M). “
of Trump administration, since he is These two groups have members
officially held office in the early 2017. who were the veterans of the Iraq and
Bergengruen and Hennigan (2019) Afghanistan wars in the early global
wrote that “as President, Trump has war on terrorism or after the US
repeatedly downplayed the threat posed launched military operations to Iraq
by white supremacists. He famously and Afghanistan after 9/11. The report
blamed “both sides” for violence at a also mentioned the facts that R.A.M
white-nationalist rally in Charlottesville, members have attended the celebration
Va., in 2017.” The Trump administration of Adolf Hitler’s birthday and visited
also created several efforts to steer away Germany, Ukraine, and Italy to
the WSEM from being spotlighted strengthen R.A.M ties with other white
as the growing threat in domestic supremacy extremist groups, based in
terrorism, not only by downplaying Europe. A founding member of the
the violence acts perpetrated by the Atomwaffen Division, who is a member
members of WSE, but by insisting of the Florida National Guard, Brandon
that the focus of terrorist threat in Clint Russell, was apprehended by
the US is still the Jihadist or Islamist the authorities because he has many
extremists. The Trump administration explosive devices and materials in his
has tried to change the name of possession. The AWD is “a dangerous
the Countering Violent Extremism white supremacy extremist group
program to Countering Radical Islamic that taps into explicit and even tacit
Extremism within the first week of acceptance of racist views and encourages
its holding the office at the White violence to intimidate minority
House (Bergengruen and Hennigan, populations in pursuit of its goal of
2019). In the same report, it was also destabilizing society to instigate a race
explained that the Justice Department,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 271

war (The Soufan Center, 2020).” AWD culture, and internet boards to attract
also a neo-Nazi extremist group that potential new members online.
has extensive network with like-minded Based on their extensive network
groups across Europe. Both AWD and overseas, their wide ranging of financial
R.A.M can also be designated as foreign sources and recruitment grounds, it is
terrorist organization due to their very legitimate to conclude that the US
extensive transnational networks, which government still has a long way to go to
is something that the US government eradicate the terror threats posed by the
is considering to do for their next step WSEM inside its jurisdiction.
to eradicate threats posed by these two
groups. However, there are massive 5. CONCLUSION
challenges in The Atomwaffen Division
This research has examined and
and R.A.M have several financial
analyses the changing landscape of
resources to fund their activities. Mostly
terrorist threats in the US, especially
self-financed or requiring donations
after 9/11. In the immediate aftermath
from their members, they also use
of 9/11, the alleged culprit of terrorist
cyber activities or online mechanism
is the radical Islamists, people with
to create more funds, such as: online
middle-eastern descent face harsher
shop selling the group’s paraphernalias,
judgments because of their supposedly
crowdfunding, cryptocurrencies, and
radical leaning ideology. However, the
other methods, both licit and illicit
most recent researches on terrorism
(The Soufan Center, 2019). Besides
revealed the fact that White Supremacy
financing, these groups also use several
Extremism has gained its momentum
methods as their recruitment ground,
during the Trump’s administration and
both offline and online. The groups
has spread its movement transnationally.
use music, specifically white rock
The Atomwaffen Division and Rise
neo-Nazi kind of music that actively
Above Movement are two most
“trumpeted their racist, neo-Nazi,
prominent WSE groups in the US,
and white supremacist beliefs through
which also have extensive network
song lyrics…the internet has allowed
with other WSEM in across Europe.
white supremacist and neo-Nazi music
These groups have launched several
groups to gain further traction…as the
terror acts within the US soil and the
music has become accessible worldwide
US government must establish more
(the Soufan Center, 2019).” Other
sophisticated strategies to deal with
recruitment method including using
white supremacy extremists.
Youtube, encrypted chat apps, gaming

272 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
References Holborn, H. (Dec 1964). Origins and
Political Character of Nazi Ideology.
Beauchamp, Z. How the Pittsburgh Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 79,
Shooting changed American No.4, pp.542-554.
Jews. Vox.Com. Available at: Ramakhrisna, K. (2013). A Theoretical
h t t p s : / / w w w. v o x . c o m / t h e - Framework for Understanding
highlight/2019/10/18/20899208/ Radicalisation into Violent
tree-of-life-anniversary-pittsburgh- Extremism. SEARCCT’S Selection
shooting-american-jews (accessed of Articles, 1, 1-16
on November 2, 2020). Schmid, A. P (ed). (2013). The Routledge
Bergengruen, V. And Hennigan, W.J. Handbook of Terrorism Research.
(August 19, 2019). We are Being Routledge. New York
Eaten from Within. Why America The Soufan Center. (2019). White
is Losing the Battle Against Supremacy Extremism: The
White Nationalist Terrorism. Transnational Rise of the Violent
Time. Available at: https:// White Supremacist Movement.
time.com/5647304/white- The Soufan Center. (2020). Special
nationalist-terrorism-united- Report: THE ATOMWAFFEN
states/ (accessed on Sept 2, DIVISION: The Evolution of the
2020) White Supremacy Threat.
Bungin, B. (2007). Penelitian Kualitatif:
Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan
Publik, dan Ilmu Sosial lainnya.
Prenada Media Group. Jakarta

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 273

 Village Budgeting in Banyumas District
Domination of Policy Actors in Determining Budget Policy Priorities
Simin 1, Denok Kurniasih1 Darmanto Sahat Setiawan1, Ngalimun1,, Mahmud Setiahadi1,
Rukna Idanati1, Moh. Imron1, Sendy Noviko1, Dwiyanto Indiahono1, and Shadu
Satwika Wijaya2
1
Departement of Public Administration, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia
2
Public Administration Program, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama, Purwokerto, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract.
Village budgeting has an important role in the entire village financial cycle. Amid
demands for transparency in the use of village transfer funds, research on public
budgeting is very urgent to do. Based on the results of previous research, the
performance of budgeting carried out by the village government has been running
optimally in terms of the planning process, implementation, and budget benefits.
However, the good performance of this budgeting has not been matched by efforts
to map priority basic service needs of rural communities. So, the conditions are still
not aligned between priorities and budget allocations against preferences for basic
service needs for the community. The research method used consists of quantitative
research methods. This research showed that there is a missing link between the
needs of the village community and the activity programs contained in the APBDes.
After polling the aspirations, there was limited discussion at the level of village
government elite.
Keywords: Local Autonomy, Mass Elite Model Policy Actor Public Budgeting,
Rural Development

1 INTRODUCTION government is now starting to pay

attention to how the policy process -
There is a growing awareness that especially the implementation stage
policies are unsuccessfully implemented - can be strengthened and supported.
due to their own inadequacies. In a This article contributes to the debate in
complex and messy system, it is not three ways: by exposing the key factors
clear how well to ensure effective policy behind policy failures; by exploring
design and implementation. However, different approaches to policy support;
instead of allowing a policy to become and by identifying key messages for
a complete or even partial failure, the policy practitioners.

274 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Budgeting has an important role in find the reasons why there is a missing
determining the direction and policies link between the needs of the village
of the organization, in this case, the community and the activity programs
village government. Through budgeting, contained in the APBDes.
the village government has guidelines
for carrying out various activities. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Also, budgeting has a decision-making
Public policy can be defined as the
function related to the many needs and
relationship of a government unit with
wants of the community. Not all the
its environment (Smith & Larimer,
needs and desires of the community
2018; Stout, 2011). Meanwhile, public
can be accommodated in the budget,
policy is the direction of action by public
therefore budgeting is also a political
actors in overcoming public problems
tool that functions to determine budget
or problems (Anderson, 2011). Public
priorities (Miller, 2002; Morphet, 2008;
policy is generally understood as the
Malgwi and Unegbu, 2012 Struic and
action of public actors in solving public
Bratic, 2017).
problems or problems. Meanwhile, the
Based on the results of research
social welfare policy is a government
that has been conducted, Thomas
action that has an impact on the
(2013) found that most of the village
welfare of the community through the
fund allocations were only used for
provision of public services (Blau, 2010;
building construction and procurement
Messinger, 2006; Rochefort, 2019;
of goods. This has increased the welfare
Tropman et al., 1983)this sixth edition
of the village community that has not
is intended to introduce students to
been able to be realized through village
the major social welfare policies and
funds. Whereas in theory, the existence
programs in the United States and to
of fiscal decentralization such as village
stimulate them to think about major
funds should be able to create more
conflicts in social welfare today. The
efficient community services, increase
book focuses on issues and emphasizes
public participation, democracy, and
that social welfare in the United States
equity, and in turn will encourage local
involves a series of political questions
economic growth and the welfare of local
about what should be done for those
communities (Oates, 1993; Gramlich,
who are poor, near poor, and not poor
1993 in Khusaini, 2006). The APBDes,
and other individuals and groups--or
which is a fiscal instrument, is not in
whether anything should be done at
line with the demands of the village
all. This edition increasingly recognizes
community’s needs. This article aims to
issues that international events and

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 275

globalization pose for social welfare directly involved formally in every
policy. Social Welfare: Politics and Public public policy process, such as political
Policy describes the major social welfare officials and bureaucrats. Meanwhile,
programs--their histories, trends, and public actors are those who are involved
current problems and prospects. But indirectly in the policy process, but
more importantly, it tackles the difficult their influence as public representatives
conflicts and controversies that surround is very much taken into account, such
these programs. Social welfare policy is as academics, mass organizations, etc.
not presented as a series of solutions to Affected actors are those who are the
social problems. Instead, social policy target group or target group of a policy.
is portrayed as public conflict over
the nature and causes of social welfare
problems, over what, if anything, should
be done about them, over who should do
it, and over who should decide about it.
This book is designed for undergraduate
and beginning graduate courses in
social welfare policy. It does not require
prior knowledge of social welfare, and
it will hopefully spur further interest
in social welfare policies and programs.
Source: Stewart & Lester (2008)
(PsycINFO Database Record (c. Public
policies are made by stakeholders who
Policies made by public actors in
are authorized to make them, which are
their journey cannot always be said
better known as policy actors. Policy
to be good or can always be effective
actors as disclosed by Knoepfel et al.
in overcoming public problems.
(2007) are those who are inside and
This cannot be separated from the
outside the policy system, who make,
concept by Bounded Rationality
are involved, and are affected by a policy.
(Simon, 1991; 2004), where in this
To find out who is involved in a policy,
theory it is stated that every human
then Knoepfel et al. (2007) noted that
being has limited rationality or has
there are at least three main actors in the
limitations in absorbing information
policy process or better known as the
and understanding social problems so
triangle of actors. Which consists of the
that decisions are made by humans are
policy arena, public actors, and affected
imperfect. Thus, a policy can be made to
actors. Policy arena, are those who are
be changed due to the imperfection of

276 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
the previous policy which is a result of rests on the role of subsystems in the
the limited capacity or rationality of the democratic system.
individual maker. Therefore we need a
series of efforts to improve the previous 3 METHOD
policy. Improvements that are made
The research was conducted with a
by correcting those that are deemed
combination of qualitative approaches
insufficient and maintaining those
(Creswell, 2013). The research
that are considered good are known
locations were in several villages in
as incremental approaches in public
Banyumas Regency, which were selected
policy. This concept was introduced by
purposively. The targets of this research
Lindblom (2004) which emphasizes
are stakeholders in the formulation of
more on “patchy” changes, in this case
budgeting policies at the village level.
still maintaining the sustainability
Data collection was carried out using
commitment of the previous policy.
a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The
Public policy does not always change in
informants in this study consisted of
incremental conditions, public policy
Village Government Officials, Village
can also change radically, drastically,
Institutions, Community and Religious
and at a fast tempo. This condition is
Figures, NGOs, and other organizations
known as the concept of Punctuated
involved in the formulation of
Equilibrium (Weible et al., 2018)
Banyumas District Village Budgeting
Baumgartner, Jones, and Mortenson
policies selected by purposive sampling.
describe Punctuated Equilibrium
Data analysis techniques are tailored to
Theory (PET. This model assumes that
the objectives of the study (Bryman,
the political equilibrium condition of a
2008) For that, we used qualitative
policy (monopoly policy) will not be able
data analysis interactive analysis model
to be in a stable condition continuously
(Miles et al., 2014; Williamson et al.,
for a relatively long time. Because there
2017)
are times when certain conditions occur
that cause sudden and radical changes
(the opening of an issue network). To
4. RESULT AND
understand public policy, thus, Stewart DISCUSSION
& Lester (2008) noted that there is This research has shown a
an elitist public policy model, there missing link between the needs of the
is a pluralist theory. The elitist model village community and the activity
explains that policy always rests on the programs contained in the APBDes.
political elite, while the pluralist model This happened because the process of

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 277

discussion and determining the priority 1. Policy Arena include Village
scale was only discussed by the Village Government and Village
Government and the BPD. This means Consultative Body (BPD) because
that after passing the deliberative they are directly involved formally
deliberation stage, the next process in each village budgeting policy
has entered the domain of the Village process;
Government and the BPD or in this case 2. Public Actors include community
the Village Government elite. public leaders, religious leaders, and
policy is defined as the relationship of a community institutions as well as
government unit with its environment academics, where they are indirectly
(Smith & Larimer, 2018; Stout, 2011). involved in the policy process,
By looking at this phenomenon, the but their influence as public
village budgeting policy is a form of representation is taken into account
the relationship between the village in village budgeting policies;
government and its environment, 3. Affected Actors include: the village
namely the village community itself community itself who is the target
to overcome the main problems of the group or target group of the village
village community. Because, public budgeting policy;
policy is the direction of action by public Based on the research findings,
actors in overcoming public problems or that in the discussion process and
problems (Anderson, 2011). However, determining the priority scale was only
the facts have shown that the discussion discussed by the Village Government
process and determining the priority and the BPD. This shows an imbalance
scale is only limited by the Village in the role capacities of the three main
Government elite. components of the policy actors. Parties
Public policies are made by belonging to the Policy Arena dominate
stakeholders who are authorized to the discussion and determination of
make them, which are better known as the priority scale of village budgeting.
policy actors. Policy actors as disclosed Meanwhile, Public Actors and Affected
by Knoepfel et al. (2007) are those who Actors are not directly involved in the
are inside and outside the policy system, discussion and determination of village
who make, are involved, and are affected budgeting priorities. Public Actors
by a policy. By definition by Knoepfel et and Affected Actors are asked for their
al. (2007) about the triangle of actors, consideration only up to the stage of
then it is classified as: gathering the aspirations of the public.

278 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Policies made by public actors in priority scale of village budgeting. The
their journey cannot always be said village community can provide program
to be good or can always be effective suggestions and aspirations, however,
in overcoming public problems. This the determination of priorities and final
cannot be separated from the concept decisions rests with the elite element
of bounded rationality (Kelly, 2004; in the Village Government. The elitist
Rubinstein, 2020; Secchi, 2010; model explains that policy always rests
Velupillai, 2017), wherein this theory on the political elite, while the pluralist
it is stated that every human being has model rests on the role of subsystems in
limited rationality or has limitations the democratic system. The results of
in absorbing information and this study indicate that there is a political
understanding social problems so that imbalance of a policy, known as the
decisions made by humans are imperfect concept of monopoly policy (Fraussen
(Bazerman & Moore, 2013)identify the & Halpin, 2018; Weible et al., 2018)
criteria, weight the criteria, generate Baumgartner, Jones, and Mortenson
alternatives, rate each alternative, & describe Punctuated Equilibrium
compute the optimal decision. Thus, a Theory (PET. Where the policy network
policy can be made to be changed due has not been able to be opened more
to the imperfection of the previous widely to all stakeholders (Cairney &
policy which is a result of the limited Cairney, 2016; Fyall & McGuire, 2015;
capacity or rationality of the individual Green-Pedersen & Mortensen, 2012;
maker. In the context of this research, Hadden, 2018; Klijn & Koppenjan,
it can be seen that the dominance of 2015)
elements of village government allows
Bounded Rationality to occur. This 5. CONCLUSION
means that the incomplete discussion
This research has shown a missing
and determination of budgeting policy
link between the needs of the village
priorities is the result of the limited
community and the activity programs
ability of the makers or the Policy Arena
contained in the APBDes. This occurs
to absorb information and understand
because the decision-making process
social problems.
and determining the priority scale of
In line with this, if viewed from the
village budgeting are carried out in
elite-mass model in public policy. Then
an elitist manner, where there is an
it is seen that there is the dominance of
imbalance in the capacity of the roles of
Elite elements in the Village Government
the policy actors, where the policy arena
in discussing and determining the
elements dominate the course of the

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 279

decision-making process and determine linkage and internal democracy
the priority scale of village budgeting. in times of digital disruption.
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282 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Global Cybersecurity Measure in International
Security
A Case Study of Russia’s Independent Network in 2014-2018

Bimo Satryo Wibowo1

1
International Development Program, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University,
Chiang Rai, Thailand
[email protected]

Abstract
Cybersecurity measure is a critical matter in combating threats in cyberspace (e.g.
cyber-attacks or cybercrime) which can result in loss of the material and non-
material asset. Many cybersecurity strategies applied differently contingent upon
the system of the country, priorities of the threat and many other circumstances.
Russia has distinguished themselves in cybersecurity measure by establishing an
independent network. This paper aims to examine the phenomena of cybersecurity
measure carried out by Russia by establishing the independent network under the
concept of international security. Qualitative method is performed in this paper
through documentary research and case study’s selection. This paper concluded that
Russia’s independent network would like to: 1) address the rising trend of cyber
threats issue, and the unpredictability and the inclining preparedness of Russia’s
partners; 2) be the escape mechanism in case the global internet is in chaos and
unreliable; 3) complete its legal framework on cybersecurity measure; 4) address
the international security i.e. protecting the national security, achieving privacy
and data security as the fundamental rights, protecting Russia’s whole entities e.g.
people, private and government, at all level from various cyber threats; 5) possibly
contribute significantly on the BRICS Cable Project and China’s BRI.
Keywords: International security, cybersecurity, Russia, independent network

1 INTRODUCTION
Ponemon Institute’s research in 6.4 percent of last year. It also stated
2019 on Cyber Resilient Organization that the world needs approximately
reported that global average cost for a 196 days on average to identify a data
data breach in the worldwide company breach (Ponemon Institute, 2019).
reaching US$3.86 million, increased In addition, Asia-Pacific suffered a

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 283

potential total loss of US$1.745 trillion development become vulnerable and
or approximately seven percent of the prone to disruptions (Singh, 2018).
current region’s GDP in 2017 from Russia and China have distinguished
cyber-attacks, according to a study themselves in the cybersecurity measure
commissioned by Microsoft reported as more protective than other states and
(Woolgar, 2018). Cybercrime had cost regions (Raul, 2018). They demand
Africa approximately US$3.5 billion, their cyberspace users (i.e., companies
and 96 percent of the incidents were and government) to localize the data
unreported (Dahir, 2018) and 90 percent (i.e., the data needs to be saved or
of African business are unable to protect operated in servers within their border)
themselves from vulnerability and losses in combating the cyber-attacks. They
(The Africa Cyber Immersion Centre, have set the standard of cybersecurity
2017). The above-mentioned data is that needs to be met by any government
some of consequences from the rising institutions and business entities, so that
trend and movement of digitization they can prevent cyber-attacks as early as
and the internet as the backbone of the possible (Raul, 2018).
operation (Singh, 2018). The measure taken by Russia seems
Concerning that consequences, to be the opposite of the majority
many strategies applied differently as situation. Therefore, this paper would
cybersecurity measure, contingent upon like to discuss the global cybersecurity
the system of the country, priorities of the measure, using Russia’s independent
threat and many other circumstances. network as a case study under the lens
The European Union (EU), or the of international security to answer a
U.S., performed data security and question of why Russia would like to
privacy by enforcing companies and establish an independent network as the
other entities to invest more time and cybersecurity measure?
resources to develop and maintain a
firm cybersecurity infrastructure (Singh, 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2018). The contrast situation can be
2.1 State Capacity and
found in most of Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary International
the Asia Pacific, where digitization and Security
technology-based business is growing Security concept is comprised of,
rapidly but not supported by the mostly, scholars who have interested in
regulations and cybersecurity-focused the military and the state, during the
policy, environment, and enforcement. cold war (Baldwin, 1997). Baldwin’s
It makes economic growth and business article implies that there is a shifting

284 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
in security concept, from the state and mentioned by William Gibson in his book
army-centric into wider perspective “Neuromancer” in 1984 (Christensson,
after the end of the cold war. There is 2006). In his science-fiction novel, he
no longer state apparatus or traditional described cyberspace as a consensual
security (i.e., the state and army) could hallucination daily experienced by
handle the phenomenon, due to the many legitimate operators of computer
interconnectedness of the involved network filled with artificial intelligent
actors and the issues (Aydın & Ifantis, being (Christensson, 2006).
2006; Osisanya, 2014). In more contextual definition,
Without specifically mention about cyberspace means the space where the
cyber-attacks related issue, but Aydin communication among the computer
and Ifantis trying to explain about the occur due to its connectivity (ITU,
capacity of the state to deal with the n.d.). That was in 1969 when the
transnational activities which could United States military funded a research
be meant to the degrading capacity network under the name of Advanced
of the state to control, undermining Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
the sovereignty and acknowledge the (Marsan, 2009). Now, the development
existence of non-state actor. WannaCry has come to the fifth-generation network
ransomware attack in the mid-2017 which refers to a set of technologies and
could be one of the examples to support standard for a significantly faster wireless
this assumption. It happened in the internet connection (Fruhlinger, 2019).
cyberspace, which the state, technically Due to the people’s dependency
and physically does not have any to the internet in their daily life, it
sovereignty over, and therefore, cannot brings a boomerang for themselves. In
control. Not only control over the the case of WannaCry, a ransomware,
user but also the impact caused by the attack in mid-2017 for example. The
disruption. The fact that none of law attack targeting high profile and high
enforcer entities could reveal the real connectivity network by encrypting the
culprit of the incident, proves that there existing file in the targeted computer
is some space in the current world that and asked the victim to pay ransom
the state is unable to perform its power amounted US$300 in a form of Bitcoin
and authority. in order to get their file back (Hern
& Gibbs, 2017). Ukraine, Russia,
the United Kingdom (U.K.), Spain,
2.2 Cyberspace and Global
Cybersecurity Taiwan, and India are the most affected
countries, while there are estimated
The word cyberspace was first

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 285

approximately 150 countries and more (Dominioni, 2018).
than 300,000 computers affected by So far, there are not a single
this ransomware (Graham, 2017). internationally recognized, and binding
Italian Institute for International framework adopted by all United
Political Studies (ISPI) (2018) stated Nations (UN) member states dedicated
that in the international level, the to cybersecurity (Dominioni, 2018). In
Budapest Convention was adopted by 2010, Russia proposed a draft for the
the Council of Europe in 2001 as the UN Cybercrime convention, but it was
most internationally binding instrument not successfully passed because the U.S.,
in cybersecurity (Dominioni, 2018). the UK, Canada, and the EU prefer
Budapest Convention is widely open to to use the Budapest Convention. Ilya
another country to adopt as its global Rogachev, the Director of the Russian
cybersecurity regime (Dominioni, Foreign Ministry’ Department for
2018). The EU, further, adopted the New Challenges and Threats, said that
EU Council Framework Decision on Article 32 Paragraph B in the Budapest
Combating Fraud and Counterfeiting Convention does not suit the interest of
of Non-cash Means of Payment in Russia (Vyshinskiy, 2018). It is in regard
2001, and e-Privacy Directive focuses to trans-border access to stored computer
on the personal data processing and data with consent or where policy
privacy protection in the electronic available which relates to copyright,
communication sector which allows private property, and interference to
the state to limit the use of electronic other states’ sovereignty (Council of
communications rights. Europe, 2001). Russia cannot stand on
The Commonwealth of Independent that point because if Russia agrees on the
States (CIS) adopted the Agreement on Budapest Convention, that means that
Cooperation in Combating Offences Russia shall surrender all the data, and
Related to Computer Information. it could possibly pose a threat to Russia’s
Shanghai Cooperation Organization national security and sovereignty by
also address the information security giving the counterparts free access to the
in Yekaterinburg Declaration in 2009 stored data in Russia. On the contrary,
(Dominioni, 2018). The African Union the proposal from Russia, as they
following the other regional organization believed, comprise of provisions which
addressing the cybersecurity by adopting could bring a better situation under
the framework inspired by the Budapest equal interaction and legal cooperation
Convention in identifying the form (Vyshinskiy, 2018).
of offensive operations in cyberspace

286 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
3 METHOD
The ransomware attack like
This paper aims to examine the WannaCry, and Petwrap/Petya, the
independent network as a cybersecurity U.S. election hack alleged and Edward
measure carried out by Russia since Snowden, have awakened Russia
2014 under the concept of cybersecurity about the importance of cybersecurity
using the lens of international security. measure. Russia affected as much as 20
This paper will apply qualitative percent of the global total loss due to the
research method through documentary WannaCry attack (Stubbs, 2017). State-
and case study’s selection. It is expected owned bank, Sberbank, has recognized
to give a new perspective on global that there is an increasing trend in
cybersecurity issue. cyber-attacks, account for twenty
percent, since the beginning of 2017
4 RESULTS AND (Kukhmar, 2017). In the bigger picture,
DISCUSSION the Russian economy as a whole incised
4.1 Russia’s Capacity in US$10.3 – 11.1 billion of annual lost
Cybersecurity Measure (Kukhmar, 2017). In addition, the 20th
Between 2015-2017, Russia is the Global Information Security Survey by
sixth most targeted country for cyber- Ernst & Young (EY) in 2017 shows that
attacks accounted for four percent of 71 percent of the companies in Russia
the global share (Symantec, 2018). believe that they need to increase their
The report also shows the increase of cybersecurity budget up to 50 percent
malware i.e., malicious software in 2017 (EY, 2017-2018). It is due to the fact
accounted for 54 percent which 27 that their existing systems are not strong
percent of it found in lifestyle category enough to counter cyber-attacks, which
(Symantec, 2018). confirmed by 98 percent of the surveyed
companies. Only 30 percent of the
companies in Russia recognized the kind
of cyber-attacks and followed by the fact
that 42 percent of the companies did
not create information security centers
and 69 percent have no special program
dealing with the cyber threats. Phishing
and malicious software become the
major cyber threats confirmed by 64
Figure 1. Top ten countries affected percent of respondents, while negligence
by cyber-attacks in 2015-2017 from
(Symantec, 2018)

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 287

and lack of information by employee the cybersecurity measure in Russia.
become other major factors contribute This way, Russia constitutes as going
to the weakness of their system against fairly protectionist in its cybersecurity
cyber threats (EY, 2017-2018). Besides, measure (Khayryuzov, 2018). The
software piracy which has been become a prohibition of Blackberry messenger,
common practice since the Soviet Union IMO, VChat, WeChat, and Telegram
era becomes another weakness point to operate in Russia by the Federal
for Russia’s cyberspace infrastructure Service for Supervision in the Sphere
(Morgan, 2019). of Communication, Information, and
Mass Communication (DPA) was due to
4.2 The Beginning of Independent the failure to comply with the Yarovaya
Network Law and the standard of cybersecurity
The amendment of Federal Law measure in Russia. The prohibition of
No. 149-FZ dated 27 July 2006 some messenger application operation in
on Information, Information and Russia had trigger critics from Russian.
Technologies and Protection of It says that Russia nowadays has declined
Information (the Information Law) its internet freedoms under the notion of
to Federal Law No. 97-FZ dated 5 data privacy and security (Cuthbertson,
May 2014 was the beginning of the 2019). Furthermore, the personal data
cybersecurity measure taken by Russia and localization data law has triggered a
in addressing the above-mentioned issue protest from small-medium companies
(Khayryuzov, 2018). Well known as the because they are subject to comply with
Yarovaya Law, taken from the author of the law to protect the data and localized
the law Irina Yarovaya, or Big Brother the operation, but they are also subject
Law, a name called by Edward Snowden, to limited capacity in providing such
require the mobile operator to store all facility. Besides, they need to change
of the phone calls and content of text their existing system into the new one,
messages recording for six months in the and that can cause a temporal disruption
Russia based server. While the internet towards their operations (Khayryuzov,
companies (e.g., messenger) also 2018).
require storing for one year including In 2014, the Russian Ministry of
the metadata (Khayryuzov, 2018). In Communication exercised a simulation
addition, the amendment of Federal to use the Russian backup system in
Law No. 152-FZ dated 27 July 2006, supporting the web operations in Russia
known as Personal Data Law to Data by switching off the global internet
Localization Law in 2014 strengthen services (RT News, 2017). In October

288 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
2018, Russia’s top consultative body on International Symposium in Changsha,
national security, Security Council noted China (Bloomberg News, 2018;
that western nations have increased its Kovachich, 2019).
capabilities in performing offensive In December 2018, Senator Andrei
operations in the cyberspace, along with Klishas, Lyudmila Bokovaya, and Andrei
the readiness to exercise the operations. Lugovoi drafted a “sovereign internet”
These capabilities, thus, poses a serious bill (Kovachich, 2019). The bill stated
threat to Russia’s security (RT News, that Russia needs to establish an intranet
2017). President Vladimir Putin has independently which uses the Russian
set the deadline of 1 August 2018 to language in case the network has to
complete the task. Dmitry Peskov said disconnect from the global internet.
that it is only as a backup mechanism This bill has received support from the
as the unpredictability of the Russian Russian giant technology company,
partners is inclining. So, Russia needs Yandex and Mail.Ru.
to be prepared for any turn of events to
ensure national security and protecting 4.3 Independent Network and
Russia from possible external influence Its Implication in Global
(RT News, 2017). Cyberspace
The protective movement of Russia From the previous section, it can
allegedly inspired by Chinese’s first be concluded that the independent
firewall project, further called Golden network functioned as the complement
Shield Project or China’s Great Firewall, of the existing legal framework on
since the 2000s aiming to access every cybersecurity. The independent network
citizen’s record and connecting China’s aims to protect Russia’s national security
security organizations (Bloomberg from the cyber-threat and any other
News, 2018; Kovachich, 2019). With a possible disruption in cyberspace. The
population of 800 million people, have independent network functioned as the
no access to Google, Facebook, YouTube, last resort for Russia in case the global
New York Times and many other internet is in chaos and no longer reliable
websites, making China cybersecurity in supporting Russia’s operations.
measure as the biggest censorship However, the independent network
system in the world. These cybersecurity is not only going to take an effect
measure held by a cooperation between within Russia’s border but also to the
the government and technology and international stage. Countries such as
telecommunication companies and first Israel, Singapore, Brazil, Ukraine, India,
initiated by Fang Binxing along with the South Korea, and others have more
sovereign internet at the CyberSecurity

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 289

tendency to develop more protective Russia’s independent network will be
cybersecurity measure (Morgus, implemented in order to support the
Woolbright, & Sherman, 2018). But connection in BRI.
they are still on the progress on finding
the best way in addressing the issue 5. CONCLUSSION
(Adee, 2019). Therefore, the movement
In conclusion, the cybersecurity
made by Russia and China on protecting
measure taken by Russia in a form of
their cybersecurity could be the role
establishing the independent network
model.
meant to address the rising trend of cyber
the official said that the Russia’s
threats, as well as the unpredictability
independent network would be
of Russia’s partner not to mention
implemented in Brazil, Russia, India,
the increasing preparedness in doing
China, and South Africa (BRICS)
aggressive operations in cyberspace.
through BRICS Cable project (RT
Functioned as the last resort of escape
News, 2017). The project was recognized
mechanism in case of facing the chaos
in the 4th BRICS Summit in New Delhi
in cyberspace and unreliable network
India, in March 2012 as the strategic
of the global internet, the independent
important project and been included in
network keeps moving forward in a legal
the joint declaration (Sharma, 2013).
manner. In addition, this network will
BRICS Cable Project refer to 34,000
complete Russia’s legal framework in
km long of fiber optic cable that would
cybersecurity measure which has been
connect BRICS member states which
started to distinguish its direction to be
worth US$1.5 billion project. Through
more protective since 2014.
this cable, it is expected to perform
Russia’s independent network will
12.8 Terabit per second of transfer data
not only taking an effect in national
capacity (Lee S. , 2016).
but also possibly affect global internet
In addition, Russia’s independent
governance. Recognizing the spectrum
network could also play an important
of states in regard to internet governance,
role in China’s Belt and Road Initiative
Russia’s independent network could
(BRI). Central Asia and Russia are
become an alternative measure in
the two areas which certainly will
protecting the national cyberspace
be passed by the BRI, and so, the
aside from China’s Great Firewall.
telecommunication network will also
Furthermore, this network could also
be included. As Russia and China
become a significant complementary
are the protective typical country for
project for BRICS Cable Project and
their cybersecurity, it is possible that
China’s BRI.

290 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
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 The Importance of Digital Literacy in Minimizing
the Impact of Hoax during the Covid-19 Pandemic
in Sleman, Yogyakarta

Felicciana Yayi Amanova1, Niken Puspitasari2

1
Faculty of Communication and Multimedia, Mercu Buana University of Yogyakarta,
Ring Road Utara Rd., Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University of Yogyakarta,
Laksda Adisucipto Rd., Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
This research aims to describe the importance of digital literacy in minimizing
the negative impact of hoax consumed by the society through various contents of
social media during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. This
research uses qualitative descriptive method by observing the ongoing phenomena.
Paul Gilster’s Theory of Digital Literacy is used as the scientific approach to analyze
the perception and attitude of the society toward hoax on social media during the
Covid-19 pandemic. The research results conclude several assumptions, which
are: first, hoax lead the society to wrong perceptions and actions in responding to
the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. Second, mastery of digital literacy needs to be
developed continuously in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta because most of the society
tends to be affected by hoax information which circulates on social media. Third,
minimizing the negative impact of hoax is one way to build people’s positive attitude
in facing the pandemic.
Keywords: Digital Literacy, Hoax, Covid-19 Pandemic

1 INTRODUCTION in Indonesia, including Yogyakarta.

According to Yogyakarta Health Office,
The Covid-19 Pandemic strikes most cases of Covid-19 in Yogyakarta are
Indonesia in March 2020. Thousands found in Sleman Regency, as it’s the most
of people diagnosed with Covid-19 populated area in Yogyakarta, the home
appeared in Jakarta, the capital city of of many local and non-local inhabitants,
Indonesia. It doesn’t take a long time for educational institutions, tourist and
the virus to spread to other major cities

296 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
culinary destinations (https://corona. news/486241/gaya-hidup/corona/-
jogjaprov.go.id/ data-statistik. Updated di-diy-meledak-aliansi-warga-siap-
in November 8, 2020). perangi-hoaks. Updated in August 1,
During the transmission of 2020).
Covid-19, various invalid news or fake Surprisingly, The Ministry of
information circulate freely through Communication and Informatics of
social media platforms and messaging Indonesia noted there were 2.020 hoaxes
apps. Most of the hoaxes related to related to the Covid-19 circulated in
the Covid-19 are very convincing but Indonesia from January 23 to October
actually false and fooling the society. 19, 2020. A total of 1.759 hoaxes have
During this Covid-19 pandemic, we been taken down. The Director General
are not only fighting the virus, but also of Informatics Application, Samuel
the misleading information that spread Pangarepan, said that the ministry
massively. is in effort to straighten out the false
The Government of Yogyakarta news, especially those which related to
is quite responsive in dealing with the the Covid-19 pandemic, to reduce the
spread of hoax. One of their creative public anxiety and misunderstanding in
efforts is socialization through a video facing the ongoing pandemic (https://
entitled “Stop Hoax” which is posted in lingkarkediri.pikiran- rakyat.com/
Yogyakarta Government’s official web nasional/pr-67850161/takedown-
portal (https://corona.jogjaprov.go.id/ ribuan-hoax-soal-covid-19-kominfo-
rilis/infografik/item/95-stop-hoax- telah-lakukan-uji-fakta-dan-literasi-
covid19. Updated in May 22, 2020). digital).
The Anti-Hoax Civil Society However, no matter how hard
Organization of Yogyakarta the efforts of the government and
(MAFINDO) also gives special community alliances in handling the
consideration to overcome the spread of hoax, it will be fruitless
spreading of hoax related to Covid-19 without the digital literacy skill. The
in Yogyakarta. The Chairman of public needs to have a proper ability in
MAFINDO, Septiaji Eko Nugroho, using digital media and communication
stated that the organization will stand tools. This includes the ability to find,
against the infodemic, which are the create, and make use of information in
false news or fake information about a healthy and smart way. It is in line
Covid-19. He considers the infodemic with the statement of The Director
is as dangerous as the Covid-19 itself General of Informatics Application,
(https://www.gatra. com/detail/ Samuel Pangarepan, which state that

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 297

The Ministry of Communication and many internet users in Indonesia. He
Informatics of Indonesia also use the strongly suggests the digital literacy skill
digital literacy approach to cope with as a tool to educate the society about
the spread of hoaxes in Indonesia fake information during the Covid-19
(https://lingkarkediri.pikiran-rakyat. pandemic.
com/nasional/pr-67850161/takedown- Virga, Andriadi (2019), in their
ribuan-hoax-soal-covid-19-kominfo- proceeding paper “Digital Literacy and
telah-lakukan-uji-fakta-dan-literasi- HOAX on Social Media” discuss the
digital). role of social organization in educating
Based on the description above, the youth in overcoming the spreading
the researchers perceive the importance of hoax on social media. They argue that
of digital literacy in minimizing the social and educational organizations
negative impact of hoax during the have the urge to equip the society with
Covid-19 pandemic in Sleman Regency, digital literacy skill.
Yogyakarta.
3 METHOD
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The researchers use a qualitative
Digital literacy and its development method to address the issue. One of the
continuously become an important characteristics of qualitative research
discourse in the midst of this fast-paced is, it usually use a multiple forms of
digital information era. Susilo, Afifi, data such as interviews, observations,
Yustitia (2019) in their proceeding documents, and audiovisual information
paper, “Hoax as a Reflection on the Low rather than rely on a single data source.
Digital Literacy in Indonesia” describe The qualitative researchers organize and
how hoaxes affect the social media users’ analyze the data into categories that cut
emotion in consuming and react toward across all off the data sources (Creswell,
the information. They found that many 2014). Therefore, this research uses
groups of society in Indonesia are still a structured interview to obtain the
vulnerable to hoaxes, which showed the primary data. The research respondents
level of digital literacy in Indonesia is are four residents of Sleman Regency,
still very low. who are active social media users and
Widiatmojo (2020) in his article often interact with wide community in
“Literasi Visual Sebagai Penangkal Foto their daily activities. The respondents
Hoax Covid-19” highlights the spread are 20 - 37 years old.
of fake photos related to Covid-19 The secondary data is obtained
news in social media which affects through literature review, and the

298 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
researchers’ observation on social research respondents admit that they
media and in public places of Sleman and their primary family still cautious
Regency. The observation focuses on the with the transmission of Covid-19 and
circulation of hoax related to Covid-19 stick to the health protocols. While
and the people’s attitudes in dealing with in the context of wider environment,
the pandemic. Finally, The Paul Gilster’s two respondents who work in public
theory of Digital Literacy is used as a service say their working environment
theoretical approach in analyzing the apply the Covid-19 health protocol
data and addressing the issue. with great discipline, but most of the
people who come to their offices do
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION not properly adhere to the Covid-19
health protocols, like disobeying the
4.1 The Impact of Hoax on
People’s Attitudes in rule of physical distancing, or using a
Perceiving the Covid-19 mask only as a formality. One research
Pandemic in Sleman Regency respondent say most of his friends in
Among the five sub divisions of their boarding house tend to ignore the
Yogyakarta, Sleman Regency has the Covid-19 health protocols, for example
highest number of Covid-19 infection they don’t wear mask when going out of
(Public Relation Office of Yogyakarta the house, they also not washing their
Local Government, 2020). Based on hand when returning back to the house.
the report of Sleman Regency Health Furthermore, the all four research
Office, the transmission of Covid-19 respondents state that there are still a
infection in Sleman Regency is rapidly lot of people crowding in public places
increasing. Most districts in Sleman without wearing masks and practicing
Regency are at low risk level of the rule of physical distancing.
Covid-19 transmission in July 2020, the The conditions revealed by the
status then increase to the level of low research respondents are in line with
and moderate risk in August 2020. In the researchers’ findings in observing
October 2020, the status increase even several public spaces in Sleman Regency.
higher to moderate and high risk level, Coffee shops, restaurants, and picnic
with a continuous growing number of area are often crowded by visitors who
people infected (Sleman Regency Health are less likely to practice the Covid-19
Office, 2020). Despite the high level of health protocols. However, the research
Covid-19 transmission, most people respondents consider that there are
in Sleman Regency seem to ignore the many social and psychological factors
Covid-19 health protocols. The all four which influence those condition, such
as the society could be bored with the

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 299

Covid-19 pandemic that has been going perceive fake information as an accurate
on for seven months; feeling tired in fact and mislead them in dealing with,
applying discipline to the Covid-19 or lowering their awareness of the
health protocols; and for some groups of Covid-19 transmission in their social
society, complying the Covid-19 health environments.
protocol needs like buying mask or As we all acknowledge that the
hand sanitizer is not always affordable. wave of covid-19 is still ongoing and
Besides, the spreading of hoax about the the antidote has not yet been found, in
Covid-19 in social media is also a factor this time of uncertainty, people could
that should be considered in observing easily get emotionally affected by the
people’s attitudes toward the Covid-19 flow of information they received,
pandemic in Sleman Regency. including hoax, as stated by Hosova
Based on the researchers’ that the creators and distributors of
observation, there are a lot of hoaxes misinformation, hoax and fake news
about the Covid-19 pandemic spread consciously use emotional pressure on
massively through social media the recipient (Hosova, 2018).
platforms such as Facebook, Instagram,
Youtube, and Whatsapp broadcast 4.2 Digital Literacy Mastery to
message. Some of them are information Minimize the Impact of Hoax
which convincing the public that the during the Covid-19 Pandemic
in Sleman Regency
Covid-19 can be easily cured only by
consuming food like fried eggs, garlic, or Paul Gilster defines digital literacy
eucalyptus oil in a certain dose. Others as the ability to understand and use
are the information that speculates the information in multiple formats
Covid-19 is merely a political conspiracy. from a wide variety of sources when
The researchers find these kind of hoax it is presented via computers and
are re-shared by hundreds of social particularly through the medium of the
media users. In addition, one of the Internet (Gilster in Pool, 1997). He also
research respondents state that she often specifically states that digital literacy is
saw many people arguing with security about mastering ideas, not keystrokes
officers because they did not want their (Gilster in Bawden, 2001). Based on
body temperature to be checked using Gilster’s book, “Digital Literacy”, David
a thermometer gun, they believe in the Bawden summarizes seven competencies
viral hoax which says the thermometer of digital literacy, as follows:
gun can cause a brain damage or brain • Knowledge assembly, building a
cancer. Thus, it shows that many people reliable information hoard from
diverse sources,

300 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
• Retrieval skills, plus “critical promote the mastery of digital literacy
thinking” for making informed to the society of Sleman Regency
judgements about retrieved in order to minimize the impact of
information, with wariness about misleading hoax during the Covid-19
the validity and completeness of pandemic. We cannot hardly control the
internet sources, massive circulating of hoax during the
• Reading and understanding non- Covid-19 pandemic, but through digital
sequential and dynamic material, literacy, people will get a much better
• Awareness of the value of traditional understanding in sorting the accurate
tools in conjunction with networked information and hoax, and lead them
media, to the proper attitude in dealing with
• Awareness of “people networks” as the Covid-19 pandemic. By mastering
sources of advice and help, the digital literacy, people will build
• Using filters and agents to manage the ability to manage the information
incoming information, they get on social media, as stated by
• Being comfortable with publishing Karpati, “Through digital literacy,
and communicating information, as someone can manage information and
well as accessing it (Bawden, 2001). communication. By digital literacy, it
The researchers comprehend means the abilities needed to evolve
Gilster’s explanation of digital literacy and beyond education, in an age
as a framework in building the proper when digital forms of information
attitude of people in consuming and communication predominate”
various information via the internet, (Karpati, 2011). Furthermore, taking
like people should not taking granted into account that Sleman Regency is
or immediately believe the content the home of diverse educational, social,
of information before they fully and cultural institutions, the mastery
understand the discourse conveyed in of digital literacy in society might be
the information, also, people should promoted through various forms of
have critical evaluation before they cooperation between those institutions
decide to react toward the information, and local government.
for example does the information make
sense?, does the information come from 5 CONCLUSION
trusted source?, does the information meet
The continuously growing number
the ethical values?, will the information
of Covid-19 transmission in Sleman
cause a good or bad impact to people?.
Regency doesn’t make most of its society
Based on the discussion in the
become more aware of the ongoing
previous section, it is important to

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 301

condition. There are still many people Pool, C., (1997), A conversation with Paul
in Sleman Regency who tend to ignore Gilster, Educational Leadership, 55
the Covid-19 health protocols. In this (3).
research, the researchers consider the Susilo, M. E., Afifi, S., Yustitia, S.,
spread of hoax related to Covid-19 as (2019), Hoax as a Reflection on the
one of the factors that affect the people Low Digital Literacy in Indonesia. The
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302 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Gendis : Change the Stigma of Pity into
Independence of People with Disabilities

Nabilla Poetri Andini1, Deska Pradani Putri2, and Nurwahyu Primadarma3, and Alizar
Isna4
1,2,3,4
Department of Public Administration, Jenderal Soedirman University
[email protected], [email protected], nurwahyu.primadarma@mhs.
unsoed.ac.id, [email protected]

Abstract
This study observes the impact of Gendis (Successful Gate of People with Disability)
toward the independence of people with disabilities so that they have the same
economic opportunities according to the concept of inclusive development. People
with disabilities are one of the neglected elements in society altough they are the
largest minority in the world. There are 2500 people with disabilities in Banyumas
Regency who supposed to have the same opportunity and rights as the others.
However, they live under stigma which mentions that they are unproductive so that
it causes their fundamental rights, as the right to live independently and be involved
in society, have not been fulfilled. Therefore, the government is commited to create
an innovation named Gendis which aims to alleviate people with disabilities to
become independent and productive. Gendis implements collaborative governance
concept through some programs. The metod in this study is qualitative descriptive
method. The result showed that the existence of Gendis was able to increase
the independence of people with disabilities. Based on the explanation, it can
be concluded that Gendis is able to alleviate people with disabilities to become
financially independent so that Gendis can be used as a pilot program for other
regions to fulfill the rights of people with disabilities.
Keywords: Gendis, disability, inclusive development, collaborative governance.

1 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, discrimination is still persons with disabilities are the greatest
badly felt by groups with physical or minority group in the world. This is
mental limitation, who are officially proven with the data of the International
called persons with disabilities. However, Labour Organization (2016), that

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about 15 percent of total population states that the factors causing persons
worldwide are persons with disabilities, with disabilities find it difficult to
who are more than one billion people. enter the working world include lack
Although persons with disabilities are of education and training, working
called the greatest minority group in the environment and individual’s response
world, but they are often marginalized. to disability who is not convinced of
Many persons with disabilities are their working capability (Rozali et al,
underestimated because of the negative 2017). The factors are the reason why
stigma, which indirectly affects their persons with disabilities in Banyumas
life, such as in finding job. One example Regency are jobless. This conforms
of the form of different treatment is to Bowo’s statement, a person with
as reported in a news of tirto.id that disability in Banyumas Regency, that
a dentist named Romi Syofpa Ismael low education level makes the majority
was eliminated by the Government of of persons with disabilities find it
South Solok Regency from becoming a difficult to have a job (Source: Interview
Civil Servant on the reason of disability, on 17 October 2020).
although he was a candidate with the The Social and Village Empowerment
best score and ranked first (Accessed Agency (Dinsospermades) is an
from https://tirto.id/penolakan- institution tasked to improve the social
dokter-disabilitas-komitmen-hapus- welfare of the community, including
diskriminasi-disoal-eeXh on 27 October persons with disabilities. The reality of
2020 at 00.39). The case example is not social gap between the community and
the first one experienced by persons with persons with disabilities encourages
disabilities in Indonesia. Similar issues Dinsospermades to solve the problem.
are often found, making the majority The effort made is to improve the skill
of persons with disabilities jobless. This of persons with disabilities through
conforms to the data of the Central training programs, which are later called
Statistics Body (2019) that there were the Gate of Success for Persons with
20.0 million working-age persons with Disabilities (Gendis).
disabilities and 10.19 million labor force Gendis (Gate of Success for Persons
persons with disabilities. Meanwhile, with Disabilities) is an innovation to
there were only 9.91 million working improve the social-economic life of
persons with disabilities. This means persons with disabilities so that they will
that there were 289 thousand jobless be more independent and productive.
persons with disabilities. The other purpose to be achieved by
The World Health Organization this program is to reduce discrimination

304 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
against persons with disabilities other citizens by equality of rights. The
through an inclusive development. In types of persons with disabilities are:
its implementation, Gendis applies the Table 1. Type of Persons with
concept of collaborative governance, Disabilities
thus it promotes success in achieving the
Type Definition
objective of the program. The innovation
which was officially established in 2016 Persons Functional movement disorder,
with including amputation, paralysis of
has evidently, successfully handled 681 Physical stiffness, paraplegia, celebral palsy
Disabilities (CP), effect of stroke, effect of
persons with disabilities (Accessed from leprosy, and dwarfism.
https://rri.co.id/purwokerto/berita/
Persons Thinking function disorder
banyumas/864277/gendis-banyumas- with because of intelligence level below
masuk- top-99-inovasi-pelayanan- Intellectual average, including slow learning,
Disabilities mental disability and down
publik-nasional on 26 October 2020 syndrome.
at 22.38). Therefore, it is interesting to
Persons Thinking, emotional and
study how Gendis influences persons with Mental behavioral functions disorder,
with disabilities. Disabilities including:
Psychosocial, including
schizophrenia, bipolar,
2 LITERATURE REVIEW depression, anxiety, and
personality disorder; and
2.1 Persons with Disabilities Growth disability which
influence social interaction
Persons with disabilities are those capability, such as autism and
with long-term physical, mental, hyperactivity.
intellectual or sensory limitation, Persons Disorder of one function of five
with senses, such as visual disability,
that because of having various Sensory hearing disability, and/or speech
constraints, they are prevented from full Disabilities disability.

participation and effectiveness in the

society (Convention on the Rights of
(Source: Law No. 8 Year 2016)
Persons with Disabilities, 2006). In line
with the convention, the definition of
The choice of the term persons with
persons with disabilities in accordance
disabilities is not an instant process.
with Law Number 8 Year 2016 is that
Widinarsih (2019) states that since
every person experiencing long-term
the beginning of the independence of
physical, intellectual, mental, and/
Indonesia to 2011, there were about ten
or sensory limitations who in their
official terms used to refer or address
interaction with the environment may
to persons with disabilities in their
be constrained from and find difficulty
public daily interaction in Indonesia
in fully and effectively participating with

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 305

and in legal documents at national and inclusive economic development is an
local levels. Persons with disabilities are economic growth which creates wide
finally chosen to replace ‘handicapped access and opportunity to the whole
persons’ since ‘handicap’ tends to be society equitably, enhances prosperity
negative, which leads to the implication and reduces the gap between groups and
in the form of discriminative behavior regions.
and stigmatization towards them.
Based on Law Number 8 Year 2016, 2.3 Collaborative Governance
persons with disabilities have 22 rights Collaborative governance,
as expressed in article 5. The rights according to Jung, et.al (2009:1), is
highlighted based on the relevance to the process of establishing, driving,
the topic of discussion in this paper facilitating, operating and monitoring
include: cross-sectoral organizations regulation
(1) right to freedom from stigma; (2) in settling public policies which cannot
right to employment, entrepreneurship be settled only by one organization or
and cooperative; (3) right to social public. In more detail, Balogh (2011:2),
welfare; (4) right to public service; explains that collaborative governance
and (5) right to independent life and is a process and structure in the
involvement in the community. management and formulation of public
policy decision by involving actors
2.2 Inclusive Development who are constructively from various
According to Prasetyantoko (2012) levels of governmental and/or public
in Henny (2017), inclusive development agencies, private institutions and civil
is an alternative development model society in achieving the public purpose
which specifically emerges in response to which cannot be achieved when it is
various negative impacts of development implemented only by one party.
policies deemed to be focusing too much
on the economic growth and in favor 2.4 Role of the Commuity Worker
of fulfillment of elite group’s interest, Ife (1997:53) in Maspitella and
and at the same time marginalizing Rahakbauwi (2014) states that there are
lower community’s interest, such as at least four main roles and skills which
that of the poor, marginal and minority will later specifically lead to certain
groups. In more detail, the Ministry techniques and skills that community
of National Development Planning workers must master as society
(PPN)/National Development Planning empowerment. The four roles and skills
Agency (Bappenas) (2019) explains that are:

306 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
1. Facilitative role and skill. The 3 METHOD
Ministry of Empowerment of State
Apparatuses (2014) in Sri, et al. This research employed a qualitative
(2017) explains that facilitative role approach, which means that the
is an activity performed by a person researcher explained, described and
to facilitate others or a group of analyzed critically and objectively the
people to learn or do something. impacts of Gendis on the independence
2. Educational role and skill. According of persons with disabilities in Banyumas
to Ife (1997:53) in Maspitella and Regency. The research was conducted
Rahakbauwi (2014), this role covers from September to October 2020
improving community’s awareness, in Banyumas Regency. The location
delivering information, confronting was chosen since Banyumas Regency
and training. was where the Gendis innovation was
3. Representative role and skill. This applied in, which was one of the Top
role, according to Ife (1997:53) in 99 Innovations of Public Services at
Maspitella and Rahakbauwi (2014), National Level. The Gendis innovation
is made by society developer in its was expected to raise the economy
interaction with external institutions of persons with disabilities’ family in
on behalf of the society and for the Banyumas Regency.
sake of the society. This role covers The research informants were
the effort to obtain sources, perform chosen by employing the purposive
public advocacy, establish partner sampling technique. The research data
or network, sharing experience and source was from primary data and
knowledge and serving as public secondary data. The research primary
spokesperson. data were obtained from the concerned
4. Technical role and skill. Noe, et al. informants such as Mr. Apri Hartanto as
(1994) in Sri, et al. (2017) state that the Head of the Indonesian Association
technical capability is the important of Persons with Disabilities (PPDI) of
factor in performance. This factor Banyumas Regency, Mrs. Thalita as the
is then transformed into objective One in Charge of Gendis Program of
through employee’s behavior by Dinsospermades, Mr. Mukti Wibowo
showing their achievement only as the representative of persons with
if they have sufficient knowledge, quadriplegic disabilities and Mr. Bowo as
expertise and other characteristics. the representative of persons with visual
disabilities. The secondary data were the
supporting data obtained from books
and journals related to the research. In

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 307

addition, the researcher obtained the and social protection of persons
data from relevant department, namely with disabilities;
the Social, Community and Village d. help solve social problems of persons
Empowerment Department. with disabilities, provide provincial
The data were collected through social services, develop case handling
observation, interview, literature study plan, handle individual and family,
and documentation. The research data group and community problems;
were analyzed using the interactive e. perform empowerment by giving
analysis method of Miles, Huberman life skill to realize independence and
and Saldana (1983). The analysis welfare of persons with disabilities;
method of this model consists of four f. coordinate the implementation of
stages of data analysis, namely Data duties and functions of respective
Collection, Data Condensations, Data institutions engaged in the
Display and Data Conclusion Drawing/ membership of Public Services of
Verification. Gate of Success for Persons with
Disabilities (Gendis);
4 RESULT AND g. perform assessment, psychosocial,
DISCUSSION advocacy, facilitation and mediation
(Source: Decision of Regent of
Gendis is the innovation created by Banyumas Number 130/80/Tahun
Dinsospermades of Banyumas Regency 2020 on the Public Service of
to raise the economy of persons with Gate of Success for Persons with
disabilities to be more independent and Disabilities).
productive. Gendis bears the following
duties: The background of Gendis
a. Perform social issue handling establishment is the vulnerability of
services for persons with disabilities persons with disabilities in regard
in synergy and collaboration with social issues, such as lack of
between stakeholders; family support to work, becoming
b. collect, move, provide and use local street musician, beggar, unemployed
resources and society effectively and and having no life skill. In addition,
efficiently to handle social welfare there is stigmatization of persons with
issue of persons with disabilities; disabilities which leads to discriminative
c. perform oriented, integrated and behaviors. One form of discrimination
continuous efforts to fulfill basic often taking place is inequality between
needs covering social rehabilitation, people in general and persons with
social security, social empowerment

308 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
disabilities in finding job. Therefore, one income as piggy bank maker (Source:
of the essences of Gendis is to decrease Interview on 17 October 2020).
the practice of discrimination through As the form of accommodation
inclusive development. The achieved of some of Gendis duties, the
objective is proven with the statement implementation given to persons with
of the Head of Dinsospermades as disabilities is in the form of providing
reported by rri.co.id that the innovation facilities in the form of programs
which was officially established in 2016 through independence building, skill
has successfully handled 681 persons training, entrepreneurial training
with disabilities. and providing business capital and
The success of Gendis program in guidance activities. In support of the
providing facilities and infrastructure duties implementation, Gendis serves
to persons with disabilities, especially as a partnership model. This partnership
visual disability, is reflected with the consists of the government element,
establishment of Gendis Massage Parlor private sector and society element.
located at Dinsospermades (Jl. Pemuda
Number 24, Kober, West Purwokerto a. Government Element
Subdistrict, Banyumas Regency, Central
Referring to article 28 Law No. 8
Java 53131). The facilities available
Year 2016 on Persons with Disabilities,
include rooms along with supporting
the government is obligated to ensure
accessories like massage bed and
and protect the rights of Persons
waiting sofa. In addition, to support
with Disabilities as a legal subject to
the operation of the massage parlor,
perform legal act equally to others. The
Gendis provided massage training to
government’s efforts to fulfill the persons
persons with visual disabilities working
with disabilities’ rights are through:
there. Positive impacts are also felt
1. Government’s role as the one to
by Mr. Bowo who participated in the
give persons with disabilities with
Gendis program, including cellular
the opportunity to participate in
phone service training, so that he is able
training and skill programs, as
to establish a joint counter „Bo cell‟
contained in article 46 is realized
located at Jalan Pramuka Neighborhood
in the training programs under
Association/Neighborhood Council
guidance of Dinsospermades which
01/04, South Puwokerto Subdistrict.
are organized regularly and is called
The other training that Mr. Bowo
Gendis. To ensure continuation of
participated in was making of piggy
Gendis program, the government
bank, so that he may have additional
as the regulator stipulates Decision

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 309

 No. 130/80/Tahun 2020 as the legal Year 2016 has been implemented.
umbrella for the implementation of This is proven with the statement of
Gendis program. some informants that to operate the
2. The Government and Local businesses, they were given access
Government’s obligation to provide to capitalization. Capital was given
assistance and access to capitalization in rotation annually, intending that
for independent business, business all persons with disabilities will take
entity and/or cooperative organized the benefit so that fulfillment of
by Persons with Disabilities, as right may be performed evenly.
contained in article 57 Law No. 8

Table 2. Actors of Government Element

1. Bappedalitbang of Banyumas Regency 21. Banyumas Regional Public Hospital
2. Dinsospermades of Banyumas Regency 22. Ajibarang Regional Public Hospital
3. Health office of Banyumas Regency 23. BPJS Health of Purwokerto
4. Education Office of Banyumas Regency 24. Research and Community Service
5. Employment, Cooperative, and SME Office Institution (LPPM) of Unsoed
of Banyumas Regency 25. Children Social Prosperity
6. Demography and Civil Registration Institutions (LKSA) in Banyumas
(Dukcapil) Office of Banyumas Regency Regency
7. Satpol PP of Banyumas Regecy 26. Baznas of Banyumas Regency
8. Residence Office of Banyumas Regency 27. Tagana Forum
9. General Working Office of Banyumas 28. TKSK Forum
Regency 29. Class Prosperity Consultation
10. Transportation Office of Banyumas Regency Institution (LK3)
11. Communication and Information Office of 30. Keluarga Harapan program
Banyumas Regency Supervising Forum
12. Bimas Unit of Banyumas Resort Police 31. Kwarcab-Aware Scout of Banyumas
13. Kesra Setda Section of Banyumas Regency 32. Bank Jateng Branch of Purwokerto
14. Mininsty of Religious Affairs of Banyumas 33. BRI Branch of Purwokerto
Regency 34. BNI Branch of Purwokerto
15. Disticts in Banyumas Regency 35. BPR BKK of Purwokerto Utara
16. Sector Polices in Banyumas Regency 36. BPR BKK of Purwokerto Selatan
17. Military Rayon Commands (Koramil) in 37. GOW of Banyumas Regency
Banyumas Regency 38. RSBK Cadres of Banyumas Regency
18. Community Health Centers in Banyumas 39. Working Training Center of
Regency Banyumas Regency
19. Village/Sub-district Offices in Banyumas 40. Social Prosperity Coordination
Regency Institution of Banyumas Regency
20. Prof Margono Soekrdjo Regional Public 41. Social Prosperity Coordination
Hospital Institution of Banyumas Regency

(Source: Decision of Regent of Banyumas Number 130/80/Year 2020)

310 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
b. Private Sector together with the government and the
society, they provide accompaniment,
Private sector serves to support
give motivation as realization of
the government and the society to
encouragement which may give positive
operate Gendis through financial and
energy in raising persons with disabilities’
non-financial assistance. The financial
confidence and empowerment for their
assistance may be in the form of capital
improved standard of living. Private
assistance to develop the businesses of
sector also serves to give positive
persons with disabilities and supporting
input based on their knowledge and
instruments they may need. For
experience to help improve persons with
example, provision of motor vehicle in
disabilities’ awareness and capabilities.
the form of car by PT. KAI. In addition,

Table 3. Actors of Private Sector

1. Social Service Elderly House of 18. Dadi Keluarga Hospital
Martani Kroya 19. Wiradadi Husada Hospital
2. Research and Community Service 20. Ananda Hospital
Institution (LPPM) of UMP 21. Hermina Hospital
Purwokerto 22. Elisabeth Hospital of Purwokerto
3. Research and Community Service 23. Siaga Medika Hospital
Institution (LPPM) of Unwiku 24. Purwokerto Islamic Hospital
4. LAZ Muhammadiyah Banyumas 25. Bank Mandiri Branch of
5. LAZ Nahdatul Ulama Banyumas Purwokerto
6. LAZ Al Irsyad 26. HIMPI of Banyumas regency
7. Orari Peduli 27. HIMPSI Branch of Purwokerto
8. PKPU Purwokerto 28. Extraordinary School of Yakut B
9. Yatim Mandiri Purwokerto Purwokerto
10. Dompet Dhuafa Purwokerto 29. Extraordinary School of Yakut C
11. Sedekah Rombongan Purwokerto Purwokerto
12. Salsabila Foundation 30. Extraordinary School of Kuncup
13. Siaga Ambulan Networks Mas Banyumas
14. Nurul Huda Islamic Boarding 31. Junior High School of Permata Hati
House of Purwokerto Purwokerto
15. Komda Elderly of Banyumas 32. Access Supervising Purwokerto
Regency 33. Puntadewa Fondation
16. CSR Pringsewu Group 34. Jamur Kesuma Fondation
17. Orthoupedi Hospital of
Purwokerto

(Source: Decision of Regent of Banyumas Number 130/80/Year 2020)

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 311

c. Society Moreover, PPDI has social media
Whatsapp Group which is used as the
The society element serves as an
forum to exchange information between
association of persons with disabilities
members. PPDI serves as the distributor
to share of information, experience and
of information between external parties
connect the aspirations of persons with
(such as government, non-governmental
disabilities to the government. One of
organization, organization and
community groups with strategic role
community operating in social sector,
in Gendis program implementation is
etc.) and persons with disabilities in
the Indonesian Association of Persons
Banyumas Regency. The information
with Disabilities (PPDI) of Banyumas
distributed is in the form of official
Regency. As a forum of persons with
announcements from the Government
disabilities, PPDI Banyumas serves to
of Banyumas Regency, training
support the implementation of Gendis
information, seminar and workshop
program in providing briefing of certain
information, etc. In addition, PPDI also
techniques and skills community
serves as the mediator in case external
workers should have. This is in line with
party wants to have cooperation or give
the research conducted by Ife (1997:53)
assistance. For example, PT. KAI gives
in Maspitella and Rahakbauwi (2014)
its assistance in the form of vehicle to
that there are at least four main roles
persons with disabilities through PPDI.
and skills, namely:
2) Educational role and skill
1) Facilitative role and skill
As a community of persons with
Facilitative role is provided by
disabilities, PPDI serves to educate
PPDI by providing communities of
them of any matters of disabilities,
persons with disabilities incorporated
from changing negative stigma in the
therein with access. The existence
community regarding persons with
of PPDI as the forum/ecosystem
disabilities, discriminative behavior
serves as the facility for persons with
against persons with disabilities and
disabilities to coordinate with each
persons with disabilities’ rights. For
other, exchange information and share
example, PPDI socializes to the society of
support/motivation. PPDI’s role as the
disabilities through the Caring Festival:
coordination medium is indicated with
Goes to Campus. The other example is
regular meeting organized monthly.
socialization performed by Sinar Kasih
This regular meeting serves as the forum
Purwokerto Hospital of accessibility
of coordination to find solution to
needed by persons with disabilities to go
problems faced by each community of
to disability-friendly inclusive hospitals.
persons with disabilities.

312 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
3) Representative role and skill Table 3. Actors of Society
Representative role puts PPDI as 1. Karang Taruna 9. PKK of
the mouthpiece to convey aspirations, Forum Banyumas
2. Community Regency
ideas, constraints, problems, criticism Social Workers 10. Pertuni
and suggestions of community to 3. Sakti Pekos 11. Ikatan Tuna
4. Social Netra Muslim
others. For example, audience of Community Indonesia
delivering the aspirations of persons of PUC 12. Gergatin
with disabilities to Regent of Banyumas Purwokerto 13. PPDI of
5. Social Banyumas
Regency. In addition, PPDI serves to Community of Regency
add relation and network. For example, Kowbassciber 14. Sahabat Tuli
6. Social Purwokerto
meeting between PPDI Banjarnegara, Community of 15. Disability
Purbalingga, Banyumas, Cilacap and Lembah Pintar Supervision
Kebumen which makes members of Pandan Sari 16. Social watch/
Ajibarang activist
PPDI from the five regions to meet. 7. Social
4) Technical role and skill Community of
Lelang Bronies
To develop its members’ skills, Shodaqah
8. HIMPSI
PPDI organizes training programs Branch of
with support of other parties. For Barlingmascakeb
example, training program held through
cooperation with the Social and (Source: Decision of Regent of Banyumas
Village Empowerment Department of Number 130/80/Year 2020)
Banyumas Regency.
The three elements are interrelated
to and collaborate with each other in
implementing their respective duties
and roles. This has the implication of
Gendis’s achieved objective of helping
persons with disabilities be more
independent and productive. In this
case, the author conducted a survey
using questionnaires distributed to
persons with disabilities in Banyumas
Regency who have participated in
Gendis training program. Therefore, the
result of survey was obtained based on

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 313

the respondents’ real experience which is good impacts to improve the persons
explained through the narration below. with disabilities’ skills and economy.
In skill empowerment, Gendis has
training programs for persons with 5 CONCLUSION
disabilities. From the survey result,
Gendis is an innovation created by
there are five Gendis programs the
Dinsospermades of Banyumas Regency
respondents have participated in, namely
to raise persons with disabilities’
cake making training, entrepreneurial
economy to be more independent and
training, cooperative management
productive. The vulnerability of persons
training, State-Owned Enterprise
with disabilities of social issues is the
employee institution program and t-shirt
background of Gendis establishment.
(clothing) screen printing management
In addition, stigmatization and
and world seminar. These training
discrimination are often experienced
programs are held regularly every year
by persons with disabilities, particularly
with different types of training based
in finding job. Therefore, one of the
on the types of persons with disabilities’
essences of Gendis is to decrease the
limitation. These trainings are usually
practice of discrimination through
held only a day free of charge for persons
inclusive development.
with disabilities. Training persons with
Gendis employs a partnership
disabilities’ skill, Gendis cooperates
model consisting of government
with expert units for each certain
element, private sector and society
training sector. The facilities provided
element. The three elements are
in training depend on the equipment
interrelated to and collaborate with each
and tools of the type of training held. In
other in operating their respective duties
this case, the quality of training facilities
and roles. This has the implication of
and infrastructure is good since with
Gendis’s achieved objective of helping
the training program, the persons with
persons with disabilities be more
disabilities feel they obtain benefit from
independent and productive. The
the training, such as additional insight
government serves as the regulator in
and higher optimism. In terms of skill,
providing legal umbrella, coordinator
persons with disabilities are independent
of the parties involved in the program
and productive, which may be proven
and facilitator in providing assistance
with persons with disabilities’ capability
and access to capitalization. The private
to make a work to help them improve
sector serves to support the Gendis
their economy. In overall, based on the
program through financial and non-
result of questionnaire, Gendis presents
financial assistance. The society serves to

314 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
connect the aspiration of persons with Emerson, K., Nabatachi, T., & Balogh, S.
disabilities to the government. The three (2011). An Integrative Framework
elements are connected and collaborate For Collaborative Governance.
with each other in implementing their Journal Of Public Administratio
respective duties and roles. This has Research & Theory. 22. 1-29.
the implication of Gendis’s achieved International Labour Organization.
objective of helping persons with (2016). Inklusi Penyandang
disabilities be more independent and Disabilitas di Indonesia. Indonesia:
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316 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 In Defending ASEAN’s Talk Shops: Navigating
International Society in Indo-Pacific

Pandu Prayoga
Centre for Political Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 10, Jakarta,
Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
ASEAN mostly misunderstood as an institution which just provides a place to
exchange insights on many issues such as security and regional economy, the so-
called talk shop because it fails to solve the puzzle. For most realists, ASEAN is
a group of small and middle power which has limitations in implementing and
projecting regional agenda. In fact, ASEAN can be a primary manager in Southeast
Asia region and regional conductors to dialogue partners can enjoy discussions.
ASEAN could absorb universal values and norms that are appropriate to member
state characteristics but also has origin norms such as consultations (musyawarah)
and consensus (mufakat). By using English School as a tool and desk research
method, this article shows two reasons why ASEAN’s talk shop is one of important
concepts from many to bring success in maintaining peace and stability to the
Indo-Pacific region. First, ASEAN held forums or initiatives to respond to critical
atmosphere such as confrontations between China and the United States of America
and Sino-ASEAN borders dispute. Second, talk shops can be described as a way for
ASEAN to reclaim its centrality. As a result, international society in the region that
has common interest and shared identity can be reached.
Keywords: ASEAN, Talk-Shop, International Society, Indo-Pacific

1 INTRODUCTION musyawarah and mufakat that constitute

regional cooperation which have a main
In the midst of critics of ASEAN’s role in international relations even in
forums as talk shops which say good different forms.
on papers but bad in implementation. Based on the Notional Calendar in
ASEAN builds its progress by hosting 2019 when Thailand was a chairman,
annual forums and summits to its ten- ASEAN held more than 447 meetings
member and dialog partners. Meetings annually (ASEAN Secretariat 2019).
including formal and informal to aim

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 317

In fact, ASEAN lacks execution and process to ASEAN’s role in the region.
coordination to what decisions they Second part describes a methodological
made. Range meetings from summit. framework for finding roles behind so-
ministerial meeting, senior officials called talk shops. Third segment then
meeting, and including bilateral and applies the framework to two current
trilateral meetings conducted by the ASEAN’s traditions such dialogue and
grouping. initiatives to reach aims as a primary
Challenges for ASEAN come from manager among ASEAN member states
the strategic two layer of competition and a regional conductor between USA
between two major powers in Indo- and China. This paper concludes that
Pacific region. First layer is the United achieving rule-based order by seeking
States pursues its external policy to consensus through dialog and forum in
balance the rapid expansion of China’s the region will provide a stability and
influence in the region. This containment peaceful region.
policy led to trade war between USA
and China. As a hub between Indian 2. DEBATING ASEAN’s
and Pacific Ocean, ASEAN member TALK SHOP
states have a strategic position to both
2.1. Not Only just a Talk Shop
the USA and China. Second layer is
territorial dispute in the South China While other scholars such as Ba
Sea among states in the region that (2009a: 5) stressed ASEAN talk shops
bring up freedom of navigation issues. have formed new social and institutional
Geographical definitions of Indo- practises, new norms, and new culture
Pacific are flexible and can change of regional dialogue. Cossa (2009b: 5)
over time based on policy changes. observes the slow progression of ASEAN
Understanding the definition of Indo- Regional Forum from a confidence-
Pacific region from each country leads building “talk shop” to a true preventive
to possible collaboration and identifying diplomacy mechanism that needs time.
reasons behind it (Haruko 2020: 1). “The criticism he associated with
The objective of this article is the 1990s, ‘a period when the liberal
to explain the relevance of ASEAN convergence of value systems was widely
initiatives and meetings in making judged to be as unstoppable as the rising
order in Indo-Pacific. In doing so, this economic prosperity’, and ASEAN’s
essay advances its arguments through sensitivities, ‘all this talk-talk’, seemed
three parts. First section discusses the to be ‘a waste of time’ (Tarling 2006:
controversy regarding the meeting 226). ASEAN’s role as a ‘talk shop’
still has some value, especially in light

318 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
of the ARF series of foreign ministers’ English School (ES) is International
meetings (Basu 2005: 125). Society which a group states are bound
Ba argues these dialogues, meetings by norms, rules, and institutions they
or summit have some values in the form (Bull 2002: 25). Norms, rules,
process: and institutions do not form overnight
“…provide evidence that talking- but precisely through interactions
arguing, debating, consensus seeking, continuously and sometimes
reiterating-can have some significant mountainous. Stability and harmony
and complex effects on politics and will come when each individual in
social systems. Not only can talking society follows the rules and norms.
help loosen the normative barriers in Kratochwil (1989: 10) mentioned
the way of particular ideas, produce important functions of rules and norms
clarifications and modifications that are in the world that actors have to interact
critical to new agreement, and maintain with each other is the reduction in the
existing agreement, but it can also complexity of the choice-situations in
create new social realities. Indeed, it is which the actors find themselves. Norms
through talking that ASEAN states have at particular points can become critical
promoted, reinforced, and reproduced when the standardizing guideline they
a particular conception of region and a reflect presents actors with elective
particular politics” (Ba: 230). political tactics to reach their objective
Talk shop was an act as consensus- (Bjorkdahl 13-15).
seeking (mufakat) which was a part Defining norms depends on
of regional architecture. Based on context and time because of different
the second ASEAN Regional Forum lenses. Bjorkdahl resumed definitions
in 1995, the forum had three steps of norms; in perspective of rationalist,
firstly confidence building, secondly norms are understood as determiner of
preventive diplomacy, and lastly particular behaviour, defined in terms of
elaboration of approach to conflict right and obligations; Raymond stated
(The Second ASEAN Regional Forum that international norms are ‘generalized
1995). ASEAN leaders realized a final standards of conduct that delineate
product to apply those steps in a good the scope of a state’s entitlements, the
way among major powers (Yue & Pacini extent of its obligations, and the range
1997: 155). of its jurisdiction’; Axelrod argued that
norm ‘exist in a given social setting
2.2. English School to the extent that individuals usually
One of the main concepts in act in a certain way’; in sociological

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 319

perspective norms are ‘result from making regional architecture. As a
common practices among states’, result, ASEAN member states set up
‘shared understandings of standards norms and rules then back and forth
for behaviour’, and ‘standards can have norms and rules shape state behaviour.
functional and non-ethical origins Griffiths (2008: 123) argues “state
and purposes’; in normative views put interaction mirrors a learning process
attention norms as moral prescriptions in which activity creates, vice versa, and
stressing justice and rights through is created by, identities, interests, and
moral or ethical norms of behaviour; norms over time”.
and norms are generally considered as While constructivists perceive states
a set of understanding intersubjectivity like people, English School scholars
and collective expectations regarding believe real agents in international
the proper behaviour of states and other society are leaders (presidents, PMs, or
actors in a given context or identity king) and national representatives such
(Bjorkdahl 13-15). as diplomats who consider and behave
Ideational conditions such as as the state (Dunne 2013: 137). At this
stability and harmony construct point, a leaders meeting is necessary in
everyone in society to define common ASEAN multilateralism.
goals. In ASEAN’s experiences show
how actors constitute norms and rules 3. METHOD
by meeting and dialogue and further
In the midst of COVID-19
norms and rules define actors to behave
pandemic, the article uses the desk
as consequence. In the big picture, the
research methodology by gathering
role of the norms and rules in shaping
resources related to the topic online.
state behaviour. States consider a set
Data collected from documents, books,
of values or norms to conduct foreign
journals, and official websites.
policies and to engage international
society.
Opposite to Realism, ES argued
4. IMPORTANCE OF
that social interaction is more crucial DIALOGUE
in international society than just As ASEAN defines itself as a
depending on material dimensions dependent variable which member
as important as ideas, identity, and states influence ASEAN, then ASEAN
norms. As middle powers, ASEAN talk shops act as reminders of all
member states cannot rely on material ASEAN principles, norms, and rules.
dimensions but maximizing ideas in As a result, ASEAN as an organization

320 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
can affect member states behavior. some degree can provide the only venues
Meetings/talk shops are symbolic where for several power houses to assemble.
we cannot expect more from that but ASEAN can be a primary manager
institutionalize engagement among in Southeast Asia region and regional
regional leaders for ex ZOPFAN, EAS, conductor to dialogue partners where
AOIP. Talk Shops are political gestures they can enjoy discussions. Primary
where all parties are willing to have manager means ASEAN could
discussions (Linda Quayle: 2013). absorb universal values and norms
ASEAN is an adaptable that are appropriate to member state
multilateralism which upholds some characteristics but also has origin norms
principles such as inclusiveness and such as consultations (musyawarah) and
openness. ASEAN will not take aside but consensus (mufakat). Indeed, major
member states can build and strengthen powers can join in several regional
their bilateral relationships with any initiatives but ASEAN who has agenda-
superpowers. This condition is perceived setting.
as building blocks. Navigating relations In the context of Indo-Pacific, major
among power houses in Indo-Pacific powers proposed policies and initiatives
by ASEAN-led mechanism at least has towards Indo-Pacific such as USA
two intentions: to utilize ASEAN in the Quad 4, Japan’s Free and Open Indo-
driving seat (centrality) and to retain the Pacific (FOIP), India’s Act East Policy,
stability in the region. China’s Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI).
China as a rising power sees Indo-Pacific
4.1 Reclaiming ASEAN Centrality concept as a containment strategy from
ASEAN centrality is more likely an the USA. ASEAN member states could
outcome of ASEAN interaction among not be forced to choose one side.
internal and external states. The process
can be described as a way for ASEAN 4.2 Reducing Tension in Indo-
to reclaim its centrality in an era of Pacific Region
uncertainty. ASEAN centrality means Trust deficit among major powers
ASEAN has a central role as a main could be perceived as an opportunity
driving force in the existing regional for ASEAN as a game changer. Since
mechanism. ASEAN centrality has been it held forums or initiatives that
accepted as the institutional hub to responded to critical atmosphere such
consolidate a framework in developing as confrontations between China and
regional architecture of East Asia. the United States of America. As a geo-
Natalegawa (2018) observes ASEAN to politic matter, Indo-Pacific has no clearly

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 321

defined boundaries. Indo-Pacific region states should turn documents to policies
is encountered by wider scepticism and making.
challenges to multilateral cooperation One should bear in mind that
since every nation pursues its wealth the grouping is an intergovernmental
and prosperity through foreign policies. organization not a supra-state authority
All parties demand stability and which has power limitations and
peace in terms of political security and implementation are domestic domains.
economy cooperation. If developing or Rather see that as residue, talk shops can
developed countries desire to maintain be considered as a connecting tool in
their survival, they must be cooperated. constituting regional order and facing
Traditional security is less relevant today those challenges. The decline of global
in the middle of non-traditional security institutions capacity in dealing with
actors such as terrorists and pirates. global problems is such an opportunity
This essay’s objective is to explain the for ASEAN. Talk shops alongside critics
importance of forums and meetings can maintain and navigate regional
conducted by ASEAN in the context of order and cooperation in Indo-Pacific
political security and economic interest as President’s statement during the 75th
in Indo-Pacific region. The usage of talk- UNGA “There is no point celebrating
shop to build trust and reduce tension is victory among ruins” (kemlu.co.id,
worth trying. 2020).

5. CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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more progressively. Talk shops as a part China: Competing Discourses of
of the process which ASEAN member Regionalism in East Asia. Cambridge

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 Scholars Publishing. Newcastle, ASEAN Regional Forum. (1995)
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Haruko, W. (2020). The “Indo-Pacific” Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford
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Cambridge University Press. 2020. Retrieved from https://
Natalegawa, M. (2018) Does ASEAN kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/1715/
Matter? A View from Within. berita/statement-by-president-of-
Singapore: ISEAS. the-republic-of-indonesia-he-joko-
Tarling, N., (2006) Regionalism in widodo-at-the-general-debateof-
Southeast Asia: to Foster the Political the-75th-session-of-the-united-
Will. Routledge. London, first nations-general-assembly-new-
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Pacific Review

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 323

Problems in Humanitarian Colaboration? (The Case
Study of the Collaboration between RUDENIM
UNHCR and IOM in Balikpapan Indonesia)

Mohamad Dziqie Aulia Al Farauqi 1, Khoirul Amin1, Annisa Kirana Andaneswari2

1
I International Relations Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur,
Jl, Juanda 25, Samarinda,
2
International Relations Department, Universitas of Nahdlatul Ulama Kalimantan Timur, Jl. KH.
Harun Nafsi Samarinda
[email protected] , [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
The unprecedented growing wave of Illegal immigrants around the world due
to the violence conflict and civil wars has without question become the problem
concerned by the international society and amongst them is Indonesia. Especially
in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan province, the management of illegal Immigrant are
in the RUDENIM (Rumah Detensi Migrasi) Balikpanan that is in accordance with
Indonesian high commissioner of Immigration, UNHCR and IOM. This research
aims to cast light on how the collaboration between those institution is undergone.
By using the theory of Interdependence and phenomenology approach, this research
highlights on the use of systematical observation on the efficiency of collaboration
between RUDENIM, UNHCR and IOM as the manifestation between Indonesia
and International commitment on combating immigration problem. This research
finds that there were two main problems faced by these authorities, namely: (1)
there was the lack of Lack of Facilities of Detention House for the Refugees and (2)
there was only few legal instruments that are adequate for the immigrants to reside
in Indonesia.
Keywords: Illegal immigrants, RUDENIM, UNHCR, IOM, Humanitarian
Collaboration

1 INTRODUCTION as what happened in Afghanistan,

Pakistan, Myanmar, and Syria, the issue
In accordance with the increasing of a wave of illegal refugees seeking
intensity of armed conflicts and civil security protection and political asylum
wars in several countries in the world,

324 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
become one of major problems seizing of illegal refugees will be very vulnerable
the attention of the international and lead to a more serious problem for
community. This humanitarian crisis Indonesian security, such as the rise of
motivated by several factors such as syndicates of the human trafficking
political pressure, racial and religious network entering Indonesia, the illegal
sentiments, as well as armed conflict arms trafficking, as well as the expansion
and war forces groups of people to leave of terrorist networks in the Southeast
their home countries and seek new life Asia.
in other countries by becoming illegal Indonesia is not amongst nations
refugees. that ratified the 1951 and 1967 protocols
The growing wave of illegal refugee on refugee status. Still, Indonesia
is an inevitable issue faced by Indonesia have a commitment to humanitarian
due to the geographical position on issues especially in dealing with the
the crossing of the world that places problem of illegal refugees. This effort is
Indonesia’s territory as a vital path for the immediately apparent from the signing
movement of worldly goods and services, of Presidential Regulation (Perpres) No.
including a global scale of illegal crime 125 concerning the handling of refugees
activities. The lack of supervision in the from abroad under the administration
border of the outer islands also increases of President Joko Widodo at the
the chances of illegal crime activities end of 2016 even though it was not
to enter Indonesia’s territory such as a compulsory action for Indonesia.
narcotics trade, arms trade, piracy, However, as a country that has a tradition
terrorism, and human trafficking. In the of upholding human values, as well as
context of illegal refugees, as a country the insistence of various institutions
of a strategic geographical position, that support humanitarian activist
especially with the characteristics of the groups, Indonesia decided to participate
island nation of Indonesia, Indonesia is to combat this problem. Through the
one of the transit destinations for illegal Perpres, Indonesia sought to provide a
refugees from the Asia and Middle East legal protection in handling the problem
seeking political asylum and security of illegal refugees. The Perpres is also a
protection to Australia (Supriadi, symbol of Indonesia’s commitment in
2017). The Indonesian government, addressing the issue through the role
with the potential social problems and of Rumah Detensi Migrasi Indonesia
national security threats they have, (the Detention Migration House
cannot ignore this matter. If there is no (RUDENIM)). It is also an Indonesian
effort to tackle it seriously, the existence government’s mandate to international

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 325

agencies authorized to handle refugee The Interdependence theory is a
services, namely the UNHCR very well-known concept of Robert
(United Nations High Commission Keohane and Joseph Nye. This theory
for Refugees) or IOM (International is their most famous contribution
Migration Organization) to collaborate that leading to a new approach to
with the government to deal with illegal see the international relations called
refugees in Indonesia. International Political Economy. It
This article is based on the research is famous because it challenged the
we had that aims to determine the dominant hegemonic approach of
work of the Directorate General of Realism perspective (Moravcsik, 2009:
Immigration’s work unit, namely the 257). As mentioned in a book entitled
Immigration Detention Center (Rumah Power and Interdependence in 1977,
Detensi Migrasi) (RUDENIM) in citing by Kal Hosti, this book become
Balikpapan and its cooperation and the one of the most significant works in
coordination with two international the theoretical realm of International
institutions namely UNHCR and Relations in the last twenty years. This
IOM to deal with the problem of illegal book also changed the way writers see
refugees in Indonesia. The subject of international phenomena (Walker TC:
this study, RUDENIM Balikpapan 2013: 148).
was chosen because this unit represents The interdependence theory come
the reality of the detention of illegal from the philosophy of Liberalism
refugees in Indonesia. However, this that opposes the basic assumption of
collaborative action to handle refugees realism saying that the international
RUDENIM Balikpapan did not relations is conflictual spectrum because
necessarily going well. There are some each country pursues its own interests.
problems in this collaboration because Realism also argued that the State is
of various causes. In general, the the only actor in international politics
humanitarian collaboration problems in (Mudzalifah, 2016: 365). Reversely
Rudenim Balikpapan will be elaborated the liberalism perspective sees the
in the discussion paragraphs. complexity of the relationships which
exist between countries, international
2 LITERATURE REVIEW non-state actors and interrelated
societies in international politics.
2.1. Complex Interdependence
Theory: Reading the Role of This relationship base is on a strong
State in Handling the Wave of motivation to cooperate with each other
Illegal Refugees because of the stakeholders’ awareness

326 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
of the inability of states to solve all state
problems by themselves.
The complex Interdependence
Theory summarizes the various relations
between countries. Then, Kohane and
Nye put the accentuation on three things;
(1) the state is no longer a dominant
actor in international relations (2) there
are new non-state actors such as NGOs
and IGOs ​​(3) the military instruments
such as hard power are no longer the
dominant instrument, but still the Figure 1. Transnational and interstate
welfare can be created by the states interactions
through the existence of cooperation Source: Nye & Koehane, 1971: 334
mechanisms by using international
institutions (Nye & Koehane, 2003). UNHCR is one of the organizations
The reduced role of countries that they operating under the administration
previously had in the international of the United Nations while IOM is
landscape is due to the massive role of an International Non-Governmental
non-state actors who are more flexible in Organization (NGO) of which
resolving international problems. Non- manifested in the human rights
state actors interact with the state with enforcement, especially in the handling
a cooperation mechanism and they are of refugees and immigrants. UNHCR
legal due to the agreement they had with and IOM are until now working
the stakeholders. By these agreements, together within Indonesia territory
they are able to help each other in solving through the signing agreements to
a specific problem on which the interest help Indonesia deal with refugee issues
parties have an attention in it. With this in Indonesia which signed in 1979.
agreement, the non-state international When we look at the table of classic
actors will have the access to deal with Interstate Politics above, the signing
various problems. Moreover, the actors agreement is the opportunity for
can interact directly with problems UNHCR and IOM to enter Indonesia
that often involve the community to and interact directly with immigrants
create interconnected interactions with in society to deal with their problems,
country, people and international actors. and vice versa, Indonesia get the hand
This paper summarized the relations in to solve the immigrant issue. Thus, in
the picture below:

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 327

this case RUDENIM has a position as with the state in contributing to specific
a representative of Government so that problems in various fields. The existence
they interact together to solve refugees’ of policies carries out opportunities for
problems in the detention canter. In cooperation, founding, and political
other words, RUDENIM, UNHCR, access provided by the state to these
and IOM interact in coordination to institutions into one, citing the Reimann,
deal with immigrant problems. structural environment of the growing role
of NGOs and IGOs. The existence of this
2.2 The Humanitarian cooperation is one of the results of the
Collaboration of Indonesian effects of globalization at the level of
Government, UNHCR and IOM international politics where there were
The humanitarian collaboration problems that the states cannot resolve
between the Indonesian government by themselves. Besides, globalization also
and UNHCR and IOM to deal with the provided the opportunity for the state to
problem of migration in Indonesia has be able to work with other countries as
actually been widely discussed in various well as other non-state actors to build
research journals. The journals generally joint commitments to solve problems
discuss the role of NGOs and IGOs ​​in (Reimann, 2006: 45).
working with countries to overcome Another related research came
various problems. Researches on the role from Louise Aubin (2009) with her
of NGOs and IGOs ​​ in international contribution entitled UNHCR and
politics are currently increasing. In Human Security. Theoretically, His
general, the research sees at the role of writing talks about the role of UNHCR
these two international organizations in in the context of Human Security. It is
the world politics. Historically, there has a specific concept in the International
been a significant increase in this activity relations study, mainly discuss about
by these non-state agencies in the past the Security. In classical international
three decades. This was what makes relations, the state as the dominant
them ​​to be one of the most significant actor tended to care about the security
actors in world politics. Agreed with of state entities as a priority rather than
this, Kim D Reimann. In his journal, A the individual. So that many adverse
view from the top: International Politics, state policies more often than not
Norms and the Worldwide Growth of jeopardize human life in the country.
NGOs, explained that there is an increase In its development, the notion of state
in the number of activities of NGOs security was questionable. Due to the
and IGOs ​​in their efforts to cooperate existence of the state, in essence it was a

328 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
deliberation from humans in the country. article entitled International Institution
So the concept of Human security tried and Individualized Decision Making:
to review how the security concepts An example of UNHCR’s refugee status
and threats are formulated. It have the determination described the aspects that
concern to save and protect humans IGOs ​​need to deal with refugees and
from threats, more than the concern of provide immigrant status to refugees
state security. Refugees, for example, are procedurally. This duty was taken from
a human entity that expelled from their the legal basis that underlies the actions of
country due to their life threat caused UNHCR such as International Refugee
by conflict. Whereas the destination law in the Convention relating to the
country is a state entity that considers status of refugees in 1951 and additional
refugees to be a potential threat if they protocols in 1967. (Smrkolj, 2009: 170)
enter the territory of the country. Here, The implementation of a status called the
there is a gap between the concept of Refugee Status Determination (RDS) of
threats and security from state security which in 2006 alone has reached 80,000
(traditional security) and Human people worldwide. As well as a special
security. In his work, it explained how UN mandate for UNHCR to work
far UNHCR has contributed practically with countries that have not / have not
related to the handling of refugees in signed the convention to create a joint
their efforts to fill the gap. The first procedure to deal with refugees in the
contribution of the UNCHR was to country (Smrkolj, 2009: 171).
protect Human security by establishing The handling of refugees in
refugee status as a Refugee and Internally Indonesia involves various parties,
displace people in-ex Yugoslavia and both Indonesia as State, UNHCR and
Afghanistan and Promoting Rights IOM as IGOs ​​ and refugees and the
that should be obtained by human community as a society. In general,
security by cooperating with countries these various institutions interacted
and communities to provide temporary and shared coordination to resolve
detention houses, management and refugee problems. The various processes,
coordinating the return of refugees, and procedures and mechanisms listed
still giving their rights as human beings in the above researches have various
and they will do so as long as they can. challenges and their own problems to be
An article from Maja Smrkolj solved together. In this case, the author
(2009) specifically sees the technical tried to look at the coordination built
implementation of the awarding of by Indonesia, the IGO, which has a
immigrant status by UNHCR. This special mandate and society in handling

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 329

refugee cases, which are specifically and Bangladesh. As evidence, based
located in the Balikpapan Rudenim as on statistical data at the Balikpapan
well as the problems they faced in their Detention Center, there are 315
collaboration. refugees, the majority of whom are
Several aspects generally cause from Afghanistan. They came from
the problems of refugees faced by Afghanistan and transit through
the Indonesian government, first, Malaysia and then headed for Indonesia.
Indonesia’s geographical position Actually, Indonesia is not their main
lies in the crossing of the world destination to evacuate, but countries
which is passed as a vital route for that so-called as “third country”, which
transportation. Moreover, Indonesia is refers to countries that open asylum to
very close to Australia, which is known immigrants and stateless people such
as a destination for asylum seekers as Australia and Canada. They use
other than Europe. Second, the lack Indonesia as a transit point for them
of supervision in the border areas and to be able to wait for their status to be
outermost islands increases the risk of determined by UNHCR.
illegal activities such as drug trafficking,
the sale of rare animals, and the entry of 3 METHOD
illegal immigrants. Third, the increasing
This research is a qualitative
intensity of the conflict caused by
research. Methodologically, qualitative
soaring radicalism and terrorism in
research methods can be understood
many regions of the world as happened
as a type of research that seeks to
in the Middle East and Myanmar has
reconstruct reality and understand its
created a wave of diaspora refugees
meaning. So, this type of research will
in the scale that hitherto undreamt
really consider a chronological process,
of. Related to that, some countries
a series of events, and the authenticity
providing asylum reduce the number of
of the object under study (Somantri,
immigrant families who can enter their
2005). In addition, qualitative research
countries due to concerns about national
is focused on individual interpretation
security threats, including the threat of
in understanding the complexity of the
radicalism and terrorism that spread
problem. Therefore, the involvement of
along with the entry of immigrants into
researchers in the reality of the problem
the country.
under study is inseparable. In other
In general, illegal immigrants in
words, the involvement of researchers’
Indonesia come from many countries,
values ​​in this study becomes very
such as Syria, Myanmar, Afghanistan
explicit even in limited situations. Thus,

330 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
what is commonly done in this research characteristics and avoids generalization
is a thematic analysis. (Sugiyono, 2008: 124). Selection of
This study will use open interviews informants who have the capacity and
as a basis for understanding the capability according to the needs of
reality that occurs. Of course, the research data will have implications
analysis based on the conversation of for the more complete and valid data
the subjects that have been selected obtained. To facilitate the determination
based on competencies that meet the of informants in the field, researchers
requirements is part of the researcher’s targeted key informants. This study will
involvement in the observation process interview various stakeholders such as
and qualitative research orientation to Rudenim Representative, Immigrants,
obtain the authenticity of the reality and many other related informants.
being researched (Somantri, 2005).
The method in this study consists of 4 RESULT AND
two methods, Library Research and DISCUSSION
Interview with Purposive Sampling.
4.1 Problem 1 : Lack of Facilities
The library research method is
of Detention House for the
a research method that aims to find Refugees
secondary data that has been generated
Based on the data from the
through previous quantitative reports.
UNHCR Indonesia, there are at least
The technique of collecting data
13,800 refugees resides in Indonesia,
through interviews is intended so that
of which 25% of them are children
researchers get in-depth information on
whom some of them are separated from
the problems studied even though only
their parents. This data also find that
with limited subjects or respondents.
most of the refugees entering Indonesia
The interview technique used was
dominated by Afghan refugees with a
unstructured interviews. This aims
percentage reaching 55%, followed by
to identify more clearly what core
Somalia 11%, and Iraq 6%.(UNHCR,
problems or variables should be studied
2019). The immigration offices and
based on information obtained through
the immigration detention centers
respondents (Sugiyono, 2008).
throughout Indonesia accommodated
The technique used in determining
most of the refugees in Indonesia.
primary informants is purposive
Another data from the Directorate
sampling through key persons. Purposive
General of Immigration at the Ministry
sampling technique is in accordance
of Law and Human Rights in 2018,
with qualitative research with deep
there are at least 3,200 refugees resided in

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 331

the detention centers and immigration If observed, the anarchic actions
offices in 13 cities throughout Indonesia taken by the residents of the detention
(Tobing, 2019). These thirteen detention center are due to the length of the
centers are the Immigration Detention process of arranging new citizenship
Centers of Tanjung Pinang, Balikpapan, status, which UNHCR and IOM strive
Denpasar, DKI Jakarta, Kupang, for as two international institutions
Makassar, Manado, Medan, Pekanbaru, responsible for processing the placement
Pontianak, Semarang, Surabaya, and of refugees in third world countries. In
Jayapura (Directorate General of addition, protective policies adopted
Immigration Kemenkumham). As a by several countries which have even
consequence of the increasing number signed the 1951 and 1967 conventions,
of refugees, several Rudenim are such as the United States, Australia and
overwhelmed and cannot fully isolate several other European countries, have
refugees. Accordingly, many of the reduced the chances of refugees getting
refugees felt uncomfortable and fled new citizenship. This is in line with the
away. statement of the head of the UNHCR
RUDENIM Balikpapan, is mission for Indonesia; Thomas Vargas
one of those detention centers that stated that there was a drastic decline
overwhelmed in terms of capacity. in the success rate of the placement of
Ideally, the capacity of the Balikpapan refugees towards third world countries
inhabitation can only accommodate who were willing to accept them. In fact,
150 refugees. However, the refugees in 2017, the UNHCR Indonesia only
living in the inhabitation have reached managed to place around 322 refugees,
187 people (Alidona, 2017). As a result, which is far below the figure achieved
many of the Balikpapan Rudenim in previous years, which is around 800
residents fled away and were outside the refugees each year (Marhaenjati &
supervision of Immigration officers. In Yasmin, 2019).
fact, due to the demands of those who Considering that the presence of
did not immediately get a response from thousands of foreign aliens illegally
the Rudenim, the refugees often carried scattered in several regions of Indonesia,
out anarchic actions, vandalism, and one of them in the East Kalimantan
destruction of the Rudenim facilities as region, it cannot solely be seen as the
a form of protest so that their guidance the consequences of humanitarian
was immediately accommodated. disasters that occur in the region.
(Ramadani, 2019) Moreover, looking from the perspective
of sovereignty and security, the presence

332 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
of illegal refugees considered as a form community house for refugees involving
of threat to sovereignty and national collaboration from three institutions.
security for Indonesia. Especially in Rudenim also collaborate with regional
the East Kalimantan region, as the area governments to provide refugees
located near one of the ‘hot spots’ in the shelthers and they play a role supervisors
Southeast Asia region, namely the Sulu and implementers and the police are
Strait, known as the largest terrorist responsible for security. Furthermore,
network activity traffic in Southeast Asia, the Perpres is also a symbol of Indonesia’s
the presence of thousands of foreign commitment in addressing the issue, as
nationals from countries that being well as the Indonesian government’s
hit by conflict, such as Afghanistan, mandate to international agencies
Myanmar, Iraq, to Syria, has opened the authorized to handle refugee services,
potential for the entry of security threats namely UNHCR (United Nations High
for Indonesia. (Yulizar, S.H, Personal Commission for Refugees) or IOM
Interview, November 01, 2018) (International Migration Organization)
to collaborate with government to
4.2 Problems 2 : The Lack of Legal deal with illegal refugees in Indonesia.
Binding (Rosmawati, 2015)
However, the promulgation of
Regarding the handling of refugees,
Presidential Regulation (Perpres) as a
Indonesia is actually legally not yet joined
sole legal standard is in fact not enough.
by countries that have ratified the 1951
There is no a strong and sufficient legal
and 1967 conventions on refugee status.
force to resolve the problem of illegal
However, Indonesia remains committed
refugees in Indonesia such as the signing
to contributing to this humanitarian
or the ratification of convention. The
issue by participating in signing the
weak legal tool available ultimately
Perpes No. 125 of 2016 concerning
affects the effectiveness of the
the handling of refugees from abroad.
performance of state units carried out
With this legal shade, the government
immigration functions, one of which is
can help deal with the problem of illegal
the Immigration Detention House or
refugees. The manifestation of moral
the so-called (Rumah Detensi Migrasi)
responsibility as a country that concerns
Rudenim. As a technical implementation
about humanitarian issues is evidently
unit functioning as a temporary
seen by looking to the function of
shelter for people involved in violating
RUDENIM in several regions in
immigration laws, the movement of the
Indonesia, as well as cooperation built
detention center in taking strict policies
with the local government to create a

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 333

againsts violators permits entry into the 4.3 The role of the Rudenim as
Indonesian territory is limited, both in an implementation unit in
the quarantine process of repatriation handling refugees
or deportation. It relates to the efforts There is a limit in handling illegal
of cooperation and coordination of refugees have been unoptimal and of
Detention Centers with international course need to involve various parties
institutions in pursuing policies and and an adequate legal shade. However, as
accommodating the demands of illegal an institution that is only an integrated
refugees. As a result, various problems implementer in the field under the
arise due to the absence of, for example, ministry of law and human rights, the
a shelter deadline or clarity of new Rudenim has done almost everything
citizenship status or the lack capacity what can be done. According to the
of the Detention house which cannot Chairman of the Balikpapan Rudenim,
afford the the increasing number of the handling of refugees in Rudemin
illegal refugees. (Supriyadi, 2017) is based on a high sense of moral
This condition is illustrated by the responsibility. Balikpapan Rudenim
recent riots in RUDENIM Balikpapan, in collaboration with IOM facilitates
East Kalimantan at the beginning of daily needs from 315 immigrants from
2018, there were so many administrative various countries with a majority from
problems there. Such as there was no Afghanistan. However, there are still
clarity in isolation deadlines, the lack obstacles faced by Rudenim in dealing
of spaces for refugees or the authorities with refugees in Balikpapan that will
could not accommodate their demands be elaborated more in the following
well. These results a various protests by parahraphs
the illegal refugees and it will potentially Firstly, the function of the
disrupt security (Wibisono, 2018). Balikpapan detention center as a place
In addition, with the large number of to shelter immigrants is actually not
refugees dwelling within the Indonesian its actual function. Before the issuance
territory, the government’s discourse of Presidential Regulation No. 125
to seek policies dealing with illegal regarding the handling of refugees,
refugees is also an immediate issue RUDENIM is only an office that carried
needed an ultimate realization in order out the reports of migration violation
to provide legitimacy and legal basis for done by foreigners in Indonesia.
the Directorate General of Immigration Secondly, there are limited resources and
work units. (Yulizar, S.H, Personal facilities. When there were 315 refugees
Interview, November 01, 2018) in 2014, the detainees took the initiative

334 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
to make the Rudenim office a save the detention center, arguing that the
haven for them while they are waiting refugees could not directly occupy the
for the coordination process with IOM detention center before completing the
and UNHCR. However, the lack of detention, data collection and licensing
existing facilities, especially regarding process at the Immigration Office.
the detention capacity of the detention (Wijay Kumar, S.H., Personal Interview,
center that can only accommodate October 16, 2018)
around 115 people, make refugees feel Secondly, the Balikpapan Rudenim
uncomfortable. On the other hand, also opened a space for refugees who
factors related to security and lack of refused to seek asylum and were interested
community acceptance requires refugees in returning to their home countries.
to always been in detention centers. For The detainees work with IOM and the
example, the differences in religious immigration office to facilitate some
beliefs between Muslim Balikpapan refugees who are interested in returning
residents and Shiite Afghan immigrants to their countries. According to our
make them reluctant to accept their interview with the head of the Rudenim,
presence in society. Thus, retaining some refugees usually intermittently
immigrants at detention centers is want to go home voluntarily, and they
the only option held by the detention can go home facilitated by IOM and
center. (Wijay Kumar, S.H., Personal the Immigration Office. Reducing the
Interview, October 16, 2018) motivation to get a new citizenship
In an effort to deal with this status in their destination country
problem, the Balikpapan Rudenim has due to uncertainty about their status,
done several things, they are ; Firstly, besides they have to wait years without
coordinating with various agencies clarity from the process carried out by
both International and regional to UNHCR that is the only institution
be able to collaborate in dealing with that has the mandate to determine their
this problem. For example, in 2014, status. (Yulizar, S.H, Personal Interview,
when Afghan refugees flocked to the November 01, 2018)
Balikpapan immigration office, the Thirdly, Rudenim Balikapapan
Rudenim overcame this problem by also seeks the best facilities for refugees
gathering several institutions such as amid the lack of available facilities.
the Immigration Office, Angkasa pura Several things to illustrate this: the
and the police to discuss the causes detention center and related agencies
and the best solutions for them. These has done several coordinations with the
refugees were finally accommodated at local government to be able to create

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 335

a community house to accommodate consul process and control to the doctor
refugees in Balikpapan, but there has are usually time-consuming and not
been no positive response obtained. Do costly. (Yulizar, S.H, Personal Interview,
not stop there, in order to think about November 01, 2018)
the mental and psychological conditions
of immigrants, the Balikpapan Rudenim 4.3 Rudenim Balikpapan: Efforts
took the initiative to coordinate with the to coordinate with UNHCR
Rudenim in other regions to facilitate and IOM
the transfer of refugees to more suitable The coordination of the detention
places in other parts of Indonesia that centre with UNHCR and IOM is one of
have community houses. Based on the the most vital progress when dealing with
latest developments regarding efforts refugees. The detention centre routinely
to establish community houses in each coordinates with the UNCHR to
region, the Rudenim clearly cannot monitor the extent to which the progress
accept refugees anymore. Whereas, of the process of determining refugee
if they have to be accommodated in a status. This coordination turns out to
community house, there are only a few require a short amount of time; this is
regions that have these facilities. (Yulizar, due to the difficulty of communicating
S.H, Personal Interview, November 01, with authorities in third countries to
2018) provide immigrants with an asylum
Fourthly, the detention center immediately. This situation somehow
also provides structured activities for exacerbated by the fact that there was
detainees to occasionally leave the no UNHCR office in Kalimantan. The
detention center and socialize with the nearest office is in Makassar in addition
community while remaining under the to Yogyakarta and Jakarta. Even though
supervision of the detention center and this status determination involves a
police. They were given several times tiring process such as interviewing for
the opportunity to do activities outside 17 hours per refugee, even more so if the
such as cleaning the beach, teaching number of refugees is very large. After
their various skills in schools, making the interview took place and the data
improvements to public facilities such as was recapitulated, the next process was
health centers and so on. The detention to wait for whether the third country
center also provides health facilities for allowed the immigrants to enter the
sick immigrants to consult with doctors, country. If they refuse, then there is no
although it still must be consider by the chance for the immigrants to enter the
authorities that the limited resources, country. They are among the choices to

336 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
go home or look for a new country. This 1967 protocol relating to the handling of
will have implications for the length of illegal refugees, Indonesia has not been
their stay in Indonesia. Some technical able to take a clear stance and policy
matters in this field have exacerbated regarding the problems they currently
the conditions on the field in terms of faced. The wave of illegal refugees that
coordination between the Rudenim entered massively into several countries,
and the UNCHR. (Wijay Kumar, S.H., including Indonesia, as a consequence
Personal Interview, October 16, 2018) of armed conflict and civil war in several
No less important coordination regions of the world, has undeniably
is coordination with IOM. IOM is an raised new problems for third world
institution that deals with immigrant countries. Indonesia as the favorite
needs in general. Starting from the cost transit destination country for asylum
of living immigrants, consumption, seekers who will cross to Australia
and health are all the responsibility of does not have enough capability and a
this institution. IOM even visited the sufficient legal umbrella to help deal with
Balikpapan Rudenim office almost the problem. Therefore, the Indonesian
every day to control and monitor the government authorities, in this case the
situation of immigrants there. IOM Directorate General of Immigration
also routinely communicates with through the Detention House as the
immigrants to ensure that they are fine. implementing unit authorized to
(Suastha, 2018). handle all issues relating to immigration
If the coordination carried out violations, are unable to resolve this
by UNHCR and Rudenim related to problem. The absence of adequate
the completeness of the immigrant policies and legal umbrella, overlapping
administration to get their asylum is authority of the work units under the
constrained, coordination conducted by Directorate General of Immigration,
the Rudenim and IOM regarding the to the limited coordination involving
fulfillment of the needs of illegal refugees IOM and UNHCR in responding to the
will not go well. Therefore, it cannot be problem of illegal refugees in Indonesia,
denied that the problems related to the are several key factors in the ineffective
handling of illegal refugees in Indonesia handling of illegal refugees. This research
are increasingly long and complex. shows how complex the problems faced
by the Indonesian government are in
5. CONCLUSSION dealing with the problem of illegal
refugees. The moral responsibility that
As the country that still has not
Indonesia carries out as a country that
ratified the 1961 convention and the

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 337

upholds humanity values, in the end, is Rudenim Balikpapan Pertanyakan
still unable to be realized in the form of Kemungkinan Pemindahan.
adequate policies and laws. Tribun Kaltim. November 02,
This is evidenced by not 2020. https://kaltim.tribunnews.
accommodating the aspirations of com/2017/12/14/hanya-bisa-
asylum seekers by the Indonesian tampung-150-pengungsi-
government. Furthermore, the absence rudenim-balikpapan-pertanyakan-
of an adequate policy and legal umbrella kemungkinan-pemindahan
also has implications for the limited Marhaenjati, B. & Yasmin, N. (2019).
scope of movement of the Immigration Migrants Evicted From Temporary
Detention Center in coordinating Shelter in West Jakarta, With
with the institution that handles illegal Nowhere to Go. Jakarta Globe.
refugees from the UNHCR and IOM. September 29, 2020. https://
This has resulted in increasingly complex jakartaglobe.id/context/ migrants-
and complex handling of illegal refugees evicted-from-temporary-shelter-
in Indonesia. in-west-jakarta-with-nowhere-to-
go
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Moravcsik, A. (2009). Robert Koehane
: A Political Theorist, dalam
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H. Milner and A. Moravscik
study goes to; firstly, LPPM UMKT for
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their supports financially, Secondly : to
Non-state Actors in world Politics.
RUDENIM Balikpapan for their time
Pricenton. Pricenton University
to discuss about this matter, and the
Press.
last is for the Students of International
Mudzalifah, S. (2016). Perspektif
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340 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 THE NEED OF INTERNATIONAL REGIME SUPPORT
TO COMBAT FISHERIES CRIME

Randhi Satria12, Obsatar Sinaga2, Arry Bainus2, Wawan Budi Darmawan2

1
International Relations Department, Universitas Sebelas Maret, jl. Ir. Sutami, Surakarta, Indonesia
2
International Relations Department, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dago, Bandung,
Indonesia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

Abstract
Fisheries crime is a crime in fishery sector involving many activities from illegal
fishing to money laundering and is typically transnational and well organized.
Fisheries crime has caused a lot of damages and posed threat to multiple sectors
ecologically, socially and economically. However, despite the obviously enormous
harms caused by fisheries crime, a very little attention had been paid to the initiatives
and efforts to combat it. This issue does not seem to gain a lot of concern from the
international community as proved with the lack of acknowledgement of fisheries
crime as a Transnational Organized Crime (TOC), causing the absence of potent
regime support to fight the ominous practice. Therefore, to examine the phenomena
further, using the renewed concept “the international fisheries crime complex”, this
paper will try to elaborate the intricate nature of international fisheries crime and the
international society’s response to the efforts to combat it, including the challenges
to establishing a regime to fight thecrime
Keywords: fisheries crime, international regime, transnational organized crime

1. INTRODUCTION Intelligence Council in 2016, Illegal,

Unreported and Unregulated Fishing
Fisheries crime is frequently simply refers to an extensive set of fishing
regarded as an act of illegal fishing or activities which undercuts sustainable
known as IUUF (Illegal, Unreported fisheries management. The US National
and Unregulated Fishing). However, in Intelligence Council states that the
reality it has a very complex dimension ‘illegal’ aspect of IUUF refers to fishing
which is more than merely an idea of activities performed by vessels from a
taking and selling fish illicitly. According particular country in the jurisdiction of
to the report by the US National another country without permission or

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fishing activities by vessels in violation documents are often committed by
of fisheries law, the ‘unreported’ aspect illegal fishers.
refers to activities performed by fishing • DocumentFraud
vessels which are misreported or even High-valued documents such as
not reported to the authorities and the vessel registration document and
‘unregulated’ aspect refers to fishing fishing license are often involved
activities performed in an area where in document fraud provided by
there are no appropriate supervisory corruption practice.
or management measures by the • InsuranceFraud
responsible authorities (US National Using this scheme, owners of sunk
Intelligence Council 2016). illegal fishing vessels when caught
Meanwhile, the United Nations doing IUU fishing claim insurance
Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) payout for the concerned vessels.
declares fisheries crime as an ill-defined • MoneyLaundering
legal concept referring to a range of An enormous amount of illegitimate
illegal activities in the fisheries sector, money obtained from IUUF is
which are mostly transnational and secretly reinvested in anonymous
organized (UNODC, n.d.). The serious companies that are beyond the
crimes in the fisheries value chain stated authority’s reach.
by UNODC include: • TaxCrime
• DocumentForgery With a large amount of money
The fisheries sector is very transferred to anonymously
susceptible to document forgery due controlled company and many types
to its great reliance on reporting, of frauds committed, violations or
documentation and verification crimes areunavoidable.
affairs. • Corruption andBribery
• Registration or IdentityFraud Corruption and bribery play a
To cover their illegitimate acts, significant role in facilitating and
illegal fishing vessels often re-flag making sure these ill- practices to
their vessel flag or duplicate/fake continue.
vessel identity and nationality. • Human trafficking
• Food Fraud Slavery, forced labors and human
Dirty practices to cover up catches trafficking also exist in this sector,
information—such as their origin, adding to the complex nature of
species and quantity—using this chain of crimes.
export/import, food or sanitation

342 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
• Smuggling illegal fishing. According to the ASEAN
Capable of easily sailing across the News released in 2017, a rough amount
oceans from country to country, of USD 3 billion was estimated to
illegal fishing vessels are also often be the IUU Fishing annual cost in
loaded not only with illegal fish Indonesia (Chapsos and Hamilton
catches or marine resources, but 2018). Indonesia’s own projection of
also other illegal commodities such total amount of loss, including lost
us drugs and weapons. tariff and the risk of permanent damage
• IllegalFishing to about 65% of its coral reefs, was
The decreasing stock and high even higher of about USD 20 billion
consumption demand for fish make (Parameswaran & Santosa in Chapsos
fish more profitable and illegal and Hamilton 2018). However, the
fishing practice to increase. The Indonesian government’s concern
huge profit gained from this sector about combating illegal fishing is not
has tempted criminals to perform only because of the economic loss and
those contemptible acts, moreover ecological factors. Indonesia in fact has
when the said profit has far exceeded a high concern over illegal fishing as well
the impending risks they need to as possible ominous crimes behind it. As
take. stated by Minister of Marine Affairs and
These crimes are closely related to Fisheries of Indonesia, Susi Pudjiastuti,
each other that they become a chain of combating illegal fishing has become
crimes that is hard to break and may her main priority not only because of
harm multiple aspects at the same time. the trillions of Rupiahs lost due to this
The weak control and management of practice, but also because illegal fishing
related authorities—both domestic is often a medium for other crimes, such
and international—over the sector as human smuggling, drugs smuggling
has somehow become a loophole for and slavery (IOM Indonesia, n.d.). A
criminals to perform and maintain the bold initiative has been taken by the
illicit practices excellently.Illegal fishing Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
and all the remaining vile crimes have to combat IUU fishing by shooting
become a threat which does not only down and sinking illegal fishing vessels
cause economic loss, but also damages caught in Indonesia’s territorial water
the ecosystem and violates human and it is claimed that it has reduced the
rights. number of illegal fishing practices in
An example is presented by Indonesia. Despite the claim, however,
Indonesia with its attempt to fight the action does not seem to be enough

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to make illegal fishing practice to cease. n.d.). According to the investigation
As mentioned before, the huge profit carried out by the Associated Press,
of IUU fishing is the strong factor that the catches acquired by the fishers in
attracts illegal fishing vessels to keep Benjina were shipped to Thailand and
coming back, moreover when the said then exported to some other countries,
profit far exceeds the cost of the risks. including US, and in US the fish was
Sinking illegal fishing vessels may have labeled by the importers and distributed
reduced the number of IUU fishing to some supermarkets and other retailers
practices, but many crimes behind this for sale (Khabibi, n.d.). The catches
obscure sector are still growing and obtained from Benjima covered almost
operating just likebefore. all varieties of fishes, but squids and
Two surprising interlinked events shrimps were the most favorable catches
revealed in 2015 in Indonesia become since they sold very well. AP also stated
an overview of the bad side of fishing that there was a strong relation between
industry. The incidents occurred in companies in US and Thailand in this
two Indonesia’s remote islands, Benjina practice.
on Aru Island and on Ambon Island, The investigation conducted by AP
displaying extensive human trafficking regarding the Benjina’s case above has
and forced labors in line with IUU well shown the chain of crimes in fishing
fishing practice (Townsend & Salim sector that is practically very extensive,
in Chapsos and Hamilton 2018). complex and also terrible. Illegal fishing
The cases were first brought up by is just like the top of an ice berg that
Associated Press (AP) that highlighted is visible on the surface, but there is a
the plight of stranded foreign fishers in huge pile of linked crimes under the
Benjina in investigation into the link surface that most likely has not been
between human trafficking and the touched or exposed. The Benjina case
global fishing industry. The fishers, who clearly shows that illegal fishing has
came from the neighboring countries been closely associated with human
such as Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and trafficking, slavery, document forgery
Thailand, stated that they suffered from and food fraud practices. However,
vicious working conditions where they Benjina case is surely not the only one,
were confined and kept as forced labors that there must be many other criminal
with extreme working hours and no cases in this delicate sector that have
wage and they were abandoned without not yet been revealed. Therefore, some
any hope that they would be able to serious and concrete actions should be
return to their home (IOM Indonesia, taken to properly address these fisheries

344 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
crime issues given the huge damage and and usually involves non-state actors
loss caused by the evildeeds. (Chapsos and Hamilton 2018).
However, as shown in the Benjina case
2. METHOD above, a range of fisheries crimes from
illegal fishing, human trafficking and
Researcher use descriptive
slavery, document forgery and food
qualitative methods to describe the
fraud has been committed and clearly
importance of international regime
presents some serious threats to the
support to combat fisheries crime.
countries’ economic, ecological and
This paper analysed based on literature
human security.
review. Data taken from text, journal,
books and internet-based sources. 3.2 The Loss Caused by
IllegalFishing
Continued practices of fisheries
3. RESULT ANDDISCUSSION crime are hazardous to developing
countries, especially coastal countries,
3.1 Fisheries Crime as a
Transnational Organized which notably depend on their fisheries
Crime: Why ItMatters industry as their source of food and
UNODC has described fisheries livelihood. The IUU fishing practices
crime as transnational organized have disturbed some economic activities
criminal activities due to some elements of small countries that depend on
derived therefrom, such as: fishers’ fisheries. For example, due to the
multiple nationalities; the fishing immensely increasing number of
vessel’s flag; waters where the fisheries Chinese vessels performing illegal fishing
crime occurs, the port where the vessel in the Gulf of Guinea from 2008, local
harbors or where the catch is shipped to, fishermen in Guinea hardly kept their
etc. (UNODC, n.d.). Fisheries crimes livelihood (US National Intelligence
are in fact elusive and complex with Council, 2016). IUU fishing also greatly
extremely broader range of operation. harms the survival of people who depend
However, many still simply regard and on fish as their food. Fisheries sector
refer as criminal practices in fisheries has also played an integral role as food
sector only to illegal fishing. Besides, source, in which the FAO’s (Food and
many countries also plainly consider Agriculture Organization) 2012 data
illegal fishing as a non- traditional show that fish consumption is higher in
security challenge since it does not seem the small islands of developing countries
to threaten state’s physical sustainability and in the tropical Low-Income Food-

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Deficit Countries (LIFDCs) in Asia and Sea where tensions between countries
sub- Saharan Africa (Bene et al., 2016). often escalate because of the presence
Another case that has brought economic of fishing vessels in the disputed area. A
loss for coastal state can also be identified tension between Indonesia and China
in Indonesia. Indonesia stated that arose in 2016 following the Indonesian
according to FAO, in 2014 it was placed Government’s pursuit of illegal Chinese
as the second largest producer of marine fishing vessels near Natuna Islands. The
fish which contributed 6.8% of the local authorities apprehended eight
world’s total production. However, due Chinese fishermen for conducting
to IUU fishing practice, the Indonesian illegal fishing in Indonesia’s Exclusive
government claimed to have lost USD Economic Zone (EEZ) in the contested
20 billion annually (Lewerissa,2018). South China Sea (IV, n.d.). The tension
Aside from the economical aspect, arose due to Chinese coast guard vessel’s
the IUU fishing practices that tend intervention in the apprehension of
to perform overfishing and pay no Chinese fishing vessels. The Indonesian
attention to the sustainability of fish Government later sent a protest to the
stock and marine ecosystem also Chinese authority because a national
seriously harms the environment. For governmentis not supposed to step in to
example, blast or dynamite fishing support illegal fishing.
has damaged over 50% of the coral
reef system in Southeast Asia’s Coral 3.3 Multifaceted Crimes in Fishing
Triangle, from which 130 million people Industry
obtain their primary food or livelihood As stated before, illegal fishing is
from fishing. The productive capacity of like the top of an iceberg where under
the coral reefs, which essentially support the surface there are numerous crimes
various ecosystems, has dropped to following the practice. If illegal fishing
20% of their biological potential alone has already caused some serious
and 95% of the coral reefs in the said damages as mentioned above, when the
region is estimated to be potentially crimes which follow the said practice are
endangered by human activities (US explored, bigger damages and threats will
National Intelligence Council, 2016). surely surface. The Benjina case reveals
Furthermore, IUU fishing can also how illegal fishing is interlinked with
cause tension between countries which human trafficking and forced labor or
may surely pose a threat to the national slavery practices. The global competition
security. A sample of case may be easily in the fishing industry keeps increasing
taken from the situation in South China as the demand for fish consumption

346 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
keeps increasing. However, based on the consumer statute by purchasing
a research that investigated Thailand’s seafood products from the Southeast
labor employment in fisheries sector, Asian producers that committed
there was a shortage of willing workers human trafficking and slavery practices
in the fishing sector due to the risks (Bonfanti and Bordignon, 2017). In
and danger of working on boat, and this case, the catch from the abused-
this situation creates a hole for human fishermen in Benjina might be one of
trafficking to take place. As the need for the sources that supplied the seafood
labors and competition in this sector stocks to those retailers. Information
increase, fishing operators are seeking regarding the supply chain now must
for a way to cut operating cost and be disclosed by the food retailers or
‘recruiting’ cheap fishing crews from they will be fined or subject to court
developing countries is considered to be injunction. In response to this finding,
an effective way to cut the operating cost some food retailers and producers
(Chantavanich, Laodumrongchai and claimed to increase their commitment
Stringer, 2016). While willing workers to researching and implementing more
are difficult to get, brokers are used to sustainable policies and practices in the
‘recruiting’ workers using any possible fisheries and seafood sectors. However,
way including scheming that leads to no one is really able to make sure whether
human trafficking practice. Developing fish trade between illegal fishermen and
or poor neighboring countries become the retailers have completely ceased, or
the target since their people are desperate whether it just takes anotherform.
to get a job while they do not really have Taking action against IUU vessel
good skills and experience. owners is surely not an easy task since
An investigation conducted to the ownership is usually hard to trace
expose forced labor practice in Thailand’s that it is concealed with intricate
fishing industry has also revealed the company structures, often partly
linked chain between northern buyers registered in tax havens (Griggs L,
and southern labors in fisheries sector. Lugten G in Osterblom et al., 2010).
Some big US and UK food retailers and Fisheries crimes are elusive since they
suppliers were indeed suspected to be are performed in transnationally and in
linked with the illegal fishing practice a well-organized manner with a lot of
that used forced labors to catch their scheming scenarios in multiple sectors,
seafood products. Some big companies making it hard to reveal. Due to their
such as Nestle USA, Costco and combination of increased offshore
Walmart were accused to have violated coordination and consolidation, hidden

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corporate beneficiaries, and substantial reflect how tangled and complicated the
monetary assets, as their sources that chain of crimes committed in fisheries
enable them to effectively reduce the sector are, that have already taken place
risks and increase their profit, IUU in many othersectors.
operators tend to be highly adaptive and
agile in responding to circumstances 3.4 Threats to National and Global
related to their operation (Osterblom et Security
al., 2010) and that is probably why it As mentioned above, many states
is very hard to capture the big catches. still regard illegal fishing as a non-
Their well-organized operation was once traditional security threat and only
reflected from the case of Australia’s hot considered to be a matter of fisheries
pursuit of the Russian flagged Lena in management with low and general
2002 (although the vessel managed to administrative sanction. However,
flee as it was refueled by another vessel), despite being non-traditional security
and the apprehension of the same Lena issue, the illegal fishing alone has caused
and Volga in the same year (CCAMLR enormous loss as explained previously.
Report (2003) in Osterblom et al., 2010). According to Barry Buzan, in this post-
It was revealed later in the International Cold War era, security has broader
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) framework where there are interlinked
that the vessels got logistic support from political, military, economic, societal
oil tanker and also information about and environmental sectors of security
the locations of Australian fisheries (Stone, n.d.). These sectors of security
patrol vessels, and the two vessels were are in fact linked and they do not operate
actually sacrificed to save the other more separately from each other. Therefore,
valuable vessels from seizure (ITLOS an equal attention should at least be
in Osterblom et al., 2010). To avoid paid to all sectors since they are closely
detection and apprehension, many related to the livelihood of the people of
illegal fishing vessels often change their a country. The fisheries crimes consisting
flags. Furthermore, many IUU vessels of many illegitimate activities such as
observed by CCAMLR were also often IUUfishing, humantrafficking, slavery,
found docking without any catch, document forgery, identity fraud, food
hence they were suspected to perform fraud and many others in fact pose some
transshipment at sea to cargo vessels or serious threats to the economic security,
to legitimately licensed fishing vessels ecological security and human security.
(CCAMLR Report (2006) in Osterblom The severe depletion of fish stock, coral
et al., 2010). These findings surely reef damage, loss of revenue, abused-

348 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
labors, food fraud are all the concrete none about the management of other
consequences of the fisheries crime crimes such as forced- labors, food fraud
practices. and many others, although they are in
The criminal activities conducted fact closelyinterrelated.
in the fisheries sector certainly cause It is necessary to secure the
damages and pose threat not only to fisheries sector in order to realize
a certain country, but also to some the same standing ground between
countries at the same time, or even the countries to regard fisheries crime as
global world. The IUU fishing practice’s a significant threat. This process of
destruction and overfishing will ruin the constructing fisheries crime as a globally
already-depleted fish stock and marine acknowledged transnational organized
ecosystem, and will surely affect the fish crime under the same understanding is
supply chain or environmental issue a process of ‘macro- securitization’. This
globally. At the national level, illegal concept, coming from Barry Buzan,
fishing clearly brings misfortunes to means that the issue has been declared
coastal states that depend on fisheries as a threat or security problem and
sector for their revenue and food the problem is acknowledged by the
resource. Those harms are caused only involving parties, which in this case are
by IUU fishing, but when the other the states (Buzan in Taureck, 2006).
crimes have been properly addressed From the same point of view or platform,
and taken care of, there may be bigger it will enable more comprehensive and
damages and losses revealed. However, greater cooperation between countries
despite the damages and threats in combating the said crime, just like
caused by fisheries crime, there seems how the world encounters and fights the
to be no strong law enforcement that successfully ‘macro-securitized’ issues
guarantees equal punishment for the such as terrorism. Buzan states that
criminals. Fisheries crimes are mostly a successful securitization consists of
still referred to as illegal fishing and the three steps, namely: 1) identification of
actions or efforts formulated to combat existentialthreats, 2) emergency action,
IUU fishing are mostly regarding and 3) effects on inter-unit relations by
management matters. Most of the breaking free of rules (Buzan in Taureck,
international law instruments focus on 2006). In the case of fisheries crime,
the ecological and economic aspects of the existential threats are clearly shown
illegal fishing with most parts are about with the damages and losses caused in
fish stock conservation and management ecological, economical and societal
procedures. However, there is almost sectors. There have been some initiatives

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on emergency actions conducted in etc. However, current understanding of
response to the threats, including fisheries crime is mainly still focusing
domestic or international policies and on the IUU fishing activity. Many legal
regulations regarding the concerned instruments have been formulated to
matters. Further, to successfully instill the combat illegal fishing both at domestic
idea of fisheries crime as a transnational and international levels. Domestic law
crime, more countries/parties need to enforcement surely differs between
be led to believe the idea that will lead countries, but shares the same purpose of
to a common understanding. Once regulating fisheries in their jurisdiction.
the same understanding and stance are The international law is made upon
shared or constructed, it will surely be agreement between countries and
possible to formulate and execute real serves as the principles or foundation
and stronger actions and initiatives on for countries to formulate their national
combating fisheries crime. Fisheries regulation/policy. The regulation made
crime is extensive, mostly transnational at the multilateral/international level
and well-organized and may pose serious also aims at controlling the fishing
damages to multiple sectors, including affairs on the high seas. The high seas are
social, economic and ecological sectors, the open areas of sea that do not belong
both domestically or internationally to the EEZ, territorial or internal waters
(UNODC/WWF, 2016). Therefore, of any state, as it is also referred to as
it is a very important global agenda to the international sea. Based on Article
address fisheries crime seriously and 116 of UNCLOS (United Nations
formulate comprehensive actions to Convention on the Law of the Sea),
fightit. all states are given access to performing
fishing activities on the high seas, but
3.5 Efforts to Combat required to address the conservation
FisheriesCrime efforts especially for straddling fish
Combating fisheries crime requires stocks and highly migrated species
all parties’ involvement, in this (Sodik, 2011). Under this regulation,
case the states, to develop the same all states, both landlocked and coastal
perception of the concerned matter. countries, are granted access to fishing in
Fisheries crime should be recognized high seas territory while respecting other
in a broader sense since it is not only countries’ rights and liabilities. Some
related to fishing, but also many other other notable international regulations
crimes such as human trafficking, have also been composed in response
smuggling, corruption, forgery, fraud, to the fisheries sector management

350 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
challenge, including (Sodik,2011): fishing states to: preserve ecosystem
• The FAO 1993 sustainability; maintain the quality,
ComplianceAgreement biodiversity and stock of fish; and
prevent overfishing.
This agreement mostly aims at
putting basic foundation for • The International Plan of
fishing activities on the high seas, Action to Deter, Prevent and
setting conservation measures for Eliminate Illegal, Unreportedand
marine resources and enhancing Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU)
multilateral organization’s role 2001
in fisheries management. This The IPOA-IUU serves as the
agreement also emphasizes state’s mechanism and operational
responsibilities to exercise their guidance to combat IUU
control and jurisdiction over their fishing practice with extensive
flagged fishing vessels in response collaboration between states, FAO,
to the reflagging and flag of related RFMO (Regional Fisheries
convenience practice (putting flag Management Organization) and
for disguise/pretense). other legal bodies in UN such
• The 1995 United Nations as IMO (International Maritime
FishStocks Agreement Organization).
However, the abovementioned
This agreement highlights the
legal regulations are focusing mainly on
conservation and management of
IUU fishing, especially the management
fish stock, international cooperation
and operational aspects and there
mechanism, flag state’s obligations
seems to be no regulation mentioning/
and law enforcement in the high seas
addressing the following crimes related
territory. This agreement also serves
to IUU practice. A mutually holistic
as an international instrument to
comprehension of fisheries crime first
resolve potential conflicts occurring
needs to be shared among countries
between coastal states and other
in order to formulate and take joint
states that perform fishing activity
actions to combat it. Then, due to the
on the high seas.
complex nature of fisheries crime, a
• The 1995 FAO Code of multi-disciplinary approach needs to be
Conductfor Responsible taken with the interlinked cooperation
Fisheries(CCRF) between authorities, both at domestic
The general principles of the and international levels. The complexity
CCRF point out the obligation of of fisheries crime is shown with the

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international practices of the constantly by UNODC—occasionally with other
shifting business models and modus related UN bodies—that actively voices
operandi of organized criminal networks out and persuades countries to raise
in response to criminals’ necessity to their awareness of fisheries crime and
capitalize profit and exploit the weakness to recognize it a transnational organized
of the existing law enforcement secretly crime. By recognizing fisheries crime as a
(UNODC/WWF, 2016). Therefore, TOC, a legal framework or international
a flexible and collaborative global regime may then be established by
response is significantly needed to countries which have shared and same
counter the evil deeds of fisheries understanding of the concerned issue
crime. Nevertheless, despite the urgent and collaborative actions be initiated
necessity to take actions to combat to properly encounter fisheries crime.
fisheries crime that poses great danger In Vienna 2016, UNODC and WWF
to states, the existence of a concrete and hosted a joint Expert Group Meeting
powerful regime unfortunately seems to on Fisheries Crime that sought to
be non-apparent. Below are the possible facilitate the understanding of fisheries
factors that influence the stagnant crime and identify appropriate criminal
situation of regime development to fight law enforcement for such crime and
fisheriescrime. the participants emphasized the
necessity to recognize the existence and
3.6 The lack of International potentially extensive scope of fisheries
Recognition andWeak crime regardless of the level individual
LawEnforcement state may had over fisheries crime as
The need to understand and a concept (UNODC/WWF, 2016).
acknowledge fisheries crime with the Indonesia was one of the parties that
same perspective is the basic requirement also actively sought for recognition of
to establish and exercise greater actions fisheries crime. Indonesia is aware that
to combat the crime. However, the IUU fishing is closely linked to other
international society does not seem to crimes such as smuggling of goods and
be interested in recognizing fisheries people, illegal labors, smuggling of
crime as a transnational organized narcotics and violation of regulations
crime and make it a top priority. The on natural protection and hygiene,
recognition and awareness of the threats and Indonesia has declared that
of fisheries crime are still lacking. One IUU fishing has developed to a very
of the most notable efforts to persuade dangerous and organized transnational
recognition of the said crime is shown crime (Kurniawan in Lewerissa, 2018).

352 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Therefore, Indonesia is seeking for fair amount of compensation fee (Sodik,
global assistance and collaboration to 2011). Since illegal fishing is mainly still
fight this transnational organizedcrime. considered as management issue, the
The existing regulations and law regulation usually only imposes light
enforcements, both domestic and administrative sanction. The sanction
international, regarding fisheries sector will not be able to stop the criminals
are still insufficient as the IUU fishing from keeping coming back since the
practices are still going on including all profit they gain from illegal fishing
the ‘behind the scene’ crimes following is bigger than the potential risks and
this sector. From Benjina case, despite sanctions they might be subjectto.
massive exposure and highlight, the Consequently, due to the lack of
legal proceeding conducted by the both recognition and law enforcement
Indonesian authority had only resulted over fisheries crime, international
in light punishment for the defendants recognition and regime establishment
and the real mastermind behind the evil are needed to combat fisheries crime.
deed was not even touched, let alone International regime may be defined as
punished. This fact was also admitted a range of implicit or explicit principles,
by the Indonesian Minister of Marine norms, rules and decision-making
Affairs and Fisheries, that those who procedures around which actors’
were caught and sentenced were just expectations meet the given area of
the pawns (BBC Indonesia, n.d.). international relations (Stephen Krasner
In order to pursue the mastermind, in Yoshimatsu, 1998). The presence
the authority will need to trace the of international regime concerning
fund/investment source of the fishing fisheries crime is expected to pose legal
companies in Benjina, that requires obligations to countries in establishing a
collaboration between related agencies, stable and mutual prospect in the efforts
and that is why fisheries crime is of combating these elusive criminal
actually very complex. The lack of activities. However, besides mutual
responsive and collaborative actions agreement between parties about the
enabled by the existing regulations has significant necessity to address and fight
somehow become a loophole exploited fisheries crime, a great power is also
by the fisheries criminals. Article 73 needed to support formation of such
of UNCLOS also shows a weakness regime. Based on the hegemonic stability
point since the regulation guarantees model, the presence of a dominantly
release of arrested fishing vessels with great power is of great importance not
a limited period of apprehension and a only in the early establishment of regime,

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but also to the continuation of a long- from great power, namely US. Despite
term order (Yoshimatsu, 1998). This the good and bad advantages of having
condition somehow adds up another dominant player in the group, the
complexity to the efforts to combat the presence of great/influential power is in
complexissue. fact needed to keep a regime or system
alive and functioning. If the states can
3.7 Reluctant Support to Combat reach the same understanding and stand
FisheriesCrime on the same ground regarding fisheries
Despite all the grand initiatives, the crime along with enough support
efforts to combat fisheries crime will be (especially from the great power) on the
in vain without concrete supports of all establishment of a regime to combat the
parties involved, especially they who issue, greater global collaborative actions
hold great power/influence. The general can be formulated to counter these
idea that refers to fisheries crime as illegal problems and a better future for the
fishing and considers it as a fisheries fishing industry can be accomplished.
mismanagement problem has somewhat However, the interests found in the
belittled the dangerous threats posed real practices imply otherwise. While
by fisheries crime. Therefore, it is very coastal states like Indonesia are suffering
important to address and raise awareness due to the loss and damage caused by
of fisheries crime with the same fisheries crime, powerful states which
approach and perspective. By treating gain benefits from this practice do
fisheries crime as a mutual threat to not seem to really mind. As stated
countries globally, the countries should in the finding previously, the catches
take a measure to establish collaborative from illegal fishing— as well as slavery
actions in order to eradicate the practice—were mainly exported to the
concerned crime. A simple example may northern states, such as US, EU and
be observed from the global efforts to Japan. The market in the three states
combat terrorism. All states are basically alone accounts for about 55% of global
in the same boat when it comes to seafood market, in which US contributes
terrorism issue and the effort to fight about 13%, Japan 14% and the rest is
it since the states collectively regard by EU, which is the largest (Pramod
terrorism as a threat. From the same et al., 2014). In the US market, illegal
point that regards terrorism as a threat, and unreported catches represented 20-
the states took global actions to combat 32% by weight of wild-caught seafood
it, and behind these viable global efforts import in 2011, with a value from USD
of fighting terrorism, there was support 1.3 billion to USD 2.1 billion out of

354 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
USD 16.5 billion of total import value pleases Japan and benefits retailers and
(Pramod et al., 2014). Meanwhile, an consumers in Japan as well. However, for
investigation in Japan revealed that Russia, Japan’s import of illegal seafood
24- 36% of 2.15 million tons of wild- products is damaging its reputation
seafood imported to Japan in 2015 was over its coastal state responsibilities,
from illegal and unreported fishing with but for Japan this issue is considered to
a value from USD 1.6 billion to USD be Russia’s domestic problem since the
2.4 billion out of USD 13 billion of responsibilities to counter IUU fishing
total import value (Pramod, Pitcher, and is under Russia’s jurisdiction (Pramod,
Mantha, 2017). US and Japan’s high Pitcher and Mantha, 2017). From the
reliance on seafood import surely creates facts and findings presented above, we
a very potential ground for catches from may see that US and Japan are presenting
illegal fishing to enter their market due a market for illegal and unreported
to the high demand for seafood. The fishing commodities that encourages the
increasing competition and depletion illicit practice to continue.
of fish stock also encourage seafood Besides the fact that powerful states
suppliers to obtain sources for cheap such as US, Japan and EU are gaining
seafood products. Weak regulation benefit from illegal fishing, the global
of the authority also facilitates entry fishing industry is also dominated by
of illegal catches. In Japan, under its wealthy countries. Fishing activities
current regulations, keeping the records (the data are not separated into legal or
of seafood traceability for import is not illegal fishing), both on the high seas
mandatory (D. Hall in Pramod, Pitcher and EEZ territory of other countries,
and Mantha, 2017) and disclosure of are in fact dominated by wealthy state’s
seafood trading or sourcing practices by vessels (McCauley et al., 2018). The
the government agencies is very limited three big states which show the highest
(A. Ke. Kerr in Pramod, Pitcher and fishing activities in other countries’ EEZ
Mantha,2017). are China, Taiwan and South Korea,
Still according to the same resource, and China and Taiwan’s combined
the trade data reveals that over the past fishing activities represent 44% of
two decades Japan has conducted illegal global fishing activities (McCauley
import of a massive amount of seafood et al., 2018). Chinese fishing vessels
from Russian waters (N. Arai in Pramod, are often spotted in the South China
Pitcher and Mantha, 2017). Despite Sea but its coastal guards vessels are
illegal, the enormous supply of seafood also lingering in the area to secure the
products at cheap price seemingly fishing activities. As mentioned above,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 355

Chinese coastal guard had once even crime has also caused great damages to
intervened in the Indonesian authority’s multiple sectors and poses threats to
pursuing of Chinese fishing vessel which the economic security, human security
performed IUU fishing in Indonesia’s and environmental security. However,
EEZ territory. The domination of big although fisheries crime has shown such
countries in the fishing industry and the great threats, the international response
benefits from the current fisheries affairs to counter it seems to be premature with
they obtain surely affect their stances the lack of international recognition
in this issue where they show reluctant and the absence of a strong regime. In
support to eradication of fisheries crime. conclusion, we may state that despite
It is only natural for those powerful of its enormous dangers for multiple
countries to take stances that will secure sectors/aspects, an establishment of
their interests and benefits. However, international regime to combat fisheries
with the absence or lack of support from crime is still non- existent due to the
great power, an international regime that resistance of the benefited parties,
can work earnestly to combat fisheries wealthy nations, which have interests to
crime will be impossiblyestablished. keep the status quo of the fisheriesaffairs.

4. CONCLUSSION
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358 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Is Lock-Down the Best Policy? COVID-19 Economic
Measures in ASEAN Countries and Lesson Learned
for Indonesia

Achmad Kautsar1, Silvia Dian Anggraeni2, Naeli Fitria2, Fikri Brilianti1, Grace
Wulandari1, Qori’atul Septiavin1
1
Faculty of Economy and Business, Universitas Pertamina
2
Faculty of Communication and Diplomacy, Universitas Pertamina
[email protected], [email protected], naeli.fitria@
universitaspertamina.ac.id

Abstract
The corona virus outbreak (COVID-19) is a very serious pandemic that has killed
thousands of people in less than a year. The impact of COVID-19 has also paralyzed
some countries’ economy, revealed new poor people, and reduced health quality.
The method in this study uses secondary data by comparing various kinds of policies
implemented in ASEAN countries. The countries being analyzed in this research
are Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and
Vietnam. The result shows that countries that have implemented stricter policies
since the beginning of the pandemic have succeeded in suppressing the spread of
the corona virus (COVID-19). However, countries that have not implemented
strict policies since the beginning of the corona virus pandemic, tend to have a
fairly high prevalence rate. This study also offers some lessons learned for Indonesia.
Government assertiveness in handling COVID-19 is needed to reduce the number
of corona virus spreads. Civil society resilience is also needed to support government’s
efforts. As a specific measure to cope with economic problem, preparing a special
reserve fund for handling outbreaks and automatic policy are deemed important.
Keywords: COVID-19, Economy, Lock-Down, Policy, ASEAN

1. INTRODUCTION corona virus include travel and tourism,

and retail and other services sectors;
COVID-19 has brought a significant business operations hence supply chains
impact on a country’s economy. As a disrupted; employment and livelihood
result of the corona virus outbreak, put at risk, while consumer confidence
the world economy has slowed. Some has declined (ASEAN, 2020).
sectors that experience the impact of the

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 359

 Table 1.
ASEAN GDP Growth

Country Initial Forecast Revised Forecast Source

Brunei
1.5% Sep 2019 2.0% 3 Apr 2020 ADB
Darussalam

Cambodia 6.8% Sep 2019 2.3% 3 Apr 2020 ADB

Ministry of
Indonesia 5.3% Aug 2019 2.3% 3 Apr 2020
Finance
Bank Negara
Malaysia 4.8% Sep 2019 0.5% 3 Apr 2020
Malaysia
Ministry of Trade
Singapore 2.5% Nov 2019 -1% 26 Mar 2020
and Industry
National
Economic
Thailand 3.7% Nov 2019 2.5% 17 Feb 2020 and Social
Development
Board
Ministry of
Viet Nam 6.8% 5.96% 13 Feb 2020 Planning and
Investment
Source: ASEAN Policy Brief
Based on the data above estimates of economic growth in the countries of the
ASEAN region has been declined in economic growth. The smallest estimated
growth among ASEAN countries is Singapore with an estimated economic growth
during the corona virus outbreak of -1%. The world economy also experienced
a decline in 2020 around -3% and an increase in unemployment up to 7% for
the ASEAN region (International 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Monetary Fund, 2020b). Besides that,
the government also needs to prepare Various countries have implemented
a large amount of funds for handling policies to address the spread of the
corona virus outbreaks, because the rate corona virus. The policy is to reduce
of spread of the corona virus is very fast. the number of corona virus spreads.
All countries in the world spend quite There are two possible strategies to do:
large funds and the impact is declining (1) mitigation, which is focused on
world economy. slowing the spread of the virus, but not
stopping the spread of the virus, the aim
is to prevent excess demand for health

360 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
services and (2) suppression, which is
to suppress the growth of the epidemic, The Indonesian government has
the aim of reducing the number of cases challenges in dealing with cases of the
and control the situation (Ferguson et corona virus outbreak compared to other
al., 2020)and the public health threat it ASEAN countries. The ratio of doctors
represents is the most serious seen in a and the number of hospitals in Indonesia
respiratory virus since the 1918 H1N1 is quite small with the population and
influenza pandemic. Here we present geographical location which consists of
the results of epidemiological modelling islands. The right strategy is the main
which has informed policymaking in the objective for Indonesian government in
UK and other countries in recent weeks. overcoming corona virus outbreaks.
In the absence of a COVID-19 vaccine, Medical personnel and the number
we assess the potential role of a number of hospital beds for a country is very
of public health measures-so-called non- important, if the proportion of medical
pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs. personnel and the number of hospital
Each policy has challenges in beds with a number per 10,000 is
accordance with the conditions of balanced it can reduce the death rate
each country. Policies made by the from an illness. The results showed an
government through various aspects, increase of one primary care physician
such as the number of hospitals and the per 10,000 population could reduce
number of doctors. This is one of the mortality by an average of 5.3 percent,
main variables that infected patients or 49 per 100,000 per year (Macinko
may treated properly. et al., 2007). Other studies have found
that there is a positive and significant
Graphic 1. relationship between the ratio of
Medical Doctor and Hospital Bed Ratio medical staff to health level, the higher
the medical workforce will get higher
level of health of the population (Bigbee,
2008)as indicated by state health
ranking, and to compare the findings
with physician-to-population ratios.
Design: Secondary analysis correlational
design. Sample: The sample consisted of
all 50 states in the United States. Data
sources included the United Health
Foundation’s 2006 state health rankings,
Source: World Health Organization

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 361

the 2004 National Sample Survey for of return from the corona virus outbreak
Registered Nurses, and the U.S. Health until now is still the highest.
Workforce Profile from the New York Graphic 2.
Center for Health Workforce Studies. Pandemics and Uncertainty 1996 Q1
Results: Significant relationships to 2020 Q1
between nurse-to-population ratio and
overall state health ranking (ρ=-.446,
p=.001. Doctors and the number of
hospitals is not the main weapons in
the face of a pandemic; however, policy
synergy is needed in limiting the space
for individuals, therefore the outbreak
of corona virus can be controlled.
Source: (Ahir et al., 2018)

3 METHOD Various kinds of pandemic outbreaks

This study uses literature review have occurred in the decade since 2000,
method. The data are secondary data such as SARS, avian flu, swine flu, and
taken from various sources. This Ebola. Among the pandemic outbreaks
research took several data from various SARS had the highest levels of WPUI
countries and compared them. The data and the SARS outbreak also disrupted
is used as material for the study of the the economy in various countries, but
effectiveness of the policies implemented the level of discussion about the SARS
by the government in each country. outbreak was not as high as when cases
This research is divided into several of avian flu, swine flu, and Ebola were
discussions including the policy aspects found. The case of avian flu, swine flu,
of both regulations limiting activity, and Ebola is not as severe as the SARS
politics, and economic. case which can disrupt the economy,
this can be seen from the level of
4 RESULT WPUI. On the other hand, the corona
virus outbreak is quite unique, because
The corona virus is still a problem corona virus is still one group with
in many countries and the impact could the previous outbreak, but the level of
make an economy downturn in both discussion about pandemic and WPUI
the developed countries and developing is very high, therefore almost more than
countries. Based on data a pandemic one semester in 2020 the corona virus
that has occurred in this world, the rate outbreak cannot be controlled especially

362 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
in Indonesia. by that time.
Graphic 3. Discussion
Confirmed Cases in ASEAN Countries
a) Limiting Activities
Indonesia is one of the countries in
the ASEAN region that has a high case of
corona virus infection. The Government
of Indonesia has implemented various
methods in suppressing the spread of
the corona virus, policies implemented
include social distancing or work from
Source: John Hopkins University home and PSBB (Large-Scale Social
Restrictions). The graphic below shows
Confirmed cases of corona virus the impact from working from home
outbreaks are still increasing, in the and PSBB.
ASEAN countries, such as Singapore,
Graphics 4.
Malaysia and Indonesia. Among the
Confirmed Cases Per Day
three countries, Singapore has the highest
case and had set a lock down policy on
April 7th, 2020. The lock down policy
was used by the Singapore government
to control the number of COVID-19
cases. Indonesia had also implemented
a policy to control the spread of the
corona virus by applying the PSBB Source: John Hopkins University
(Large-Scale Social Restriction) on April
10th, 2020. The PSBB has developing Before the PSBB was implemented,
into several phases until now. However, the Indonesian government on April
PSBB policies differ from the lock down 6th, 2020 take a rapid test. The results of
system where citizens are still permitted these rapid tests were most people being
to carry out activities in certain sectors. infected with the corona virus. However,
This policy is applied to maintain the after the PSBB policy was implemented,
economy. Another case, Malaysia has cases per day of individuals infected
implemented a lock down system since with the corona virus has declining
18th March 2020 and the result was the trend. Based on the results of the PSBB,
case of the corona virus outbreak was the evidence of mitigation policies
smaller than Singapore and Indonesia

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 363

implemented by the government are financial system stability. Changes to
able to curb the spread of the corona the regulation are stipulated through
virus and prevent excess demand for Perppu Number 1 Year 2020 on
health services. March 31, 2020. One of the policies
Graphics 5. amended through the regulation is a
Confirmed Cases Per Day budget deficit limit that is allowed to
exceed three percent of GDP, up to a
maximum of 2022. In addition, Bank
Indonesia is also permitted to buy Debt
Securities State (SUN) or long-term
State Sharia Securities (SBSN) in the
primary market as a solution to address
economic problems that endanger the
Source: John Hopkins University country amid the corona virus (Perppu
No.1 Tahun 2020).
On the other hand, Malaysia has The regulation becomes the basis
implemented a lock down policy since for the government in setting changes
May 18th, 2020, the results of the to the 2020 APBN through Presidential
lock down policy being implemented Regulation Number 54 of 2020. The
reported that cases of individuals infected change is predicted that Indonesia’s
with the corona virus have a declining budget deficit in 2020 will reach
trend. The lock-down policy applied has Rp852.93 trillion or 5.07 percent of
proven to be effective in reducing the GDP. The total deficit can reach 177
spread of the corona virus. The lock- percent higher than the deficit target in
down policy has been implemented in the previous 2020 APBN scheme. The
several countries, one of the countries prediction of a significant increase in
is Vietnam which has implemented a the deficit is due to state expenditure
lock-down policy from the beginning. that is predicted to increase by 2.8
The results have proven there are no percent from the 2020 state budget,
corona virus cases in Vietnam. while state revenue is predicted to
b. Financing fall to 21.14 percent (Perpres No. 54
Tahun 2020). The change in budget
Handling the corona virus pandemic
allocation made by the government is
outbreak is not easy, the government of
an effort to meet budgetary needs in
the Republic of Indonesia made various
dealing with the corona virus pandemic.
changes, one of which was the policy
Despite instability in various sectors
of the country’s financial system and

364 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
that has driven a significant increase operations, and Education budget
in state spending, APBN 2020 has adjustments for handling COVID-19
only increased by 2.8 percent from the 3. Industry Support of IDR 70.1
initial scheme. This is partly due to trillion
the reallocation and refocusing scheme
Distributed through government-
implemented during this pandemic.
borne taxes for article 21 PPh and VAT,
During a pandemic like the current
DTP import duties (government-borne
Ministry of Finance increased the budget
taxes), and stimulus for People’s Business
to handle the corona virus outbreak
Credit (KUR)
reached Rp150 trillion through a change
in the scheme of budget financing. 4. Funding in the context of
Based on the merger of additional state supporting the National
spending and budget financing, the Economic Recovery Program of
government has managed to allocate an Rp150 trillion.
additional Rp405.1 trillion, channeled Based on changes in the budget
through: scheme, it can be an indication that
1. Health Budget Rp.75 trillion the Indonesian budget is not ready to
face the coronavirus disease. Indonesia’s
The budget is channeled through
unpreparedness in dealing with
corona virus handling interventions and
coronavirus disease was also experienced
BPJS contribution subsidies, including
by various countries and led to global
subsidy contributions for non-wage and
economic instability (International
non-worker’s tariff adjustments, medical
Monetary Fund, 2020a).
personnel incentives, death benefits
The significance of the deficit that is
for medical personnel, and health care
expected to occur has led to an increase in
expenditure for corona viruses.
debt, indicating that Indonesia does not
2. Social Safety Net of Rp110.0 yet have independent financial reserves.
trillion Therefore, Indonesia should consider an
Distributed through additional independent financial reserve scheme to
social safety networks (addition of PKH anticipate the possibility of a pandemic.
distribution, additional food assistance, In addition, health sector resilience in
additional pre-work cards, electricity Indonesia is also needed because of the
tariff discounts, additional housing potential for a pandemic to occur again
incentives for MBR, and other social in a period that cannot be predicted.
safety network programs), reserves to
meet basic needs and market / logistics

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 365

c) Lesson learned for Indonesia implementation of public policy from
central to local requires inclusivity both
In tackling pandemic, at least
the decision makers and the targeted
there are two high priority that must
society. Inclusivity means no one left
be considered by the government to
behind (United Nations, 2017). This
take into actions, learning from other
definition acknowledge and respect the
ASEAN countries. First, economic
importance of dignity of human being
consequences caused by the loss of
without leaving any nations, people and
economic activities and its effect to
societies to achieve the goals (Together
the marginalized people in a country.
2030, 2019).
Second, the leadership role in managing
risk disaster management in facing
segmented society within a country 5 CONCLUSION
(Rubin, 2011). The success of the efforts Various policies have been
in tackling global COVID-19 pandemic implemented by the government to deal
notably in Indonesia requires readiness with the COVID-19 pandemic. The
from the Government and resilience impact of the COVID-19 pandemic can
from the civil society. Both elements are cripple a country’s economy, another
inseparable in safeguarding a nation to impact is the emergence of new poor
avoid crisis. Indonesia which stretches people and also have an impact on the
broad and consists of 33 provinces has level of health will decrease in the future,
challenges in coordinating regulations, in this case the government needs to
announcement even actions to reach the implement effective and efficient policy
most remote areas. Such facts have led to strategies. The government should
apparently inconsistent implementation also have firmness and transparency
of public policy. One of the reasons, this in handling corona virus outbreaks in
occurs due to the need of country to order to people are not confused when
secure stability of economic condition. undergoing policies. The government
From the Government side, should provide reserve funds for
there is a need for better coordination outbreak cases and prepare automatic
between central and local governments strategies if another outbreak occurs.
in implementing policy. This cannot Lock down policies implemented in
be undergone without involving several ASEAN countries have proven to
targeted stakeholders in providing be quite effective in handling the corona
alternative insights and suggestions. The virus (COVID-19) pandemic.

366 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
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368 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Local Government Policy Against Bentor Operation
Routes
(Study at the Transportation Office of North Halmahera Regency)

Bonny Datty¹, Frets Alfret Goraph²1

¹Government Science Study Program, Halmahera University, Tobelo Indonesia
² Government Science Study Program, Halmahera University, Tobelo, Indonesia
¹[email protected], ²[email protected]

Abstract.
The complexity in public transportation is not only a problem for the government,
but also for the community. This results in the marginalization of the community
indirectly to carry out their mobility (Aminah, 2004). Government policies are
needed in overcoming various public problems. The policies made can be executed
properly to achieve their goals. Policy making must be free from political interests and
group interests in order to produce an appropriate policy in solving the complexity of
the problems at hand. This study aims to systematically and accurately analyze facts.
The research location is a place where research is carried out. The research location
is in the Department of Transportation, Tolo, North Halmahera Regency. To obtain
research data, the authors used several methods: 1) Interview, and 2) Observation.
Data collection techniques have specific characteristics when compared to other
techniques, namely interviews and analysis techniques used in this study are as
follows: 1) Data Reduction, 2) Data Presentation and, 3) Verification/ Conclusion
Drawing. The results showed that the reason for the government making the policy
to divert the bentor operation route was congestion on the main city route and
bentor was only an alternative transportation. The policies made by the government
have an impact on the income and economy of the benthors. The policy is considered
to be detrimental to the interests of bentor towers, users and bentor owners because
changes to the transfer of bentor operation of the transportation agency do not
involve owners, towers and users in policy making.
Keywords: Local Government Policies, Operation Path Bentor.

1 Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Frets Alfret Goraph)

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 369

1 INTRODUCTION regional service institutions in the form
of agencies, offices, hospitals. The third
Transportation is a system of is the affairs of implementing regional
community life (Aminah, 2004). affairs, overseen by the regional service
Meanwhile, government policies are institutions. The regional office is the
needed in overcoming various problems implementing element of regional
of this nation including economic, autonomy led by the head of the service
social and cultural policies that are (H. Surisyah Murhaini; 2009).
carried out for the welfare of the people One of the implementing
(Goraph, 2017). But on the other hand, elements of regional autonomy is the
before making a policy, an in-depth transportation agency (Dishub). One of
policy analysis must be carried out on the duties of the Transportation Agency
a problem so that the policies made can is to carry out access to sea, air and
be implemented properly to achieve the land transportation. Here the authors
desired goals. The policy-making process prefer land transportation, where the
must be free from political interests, Transportation Agency has the authority
personal interests and group interests to regulate land transportation routes.
in order to produce an appropriate Public transportation in the city of
policy in solving the complexity of the Tobelo (Tobelo Kota), consists of their
problems at hand. own and city transportation (angkot).
The administrators of the angkot consists of mikro, ojek and
regional government are the regional bentor as alternative transportation. Of
government and the DPRD, while these three angkot, the most popular of
the regional governments are the the people in their activities is bentor,
governors, mayors, regents and regional because Bentor is more practical and
apparatus as elements of the regional comfortable. Practical means that young
government administration. In general, people get and leave quickly, in contrast
local government consists of: first, staff to micro where they have to wait for
members who assist in policy formulation passengers above 4 people. Comfortable
and coordination, represented by the here means being protected from hot
secretariat. Second, the supporting sun, rain and volcanic ash (Mountain
elements of the regional head’s duties Ash).
in the formulation and implementation The number of bentors based on
of specific regional policies are December 2015 data was 113, each
accommodated in regional technical with 589 blue bentors while 542 red
institutions for the implementation bentors. Where the number of bentors
of regional affairs, accommodated in was so large, the solution taken was to

370 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
divide the operating schedule by means anticipate traffic demand This includes
of an agreement between the bentor integration within and between all
pullers and the transportation agency. types of transport, integration with
The result of the agreement is one day land use planning, integration with
for red bentor surgery and the next day environmental policies and integration
for blue bentor surgery, for example with policies for education, health and
Monday, red bentor means Tuesday wealth creation(Sunitiyoso, 2010).
for blue bentor surgery, red Wednesday The transportation policy
Thursday blue and so on with the revitalization is made so that congestion
exception of red dates. can be resolved in the future in big
Bentor no longer serves people who cities(Huda, 2017).
are active on the main city route, why is Policy making should have a social
it because the main road area of the
​​ city and economic impact, namely achieving
has installed traffic signs / prohibition the common good, but sometimes the
signs. The bentor prohibition sign posted implementation of social transportation
by the Department of Transportation policies creates new problems, namely
included directions from North to South that congestion and inequality
Bethesda Hospital, directions from West increase due to worsening congestion.
to East all routes in urban areas except (Kadarisman M., 2015).
the front lane of the Tanjung Raya Shop, Social inclusion policies in
and directions from south to north in developed countries are carried out by
front of the Tax Office. developing transportation policies and
The government policy is to divert social relations that are integrated and
the bentor operation route with the aim connected, both modern transportation
of controlling traffic. This control is very policies and sustainable, civilized social
influential on bentor income. mobility.(Lucas, 2012).
The social impacts of transportation
2. LITERATUR REVIEW can be significant, especially for already
vulnerable population groups. Access
Traffic congestion has become
to social transportation is not good and
a major problem in many cities
evenly distributed so that the effect for
in Indonesia, requiring better
vulnerable, poor and minority groups
transportation policies. Many
on access to transportation is easy for
developed countries, have implemented
those who are economically able (Lucas,
integrated transport policies to replace
Social impacts and equity issues in
traditional transportation policies that
transport: an introduction, 2012).
focus only on road construction to

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 371

 The author chooses a theory from RESEARCH METOD
Michael Howlet and M. Ramesh in
Ismail Nawawi (2017), states that the In this study the type of research
public policy process consists of five that the author uses is descriptive
stages, namely Agenda setting, Policy qualitative. Qualitative research
formulation (Polici formulition), uses qualitative methods, namely
policy making (Decision making), observation, interviews or document
Policy implementation (Polici review. Qualitative descriptive research
implementation) and policy evaluation is data collected in the form of words,
(Polici Evalutation). pictures and not numbers (Moleong;
Michael Howlet and M. Ramesh 2006).
stated that the five stages are as follows: This study aims to systematically
a. Agenda setting is a process so that a and accurately describe the visible facts
problem can get attention from the and to describe the relationship between
government. phenomena in accordance with the
b. Policy formulation (Polici data obtained through research and to
formulition), namely the process of explain the research variables that will
formulating policy choices by the be studied. The research location is a
government. place where research is carried out. The
c. Decision making, which is the research location is in the Department of
process by which the government Transportation, Tolo, North Halmahera
chooses to take an action or not to Regency.
take an action. To get the data in this research, the
d. Policy implementation (Polici writer used several ways: 1) Interview,
Implementation), which is a process and 2) Observation. as data collection
for implementing policies in order techniques have specific characteristics
to achieve results. when compared to other techniques,
e. Policy evaluation (Polici namely interviews and questionnaires
Evalutation), which is a process always communicate with people, so
for monitoring and evaluating the observation is not limited to people but
results or performance of policies. other natural objects.
From the theory above, there are 5 The analysis techniques used in
stages of policy making that will make it this research are as follows: 1) Data
easier for researchers to analyze research Reduction, 2) Data Presentation and 3)
results. Verification/Conclusion rawing.

372 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION change lanes due to congestion on the
main line is an incorrect reason. Based
Causes of Change of Operation on observations and interviews, the
Path of Bentor writer in the field shows that the road
Based on the results of research capacity in Halut is still commensurate
conducted by the author at the North with the number of vehicles.
Halmahera Regency Transportation Congestion is a problem arising
Service, the reasons for the government from population growth and density
to make changes to the net for bentor ”so that the flow of vehicles is moving
operations are as follows: very slowly. Congestion is a situation
or condition of stagnation or even
cessation of traffic caused by the large
Congestion On The Main Line Of
number of vehicles exceeding the road
The City
capacity. When we measure it using the
Congestion is a problem arising congestion theory, the government’s
from population growth and density reasons are inaccurate with the
”so that the flow of vehicles is moving following reasons a) This change in
very slowly. Congestion is a situation or pathway is the suggestion of an organda
condition of stagnation or even cessation (radar halmahera, Thursday 17 March
of traffic caused by the large number of 2016); b) Bentor is allowed to enter
vehicles exceeding the road capacity. the main city road during the fasting
Based on the results of the author’s month. (radar halmahera, Tuesday, June
research that with the large number of 7, 2016); c) The bent is permitted to
bumps, congestion occurs on the main operate the port direction route.
city lane, thus the importance of traffic It is from this reason that it proves
control by making changes to the lane that the Halut Regency Department
for bentor operations. of Transportation has changed the
Based on the above problems that operation route of the bentor is not the
the government has raised is congestion right reason. This excuse does not solve
on the main city route. From this the problem but adds to the problem.
issue, the government made a policy Government policy should be needed
to divert the bentor operation route. in overcoming various problems of
Government policy is a decision taken this nation. But on the other hand,
by the government to solve problems before making a policy, an in-depth
in political, economic, social or cultural policy analysis must be carried out on
terms. The government’s decision to a problem so that the policies made can

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 373

be implemented properly to achieve the Agenda Setting Stage
desired goals. Agenda setting is the initial stage
of all policy stages. The agenda setting
Alternative Transport Clash stage is sometimes seen as part of
The understanding that bentor is policy formation. Policy formation
only an alternative transportation, the whose meaning is specific at the stage
government will take action to change of adopting proposed administrative
the path of the bentor operation without actions which are deemed appropriate
thinking about the impact on the bentor to public problems. These problems can
puller. Based on The Regent Regulation be found through direct observation,
Number 08 of 2006 concerning the mass media, seminar forums and so on.
Operating Permit for Three-Wheeled Based on the results of the author’s
Motorized Vehicles as Transportation research that the Transportation Service
in the North Halmahera Regency, does Agency obtained information by direct
not explain that bentor is an alternative observation in the field by means of
transportation, and only operates on identification and socialization forums.
alternative roads / back roads. Problem identification is a stage in the
process of formulating a problem to
Bentor Line of Operation Change identify the problem to be solved. One
Policy Process way to make it easier for someone to
express or state the identification of the
The process of making a change problem properly is to clearly know the
in the operation pathway policy is a problem at hand.
complex process because it requires a That in order to identify or to find
policy formulation process.Michael out problems, the land transportation
Howlet and M. Ramesh stated that service tends to conduct monitoring
the public policy process consists of every day in the field at each post.
five stages, namely Agenda setting, In monitoring in the field, the
Policy Formulation, Decision Making, Transportation Agency found problems
Policy Implementation (Polici in the field, namely congestion on
Implementation) and Policy Evaluation the main city road caused by bentor.
(Polici Evalutation). (H. Ismail Nawawi; The need for a policy to revitalize
2017). The process carried out by the public transportation in overcoming
government in making changes to the congestion(Novy Setia Yunas, 2017).
bentor operation route is as follows: The problems that arise in society
are called Policy issues or problems.

374 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Policy problems are conditions that of policy used is Regulatory Policies.
cause public dissatisfaction, so a solution policies that are pleasing to restrictions
needs to be found. Where one of the on actions against a person or group
functions of the government is to form a of people. For example, restrictions on
public policy which contains guidelines road use in certain lanes.
that must be followed to overcome
community problems. Policy Decisions
Based on the results of the author’s
Policy Formulation research that in an internal meeting, the
Formulation is the stage that decision made by the government was
occurs after an issue is addressed. Jones to carry out traffic engineering for the
describes formulation is a derivative of bentor operation, namely the bentor
a meaningful formula for developing a was no longer operating in the main city
plan. lane.
Based on the results of the author’s The engineering results included
research that, after the government, from the north to the south boundary
in this case the dishub received of Bethesda Hospital then turning west
information, both field monitoring, and passing the back road, from south
complaints from organda and the mass to north the tax office then had to turn
media, the government immediately east through the TPI banana-banana
took further action, namely conducting road. While from west to east and east
(an internal meeting without involving to west one route, namely the port road.
other parties) to carry out a discussion When this decision is issued, the
of the problems that occurred. next stage is implementing the policy.
From the research results, it can be In implementing the policy and if it is
analyzed that the process of formulating found that benthic pullers violate the
government policies in this case the above decision, they will be prosecuted
Halut Regency Transportation Agency based on law.
uses an institutional model approach, From the above discussion, it can be
in which government agencies are analyzed that the policy decisions made
autonomous without involving by the Halut regency are decisions that
interaction with the environment. In do not have clear regulations. Because
this model, the task of policy makers the output is not in the form of a decree,
is the duty of the government and the or legislation. According to branzenly
public as executing the policies made by public policy in a concrete form is as
government institutions. And the type legislation has been seen as a matter

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 375

of public interest, although in many rule of law was made the next stage was
cases the government has often failed to implementation, as expressed by Laster
produce the desired results, if seen from and Stewart, implementation is a stage
the public interest. that is carried out after the rule of law is
established through a political process.
Policy implementation
Van Meter and Van Horn define Evaluation Phase
policy implementation, which are Evaluation is an activity to assess
actions taken by individuals or officials or see the success of an organization
or government or private groups that or work unit in carrying out the tasks
are directed towards achieving the goals and functions assigned to it. Lester and
outlined in policy decisions. Stewart of policy evaluation essentially
The government’s goal of diverting study the consequences of public policy.
the bentor operation route is to create During its development, there is
comfort, smoothness and safety in a gap between what the government
traffic. expects and what happens in the field
One day after the decision was in terms of being comfortable, smooth
taken, on friday, March 18 2017, and safe in traffic, especially in the port
the government, in this case the road area. The port road is an extreme
Transportation Agency, installed signs route, where traffic jams often occur at
at each point that had been engineered. port road intersections and the risk of
After the installation of signs on the accidents is high due to the opposite
main road of the city / prosperity road, lane / direction
the Deputy Governor immediately The port intersection is an unnatural
directed the bumps to stop operating on direction for the bentor to enter and exit,
the road of prosperity. because it is the opposite current, and
After the decision is made by the accident is high. So it is necessary to
the government, the next step is to make improvements, this current could
implement it, from the above discussion, be used unless the red light is still active,
it can be analyzed that the government in otherwise this current is very dangerous.
implementing policies, without having The government, in this case the
legal rules, where the government takes Transportation Agency, has the authority
steps after the implementation of the to regulate the flow of transportation.
next stage is to make legal rules. The When the government sees conditions
implementation that was carried out was in the field, the government carries out
wrong, it should have been that after the an evaluation. The evaluation carried

376 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
out by the government was precisely government’s policy of diverting the
on December 16, 2016. The decision bentor operation route has resulted in
taken by the government was to change decreased bentor revenue.
the flow of the entrance to the port of Based on the results of the author’s
Bentor, which is to pass the front road research that decreased income for
of the Tanjung Raya shop then turn bentor pullers is the effect of installing
right, until the intersection of the port traffic signs on the main city lane (bentor
of Bentor is only allowed to turn left to operation route diversion). The effect /
the port or turn right towards the back impact that occurs is that the income
road. This supplementary policy came of bentor pullers decreases. The initial
into effect on 17 December 2016. income per day for panarik bentor can
From the above discussion, it can reach IDR 200,000. Now the income
be analyzed that the evaluation carried is Rp. 100,000, per day. Transportation
out by the government is only looking policy management for the effectiveness
at the extent to which the program is of public transportation services that
running, regardless of what the impact have an impact on the economy of the
is on the community / specifically community (Kadarisman, 2016).
bentor with this program. According to With the installation of signs, the
Michael Borus, there are three types of space for bentor is limited, it is only
policies, namely: a) process evaluation, allowed on the back roads in places where
namely evaluation that attempts to passengers are quiet. The income of
answer the question of how the program bentor towers depends on the passenger.
runs; b) Evaluation of the impact of the Public transport parking arrangements
evaluation that answers the question also determine the economic and social
of what a program has done, or what income benefits(Buehler, 2014).
results have happened to the existence of With signs installed, the distance
a program; c) Strategic analysis, which for the bentor puller is further away, for
attempts to answer the question of how example from TPI or Wosia to Galaxi,
far the effectiveness of the program is Nirwana, Modern Market etc. It should
in overcoming problems (Salahuddin, only go in front of the tax office heading
2009). south until the intersection then turn
left to the west of the modern market,
Impact of policy for bentor pullers then turn right, towards Nirvana, then
turn right towards the east of Galaxi.
Where there is a government
However, because of the prohibited
there must be policies, be it political,
signs / signs, bentor pullers travel three
economic, social policies, etc. The

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 377

times the distance, where they have to Politik, Ar-Ruzz Media, Jogjakarta
pass the back road of the PDAM. 2010.
The longer the distance traveled, Goraph, F. A. (2017). Model
the more fuel consumption was with the Pengembangan Kebijakan
public tariff of Rp. 5,000 / person and Pemerintah Daerah Dalam
Rp. 2,500 for school children (Regent Penanggulangan Kemiskinan
Decree No 550/289 / HU / 2014). Daerah Kabupaten Halmahera
Utara.
CONCLUSION H. Makmur, Efektifitas Kebijakan
Kelembagaan Pengawasan, Refika
Based on the description, the
Aditama, Jakarta 2010.
authors draw the following conclusions:
Huda, N. S. (2017). Kebijakan
a) The government’s reasons for making
Revitalisasi Sistem Transportasi
policies are congestion on the road
Publik Sebagai Langkah Antisipatif
of prosperity and Bentor is just an
Kemacetan Total Di Kota Malang.
alternative transportation, which is not
jurnal ilmu pemerintahan, 116-126.
the right reason; b) The government
Kusumanegara Salahudin, Modal dan
policy regarding route changes is a policy
Aktor dalam Proses Kebijakan Publik,
that is only temporary in nature, so that
Gava Media Jogjakarta 2009.
it does not involve stakeholders and
Kadarisman, M. (2015). Implementasi
is not included in the form of written
Kebijakan Sistem Transportasi
regulations or decrees. c) The result of
Darat dan Dampaknya terhadap
the policy made by the government is
Kesejahteraan Sosial di Jakarta
that it has an impact on Bentor pullers,
Policy Implementatation Of
namely decreased income.
Land Transportation System
and Its Impact Towards Social
REFERENCES Welfare In Jakarta. Jurnal
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Publik, Alfabeta, Bandung 2008. (JMTransLog) , 59-78.
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Buehler, A. H. (2014). Car Parking, Perekonomian Masyarakat di
Public Transportation. Journal of Kota Depok. Jurnal Manajemen
Public Transportation, 67-91. Transportasi & Logistik (JMTranslog),
Ebyhara, Abu Bakar, Pengantar Ilmu 1-18.

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Kadarisman, M. A. (2016). Kebijakan Langkah Antisipatif Kemacetan
Manajemen Transportasi Darat Total Di Kota Malang. jurnal ilmu
dan Dampaknya Terhadap pemerintahan, 116-126.
Perekonomian Masyarakat di Sunitiyoso, Y. (2010). Planning for
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Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif,
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Kebijakan Revitalisasi Sistem
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ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 379

 INDONESIA’S RESPONSE ON FACING CHINA IN A
DISPUTE OVER EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE IN
NATUNA ISLANDS

Diah Ayu Intan Sari

Department of International Relations, The University of Jember, East Java, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract.
China has claimed the Exclusive Economic Zone of Indonesia in Natuna Islands
as its traditional fishing zone. Although, Indonesia is not acknowledged China’s
claim, China’s asertive activity over South China Sea including in Natuna Sea
need more attention from Indonesian goverment. This research examined about
Indonesia’s response on facing China in a dispute over Exclusive Economic Zone in
Natuna Islands by using foreign policy analysis and peacefull settlement of disputes
approach. Indeed, this research used qualitative methods. The results of this research
showed there are internal and external factors that determine Indonesia’s response
toward China. The internal factors are its national capabilities and its national
interest while the external factors are the asertive policy of China and the chaos
situation in South China Sea.
Keywords: China’s Claim, Disputes, Exclusive Economic Zone, Indonesia

1 INTRODUCTION waters around the Natuna islands as

its traditional fishing zone. Although
Basically, the dispute over the Indonesia has firmly rejected China’s
territorial waters of Indonesia’s Exclusive claims but China’s assertive behavior in
Economic Zone (EEZ) on Natuna which Chinese ships continue to enter
Island with China started since 1993 the EEZ in Natuna waters and carry
when China claims it as its tradisional out illegal fishing need serious response
fishing zone according to China’s from the Indonesian government.
Nine Dash Line (NDL) (Douglas, Meanwhile, the behavior and
1997: 152). Nowdays, the problem is actions of Indonesia’s foreign policy
still the same where China claims the which have become more ambitious -

380 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
no longer using the Minimum Essential resolved in the South China Sea and
Force (MEF) strategy - have made the East China Sea. This is partly due to the
Jokowi administration place national attitude of China’s foreign policy which
interests as its top priority (Gindarsih has become more assertive in disputes
and Priamarizki, 2015: 3). One of the over territorial areas and maritime rights
efforts that the Indonesian government in the South China Sea and East China
intensively makes to achieve this vision Sea since 2006, especially from 2009
is to carry out diplomacy and establish to 2011 (Drifte, 2008; Fravel, 2011) .
comprehensive strategic cooperation On the other hand, the component of
relationships with China (Shambi, China’s foreign policy that is designed
2015. This is because both China and to strengthen its territorial claims and
Indonesia have national interests that maritime rights and simultaneously
are in line where Indonesia has a vision prevent other countries - claimant
to become a World Maritime Axis while states - from strengthening their claims
China has the idea of ​​a Maritime Silk has implications for the difficulty of
Road (Chen, 2014; Sari & Ridwan, resolving disputes in the region (Drifte,
2016). 2008). Therefore, looking the responses
However, Conelly (2015) and of Indonesian governent on a dispute
Shambi (2015) reveal that the foreign over EEZ in Natuna islands with China
policy challenges of President Jokowi’s are important to be addressed.
administration will increase, ranging
from challenges to building marine 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
infrastructure to v disputes that intersect
This study uses a foreign policy
with neighboring countries. Moreover,
approach from Rosenau (1976: 16-17)
following China’s assertive behavior
which states that foreign policy is the
and attitude in dealing with maritime
result of a complex interaction between
territorial disputes in the South China
1) state orientation (long term), 2)
Sea region, Chen (2014) and Shambi
commitment and action plans in the
(2015: 45) reveal that Indonesia also
form of strategy (medium term) ), and
faces military threats from China
3) empirical behavior towards other
regarding China’s claim to EEZ in the
countries (short term). This study will
Natuna Islands.
focus on examining Indonesia’s foreign
Meanwhile, Lung and Lang (2016);
policy at the level of behavior in the form
Polling (2013); and Rourke (2015) reveal
of Indonesian actions and responses,
that China is involved in a maritime
especially in facing China’s claims to
territorial dispute that has not been
EEZ in the Natuna Islands.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 381

 Furthermore, according to Holsti external factors mean that conditions
(1982) external factors are the cause of outside the country can be in the form
changes in a country’s foreign policy. of international, regional conditions
Apart from external factors, there are or actions taken by other countries
also internal factors that can lead to that affect a country’s foreign policy
changes in foreign policy, namely the decisions. In the context of this research,
national interest of a country. Padelford decision makers for Indonesia’s foreign
and Lincoln (1962) argued that the policy towards China in the EEZ issue
national interests of a nation include: in the Natuna Islands are also motivated
national security interests, economic by the consideration of these two
development interests, interests of main factors, namely internal factors
increasing national power, interests of (Indonesia’s national capability and its
national prestige. Therefore, the national national interests including economic
interest basically has a broad scope in and security interests) and external (
which these interests are the objectives China’s assertive attitude and behavior
of the country’s foreign policy. In line and conditions that are not conducive
with Padelford and Lincoln’s opinion, in in the South China Sea) which are then
the context of this research, Indonesia’s decided to become an output in the
national interest is not only the interest form of Indonesian foreign policy.
of national security but also includes
economic interests and increasing 3 METHOD
national power.
The research method used in this
In the end, a country that will
research is qualitative method based
make decisions and foreign policy
on a case study. In qualitative methods,
always considers two main factors
the researcher is the main instrument
which are internal factors that come
where the researcher is the data
from the domestic conditions of a
collector as well as the determinant in
country and external factors that come
the entire research process (Creswell,
from the external environment of the
2014: 379). Meanwhile, the author’s
country. Internal factors are factors
research type is descriptive because it is
as well as domestic conditions in the
in accordance with the formulation of
country concerned, such as political,
the research problem, namely analyzing
economic and social conditions in the
and describing Indonesia’s response to
community and anything that comes
China in dealing with the dispute over
from within the country that affects a
the Indonesian EEZ in the Natuna
foreign policy decision. Meanwhile,
Islands.

382 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Sources of data in the study came prefers to use diplomacy.
from secondary data sources that the Meanwhile, China’s military
author obtained mainly came from: strength is also above Indonesia, where
national and international journals, China’s military strength from 2010 to
books, scientific articles, research 2016, especially its coast guard troops,
results, and sources from the internet. has continued to increase both in terms
Furthermore, Cresswell (2014: 387) of numbers and weapons and marine
states that data collection techniques security equipment, where compared to
in qualitative research can consist of Indonesia in 2016, the number of coast
observation, interviews, literature study guard troops of China reached 190,000
based on documents, and audio-visual personnel compared to Indonesia
materials. Even so, to find out how with only 6,000 personnel (CSIS,
Indonesia’s response to China in the 2016). Moreover, the overall number
dispute over the Indonesian EEZ in the of personnel, the power of defense
waters of the Natuna Islands, researcher equipment and weaponry belonging to
uses literature study. the Indonesian military is below China,
which proves that Indonesia’s military
4 RESULTS AND capability is also under China so this
DISCUSSION is also a consideration for Indonesia in
responding to China’s claim to EEZ in
Internal factors in Indonesia’s Natuna. Therefore, it can be concluded
response to China’s claims consist of that China’s power (force) is stronger than
Indonesia’s capabilities and its national Indonesia’s power (force) so that China’s
interests. The strength (force) of the capability (economic and military
Chinese economy that is greater than strength) is stronger when compared
the strength of the Indonesian economy to Indonesia. This Indonesian national
is proven by China’s economic growth in capability factor is also an internal factor
2018, where China is considered to have that becomes a consideration for the
dominated the world economy with its Indonesian government in determining
economic growth of 6.6% (CNBC, Indonesia’s response to China’s claim to
2019). Meanwhile, Indonesia is in the EEZ in the Natuna Islands.
eighth rank with a growth of 4.94%, so Futhermore, related to Indonesia
if you look at China’s economic strength position in responding to China’s claim
is stronger when compared to Indonesia. to EEZ in the Natuna Islands, there are
Therefore, in implementing its foreign several things that are become national
policy, especially in response to China’s interest for Indonesia, namely economic
claim to EEZ in Natuna, Indonesia

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 383

interests and security interests. engaged in the maritime sector to
Indonesia’s economic interests refer strengthen China’s claim to the South
to national economic development. China Sea. The data shows that during
In order to realize national economic 2010-2016, the assertiveness of the
development, Indonesia has established Chinese government, especially in
relationships with other countries disputed areas, is evidenced by the
including China. During the presidency significant increase in the emergence of
of President Jokowi, Indonesia’s relations one or several Chinese coast guard vessels
with China were getting closer with and other Chinese law enforcement
the existence of a more comprehensive vessels (CCG or other Chinese maritime
strategic partnership. Indonesia’s law enforcement vessel) in 72 percent of
relationship with China is motivated by incidents in both the South China Sea
the alignment of the maritime interests and East China Sea. Not to mentioned
of the two countries, in which China that todays China’s assertive policy is
with the Maritime Silk Route, while also supported by the existence of a
Indonesia with the World Maritime giant submarine / submarine industry,
Axis. even the largest in the world owned
Apart from Indonesia’s interest in by the Chinese government, namely
realizing its vision as a World Maritime Bohai Shipbuilding Heavy Industry
Axis, China’s position as a world Co. (BSHIC). BSHIC is reportedly
economic giant also prevents Indonesia capable of building nuclear submarines.
from immediately cutting off good BSHIC itself is China’s only nuclear
relations with China just because of the submarine industry (Jeffrey & Singer,
EEZ problem in Natuna. Moreover, 2017). Previously, BSHIC had made
the ongoing economic cooperation attack submarines using nuclear attack
between Indonesia and China is also a submarines (SSN) types 091 and 093,
consideration that make Indonesia to while for ballistic missile submarines
resolve disputes with China in peaceful with type 092 and 094 nuclear
ways. ballistic missile submarine (SSBN).
Moreover, there are also external These facts also be a point for external
factors including China’s assertive factor considerations in Indonesian
policies and unfavorable regional government to solve the EEZ China’s
conditions. China’s assertiveness, claims.
especially in the South China Sea, is Beside those external factors, the
shown by strengthening its military, second external factor on Indonesia’s
including forming military agencies response to facing China’s claim to

384 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
the EEZ in the Natuna Islands is the Therefore, the Indonesian government
consideration of conditions in the South needs to maintain and enforce the law
China Sea and East China Sea which enforcement of the sea.
are not conducive. This is because on Second, the Indonesian government
the one hand Indonesia does not want is also increasing the number of military
to heat up the situation in the region, troops and building a military base in
and Indonesia as a mediator in disputes the Natuna Islands to increase the TNI’s
in the South China Sea also wishes to ability to guard and at the same time
maintain a neutral position as well as deter Chinese fishing boats that are often
good relations with claimant countries. caught stealing fish in the Natuna EEZ
Therefore, conditions in the South waters. In fact, military posts on the outer
China Sea and East China Sea which islands of Indonesia such as the Natuna
are not conducive are also important Islands have been built since 2010.
considerations for Indonesia. However, at that time, development
The consideration of the internal was more for land forces, while the issue
and external factors mentioned above of maritime law enforcement requires
determines Indonesia’s response on capability and strength at sea with the
facing China’s claims as follows: Indonesian Navy, assisted by Army
First, the main response taken by and Air Force forces. Therefore, during
the Indonesian government is to try to President Jokowi’s administration,
enforce the law of the sea - according to efforts to enforce the law by patrolling
UNCLOS - to secure the Natuna EEZ. the sea were also strengthened by the
The enforcement of Indonesian maritime construction of an integrated military
law is carried out because the Indonesian base in Ranai, Natuna. In the end,
government considers that the Natuna the Indonesian government carried
EEZ problem is a legal problem in which out additional military strength and
Indonesia must be firm in protecting the construction of a military base in
its territory. Moreover, the Indonesian Natuna as a response to the conditions
government considers that Indonesia in the South China Sea which were not
does not have overlapping EEZ areas conducive as well as a defensive action
with China because Indonesia rejected against China’s assertive behavior.
China’s claims so law enforcement is Third, following up on incidents
the main step that must be taken. On of Chinese ships that often enter the
the other hand, the waters of the EEZ Natuna EEZ waters and carry out illegal
Natuna which China claims contain fishing, the Indonesian government has
abundant marine and natural resources. also responded by making efforts to

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 385

empower the Natuna region, especially interests. Indonesia’s national strength
the coast. This is partly due to President and capability which is under the
Jokowi’s desire to realize maritime capabilities of China make Indonesia
connectivity and the Indonesian prefer to use diplomacy in responding
government does not want Natuna to to China’s assertiveness and claims
be claimed by other countries. to the Natuna EEZ. Then, another
Moreover, the Indonesian internal factor is Indonesia’s national
government also has used bilateral interest where Indonesia’s economic
diplomacy to respond to China’s claims. and security interests dominate the
Here are the following actions that Indonesian government’s consideration
have been taken by the Indonesian of maintaining good relations with
government: 1) The Indonesian China which ultimately becomes a
government has asked for clarification consideration in Indonesia’s response
on the Natuna EEZ issue since 2010, regarding China’s claim to the Natuna
but until now the Chinese side tends EEZ.
to avoid discussions related to EEZ in Furthermore, external factors have
Natuna; 2) Indonesia submitted a protest also colored Indonesia’s response on
note to the Chinese Government when a facing China’s claims. These external
fishing vessel and a Chinese coastguard factors consist of China’s assertive
ship entered the Natuna waters. 3) policies in the Asia Pacific region and
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has conditions in the South China Sea and
summoned the Extraordinary Authority East China Sea which are not conducive.
from the Chinese Embassy in Indonesia China’s assertive policy in which China
to request that Chinese fishermen no continuously enters the Indonesian
longer enter the Natuna EEZ area of EEZ in Natuna using its coast guard and
Indonesia. fishermen which on the one hand China
also increases the presence of its military
5 CONCLUSION forces in the Asia Pacific region which
China claims based on China’s NDL
Indonesia’s response in facing
makes Indonesia have to be rational in
China to the dispute over the Exclusive
responding to China’s claims on EEZ
Economic Zone in the Natuna Islands
in Natuna. Therefore, the Indonesian
was based on the consideration of
government has taken a stand with law
internal and external factors. The
enforcement and diplomacy efforts.
consideration of internal factors consists
While the second factor is the conditions
of Indonesia’s national strength and
in the region which are not conducive
capability and Indonesia’s national

386 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
where Indonesia in accordance with Creswell, John W. (2014). Research
its national interests seeks to maintain Design: Qualitative, Quantitative
national and regional security so that and Mixed Method Approaches. 4th
in responding to China’s assertiveness Edition. USA: Sage Publications.
and China’s claim to the Natuna EEZ, Douglas, Jonshon. (1997). “Drawn into
Indonesia prefers to use diplomacy. the Fray: Indonesia’s Natuna Island
In the end, although the Indonesian Meet Tiongkok ’s Long Gaze South”.
government firmly rejects China’s claim Asian Affairs, an American Review.
to the Natuna EEZ as its traditional Fall 1997. Vol. 23 No. 4; Ethnic
fishing zone, China’s assertive attitude News Watch.
and behavior that continues to enter the Drifte, Reinhard. (2008). Japanese-
Natuna EEZ also requires a response Chinese Territorial Disputes in the
from the Indonesian government. This East China Sea-between Military
is because if the Indonesian government Confrontation and Economic
allows fishermen and Chinese ships to Cooperation. Working Paper, Asia
enter the EEZ in Natuna, the Indonesian Research Centre, Londong, UK:
government is indirectly considered to London School of Economics and
accept China’s claims so that it can be Political Science.
considered as international customary Fravel, M. Taylor. (2011). China’s
law. Therefore, apart from continuing Behavior in its Territorial Disputes
to enforce maritime law, the Indonesian and Assertiveness in South China
government is also carrying out bilateral Sea. MIT: Center for Stategic and
diplomacy efforts toward the Chinese International Studies.
government. Gindarsah, Iis & Adhi Priamarizki.
(2015). Indonesia Maritime
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388 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Indonesia’s Digital Society: Challenges and
Prospects

Dian Herdiana
Public Administration Department, Cimahi College of Administration (STIA Cimahi), Jalan Ibu
Ganirah 148
Cimahi City, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
The development of the digital society in Indonesia is still faced with various
problems, although technology has become part of society and has had a positive
impact, based on this understanding, this paper is intended to describe the
problems and prospects of the digital society in Indonesia. The method in this paper
is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The data used are secondary
data obtained from literature reviews of books, journal articles and other relevant
references. The results of the analysis revealed the challenges that must be faced in
building a digital society include disparities in technology infrastructure between
one region and another, the existence of some societies that have not fully accepted
technology based on local values and culture, the different utility of technology
among societies, and social structures. The description above constructs the demand
for consistency to build Indonesia’s digital society considering that the prospects of a
digital society will have a positive impact including reinforcing the nation’s identity
as an archipelago that connects one region to another based on technology, bridging
the development gap and underpinning the smart city.
Keywords: Digital Society, Development, Technology.

1 INTRODUCTION the development of Indonesian society,

which provides many people with ease
Technology is not something new to in carrying out their daily activities.
the Indonesian, technology adoption has The utility of technology in Indonesian
been implemented for more than three society today occurs in almost every
decades (Wahyudi & Sukmasari, 2014). aspect of life, from communication to
In fact, technology has become part of mobility.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 389

 Based on history, Indonesia adopted rejection of technology development
technology when radio was used as a and the gap in the infrastructure of
broadcasting tool by the Dutch East technology development.
Indies government, after Indonesian The contradiction of some social
independence, television was part of groups stating that technology is
the development of technology, even something that can eliminate the
though at that time television broadcast values, culture and identity of Indonesia
was dominated by the government. The cannot be avoided (Wahyudi &
internet began to be used in the early Sukmasari, 2014), on the one hand,
1990s when Indonet as an ISP (internet this understanding is acceptable, this
service provider) provided internet is empirically based on the fact that
services for companies in accessing technology development is accompanied
communication via email, since then by the adoption of western values and
internet access has grown rapidly and culture, which in some aspects is not in
is not only used by companies, but line with existing values, cultures and
by the wider community up to now identities.
(Herdyanto, 2020; Wardiana, 2002). The disparity in infrastructure
The utility of technology, which development as an implication of
has become a demand and needs today, Indonesia as an archipelagic nation
constructs the understanding that in which citizens live spread across
Indonesian society has entered a digital Indonesia. In addition, the development
society where technology is not only policy that was previously oriented
used as a tool to facilitate various social towards development on the island
activities, but technology encourages of Java had implications for regional
new values for society, existing values development gap outside the island of
acculturated with new values based on Java (Mukhijab, 2017).
technology. The problems mentioned above are
The construction of the a challenge in how to build the equal
understanding that states that Indonesia distribution of technology infrastructure
has entered a digital society empirically in all regions of Indonesia, synergized
do not run that simple, various by building an understanding of the
dimensions is part of the dynamics of the thoughts and attitudes of society on
development of a digital society which the urgency of building a digital-based
has implications for the not yet realizing society, so as to create harmony in values,
of a digital society in Indonesia. Two culture, technology and social relations.
variables become the indicators, namely

390 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Based on these problems, this paper which included the data collection,
tries to elaborate the various problems display and conclusion stages. With
that have arisen so far in efforts to this triangulation, the data obtained
build a digital society in Indonesia, so are presented naturally as they are,
that the description of these problems which then results in a real and valid
will result in an understanding of the description of the facts.
problems regarding the digital society.
In addition, this paper also tries to 3 RESULT AND
build prospects from the development DISCUSSION
of a digital society, so it is hoped that
it will become a research study that The analysis in this paper is divided
will encourage understanding of the into 2 (two) focus studies, namely the
importance of digital society in the challenges in building a digital society in
context of Indonesia today. Indonesia and the prospects of a digital
society in Indonesia, a more detailed
2 METHOD explanation of the two focus of the
study is as follows:
The method in this paper is a
descriptive method with a qualitative 3.1 Challenges of Building A
approach in which the description and Digital Society
analysis of the digital society both on Efforts to build a digital society
problems and prospects are described in in Indonesia are faced with various
a narrative, in the form of words and not problems, these problems are challenges
in the form of statistical calculations, that must be faced by the government,
this is in line with the understanding the problems as the challenges in the
from Sugiyono (2013) which states development of a digital society can be
that in qualitative research, the research explained as follows:
results are described in a narrative form The first is the disparity of
in words so that the results of the analysis technology infrastructure. The
are in the form of narrative arguments unequal development carried out by
based on the data used that are relevant the government, especially during
to the study of the digital society. the New Order era which was more
The data in this study are secondary development-oriented on the island of
data obtained from literature reviews Java, had implications for many aspects,
of books, journal articles and other including infrastructure aspects in which
relevant references. Data analysis was areas on the island of Java had a much
carried out through data triangulation better infrastructure of technology

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 391

compared to other islands (Reily, 2018; that will provide positive benefits
Wilonoyudho, 2009). Empirically, in for society and will not damage local
some areas the society has not been values and culture, efforts to provide
able to access the electricity grid until technology literacy is one of the efforts
now, which is the main requirement that must be made by the government.
in building the infrastructure of The third is the disparity in
technology, the society live without technology adoption and utility.
electricity (Adam, 2016). Empirically there are some societies that
The disparities mentioned above are really need technology in their daily
a challenge for the government to create lives, but on the other hand, there are
the equality in development so that some societies that don’t really need
every society that lives in various regions technology in their daily lives (Arellano
of Indonesia can have the same rights & Camara, 2017).
and opportunities to be able to build a This condition is a challenge for the
digital society. government in building a digital society,
The second is the difference in regarding how people are not only able
values and culture. Indonesia has to accept technology in their lives, but
various ethnic groups, including can also take advantage of technology
cultural diversity and local values as a medium that makes their lives
(Ngafifi, 2014). These local values in easier so that society can adapt and use
some areas do not fully accept western technology equally.
culture in the acculturation process, The fourth is an exclusive social
including technology. In practice, the structure, society in some areas has an
influence of western culture on the bad exclusive social structure in which the
behaviour of some members of society presence of foreigners or foreign culture
such as hedonistic and individualistic is taboo, a society that has this social
behaviour forms the assumption that structure basically inhabits traditional
western culture can damage local villages and/or remote villages.
culture. This has implications for the The existence of a society that
understanding of some societies who upholds local cultural values deserves
think that technology development to be respected, but on the other hand,
is used as a medium for transferring it is a challenge for the government to
western cultures. present technology in their lives, this
This is a challenge for the is not meant to interfere with existing
government to convince the society to local values but as an effort to optimize
accept technology as an advancement public services for society, so that every

392 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
society has the same rights in accessing Indonesia, not as an obstacle that will
public services. complicate development, one of which
Building a digital society in a is the development of technology
traditional village, for example, becomes infrastructure, because the development
difficult and even impossible, so that of technology infrastructure will be the
even though the social structure is basis for building a technology-based
exclusive, the government must be able society.
to accommodate their existence in the The condition of Indonesia, which
context of digital society development, has many islands, is a prospect for the
as part of a society that has unique government to build a digital society
characteristics. where the government not only builds
the infrastructure of technology but
3.2 Prospects of the Digital also builds literacy of technology for the
Society society so that people accept technology
The digital society empirically has a and use it as part of their daily lives.
positive impact on society in all aspects of The development of a digital
life, various studies have shown that the society is expected to connect one
digital society has been able to provide region to another, including between
openness, effectiveness, efficiency and remote islands, so that the flow of
welfare (European Economic and Social information, public services and
Committee, 2017). business opportunities will be obtained
The digital society in the Indonesian without having to physically go to
context is not only oriented to be able another area or go outside the island
to provide prospects for the aspects to get these services. The realization of
mentioned above, but it is more broadly a digital society will create connectivity
oriented towards prospects in national between one region and another.
development. The prospects for digital Building a digital society in various
society can be described as follows: regions will eventually form a digital
3.2.1 Connecting Regions as An society nationally so that the digital
Archipelago society will become an identity where
the intertwining of a technology-based
Indonesia is an archipelago that
society in various regions becomes a
has thousands of islands (Tumonggor,
national identity for Indonesia.
Karafet, Hallmark, Lansing, & Sudoyo,
2013), This geographical condition 3.2.2 Bridging the Development
must be addressed as a prospect Gap
for connecting various regions in The disparity in development is

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 393

a fact where development has been speak out for justice in development,
oriented towards development on the this is because openness and equality
island of Java (Firdaus, 2013). Efforts to among societies are part of the values of
create a digital society are expected to be the digital society.
able to bridge the existing development 3.2.3 Underpinning the Smart City
gap.
The development of the smart city in
The process of bridging the
Indonesia is currently being intensified,
development gap through a digital
with the various infrastructure of
society can be realized through three
technology being built as an effort
ways namely: First, the development of a
to facilitate the realization of a smart
digital society requires the development
city, in fact, some cities have declared
of technology`s infrastructure, so that
themselves as smart cities (Prakoso,
the government’s commitment to be
2018; Utomo & Hariadi, 2016). One
able to build a digital society will be
of the most important aspects in the
accompanied by the development of
successful implementation of smart
technology`s infrastructure, so it is hoped
city policy is how to build a digital
that development in other aspects will
society where a society smartly utilizes
also be carried out by the government,
technology in its daily life (Arellano &
then the equality of development will be
Camara, 2017; Sasvari, 2012).
created between regions.
Efforts to build a smart city must
Second, if the digital society can be
also be balanced with building a digital
realized, then equality of information
society that supports the success of
and opportunities in development will
a smart city so that there will be a
be obtained which is hoped that the
continuous correlation between society
digital community will encourage the
and other smart city elements.
realization of balanced development
The benefits of the digital society
between regions. Third, justice and
in the context of a smart city consist
equality are part of the characteristics of
of at least three things, namely: First,
a digital society, so that the society will
society as an end customer of a smart
seek to address the development gap to
city will directly benefit from the
be resolved immediately, in the end, it
implementation of smart city policy,
is hoped that it will accelerate equitable
because it will connect society with
development.
other smart city elements such as smart
From the explanation above, it is
government, smart economy and others.
hoped that the digital community will
Second, the success of building a
be able to become one of the actors who
smart society as the identity of a digital

394 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
society will be able to encourage the society will be able to characterize the
success of other smart city elements, for nation.
example for the smart economy element,
when a smart society requires access 4 CONCLUSION
to the economy, the economic model
Empirically, technology has been
they want to obtain is not a traditional
widely adopted by Indonesian, even
economy, but a smart economy, in
technology has become part of society’s
the case that a smart economy has not
life, it is not automatically referred to
been realized yet, the society will strive
as the Indonesian digital society due
to realize a smart economy because it
to problematic problems that have
becomes a necessity, so that the smart
implications for disparities in the
society will accelerate the development
technology utilities.
of the smart economy. This also applies
Various problems become challenges
in other elements, so that the success of
that must be faced which include
realizing the elements in a smart city will
disparities in technology infrastructure
be largely determined by how successful
between one region and another, the
the development of a smart society has
existence of some societies that have not
been made.
fully accepted technology based on local
Third, the digital society will always
values and culture, different adoption
be a smart city element that encourages
and utility of technology among
the sustainability of smart city policy
societies, and social structures that in
so that various innovations aimed at
some regions are still exclusive and reject
the success of smart city policy will
external cultures, including technology.
be supported by society, this support
The description above constructs
will provide opportunities for the
the demand for consistency to build
government to implement the various
Indonesia’s digital society considering
innovative policy of smart city in the
that the prospects of a digital society will
future.
have a positive impact on all aspects,
From the explanation above,
including reinforcing the nation’s
building a digital society will not only
identity as an archipelago that connects
have a positive impact on the society
one region to another with technology,
itself but will also have a positive impact
bridging the development gap and
on all aspects which comprehensively
underpinning the smart city.
play a role in the development of a
nation, even the adoption and utility
of technology that is part of the digital

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 395

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ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 397

 Food security in COVID-19: India’s tremendous
pressure and its impact in South Asia

Hemastia Kirana1, Tia Kharisma Asnasari1, Salsabila1, Indra Jaya Wiranata1, Deyna
Yulian Putri1
1
International Relations Department, Social and Political Science Faculty, Lampung University
Jl. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1, Gedong Meneng, Kec. Rajabasa, Kota Bandar Lampung,
Lampung 35141, Indonesia.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
India is the second-most populous country in the world and the most populous
country in the South Asia Region. The way the Indian governance handling the first
phase outbreak has quite responsive by implementing a mass lockdown that was able
to reduce the rate of increase in the pandemic in India. However, the implementation
of the lockdown has worsened the level of hunger and malnutrition, which has
affected decreasing public health performance in India. Concerning the issue of
food security, several activities in agriculture and the supply chain were also affected
by COVID-19, which emerged as an unexpected and uncontrollable condition.
This research attempts to analyze the impact of the pandemic on food security in
India and South Asia. This study uses an argumentative descriptive research method
with qualitative data collection through library research. The implementation and
prioritization of the Indian government in overcoming population problems and
food needs, particularly during the current pandemic it is very important especially
in the aspect of increasing food production to maintain the country’s food security
and also global foodsecurity.
Keywords: India, COVID-19, Food Security, SouthAsia.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.38 billion populations (World

Population Review, 2020). This high
India is the 7th largest country in population has made India experience
the world by area and the 2nd most threats, especially to the country’s food
populous country with a totalof

398 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
and nutrition security. India has virus among its population density. The
ranked 94th outof 107 countries with a government has carried out all means
GHI score of 27.2 in food severity 2020 of handling and controlling the spread
that makes India classified as a country of the virus, for example, by raising
with a serious level of hunger according awareness about the new COVID-19
to the Global Hunger Index 2020. The outbreak by the Indian Ministry of
imbalance of food availability with a Health and Family Welfare to the
growing population has made India formulation of several health protocols.
one of the countries with a concerning This pandemic certainly, greatly
security issue. This issue is also driven by affected the country’s economy due to
the existence of extreme climate change obstruction to the industrial sector to
in the region. The uncertain climate the agricultural sector which further
situation is exacerbated by the pandemic exacerbated India’s foodsecurity.
that emerged in early2020.
The Food and Agriculture 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Organization (FAO) stated that the
In May 2020, S. Udhaya Kumar, D.
COVID-19 pandemic is a global
Thirumal Kumar, B. Prabhu Christopher
crisis that also threatens the food and
and C. George Priya Doss wrote an Article
agriculture sectors. It is of course risking
on “The Rise and Impact of COVID-19
the food security of billions of people.
in India” which later become part of
The disruption of agricultural activities
the Frontiers Journal in Medicine.
which has an impact on the availability
The research in the article raises the
of raw foodstuffs in this lockdown will
issue of the emergence and impact of
certainly hinder the government in
COVID-19 in India. Researchers are
dealing with malnutrition that occurs
focusing their research on global health
in India. Not only in India, but this
threats as a result of the COVID-19.
can also have an impact on countries
They assumed that the presence of
in South Asia. According to the Global
COVID-19 is the leading cause of
Food Policy Report, this climate change
death in the world today and has an
threatens food sources in South Asia and
adverse socio-economic impact around
causes loss and insufficient foodstuffs
the world. Furthermore, they said that
needed for people in the South Asian
India needed to expand its initiatives in
region, especially India (Jaffery,2019).
dealing with the impact of COVID-19,
As many as 56,000 more positive
especially in the health sector by taking
cases occurred in India in May 2020.
an approach and development towards
The Indian government itself is having
its medicalindustry.
difficulty controlling the spread of the

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 399

 The second research in April 2020, analyzing some variables of the object
was written by Pramitha Elizabeth within a given period. The research is
Pothan, Makiko Taguchi and Guido trying to describe the impact that has
Santini (FAO) who wrote a Paper occurred in countries in South Asia as
entitled “Local Food Systems and a result of this disruption of India’s food
COVID-19: A glimpse on India’s security.
responses”. The researchers identified
how India is responding to the impact 4. RESULT AND
of COVID-19 in terms of food security. DISCUSSION
They emphasized the impact of the
3.1 Food Security in India
lockdown which has implications for
disrupting India’s local food system. Food security in India is no longer
Recent updates, until August 2020, news; malnutrition happens to the
the condition of India’s local food infant, kids also elderly above 60 years
system as a result of COVID-19 has old. Even though the Government had
not yet stabilized. The pandemic has done many things to reduce it, but
slackened activity in agriculture and the food security in India’s still a difficult
supply chain causing various economic issue to overcome.There’s a program
problems, one of which is skyrocketing in India called ‘Mid-day Meals’ that
food prices across India. Therefore, it is distribute foods, the program is used
interesting to know how COVID-19 to feed approximately 80% population
impacts for analysis. The category of this of Elementary kids regularly (Alvi &
study case is a case study by analyzing Gupta, 2020). This program’s aim is
some variables of the object within a to fulfill kid nutrition through school
given period. The research is trying to activities. However, with the appearance
describe the impact that has occurred in of COVID-19, the government has
countries in South Asia as a result of this to do a lockdown that hinders food
disruption of India’s food security. distribution for the kids. It also affects
their health, since the purpose of Mid-
3. METHOD day Meal was to prevent those kids from
starving, to reduce the percentage of
This research method employs susceptibility todisease.
indirect and unreactive qualitative Disruption of agricultural activities
research methods that utilize library affects the availability of foodstuffs under
studies in collecting data that are lockdown also hinders the government
necessary for analysis. The category from handling the malnutrition issue
of this study case is a case study by that happens in India. The problem

400 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
in the agricultural sector would be the the price of foodstuff. That will affect the
perishable foodstuffs that should be lower class of society, so the percentage of
placed in clean but also fertilized food hunger will increase. People with middle
storage. If it’s not handled properly, to lower incomes will be struggling with
there will be many perishable food their economy, which is going to be
wastes. Other than that there is another difficult to protect themselves from the
concern about the lack of manpower in pandemic. Disruption of global supply
harvesting the raw foodstuffs, causing chains, lack of labor, low demand for
crop failures that will affect farmers commodity markets, and low income
on their prolonged impact because of from the tourism sector make it difficult
COVID-19. for them to meet their basic needs.
Reporting from the Goa Chronicle
on October 17, 2020, the Prime Minister
of India, Narendra Modi, explained
that several institutions are lending
their hands handling this malnutrition
issue, especially during the pandemic
Figure 1: India’s gross domestic product per
because the government’s movement in
capita.
this regard is also limited. He also said
that he is working on improving their
Those issues are going to affect
agriculture so that it can reduce the
India’s economic, if the perishable foods
percentage of malnutrition that occurs
unable to distributed or exported, it will
in India until the current situation (Goa
effect on the country’s GDP decreasing.
Chronicle,2020)
In 2017 to 2018 India experienced
The Indian government is also
an increase in GDP of up to $61,165
carrying out a subsidy program for
trillion USD with a total GDP in 2018
the community, with increasing
of $2.713,165 trillion USD While in
unemployment due to the COVID-19
2018 to 2019 India also experienced
outbreak making it difficult for many
an increase in GDP up to $155,765
families to pay for their lives for basic
trillion USD, with total GDP in 2019
things such as clothing, food, and
$2.868,93 trillion USD While the gap
shelter.
in 2019 to October 2020 is $ 276,347
Also, due to the large number of
trillion USD with the total GDP in
people who have been laid off and daily
October 2020 $ 2.592,583 trillion USD
laborers who will experience difficulties,
(International Monetary Fund, 2020).
so the Government of India provides
Nationally, this is going to increase

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 401

subsidized assistance in the form of food the country with the highest climate
in a Factory Distribution System (SDP) risk index, this explains the increase
program that helps up to 800 million in cases of drought, flooding. and also
people (Roy, Boss, & Pradhan, 2020). landslides that often occur in Sri Lanka
(World Food Programme, 2020). The
4.2 India’s Food Security andits extreme climate change in Sri Lanka
implications on SouthAsia will certainly have an impact on food
During this pandemic, countries security and nutrition in the country
in South Asia were faced with food and seeing that the main source of income
agricultural security problems which activities is focused on agriculture. While
were affected by the weather as well in Pakistan, the economy is the most
as lockdowns due to the spread of the affected issue due to the COVID-19
COVID- 19 virus. Several countries in pandemic. It has increased the risk of
South Asia such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan, hunger and food insecurity. The most
and Bangladesh have experienced recent data for 2020 shows that more
impacts from agriculture on their than 3 million people experience food
economies. The phenomenon of the insecurity in Pakistan (World Food
COVID-19 Pandemic has affected Programme, 2020). Entering March
various aspects in Sri Lanka including 2020, the situation is getting more
the reduction in foreign tourists and also critical during the urge of COVID-19.
state income as well as job layoffs for Poverty and unemployment are
employees which increases the number increasing and the country’s economy
of unemployed in the country. These is shrinking. Also, there is a drought in
factors indirectly lead Sri Lanka into Pakistan which has brought many desert
the problem of malnutrition and lack grasshopper pests, which according to
of food. Although Sri Lanka has been the FAO this has impacted crops and
recognized and received many awards damaged people’s livelihoods greatly
for its human resource development so that it could threaten people’s food
program, on the other hand, Sri Lanka security (Dowlatchahi, Ahmed, &
also experiences a dual issue in the form Cressman, 2020).
of undernutrition and overnutrition COVID-19 pandemic has made
(World Food Programme,2020) the Bangladeshi government act quickly
Sri Lanka also faced with the threat in overcoming the problem. The
of climate change, United Nations data implementation of regulations such as
related to the Climate Risk Index (2020) travel policies out of town or country,
shows that Sri Lanka is ranked 6th as lockdown policies, and strict application

402 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
of protocols to maintain distance from worsen caused by the existing pandemic.
each other, which have been going Facing extreme poverty and hunger the
on for quite a long time, have made region has the right to rely on agriculture.
Bangladesh once again have to face the About 57 percent of South Asia is fertile
suffering and hardship of food security. or agricultural land. Nearly 60 percent
A national survey in 2020 conducted of South Asia’s population is engaged in
by BRAC in Bangladesh revealed that agriculture (Asian Farmers’ Association
93% of respondents lost their jobs for Sustainable Rural Development,
and income, and 54% said they had 2019). Climate change has exaggerated
no income at all in March as a result the problem because much of South
of COVID-19. Poverty in Bangladesh Asia’s agriculture is rainfed, so there is
has increased from 24% to 84% (FAO, a fundamental dependence on seasonal
2020). This economic shock will also rains. Small farmers are the most
affect food security in Bangladesh vulnerable in facing climate change
such as food insecurity and insufficient because their ability to bear risks is very
nutritional needs, especially for children low. Coupled with the lockdown which
in the first 1000 days of theirgrowth. made it difficult for them to harvest and
Many Indian people are unable to sell their crops.
achieve their food needs, causing them India’s role in SAARC (South Asian
to be on the edge of starvation which Association for Regional Cooperation)
results in death. In India, the main showed through the Prime Minister of
reason is not only agricultural land and a India, Narendra Modi, that took the
high population, but uncertain weather initiative to hold a meeting to discuss
changes are also a serious cause of food the COVID-19 issue in countries in
security issues (Jaffery, 2019). Whether the South Asian region. India suggested
that does not support crop growth to hold regional cooperation through
causes many agricultural lands to fail SAARC. Namely by establishing
crops so that food production decreases. aspecial fundraiser to solve emergency
This can result in an increase in the food problems caused by COVID-19 known
price in the market. The large number as the SAARC Development Fund
of people who lose their jobs and cause (Pattanaik, 2020). India contributed
an increase in the unemployment rate the largest amount of US $ 10 million,
and an increase in food prices can cause making India the governing authority
economic damage to South Asia. The for funds in the SDF for COVID-19
economic damage will increase poverty programs. Although this had received
and inequality levels, and will likely disapproval from Pakistan, due to the

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 403

conflict between India and Pakistan Development Fund to help resolve
in South Asia, making Pakistan think problems caused by the pandemic in
that the fund was better managed by SouthAsia.
the SAARC Secretariat, other countries
seemed to agree with India’s decision to 6. REFERENCES
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Farmers, farm scientists, Aanganwadi 11). SAARC COVID-19 Fund:
& Asha workers backbone for Calibrating a Regional Response to
country’s fight against malnutrition: the Pandemic. Retrieved Oktober
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ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 405

 Collaborative Governance in Administering Public
Services at the Public Service Mall of Bekasi City

Irma Alviana¹, Fitria Zahrotun², Rima Rahmawati Putri³, Solahuddin Kusumanegara4

1234
Department of Public Administration Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Jl. Prof. Dr. H. R. Boenyamin 993 Purwokerto 53122
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], solahudin.
[email protected]

Abstract.
Organizing a public service mall requires huge land and cost. Therefore, organizing
a public service mall in a conventional mall based on cooperation between the
government and private sector may become a solution. The purpose of this research
is to describe the relation between the government and private sector in giving
quality public services through the Public Service Mall of Bekasi City and to
recommend a collaboration model which may be taken example of by other regions
with urban characteristics in Indonesia. The method employed in this research
was a literature study. The result of this research shows that the Government of
Bekasi City has successfully cooperated with private sector, which is PT Gapura
Inti Utama, in order to provide quality public services through a public service
mall located at Bekasi Trade Center Mall. The collaboration model describes that
the relation between the city government and the private sector is based on mutual
trust, which is the most important factor in the collaboration. In the negotiation
process, the two parties may make an agreement containing benefits and division of
role. In conclusion, collaboration based on mutual trust and benefit may result in
sustainable cooperation, thus quality public services for the people through a public
service mall may be realized.
Keywords: collaboration, public service mall, quality

406 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
1 INTRODUCTION (menpan.go.id, 2019). However, public
service mall administration requires
Background huge land and cost (radarsolo.jawapos,
Public service is service given by 2019; pikiranrakyat.com, 2019).
service administrator to the public. Therefore, the government may involve
According to the Survey conducted private sector which is conventional
by Ombudsman RI, there are many mall owner. One of public service mall
local governments with low level administrations administered through
of compliance. The chairman of collaboration between the government
Ombudsman RI, Amzulian Rifai, states and private sector is the public service
that some local governments have not mall in Bekasi City.
completed the good standard public The Public Service Mall of Bekasi
services (CNN, 2019). This shows that City has been established from February
quality public services in Indonesia are 2018 (metro.tempo.co.id, 2018).
still low, while the quality of public Differently from the Public Service
services must be improved for the Mall of Jakarta with its own building,
public sector to adapt to the disruption the Public Service Mall of Bekasi City
era Minister of State Secretary of uses the existing conventional mall. The
the Republic of Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Government of Bekasi City cooperates
Pratikno, M.Soc.Sc., states that this with PT Gapura Inti Utama as the private
disruption era brings threat which affects sector who owns the mall to administer
automation of public services, and the public service mall in the conventional
public sector must be able to utilize the mall (bekasikota.go.id, 2019). This may
threat by improving the quality of its be applied in developing regions since
services to the people (Hakam, 2018). it uses the existing mall and does not
As an effort to improve the quality of necessarily build new mall for public
public services, the government through service administration. Based on this,
the Ministry of Empowerment of State it is interesting to study the process of
Apparatus and Bureaucracy Reform collaborative governance between the
issues a policy related to public service government and private sector in giving
mall administration (menpan.go.id, quality public services through Public
2017). Public Service Mall is a third Service Mall of Bekasi City.
generation, more progressive integrated
service which combines services of the Research Problem
central government, local government The research problem is “how the
and private sector in one building relation between the government and

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 407

private sector provides quality public Information Group (KIM), namely
services through Public Service Mall di Sunmor Sembada Minggu Pahing
Kota Bekasi?” (SSMP), has not been optimally
implemented. The implementation
Objective and Benefit focuses more on economic
and cultural sectors instead of
This research aims at describing the
educational sector, that visit to local
collaboration between the government
library is still ineffective. However,
and private sector in Public Service Mall
from the perspective of service
of Bekasi City and recommending a
quality, the society feels satisfied
model which may be taken example of by
with the activity.
other regions with urban characteristics
2. The research conducted by Denny
in Indonesia. This research is useful for
Irawan entitled “Collaborative
additional body of knowledge in public
Governance (Studi Deskriptif Proses
services and provides recommendations
Pemerintahan Kolaboratif dalam
for public service practitioners.
Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara
di Kota Surabaya)” (Collaborative
2 LITERATURE REVIEW Governance (A Descriptive Study
Previous Researches on Collaborative Governance
in Controlling Air Pollution in
The previous researches are
Surabaya City)) explains that
on collaborative governance in in
the collaborative governance
administering public services in
in controlling air pollution in
Indonesia. The researcher also takes
Surabaya City performed through
three previous researches for comparison
three phases, namely Identifying
with this research, as given below:
Obstacles and Opportunities,
1. The research conducted by
Debating Strategies for Influence,
Widuri Wulandari, Suranto,
and Planning Collaborative Actions,
and Eko Priyo Purnomo entitled
is not effective yet. In overall, out of
“Collaborative Governance dalam
the three phases of the collaborative
Mewujudkan Inovasi Layanan
governance process in controlling
Publik” (Collaborative Governance
air pollution in Surabaya City, only
in Realizing Innovation in
one criterion is fulfilled, which is
Public Services) explains that
Trust Among The Participants.
the implementation of service
There are currently many researches
innovation initiated by Sleman
associating collaborative governance
Subdistrict with a Community

408 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
with various government policies and through four phases, namely choosing
programs, but there is no research topic to be reviewed, tracking and
which associates it with Public Service choosing appropriate and relevant
Mall program as one of the strategies article, conducting literature analysis
to improve service quality until now. and synthesis and organizing review
Therefore, this is a new research which writing.
is expected to be a model for other The data were collected from 13
Regencies/Cities in improving the scientific articles, 15 electronic news
quality of public services in Indonesia. sources and 2 state gazettes, which were
obtained from Google scholar, academia
The Concept of Collaborative edu, research gate and government
Governance official website. The searching was made
with topics related to collaborative
According to Ansell and Gash
governance in public services, inter-
(2007), collaborative governance is
actor relation, government-private
governance which regulates one or more
sector collaboration cases in some
public institutions directly involved
regions, cases of the importance of trust
in non-public stakeholders in formal
in collaboration, Public Service Mall of
collective decision making process
Bekasi City and quality public services.
oriented to consensus and discussion
aiming at making or implementing
4 RESULT AND
public policies or managing programs
or managing public assets. This
DISCUSSION
definition may be understood that the Relation between Government
collaboration is initiated by public actor of Bekasi City and Private Sector in
by engaging non-public actor, as in the Administering Public Service Mall in
collaboration between the Government Bekasi City
of Bekasi City and public sector in The government needs to cooperate
administering public service mall in with private sector since it has limited
Bekasi City. capability in providing the people’s
needs which may be accessed through
3 METHOD public services (Asikin, 2013). In
Magelang City, the government
This research was conducted from
cooperates with private sector since it
August 10, 2020 to September 25,
has limited human resource, finance
2020 and employed literature study.
and other supporting aspects to
The literature study was conducted
provide the facilities and infrastructure

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 409

(Mulyani, 2017). In Sidoarjo Regency, the conventional mall, the society will
to improve people’s welfare, the access other needs while waiting for
government with assistance of private service application process to complete
sector provides tools and training of (Utami, 2019).
technology transfer (Arrozaaq, 2016). The Public Service Mall of Bekasi
Similarly, the Government of Bekasi City is initially located at the shopping
City in cooperation with PT Gapura center Pasar Proyek Bekasi Junction
Inti Utama administers quality public (PPBJ). In preparing the public service
services through the public service mall mall at this Bekasi Junction Mall, the
(bekasikota.go.id, 2019). Government of Bekasi City receives
To realize quality public services, assistance from CSR (Corporate Social
the collaborative government has been Responsibility) with free rent for the
applied by the Government of Bekasi first year and it is to pay for it in the
City in collaboration with private next year. However, the cooperation
sector, PT Gapura Inti Utama, to does not last long. The government’s
administer the service mall in Bekasi intention to add new counters of public
City. Collaboration may be defined as services at Bekasi Junction Mall cannot
arrangement of governance with one be implemented because of limited
or more public institutions directly land. In addition, according to the
involved with non-government Head of the Department of Capital
stakeholders in formal collective Investment and One-Stop Integrated
decision making, which is oriented to Services (DPMPTSP) of Bekasi City,
consensus and deliberation, aiming at Lintong Ambarita, the developer of
making or implementing public policies, Bekasi Junction Mall is not capable of
managing public program or assets completing its obligation as contained
(Ansell and Gash, 2007). In addition, in the cooperation agreement, such as
the parties involved in the collaboration providing air conditioning fafcilities
should have the same objective, since (megapolitan.kompas, 2019).
same objective influences teamwork The obligation contained in in
cohesiveness (Muslihah, 2016). In this the agreement is something that must
collaboration, both the Government actually be implemented, since fulfilling
of Bekasi City and the private sector the agreement made during the course
have the same objective of advancing of cooperation influences the level of
the quality of public services. The trust between actors. The high level
government as the initiator expects that of trust serves as the foundation in
with the public service mall located at social order, successful cooperation

410 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
and effective work team, and positively part is not able to fulfill its obligations
influences the social and economy of a agreed on in the agreement. This makes
country (Fukuyama, 1995 and Putnam the Government of Bekasi City decides
et al., 1993 in Pucetaite & Lamsa, to move the Public Service Mall of
2008). Building trust is the most Bekasi City from Bekasi Junction Mall
prominent factor in the beginning of to Bekasi Trade Center (BTC) Mall.
collaboration process, which may be The cooperation with BTC Mall
built through past canonical encounter gives the Government of Bekasi City
and interaction (Ansell and Gash, 2007: benefit that the cost of rent for the
550). Actors who are acquainted and first two years is to be provided by
have interacted with each other will the CSR of mall developer, thus in its
make future coordination process easier, movement, the Government of Bekasi
since each interaction is influenced by City does not incur any fund from its
history of past interactions (Wibowo, Local Budget (megapolitan.kompas,
2009 and Astutik, 2013). 2019). Additional counters of public
The importance of trust may be services which cannot be realized when
observed from the result of research the Public Service Mall of Bekasi City is
conducted by Harsasto (2019) on at Bekasi Junction Mall may be realized
partnership between Sinar Mas Land, at BTC Mall. With a wider location, the
Government of South Tanggerang City Government of Bekasi City is capable
and merchants in managing modern to open counters for 16 institutions
market BSD City, that trust is one of which provide public services at the
the principles in creating collaboration. time of movement, while in the old
In Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi, location, there are only counters for 12
the success of collaboration of various institutions (cendananews, 2019). Until
actors in building Mangrove Forest now, there are 22 institutions with their
Tourism Tongke-Tongke is based on counters at the Public Service Mall of
mutual trust, which later serves as the Bekasi City. The institutions include
best solution to answering each actor’s Ministry of Religious Affairs of Bekasi
limitation (Umar, Burhanuddin, City, Subregional Police Bekasi City,
and Nasrulhaq, 2019). It is also with DPMPTSP of West Java, SAMSAT
trust, that a cooperation relation will of West Java, Custom and Excises of
survive and sustain (Imawan, Harsasto, Bekasi City, BPN of Bekasi City, Health
and Adnan, 2014). In the case of Department of Bekasi City, Population
collaboration of Public Service Mall of and Civil Registration Agency of Bekasi
Bekasi City, The Bekasi Junction Mall City, Office of Manpower of Bekasi City,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 411

DPMPTSP of Bekasi City, Immigration beneficial communication is established
Office of Bekasi City, KPP Pondok (Ansell and Gash, 2007). Through
Gede, Bank BJB, Bank BNI, Bank BRI, this phase, the actors involved meet
BPJS Kesehatan, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, to negotiate and eventually reach a
Jasa Raharja, POS Indonesia, Telkom consensus or agreement which may be
Indonesia, BPRS Patriot Bekasi and expressed into an agreement (Furqoni,
PDAM Bekasi City (mpp.bekasikota. et al., 2019).
go.id, 2020). The private sector (mall In the practice of collaboration
owner) also gains the benefit from this of the Public Service Mall of Bekasi
collaboration. City, the governments serving as the
Company’s increased reputation administrator of public services is
and raised economy are the positive obligated to move and establish with
impacts and benefits the private sector various institutions from the central
(mall owner) gains. This is experienced government, local government, Local-
by Bekasi Junction Mall as the provider Owned Enterprises (BUMD) and
of land before the Public Service Mall private sector to administer public
of Bekasi City is moved to BTC Mall. services. The private sector, which is
The company is deemed to do good PT Gapura Inti Utama, serving as the
deed by the society since it facilitates facilitator, is obligated to provide land or
them to access public services provided space for public service administration
by the government. In addition, the along with other facilities which may
shopping center gets more crowded and support realization of integrated quality
its sale increases. This condition is quite public services to the society.
beneficial to the company since it may The integrated public services please
enhance good investment climate with the people of Bekasi City since the
the many tenants desiring to open their services get easier and more convenient,
counters at the mall (Utami, 2019). even since the Public Service Mall of
The benefits gained by the Bekasi City is located at Bekasi Junction.
government and the private sector As reported by electronic newspapers
may be identified through negotiation megapolitan.kompas.com (2019) and
process. In the collaboration process, republika.co.id (2019), the people
negotiation is made through face to feel satisfied with the public services
face dialogue between actors to identify administered with the cooperation
potential mutual benefits. This is the between the Government of Bekasi City
process to solve difference in views and the private sector (mall owner).
and other constraints, thus mutually Therefore, the Government of Bekasi

412 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
City’s effort of administering public is business licensing through one-
services is pursuant to the principles of stop integrated electronic system from
public services contained in Decision central to local levels with only one path
of Ministry of Empowerment of (megapolitan.kompas.com, 2019). In
State Apparatus Number 63/KEP/M. addition, the society is also facilitated
PAN/7/2003 on the General Guidelines with online queuing system which may
on Public Service Administration, be accessed at the official website of
especially the points of ease of access and the Public Service Mall of Bekasi City
convenience. The two points are also (wartakota.tribunews, 2020).
the objective of the public service mall Convenience in public service mall
contained in Regulation of Ministry of means orderly, well-organized, beautiful
Empowerment of State Apparatus and and healthy service environment along
Bureaucracy Reform Number 23 of 2017 with service supporting facilities, such
on Public Service Mall Administration, as parking, toilet, place of worship and
namely providing facilitation, speed, others. The Public Service Mall of Bekasi
accessibility, security and convenience City at BTC Mall with an area of 700.5
to the society in receiving services. square meters is far more comfortable
The public service mall’s ease of than the previous place, Bekasi Junction
access may be felt since the society Mall. The wider space with the concept
only needs to visit one place for various of open service without partition makes
services. They do not necessarily visit visitors more comfortable when waiting
many institutions which are usually for services to complete, and there are
distant away, taking time and cost a large number of seats in the waiting
(menpan.go.id, 2020). The available room. In the public service of BTC
facilities are also sufficient, thus services mall, there is health check-up service for
are given faster. The Public Service Mall free (bekasi.pojok.satu.id, 2019).
of Bekasi City also uses technology by
providing online. There are 32 kinds
of licensing which may be applied
through Online Single Submission
(OSS) or helpdesk of DPMPTSP which

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 413

 Figure 1. Model of Relation between 5. CONCLUSSION
the Government and Private Sector
in Providing Quality Public Services In the administration of quality
through Public Service Mall public services through the public
service mall, the Government of Bekasi
Based on the research result, the City cooperates with private sector, PT
collaboration between the government Gapura Inti Utama. The Government of
and the private sector may be formulated Bekasi City serves as the administrator
in the following model: of public services, while the private
sector serves as the facilitator. This
collaboration gives benefits to the
Government of Bekasi City, the private
sector and the society.

414 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The model of establishment of Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2007).
relation between the city government Collaborative Governance in
and the private sector is based on Theory and Practice. Journal of
mutual trust, which is the government Public Administration Research
and private sector’s main capital in this and Theory, 18(4), 543-571.
collaboration. During negotiation, both URL: https://scholar.google.
parties make an agreement containing co.id/scholar?hl=id&as_
benefits obtained and division of roles sdt=0%2C5&q=. Accessed on 21
to the two parties. Mutually beneficial August 2020.
collaboration may result in sustainable Arrozaq, D. L. C. (2016). Collaborative
cooperation, thus integrated quality Governance (Studi Tentang
public services to the society as the ideal Kolaborasi Antar Stakeholders
of the existence of public service mall dalam Pengembangan Kawasan
may be realized. Minapolitan di Kabupaten
Sidoarjo). Doctoral Dissertattion.
Acknowledgement FISIP Universitas Airlangga.
URL: https://scholar.google.
We would like to express our
co.id/scholar?hl=id&as_
gratitude to the Directorate General
sdt=0%2C5&q=. Accessed on 21
of Learning and Student Affairs,
September 2020.
Ministry of Education and Culture
Asikin, Z. (2013). Perjanjian Kerjasama
with its funding for this research, Drs.
antara Pemerintah dan Swasta
Solahuddin Kusumanegara, M.Si. as the
dalam Penyediaan Infrastruktur
academic adviser, and team members
Publik. Mimbar Hukum. 25
for their hard work in completing this
(1:55-67). URL: https://scholar.
research.
google.co.id/scholar?hl=id&as_
sdt=0%2c5&q=. Accessed on 21
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418 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The Role of Women’s Leadership in Institutions of
the Indigenous People

Rita Rahmawati1, BerrySastrawan2

1
Graduate School, Djuanda University
2
Department of Public Administration Djuanda University Corresponding
Author: [email protected]

Abstract
This research aims to map women’s role in indigenous cities and how the role of
women’s leadership in the social, economic, and political sphere of indigenous
peoples’ institutions. This research was conducted by taking the example of the Sinar
Resmi Kasepuhan indigenous community. This study used a descriptive analysis
method with a sample using a snowballing sample technique. The data collection
techniques used literature study, observation, in-depth and structured interviews,
questionnaires, and documentation. The results showed that women have an
essential leadership role in carrying out Sinar Resmi indigenous community
institutions. The role of women is an inseparable part of the indigenous community
institutions. The role of women is not only occupying a domestic space buta l so
occupying a public space. From generation to generation, Ambu (the wife of the
customary head) has the role of leading women in the community. It means that
women have leadership in social space. In the economic and political sphere,
Kasepuhan women also have a significant role. The recommendation of this
research is to strengthen the institutional Structure of indigenous women in the
Sinar Resmi community so that the roles and education of indigenous women
can be optimize daga into increase the independence, resilience, and welfare of
the families of the Sinar Resmi indigenous community.
Keywords: Women’s Leadership, Gender equality, Women’sEducation.

1. INTRODUCTION with a female population of 49.76%

(Central Statistics Agency, 2019), must
This research is motivated by concentrate and be serious in dealing
gender equality, a global issue with its with women’s role and protection.
study to fight to protectwomen’s rights There are unique and exciting things
independently. Indonesia, a country

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 419

to study regarding Indonesia’s culture, institutions of the indigenous peoples.
namely Sundanese culture, namely the
Sinarresmi Indigenous people, where 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
the wife of the Customary Head has her
Leadership ability (skill) owned one
place of leadership in the indigenous
to influence, encourage, and mobilize
people’s institution itself. In the
others to act something to achieve a
Sundanese community, there is some
particular goal. Leadership own home
custom forwomen.Women have no place
base word of his is the leader which in
in leadership at all. Sundanese women in
English is called leadership, as long as he
non-traditional villages are considered to
is the leader, from the root word to lead
only carry out the role of women inthe
meaningful running at the start, moving
household, with the cultural motto of
earlier, do the first, taking the first step,
being a room, kitchen, well which has
lead, guide, guide, direct the opinions
a philosophy of Sundanese women
or thoughts of others, and move others
only has three place stop layarole,
through the influence of a leader.
namelyin the room serving husbands,
Hendiyat Soetopo and Waty Soemanto
in the kitchen for cooking and in the
provide the meaning of leadership as an
well means cleaning clothes and a place
activity to guide a group or group in such
to eat. Making traditional Sundanese
a way as to achieve the common goals
women in rural areas, after marriage, has
ofthe group. J. Salusu defines leadership
a role only to be at home and around
as the power in influencing others so that
activities. Even though the Sundanese
they participatein achieving common
indigenous people in Sinarresmi, where
goals . (Bahruddin,2012)
the ancestors of Sundanese culture are
Ralph M. Stogdill, in the book
in villages or cities, women’s role has
Personel Factor Associated With
its place; therefore, it is interesting to
Leadership quoted by James A. Lee in
research.
his book “ Management Theories and
Following the sustainable development
Prescriptions, “states that a leader must
goals of the United Nations where one
have several advantages:
of the mist he development of gender
1. Capacity, such as intelligence,
equality, this research is essential so that
alertness, speaking ability or verbal
the results of this study are expected to
facility, ability to judge.
obtain amapping of the role of women
2. Achievements, such as bachelor
in indigenous communities, second,
degrees, science, gains in sports,
how the role of women’s leadership in
andmany
social, economic and political spheres in

420 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
3. Responsibilities, such as being aim is to direct the mina direction that is
independent, taking the initiative, contrary to their dignity (Syihab,2005).
diligent, tenacious, confident,
aggressive, and having a desire to 3. METHOD
excel.
This study uses a descriptive analysis
4. Participation, such as being active,
method with a qualitative approach.
having high sociability, being
This research aims to map women’s
sociable, cooperative, adaptable,
role in indigenous communities and
and having a sense ofhumor.
how women’s leadership in the social,
5. Status includes a relatively high
economic, and political spheres of
socioeconomic position, popularity,
customary community institutions. This
and fame (Faizah,2006).
study used a snow bowling sampling
The keyword for leadership lies in
technique using key informants, namely
one’s duty to uphold truth and justice.
Ambu (wife of the customary head),
It is not merely power that ends in ease
from Ambu obtained other informants
offacilities and ease of accessing policies
until the data was deemed sufficient and
quickly and easily. So, leadership is not
able to answer research questions and
only the task of the men, will but also
research objectives have been achieved.
women. Women also have leadership
responsibilities at any level. Everyone
can be a leader at the level of anything
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
else, either as government leaders, Role of women in the Kasepuhan
institutions, and communities. One can community
even become a war leader, regardless of
Women on indigenous peoples
the gender of men or women (Mubin,
Official Kasepuhan Ray shave their
2008:65-66).
placeself. Insome cases, women and
Women’s leadership is not only
men have the same position but have
limited in domestic life but also society.
different responsibilities. Women and
His leadership is not only limited to
men have different job duties, both in
influencing men to recognize their
the household, in their livelihood, and
legitimate rights but must also include
in traditionalinstitutions.
those of the same sex so that they can
rise to work together to achieve and The Role of Women in the Family
maintain their dignity and to blockevery Economy
effort from anyone, both men. and In terms of working eyes in rice
women, small or large groups whose farming, men and women (husband

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 421

and wife) are balanced. In search of task. The mipit (harvest) activity also
livelihood, the Kasepuhan community provides opportunities for women and
gives responsibility the same for women men toplay a role.Thus, it can be said
and men. The main livelihood of the that women have an equally important
Kasepuhan indigenous people is farming role as men in working to collect forage
(Rahmawati, 2013). and manage the household. Even in
1. The agricultural system they run, traditional institutions, women also
it requires cooperation between have a leadershiprole.
women and men. There are parts Ambu (wife of Abah / traditional
that men must do, and parts that leader) symbolizes the role of women
must be done by women. a sleaders. The highest leader in the
2. In the agricultural process, there official Sinar Kasepuhan is Abah, who is
are several activities and ritual currently held by Abah Asep. Abah’s wife
ceremonies that accompany the iscalled Ambu. Ambu’s task itself is to
activities that must be carried serve Abah.However, in the Kasepuhan
out,including: structure, the positions and duties are
3. Ngored (dancing on the grass) not explicit. As traditional leaders, the
4. Ngasek (punching holes in the Abah descendants have a higher stratum
ground) followed by melak than other Kasepuhanresidents.
(planting rice) Role of Women’s Leadership
5. Sapangjadian (1 week after coking)
The woman has the essential
6. Selametan Pare Nyiram (starting to
leadership role in running institutions
grow fruit)
of indigenous peoples Official rays. The
7. Mipit (harvest)
role of women is an inseparable part of
8. Rosulan (Rahmawati, Salbiah, &
the indigenous peoples’ institutions.
Pratidina, 2016)
The role of women does occupynot
only domestic space but also occupies
Men usually do Ngored (cleaning public space. From generation to
the grass). In the case of “ngasek” generation, Ambu (the wife of the
(making a hole in the ground), the man’s customary head) has played a woman
job is to make a hole in the ground; leader in society. It means that women
then, women put the rice seeds into have leadership in social space. In the
the hole. In ngasek activities, there is a economic and political fields, Kasepuhan
cooperation between women and men. women also have a significantrole.
Each of them has a different and essential

422 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The leadership of Women in 2. Tukang GOA. The Goa artisan serves
Customary Institutions as Ambu’s representative if Ambu
cannot take rice from his place/rice
Institutional Official Kasepuhan
room (pandaringan), using a white
Rays have a complete organizational
kemben, directly responsible for
structure, any structure some duties
Ambu.
appointed by hereditary from
3. Canoli (Ma Rumsih) is a person who
generation to generation. Kasepuhan’s
has task for taking rice from a rice
organizational Structurecan be described
storage area (goah) to be cooked at
asfollows:
formal events. She is also supervising
the food that will be distributed
to Kasepuhan (sisihan) residents.
The designation as “canoli” is not
chosen through democratic means
but traditionally as long as there
is a line of descent (Turus) from
Figure 1. Organizational Structure of the the ancestors (Karuhun) before
Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi commuity and mustbeoffemaledescent.
From Figure 1, there are Thescheduledmothers are in charge
several traditionalpositions held by of cooking and other tasks at Imah
women,including: Gede, who are directly responsible
1. Paraji (Ma Acah) is a person who forAmbu.
carries out circumcision for girls 4. Tukang Dapur. A kitchen builder
and a person. She is in charge of (Ma Eroh) is a person in charge of
helping to give birth and bringing serving internal food and cooking
the baby down to earth at the age of activities at Imah Gede. the
3 days. The appointment as paraji appointment as “Kitchen Maker”
is not chosen through democratic is not chosen through democratic
means but traditionally as long means but traditionally as long as
as thereisalineofdescent(Turus) there is a line of descent (Turus) from
fromtheprevious ancestors the ancestors (Karuhun) before and
(Karuhun) and must be from must be from the descent ofwomen
female ancestors. Paraji artisans 5. Tukang Sisiuk Tukang Sisiuk is in
are craftsmen who have three charge of preparing a buffet (eating
work fields: assisting in childbirth, together) when there is a party or
circumcising children, and guests at Abah’s house, directly
bridalmakeup.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 423

 responsible to Ambu (Rahmawati believed to have brought Kabendon.
et al.,2016) One of Ambu’s experiences is that
he has also made mistakes, namely
Women in Traditional Rituals forgetting to wear a white cloth when
picking up the rice in the pendaringan,
In traditional rituals,women have
or forgetting to make rurujakan during
a nessential role in the implementation
pare nyiram (flowering rice). The effect
of these ritual ceremonies. Women
is in the form of a toothache/chills that
are notonlycompanions for men,but
will not heal until he realizeshis mistake
women participate actively and have
and healsindependently.
responsibility for the ritual ceremony’s
The implementation of the tatali
success. For example, in a series of rice
paranti karuhun values is not only
farming system ceremonies, there is
limited to the spiritual level but is
aprocession called ngadiukeun, which
reflecte dinall aspectsof life, for example,
puts rice into the leuit (rice barn).The
traditional patterns, leadership, and how
Ngadiukken ceremony places Ambuas
to interact with nature (Rahmawati,
the main actor in the procession of
2013); (Rahmawati, 2012). This
bringing the first rice harvested into
tatali paranti karuhun regulates the
hishouse.
relationship between men and women
Another ritual that also involves
in all aspects of life. Which work should
women as the main actor of ritual
be done by men and which work should
activities is N utu Pare, which is
be done bywomen.
pounding rice grains taken from the
leuit (rice barn) fordailyneeds,which is
carrie dout individually or in groups The Role of Women in Social Life
and is usually done by women. Another Ambuasa symbol of female
ritual is Nganyaran, which is tasting the leadershipisnotonly acompanion to
rice harvested in the rice fields for the Abah invarious ritual ceremonies, but
first time. The women who prepare it, Ambu also represents Abah and the
from taking rice in the goah to serving it Kasepuhan institution in managing
into rice ready toeat. the social life of the community, for
Even when taking rice, there is example, in terms of education, courtesy
their procedure, which must be taken to the decision of women to marry and
by Ambu using white kemben. Suppose in making decisions to become energy
Ambu cannot be represented by the working women abroad.
goa builder to collectrice from the On every occasion, especially
pendaringan.Violation of this rule is during the graduation period for early

424 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
childhood, elementary, and junior high The Role of Women in Political Life
school children, Ambu was allowed Politics here is interpreted as a
togiveaspeech.His remarks were of struggle for power in official village
course adjusted to the age of the school institutions’ realm because the
children. Some of the things that Ambu kasepuhan institution is a traditional
of ten convey and become Ambu’s institution passed down from generation
mission to organize his community are to generation through the wangsit
the following advice: mechanism (Wangsit is instruction
1. They are mandated that from ancestral spirits received through
schoolchildren even to their height. dreams. Wangsit is a direction from
Even though they are indigenous ancestors who come through dreams.
people, they still have to have For example, when they are going to
a modern education to provide elect a new chieftain. There is no general
them with life and advance the election like in modern society.They
indigenous people. However, Ambu choose then extchief based on wangsit.
maintains that the children should Wangsit comes to the abah or the head
have higher education, even though of representative (Kokolot-Kampung)
they should not leave the village to in each village, then it is discussed in a
taking care of the Kasepuhan tatali Deliberative Council).
paranti karuhun custom; For example, in village head
2. When giving a speech at SMP, Ambu elections, Ambu’s role is sufficient to
advised the public not to do early determine who will be elected to be the
marriage (early marriage). Women village head. Ambu was also the one
and men must be oldenough to who negotiated with the new village
marry and mature in thought and head candidates and the constituency.
material readiness; Ambu became Abah’s mouthpiece to
3. The message that was also conveyed win a contest.
by Ambu was about politeness both
in speech and behavior. Children
5. CONCLUSSION
should not speak gauze. Parents
and homeroom teachers must work In the Kasepuhan orthodox
together to educate children. If the community’s life, women have an
child speaks harshly, then he must essential role in maintaining the
be reprimanded, told that this is not continuity of customs and the order of
good. The way to reprimand him is community life. Women are not only
also not to be rude. Still have to be companions for men. Women are also
gentle so that children imitate;

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 425

important actors in thesustainability of Rahmawati, R., Salbiah, E., & Pratidina,
indigenouspeoples. G. (2016). Pedoman Pariwisata
As leaders of their people, women Budaya : MengenalMasyarakat
also have important roles and positions KASEPUHAN SINAR RESMI
in the social, economic, and even Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun
political spheres. It is just that women’s Salak Edisi II. Bogor, Indonesia:
capacity in the education sector is still Unida Press.
weak; men more represent opportunities Syihab, Q. (2005). Perempuan.
for highereducation. Tangerang: Lentera Hati.
Therefore, to strengthen the capacity,
participation, and responsibility of
women in the Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi
adat community, indigenous women’s
role and education can be re-optimized
to increase independence and resilience
welfare of the families of the Sinar Resmi
adat community.

REFERENCES
Bahruddin. (2012). Kepemimpinan
Pendidikan Islam: Antara Teori
dan Praktik. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz
Media.
Faizah, L. M. E. (2006). Psikologi
Dakwah. Jakarta: Kencana.
Rahmawati, R. (2012). A Study of
the Kasepuhan (Sundanese)
community. International Journal
on Social Science Economics &Art,
2(2012)(3 (ISSN: 2088-5342)).
Rahmawati, R. (2013). Forest Resource
Conflicts In West Java And West
Kalimantan, Indonesia. IPB
University.

426 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Self Presentation of MSM on Hornet, an Online
Dating App

Valerius Rex Alibazah1, Wiwik Novianti2and Mite Setiansah3

Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Communication Science Program, Jenderal Soedirman
University, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. R. Boenyamin 993, Purwokerto, Indonesia
1
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Anti-LGBT stigma ubiquitous in Indonesian society limits the opportunity for
individuals within the LGBT community to perform authentic self presentation.
The advent of new specialized social spaces within the confines of cyberspace provide
a safe space for LGBT individuals to freely pursue and fulfill their social needs.
Online dating apps catered to men who have sex with men (MSM), such as Hornet,
provide a means for its users to present themselves and establish relationships with
fellow MSM on the platform. This study reviews the strategies of self presentation
practiced by MSM on Hornet using virtual ethnography as a framework. Major
themes explored in this study include the utilization of self presentation by MSM
to facilitate social interactions, gain material and social rewards, and perform self-
construction. The results of this study suggest that Hornet users will perform
different methods of self presentation depending on their goals of using the app,
whether it is to initiate non-relationship sexual activity, build social networks, or as
a means of gaining miscellaneous socio-materialbenefit.
Keywords: Men Who Have Sex with Men, Self Presentation, Cyberspace, Dating
App, Virtual Ethnography

1. INTRODUCTION incompatible with existing values within

Indonesiansociety.
In Indonesia, being LGBT is not The presence of the LGBT
defined as a violation of constitutional community on the internet is also
laws. However, Indonesian society limited by the Internet Positif, a
views being LGBT as being indecent, program designed in 2014 by Tifatul
and a large number of Indonesians Sembiring, the Minister of Information
view the existence of LGBT people as and Communication Technologies,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 427

which was intended to “protect public The three functions of self-
interests from internet content that presentation within every social
have the potential to incur negative interaction are: 1) to facilitate social
or detrimental effects” (Menteri interaction, referring to its use in defining
Komunikasi dan Informatika, 2014). the nature of a certain social situation,
However, advancements in 21st 2) gain material and social rewards,
century communication technology has referring to creating a certain impression
created new spaces within cyberspace about oneself to gain material and social
open for discourse and interaction rewards, 3) self-construction, referring to
separated from public spaces limited the creating impressions of oneself to
from Internet Positif. The availability construct one’s ownidentity.
of same-sex online dating services can In addition, there are five strategies
help to alleviate the discomfort that of self- presentation according to Jones
homosexual men feel when interacting (1990: 1) Ingratiation: the creation of
intimately with partners of the same-sex positive impressions so that one is liked,
within public spaces, or who struggle 2) Self-promotion: the act of convincing
finding a partner of the same sex others of one’s own talents or abilities
(Rosenfeld and Thomas, 2012). to gain admiration, 3) Intimidation: the
This research studies acts of self- act of appearing powerful so that one is
presentation performed by men who feared or respected, 4) Exemplification:
have sex with men on Hornet, an presenting oneself as just or moral to
online gay dating app, including the gain veneration, and 5) Supplication:
factors, strategies, and benefits tied to appearing weaker or inferior to
that activity. The focus of this study receivepity.
is to understand the process of self-
presentation by men who have sex with 2.2 Computer-Mediated
men in a space that is uniquely theirs. Communication
McQuail (2005) defines computer-
2. LITERATURERE VIEW mediated communication as being all
forms of communication performed
2.1 Self-Presentation
through the use of an electronic
Self-Presentation is a pervasive medium. CMC facilitates the majority
feature of social life. People continuously of indirect communication, allowing for
attempt to manage or adjust their hyperpersonal communication, wherein
impressions on other people through the communicator can select how they
manipulating settings, appearances, or wish to present themselves to their
behaviors (Goffman, 1959).

428 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
communicants. In CMC-based online 4. RESULT AND
interactions, Walther (2007) highlights DISCUSSION
a selective form of self- presentation
which enable users to create largely 4.1 What isHornet?
positive impressions. Hornet is a mobile online dating app
catering towards gay and bisexual men,
3. METHOD including men who have sex with men
in general. Hornet functions similarly
This study was executed using a to other online dating apps, where users
qualitative approach with a constructivist must create a profile containing basic
paradigm to interpret and understand information about themselves (and
how people create and manage their optionally including a photo). After
social worlds (Hidayat, 2003). This creating a profile, users are introduced
research uses a virtual ethnographic to a catalog of other users’ profiles which
model of research, performed through are presented in an order of nearest to
direct involvement in discussions with farthest in relation to the user’s current
the subjects of this ethnography. location. User profiles on that catalog
The object of this research is the can then be filtered further according to
self- presentation performed by Hornet preferences set by theuser.
users. Data was gathered through
interviews, observation, and document 4.2 Factors in Performing Self-
analysis with five participants who all Presentation onHornet
use Hornet. Informants were selected The participants observed in this
through the use of a purposive sampling study admit that they have personally
technique, and further expanded using experienced or know people who have
snowball sampling with consideration experienced anti-LGBT stigma in
towards the following criteria: 1) the their lives. Participants who have not
informant is an active user of Hornet experienced direct stigma due to their
(going on the app at least 2-3 times a sexual orientation admit that they are
week), and 2) the informant’s activities still unwilling to present their sexual
on Hornet display an observable amount orientation due to the consequences
ofself-presentation. that they may receive by doing so.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 429

 Table 1: Factors in Performing Self-Presentation on Hornet
No. Participant Stigma Opportunity
No direct experience with stigma,
but has concerns about his Finding and building intimate
1. A
parents’ reaction towards his gay relationships through cyberspace
identity
Has experienced anti-LGBT
stigma in his youth, though has Engaging in sexual relations with other
2. B
not experienced incidents of men
stigma since
Experiences anti-LGBT stigma
3. C Facilitating his social life
indirectly
Has not experienced anti-LGBT
4. D stigma personally though knows Building social networks
several close associates who have
Rejection from his campus’
5. E social circle due to perceived Gain monetary rewards
homosexuality

The consequences that the sexual orientations include acts of

participants refer to include the rejection adjusting how they present themselves,
that they fear they may experience from performing stigmatized interactions
their families or friends within their using fake identities, and finding more
social circles. Their concern shows that inclusive social circles.
even when they have not experienced The Hornet users observed in
anti-LGBT stigma directly in their lives, this study suggest the primary factor
the constant fear of rejection suggests that moves them to perform social
the omnipresence of anti-LGBT stigma interactions within cyberspaces like
within Indonesiansociety. Hornet is the ease and freedom that
How the participants within this those spaces provide in engaging their
study respond to the stigma that they social lives. This is supported by research
experience shows a common behavior done by Andu, Bahfiarti, and Farid
within Indonesian LGBT communities, (2017) which suggests that gay men use
which is the tendency to adapt to the social media apps for the purposes of
status quo instead of trying to enact self-actualization and solidifying their
social change (Syahputra and Yuliana, existence, in addition to interacting with
2016). The participants attempt to one another in a context removed from
keep their sexual orientations a secret the societal conditions of Indonesian
offline. Their attempts at hiding their society that view their existence as gay
men unfavorably.

430 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The use of Hornet to achieve and tops. These roles not only indicate
various purposes exhibited by the who will have a more active or passive
participants in this study suggest that role within an intimate relationship,
the openness of cyberspace and the but also inform the characteristics,
opportunities that it provides in regards personality, and style that are expected
to fulfilling social needs are the factors of them in interactions with others.
that pushinteractions between men who The self-presentation done by
have sex with men into the confines of participants in this study show that there
cyberspace via dating apps. are several characteristics that are viewed
as ideal for certain roles, and those that
4.3 Self-Presentation Strategies are viewed as less ideal for other roles.
on Hornet In extension, attraction and even success
LeFebvre (2018) finds that in within interactions with other users
the context of online dating, users of depend on the effectiveness by which a
online dating services have the ability user can perform their chosen role.
to contextualize the social interactions Ellison et al. (2006) explain that
that they seek, by uploading personal self-presentation strategies during
information about themselves. The relationship initiation often involve the
implication is that, through the alteration of one’s self-presentational
information that they upload, other behavior to suit the expectations of the
users can learn what they’re looking for prospective partner. In an online dating
through online dating and what they environment, the pressure to present
expect from the roles of otherusers. oneself as an ideal partner is also felt by
In the context of Hornet, users of users of dating apps, however the nature
that dating app are expected by other of online dating apps that are based on
users to perform a role common in computer mediated communication
relations between men who have sex enable the strategic management of how
with men, which include bottoms, vers, users may present themselves.

Table 2: Self-Presentation Strategies on Hornet

No. Participant Strategies Used Desired Impression
Self-promotes through the use of a fake but
Self-Promotion, attractive user profile. When chatting, employs
1. A
Ingratiation ingratiation to create a positive
impression of himself
Self-promotes to convince other users of his
2. B Self-Promotion
qualities as a sexually appealing “top”

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 431

 Ingratiates to acquaint himself with other users and
3. C Ingratiation
build rapports
Self-promotes as someone with class, the lifestyle of
4. D Self-Promotion a socialite, a manicured
appearance, and a state of being always on trend.
Self-promotes certain traits that solidify his image as
5. E Self-Promotion
the ideal bottom.

Table 3: Satisfaction Gained through Self-Presentation

No. Participant Rewards Gained Satisfaction Felt
Freedom to explore and live out his social life by using a
1. A Social
false identity
Freedom to present and validation through being found
2. B Social
attractive by other users
Being present in a social environment where he can be
3. C Social
acquainted and form relationships
Validation from other users towards the concept that he
4. D Social
has of himself
Social and Validation about his identity when it only gains him
5. E
Material stigma and rejection in real life

Through the process of self- individual performing self-presentation.

construction, Hornet users construct One of the self-presentation
a certain image of themselves in an strategies used by the participants in this
attempt to create an impression that study is self-promotion, which makes
corresponds with their self-concepts. themselves stand out in other users’
This is due to Hornet’s role as an online catalogs to win their attention. Through
dating app, where the primary goal of the use of this strategy, Hornet users
using it is to become acquainted with can convince their prospective partners
other users in order to meet them in about qualities and strengths they have
reallife. that other users do not. Examples of the
To achieve that goal, Hornet users strengths they can choose to promote
have been observed to adjust their self- include their physical appearance, their
presentation to appear more appealing lifestyle, the social status they claim to
to other users’ tastes. In this regard, self- have, and even their sexualprowess.
construction is a method of impression Ingratiation is another self-
management to increase the likelihood presentation strategy used by Hornet
that other users may be attracted to the users to negotiate impressions by

432 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
interacting with other users, usually determines the success they will achieve
via chatting. Wu and Ward (2018) in convincing other users to grant them
explain the function of the chat feature the rewards they seek.
as an interactive and strategic way of Monetary rewards are also
performing self-presentation, where something that users can gain through
users can negotiate their goals and Hornet by presenting themselves in
adjust the expectations of other users specific roles. The roles of sugar babies
by chatting with them. Ingratiation and sugar daddies do not explicitly
is a strategy used with the purpose of involve an exchange of money for
creating a positive impression of the sex, and its relation to prostitution
user via methods such as praising their is deliberately kept ambiguous. In
chatting partners or making them feel maintaining a long- term relationship
flattered, which can be effectively done with their sugar daddies, sugar babies
through the chat feature. may receive monetary rewards from
them.
4.4 Satisfaction Gained through The data gathered concerning the
Self- Presentation satisfaction that Hornet users feel by
The Hornet users observed in doing self-presentation on the app
this study present themselves using suggest that users do not feel satisfied
strategies designed to gain material solely by the act of self-presentation,
and social rewards. Through the but also by the response that they
process of self- presentation, one of receive from other users which can
the participants in this study presents have a validating effect for them. The
his desire for monetary reward openly participants admit to feeling satisfied
through Hornet. Another performs self- when they are acknowledged and when
presentation to gain social rewards in they can generate positive feedback from
the form of friendship, and others find other users, indicating that they use with
sex by presenting their sexuality. the hope so factualizing the irexistence
Hornet users can identify and making themselves known within
themselves with stereotypes attached to the social circle of that virtual space.
roles in the gay community, like being
a top or a bottom, to ease the process 5. CONCLUSION
of gaining social rewards in the form
Anti-LGBT stigma present within
of sex. Participants in this study admit
Indonesian society limits the self-
that the visual element or aesthetics in
presentation that men who have sex
how a Hornet user presents themselves
with men are able to perform in day to

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 433

day life. As a result, men who have sex positive feedback from their prospective
with men are pressured to find ways to partners.
adapt to that stigma, one of them being Men who have sex with men gain
the utilization of cyberspace. Cyberspace various forms of satisfaction through
provides an alternative way for men who presenting themselves on Hornet.
have sex with men to socialize with each That satisfaction includes material and
other and present themselvesopenly. affective satisfaction through receiving
One specialized space within social and material rewards from other
cyberspace is that of online dating users. The social rewards that they
apps such as Hornet. Men who have receive can take the form of a long-term
sex with men use Hornet for various romantic relationship, sex, friendship,
reasons, which include looking for a and social networking. By presenting
partner, making friends, promoting themselves in certain roles, Hornet users
themselves, expanding their social may also gain monetary rewards from
networks, existing socially, and gaining other users.
miscellaneousrewards. Men who have sex with men also
Men who have sex with men create feel existential satisfaction when the self-
impressions about themselves in the presentation that they perform helps
minds of other users by performing them gain validation from other users.
self-construction, through which they This existential satisfaction is tied to
convince other users about the traits and the expectations that they have towards
qualities that they possess based on an the act of self- presentation, which
image or concept they have of themselves. commonly involves being acknowledged
This form of self-presentation is usually and recognized by othersthrough doing
asynchronous and involves the creation so. It thus becomes a sign of recognition
of artefacts in the form of profile photos, of their existence within an LGBT-
biography sections filled with personal friendly online environment.
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kominfo.go.id

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 Political Islam: What Are the Characteristics and
Agenda?

Warjio & Heri Kusmanto

Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU),
Medan, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

Abstract.
In the last few decades, Islamism has become a strong force in much of the Muslim
world, especially in Arab countries. Believing that the Islamic community is mired
in a state of barbarism, Islamists seek to place greater importance on religious
observance or a change in political leadership but the revolutionary transformation
of their society. What is meant by Islamism, or political Islam? Should Islam and
Islamic politics be differentiated from one another, or are they compatible with one
another? On this occasion, this paper will present the definition, characteristics and
agenda of political Islam.
Keywords: Agendas, Characteristics, Islamism, Political Islam

1 INTRODUCTION of their struggle - the formation of an

Islamic state. Because the rise of Islam
In recent decades, Islamism - the has had and will probably continue
belief that Islam should guide social, to have profound social, political and
political and personal life - has become strategic consequences, understanding
a powerful force in much of the Muslim its emergence and development is
world, especially in Arab countries. the most practical and intellectually
Believing that the Islamic community is important thing (M. Hakan Yavuz,
mired in a state of barbarism, Islamists 2003; Richard W. Bulliet,)
seek to place greater importance on What is meant by Islamism, or
religious observance or a change in political Islam? Should Islam and
political leadership but a revolutionary Islamic politics be differentiated from
transformation of their society. What one another, or are they compatible with
defines them as coherent members of one another? Isn’t Islam, from the very
the movement is not their choice in beginning and based on its principles,
certain ways, but the nature and scale actually a political religion, so making

436 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
the distinction between Islam and related to giving Islam an authoritative
political Islam must appear artificial? Are status in political life. Political Islam
there Muslims who completely separate generally belongs to the right of the
their religion from politics and practice political spectrum, but it would be
their faith in a non-political form? With a mistake to see it as a movement or
such an understanding background, this ideology. Islamist trends range from
paper will discuss two main issues. First, left-leaning populist protest movements
reveal the characteristics of political (Dabashi 2006, Rahnama 1998,
Islam. Second, exposing the political Ramadan 2008) to ultraconservative
Islam agenda. movements that are more devoted to
social control over morality than to
2 LITERATURE REVIEW economic redistribution. But political
Islamism cannot map so neatly into
A common problem with the term
the ideological spectrum of modern
political Islam is that it tends to imply
European left-right. Islamist groups and
“an illegitimate extension of the Islamic
tendencies differ not only according to
tradition beyond the proper religious
their relative economic radicalism or
domain that was historically occupied”
moral puritanism, but also on a number
(Muhammad Ayoob, 2004). For Mehdi
of other axes.
Mozaffari (2007: 21) “Islamism” is
According to Mohammed Ayoob
a religious ideology with a holistic
a more precise and useful definition
interpretation of Islam whose ultimate
of Islamism that is more analytically
goal is the conquest of the world by
useful to describe it as’ a form of Islamic
all means. This definition consists of
instrumentation by individuals, groups
four interrelated elements. The first is
and organizations that pursue political
religious ideology, the second is a holistic
goals. It provides a political response
interpretation of Islam, the conquest of
to today’s society of challenges by
the three worlds, and finally the fourth
imagining the future, the foundation on
and final element is the use of all means
which taken back, reinvented borrowed
in the search for the ultimate goal. Each
from Islamic tradition (Mohammed
of these four elements will be briefly
Ayoob, 2005: 951).
examined in the next section.
For Andrew F. March (2015: 104)
3 METHOD
Political Islam must be understood in
the broadest possible sense as a series of This research is a descriptive study
modern political movements, ideological describing a social phenomenon.
trends, and policies directed by the state Methodology used in this study is a
qualitative approach

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4 RESULT AND Since the concern for political Islam
DISCUSSION is so fundamental, one should not
prematurely judge a movement not
4.1 Characteristics of Islamism to be too worrying just because its
According to Christine concerns are strategic and political
Schirrmacher (2016) there are several and not the implementation of
characteristics that can be conveyed violence.
related to political Islam, namely: • The assumption that the concept of
• Violence was not a central idea of ​​ political Islam means a theological
the political Islam movement in category in Islam, that is, Islamic
its beginnings, and the use of force schism marked by conservative
was not its main objective. Political or traditional ideas, would be
Islamic ideology is not explicitly misleading. It is not the case - to
directed at calls for violence or for speak in general terms - in the
general justifications of violence. region from Tunis to Jakarta,
On the other hand, he does not that liberal ideas are taught in the
issue a rejection of the possibility explicit sense of the pulpit in the
of using force - especially on the mosque and from the podium of
grounds that it is a defense against the university, and that this serves
the enemies of Islam or in the as the basis from which political
service of upholding the Islamic Islam distinguishes itself by explicit
order in society - rarely changes in reference. on the timeless validity
words or deeds against those who of the Quran. There is also no case
use violence to implement that goal that Islamists hold onto Islam more
and often legitimizing violence as intensively as a religion than other
an appropriate means of defending Muslims. Indeed, according to
Islam, the Koran or Muhammad. Islamic opinion, there is only one
And there’s a lot more: Calling correct interpretation of Islam - and
on Muhammad’s example and that is the interpretation of Islam.
emulating it in religion, social For this reason, Islamists are often
and political matters, Islamism called “fundamentalists”. However,
ideologically prepares the ground this term is somewhat vague and
for the use of violence, as this even fundamentally inapplicable.
comprehensive emulation also This is because, as mentioned,
includes reports of Mohammad’s political Islam has nothing to do
Quran-based military campaign. with theological stance but with

438 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 the ideological justification of Islam prospects, and high rates of illiteracy.
as a unified religion, social order Political Islam pursues a political agenda
and a set of political principles. that is irreconcilable with the basic
In addition, leaders of political principles of democracy, due process,
Islam movements rarely become and individual civil rights and freedoms.
theologians. On the contrary, most As political movements in Islam speak
of them were theological laymen more of themselves dramatically than as
• When it comes to the topic of extremism Preparing to resort to violence
Islamism or political Islam, people and take responsibility for attacks, the
are faced with conflicts with potential dangers of Islamic politics are
totalitarian ideologies. It is a totali- less directly recognized as a danger to the
dance ideology that uses religious state and democracy, especially because
terminology while demanding to of its ideological substructure and claim
put the original form of the Islamic to power.
faith comprehensively into practice less clearly labeled or not really
Political Islam is an ideology - and taken seriously. Nonetheless, political
not a realistic roadmap for dealing with Islam is a model for explaining the
what was posted earlier - because it does world with explosive power in people’s
not convey a practical concept of action heads and hearts, because it leads them
to be taken to realize its utopian picture to the alleged life in the utopia of a
of the world. On the contrary, it always typical Islamic society. At the same
assumes that the current state of affairs time, it leads them to reject their fellows
is unfavorable and must be addressed and their own lives in today’s society as
as well as the desired future conditions substandard and call on them to act in
and in which all people can expect peace creating a totalitarian world order. The
and justice. In the process, the question point is that in the process, political
of how, in fact, the introduction of Islam - when it comes to western
a comprehensive form of Islam can societies - exploits democratic and
overcome or solve existing negative freedom mechanisms for its own ends
social and political developments to undertake what we call “marches
remains completely unanswered. These through the institutions” more than
negative developments include the presenting outright declarations of
inadequate infrastructure of many areas war with the help of the armed forces.
where Islam is a forming force, rural For this reason alone, it is important
aviation, the state of education, high to familiarize yourself with the basic
levels of unemployment and lack of concerns, causes and personalities in

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 439

political Islam around the world and in also view the existence of Sunni and
western society. On the one hand, it is Shia law schools in Islam as wrong,
unwarranted to place all Muslims under because there should only be one form
the general suspicion of being politically of Islam. Based on the fact of the unity
dangerous, which would help contribute of Allah (Arabic: tauhid), which is the
to pushing apolitical democratic citizens basis of all Islamic theology, the aim of
into the arms of hard-line political Islam. Islamists is to produce this unity in the
On the other hand, it must be clearly world through a generation of Islamic
recognized where political personalities communities united with faith and a
advance their political agendas for their leader, a caliph, as the main image of
own ends. the uniqueness and oneness of God. .
What has become clear in this ideal of
4.2 Political Islam Agenda unity is the ideological and unrealistic
Political Islam is synonymous with character of political Islam. It can
a socio-political ideology supported by hardly be expected that the doctrinal
religious justification, the aim of which differences of the many different
is to implement the Koran and sharia groups and the mutual rejection of
perfectly and thus to rebuild a typical each other by Sunnis and Shiites, which
Islamic society. In this connection there have grown up through the centuries,
are several agendas that are manifest in somehow quickly disappear into thin air
political Islam (Christine Schirrmacher, as Islamists hope. Since the majority of
2016: 21-23) Islamists today are influenced by Sunni
4.2.1. Unity in the Muslim Islam, they naturally expect acceptance
community of Sunni teachings by the Shia minority.
For their part, the Iranian Shiite regime
Islamists claim that there is only
seeks to export Shia teachings around
one community of all Muslims and
the world by, for example, by means of
that any form of separation between
the Islamic revolution.
different law schools and state-denomi
4.2.2. The only lasting validity of
is wrong. The unity of the entire Muslim
the Koran and the exemplary
community means that national borders
customs demonstrated by
do not matter. This has been a problem
Muhammad (Arabic: sunah).
since the emergence of modern states in
the Middle East during the colonization All questions posed by modernity
period is closely linked to the influence relating to the fields of belief, society
of Western people whom they consider and politics must be assessed and
to be “Zionists and crusaders.” Islamists treated according to guidelines.

440 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
established by the Koran and traditions 4.2.4. A comprehensive approach to
(Arabic: sunnah: obligatory imitation Islam.
of Muhammad’s custom). Thus the Islamists only accept forms of Islam
exclusivity and universal validity of the that imitate Muhammad as completely
Qur’an and sunnah, on the one hand, as possible. In justification, political
are emphasized. On the other hand, Islam basically refers to what is called
there is a call for a basic re-evaluation “Medinan” Islam, namely the last ten
of all questions that are not addressed years of Moham-med’s life (622 AD to
in the Qur’an and the sunnah. This re- 632 AD), which he spent in Medina as
evaluation should be carried out with a military leader and a lawgiver after
a view to strictly adhering to all the moving from the city. originally Mecca.
principles set out in the Qur’an and in
4.2.5. Simultaneous use and
the traditions.
rejection of modernity.
4.2.3. Comprehensive use of sharia.
Political Islam is not anti-modern
The aim of Islamic groups is the or medieval. It makes intensive use
comprehensive implementation of sharia of the achievements of modernity
under the leadership of a caliph, that is, (in particular, communication via
in the end result, the establishment of a the internet and satellites but also
theocracy. Neither public representatives through the use of modern medicine,
elected in secular-oriented democracies banking, and the fields of explosives
nor dictatorships are viewed by Islamists and weapons technology). However,
as legitimate forms of government. political Islam does not view this as an
The aim of Islamic political endeavors indication of progress but as a tool for
was the establishment of a caliphate the advancement of their message. It
throughout the Muslim community, leads them into their ministry, and it
because the caliphate, as an early form of is from this perspective that Islamists
Islam and thus the only exemplary form are concerned with modernity. On the
of government, was considered valid. other hand, anti-modern Islamists,
This is also seen as an example because because everything is humanized, the
the Caliphate represented the unity humanization of Islamic criminal law
of worldly and spiritual governments and all adjustments to modernity,
during the time of Muhammad’s first enlightenment, or pluralism are rejected
four successors, the four “rightly guided by Islam.
caliphs”

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 441

4.2.6. Progress through setbacks. the course of Islamic intellectual history
hangs together with the absence of a
Political Islam seeks to deal with
major teaching authority in Islam and
the present and the future with its
with a lack of comprehensive creeds and
orientation towards the past. By declaring
council documents, even if it is only for
the “golden age of Islam,” namely the
individual theological “denominations”
period of the reign of Muhammad and
such as the Shia or the Sunnis. In the
the first four caliphs until 661 AD, as
first instance, political Islam directs itself
the ideal legal and social order, political
to its own society as a society shaped by
Islam reaffirmed the social order of
Islam, which, from the point of view of
society. the seventh century AD to be
political Islam, is either non-Islamic or,
progress, indeed, to be the restoration
in the best case, only external Islam.
of a way of life that was lost but which
was just and basically determined by 4.2.8. Proximity to other totalitarian
divine principles. From this perspective, world views.
modern constitutions and laws relating Political Islam is intellectually
to freedom and equality, as well as closely related to movements such as
democracy and separation of religion Salafism and Wahhabism. Salafism is an
and state, are condemned as despicable. interpretation of Islam that evokes the
4.2.7. Political Islam as a protest “pure” Islam which is allegedly practiced
movement. classically by the ancestors (Arabic:
as-salaf as-salih and, for that reason,
In contrast to the assumption that
Salafism) to a position of measure of
political Islam is first and foremost a
all things. , who overcomes modernity
declaration of war against the western
by calling for the cleansing of Islam
world or even against Christianity, it
today from all non-Islamic aspects and
is above all an expression of the intra-
who himself accepts the Koran and
Islamic social and political crisis and a
the exemplary mores of Muhammad
sign of contention over the question of
(Arabic: sunnah) as true beliefs.
what “true Islam” is. Are they primarily
personal beliefs or especially those 4.2.9. Political Islam as an ideology
expressed publicly? What is the ethics of domination
and way of life? A model for what Political Islam not only claims
society should look like? A political to have the only correct theological
order? Or does Islam cover all the areas interpretation of the message of Islam
of life mentioned? That this question and its implementation in society,
has been answered very differently over but also maintains its immediate

442 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
effectiveness with respect to the desired Trans-Regional and -National
reallocation of the established balance Studies of Southeast AsiaVolume
of power. If more people - Muslims 1, Special Issue 2 (Redefining
first - comprehensively put Islam in its and Recontextualising Politics in
pure form into practice by following Southeast Asia), July, pp. 215-235
the teachings and practices of early DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/
Islam, there will be a restoration of the trn.2013.4
strength, reputation and dignity of the March, Andrew F., (2015), Political
early Islamic period that existed when Islam: Theory, Annu. Rev. Polit.
spiritual and worldly governments were Sci. 2. 18:103–23
in place one hand Mozaffari, Mehdi., (2007),What is
Islamism? History and Definition of
5. CONCLUSION a Concept, Totalitarian Movements
and Political Religions,Vol. 8, No.
Political Islam comes in all shapes
1, 17–33, March, https://doi.
and sizes; it may, in fact, be more
org/10.1215/07402775-2004-401
accurate to refer to this phenomenon in
Schirrmacher, Christine., (2016)
the plural, as ‘political Islam.
Political IslamWhen Faith Turns
Outto Be Politics, Bonn: World
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Ayoob, Mohammed., (2005), The future Yavuz, M. Hakan., (2003), Islamic
of political Islam:the importance Political Identity in Turkey, New
of external variables, International York:Oxford University Press
Affairs 81, 5
Ayoob, Mohammed., (2004),Political
Islam: Image and Reality World
Policy Journal, 21 (3): 1–14.
Bulliet, Richard W., Religion and the State
in Islam:From Medieval Caliphate
to the Muslim Brotherhood,
University of DenverCenter for
Middle East Studies Occasional
Paper SeriesPaper No. 2
Hadiz, Vedi R.,(2013), Islamic Politics
in Southeast Asia: A Critical
Reassessment, Trans, TRaNS:

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 443

 Domestic Violence as the Impact of Early Marriage

Zelda Shaellia Wijaya11

Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
[email protected]

Abstract
Domestic violence can happen to anyone regardless of education level, economic
status, and also one’s physical appearance. Domestic violence is any act that occurs
against a person, especially women, which causes physical, sexual, and psychological
suffering, including threats to acts, coercion or deprivation of liberty that violates the
law in the household. Domestic violence can be caused by an unstable psychological
and emotional condition on one or both parties. Early marriages have a high
probability of divorce and failure because of the partner’s unstable psychological
condition. This emotional instability will influence a person to be aggressive towards
others. The family is the smallest social institution and is autonomous, as a result of
which the family becomes a domestic area closed from the reach of public power.
This has resulted in cases of domestic violence being difficult to identify and resolve.
The impact of domestic violence is not only in the form of wounds or bruises but
also deep trauma, selflessness and even mental disorders.
Keywords: early marriage, domestic violence

1. INTRODUCTION miscarriage, either both husband or/and

wife’s uncertainty can also lead to poor
Nowadays, young adults’ early psychological conditions and, in the
marriage is a normal occurrence in many end, domestic abuse. Domestic abuse
places in Indonesia. Based on data that is referred to as an action towards the
is released by the Indonesia Statistics, significant other, usually the woman,
the percentage of Indonesia’s early that causes misery, physical pain, sexual
marriage in 2018 is 15.66%. With this, harassment, psychological abuse, and
there has been an increase of percentage even neglects marriages completely, with
from 2017, which has around 14.18% actions ranging to threats, misbehavior,
of early marriage cases. Compared with coercion, and deprivation of rights for
marriage in mature ages, early marriage resistance inside of marriage. Hence,
definitely has bigger risks. Apart from marriage which is supposed to be a safe
health issues, such as the tendency to place where everyone interacts with the

444 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
foundation of love and affection can be maturity, it can however be one of the
changed completely into a dangerous important factors in order to postpone
place where it can be threatening marriage. The recommended age by
toward other family member’s safety. the National Population and Family
Subsequently, the party who is often Planning Board to hold marriage are
the victim of spousal abuse is a woman. for men at minimum 25 years old, and
Based on the annual notes of National women at minimum 20 yearsold.
Commission on Violence Against In some cases, early marriage might
Women released in March 2019, be the manifestation of human right
violence against women often occurred violations since it is often found that
in private area,reaching up to 71% or women are hampered to achieve their
9,637 cases (National Commission on dreams and forced to get married. The
Violence Against Women, 2019). Thus, Ministry of Women Empowerment
the data showed on how domestic abuse and Child Protection notes that early
cases should not be underestimated. marriage condition cases in Indonesia
With the high amount of cases are classified as emergency situations.
of abuse explained above, there are Lenny N. Rosalin, as a Deputy of
some obstacles which can hamper Ministry of Women Empowerment
difficulties to disclose said cases. One and Child Protection for Child
of the obstacles is the stigmatization Development Sector, confirmed to
that spousal abuse is private matters, emphasize on how many locations in
therefore considered confidential and Indonesia are emerging with many
even disgrace for the family. Thus, this cases of early marriage. According
kind of stereotype increases the burdens to the data, one in nine young adult
and difficulties for handling the cases. women are married off under the age
Domestic abuse itself has some types of 18 years old, showing that there are
of violence such as physical abuse, approximately 375 young adult women
sexual harassment, and verbal abuse. who were married off each day. Early
The National Population and Family marriage is also often considered as a
Planning Board stated that there are solution to solve economic problems
many problems faced by spouses who and social claims due to family burdens.
had early marriages, such as having too In fact, the majority who choose
many kids and a short lived marriage. for early marriage comes from a low
These problems can occur since the economic background. Hence, they
couple has not matured enough to face thought having a family and plenty of
marital issues. Despite age not defining kids will eventually increase economic

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 445

problems in their family. Moreover, below 18 years old. This marriage
economic problems and marriage itself occurred when young adults are not
not necessarily can be well managed by yet psychologically ready to bear the
spouses due to their young age. Thus, responsibility of marriage (IPPD, 2006
there are many marriage violence cases : 7). Sarwono (1989) explained that
as venting emotions from marriage early marriage cases often happened in
problems. Based on this background, Indonesia especially in the village areas
the author is interested in analyzing which still strongly hold on norms and
how early marriage can trigger a series customs. The reason why early marriage
of domesticviolence. is still often held since it is encouraged
by some economic and social-cultural
2. METHOD factors. The reason why early marriage is
chosen is because it becomes a shortcut
The research method that is going
in decreasing economic problems of
to be used in this research is a qualitative
parenting and eventually increasing
method. Qualitative method is a method
family economic status. Aside from
in which we analyze a scientific object’s
that, social and cultural aspects such as
condition where the researcher’s role
stigmatization which women need to be
as the key instrument of the research
married as soon as possible otherwise
(Sugiyono, 2013). Qualitative method
they are judged as spinster and familial
is used in this research since the author
tradition to strengthen the reason for
tries to explain how the phenomena of
earlymarriage.
early marriage can affect spousal abuse.
Data obtained by Statistics
This research is using secondary data
Indonesia showed there are many
which consist of journals, government
early marriages that have occurred in
sites, and also online media sites that can
Indonesia. Proven by the statistical data
support this research. The data obtained
of birth rate in 2009 (within 2001 until
is related to the impact of early marriage
2009 periods), in city areas there exist
and how it affects domesticviolence.
29% women in their 15 until 19 years
old. Even the conditions in the villages
3. RESULT ANDDISCUSSION show a higher percentage whereby 58%
3.1 Factors that Affects Domestic women gave birth in their 15 until 19
Violence in Early Marriage years old age. Furthermore, research
conducted by Indonesian Sociological
Based on the Inter-African Association (INASA) showed that West
Committee, an early marriage is a Java Province occupied the first position
marriage that is held by a person

446 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
on early marriage, followed by Jakarta It also needs to be realized that a
(Ikatan Sosiologi Indonesia, 2012). marriage will generally give birth to
The fact strictly stated on Marriage Law children whose rights must be fulfilled,
number 1 in 1974 the minimum age to such as the rights to education, health
proceed marriage for women is above 16 and affection. Uncontrolled early
years old and men is above 19 yearsold. marriage can lead to high birth rates
The various definitions of maturity and population growth in a country
also often provide a justification for (BKKBN, 2012: 5). According to
someone to have an early marriage. Marissa in Noviyanti (2013: 60)
For example, in various societies the there are many impacts and risks in
definition of adult has been achieved early marriage, one of which is the
when a woman has mastered domestic psychological and physical impact.
work and a man is able to work and When viewed physically, the body of
earn a living (Iklilah, 2013: 115). In women who are married under the age
addition, the perception that marriage is of 20 has the potential to develop uterine
the ultimate goal and solution to various cancer in their teens. Besides that,
problems has made early marriage a the health of the womb and pregnant
shortcut. Even though marriage is not women at a young age are very vulnerable
always a solution to economic and social because of their unprepared physical
problems in society. It could be that condition. The lack of understanding of
this unpreparedness and hasty attitude contraceptives has also led to an increase
actually creates new problems for couples in birth rates among women who marry
and families. It should be understood at an earlyage.
that marriage is not only to legalize It also needs to be realized that a
a romantic relationship between two marriage will generally give birth to
people but also requires commitment children whose rights must be fulfilled,
and maturity in attitude and actions. such as the rights to education, health
If you make marriage a solution to the and affection. Uncontrolled early
prevalence of promiscuity in society, it marriage can lead to high birth rates
is necessary to realize that the purpose and population growth in a country
of marriage is not only for sexual (BKKBN, 2012: 5). According to
intercourse. More thanthat, the decision Marissa in Noviyanti (2013: 60)
to marry is a commitment to live with there are many impacts and risks in
someone and commit to responding to early marriage, one of which is the
all conflicts that will arise wisely and psychological and physical impact.
maturely. When viewed physically, the body of

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 447

women who are married under the age individuals but also if not restrained
of 20 has the potential to develop uterine it can affect the country itself.
cancer in their teens. Besides that, Socialization is needed by government
the health of the womb and pregnant and society participation actively in
women at a young age are very vulnerable order to suppress early marriage. One
because of their unprepared physical of the ways to suppress the numbers
condition. The lack of understanding of of early marriage is by socializing the
contraceptives has also led to an increase maturity age of marriage (Pendewasaan
in birth rates among women who marry Usia Perkawinan, or PUP) in society,
at an earlyage. especially to adolescents, so that they
The impact of marriage at an early age have an understanding and, in the
is a high divorce rate and also domestic end, postponed the thought of an early
violence (KDRT). This is caused by marriage (Noviyanti, 2013:73).
immature emotions plus disputes and Improving the quality of education
conflicts that occur between husband can also affect the decisions of parents
and wife. The effects of psychological who always encourage their children to
abuse tend to last a long time and affect a marry. When people have other solutions
person’s mental state. It is also important to overcome economic problems
to pay attention to fear, anxiety, stress, through education, marriage at an
and changes in attitudes to victims as a early age can be reduced. Community
result of domestic violence as a response involvement and dialogue between
to the recovery of victims. Research the government and the community
conducted by Plan Indonesia statestha will foster understanding in society to
tas manyas 44% of girls who marry at prioritize individual qualities rather than
an early age experience high frequency forcing someone to marry. In addition,
of domestic violence (www.news.detik. the driving force for early marriage is
com, accessed on 21 October 2020). not only economic but also cultural
which has been applied for decades. A
3.2 The Effort to Minimize Early campaign and understanding is needed
Marriage in Order to Prevent so that people can decide to postpone
SpousalAbuse early marriage regardless of their
Dealing with early marriage in cultural factors. The approach required
Indonesia these days need using more to reach such an agreement is certainly
massive and comprehensive ways. This not easy and long. However, it must still
movement is important since there are be done. Parents’ understanding must
many impacts not only perceived by be improved in order to have awareness

448 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
regarding the risks and consequences of who need to focus on maximizing the
earlymarriage. potential in their youngage.

4. CONCLUSION REFERENCES
Early marriage that occurred in Indonesiabaik.id. (2019). Masih
Indonesia is still claimed to be high. Banyak Wanita Indonesia Nikah
Society’s background such as economic, di Usia Dini. Diakses pada
social, and culture greatly affect the 27 Oktober 2020. D a r i ,
high amount of early marriage cases http://indonesiabaik.id/infografis/
in Indonesia. Marriage is still seen as a masih-banyak-wanita-indonesia-
solution to the problems in society. In nikah-di-usiadini#:~:text=0%20
contrast, when marriage is held without Komentar&text=Indonesiabaik.
careful consideration thereafter the i d % 2 0 % 2 D % 2 0
marriage will not become a solution Persentase%20pernikahan%20
meanwhile it raises other problems. usia,14%2C18%25%20pada%20
Spousal abuse is one of the things that 2017 perempuan-nikah-dini-alami-
is a real possibility and has happened kdrt-berfrekuensi-tinggi]
in early marriages, caused by the Kemenpppa.go.id. (2019, 25 Maret).
psychological condition that the not Kasus Meningkat, KEMEN PPPA
ready to bear the conflict or burden Ajak Milenial Cegah KDRT. Diakses
in marriage life. The victims, usually pada 27 Oktober 2020. Dari, https://
women, are helpless and the situation kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/
has traumatic effects on the victim of read/29/2089/kasus-meningkat-
spousal abuse. In order to suppress kemen-pppa-ajak-milenial-
the amount of early marriage and the cegah-kdrt#:~:text=Kondisi%20
negative effect from early marriage, ini%20didasarkan%20pada%20
such as spousal abuse, understanding angka,angka%2071%25%20
and socializing from the government atau%209.637%20kasus
or any organization are needed for Listya, Ariefka. (2019). Infografis
the sake of society. Subsequently these Dampak Fisik dan Psikologis
are important since society has less Pernikahan Dini bagi Remaja
knowledge about the risk from early Perempuan. Visual Heritage Jurnal
marriage and tends to not think about Kreasi Seni dan Budaya. 1(03):191-
long-term effects from early marriage 204. Diakses pada 27 Oktober
itself. The knowledge is important to be 2020.

given for parents and also young adults

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 449

Dari, https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/338093589_Infograf-
is_Dampak_Fisik_dan_Psikolo-
gis_Pernikahan_Dini_bagi_Rema-
ja_Perempuan
News.detik.com. (2011,23 September).
Duh! 44% Perempuan Nikah Dini
Alami KDRT Berfrekuensi Tinggi.
Diakses pada 26 Oktober 2020.
Dari, https://news.detik.com/
berita/d-1729199/duh-44-

450 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Community-Based Waste Management:
Environmental Law Perspective

Kadar Pamuji1, Abdul Aziz Nasihuddin1, Slamet Rosyadi2

1
Department of Public Administration Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman,
Central Java, Indonesia
2
Department of Public Administration, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Central Java, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the community-based waste management
in implementing the community participation as regulated in Law No. 8/2008 on
Waste Management. To obtain deeper understanding on the community based-
waste management, the legal and qualitative approaches were conducted in this
study. The result showed that the waste management regulation has encouraged the
waste management practices involving communities. However, the waste bank was
found as a model involving communities in the processes of sorting, selecting, and
appreciating. Thus, public participation in waste management was higher found
in this waste bank model. This study has contributed in providing more extensive
understanding on the community based-waste management practices.
Keywords: community-based waste management; environmental law; waste bank.

1 INTRODUCTION government is able to handle all waste

problems although the government
Community-based waste has been supported by their officials
management has been mandated by Law and budgets. Thus, community-based
No. 18/2008 on Waste Management. waste management has become a new
Article 28 paragraph 1 mentions that the paradigm in waste management.
communities can participate in waste Along with the continuously
management held by the government increasing population, the waste
and/or regional government. The role production also increases each day. The
of communities has become an essential Ministry of Environment and Forestry
element to assist the government in waste has reported that the national waste
management. It is impossible that the volume has reached 175,000 tons per

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 451

day or 64 million tons per year. This from the increasing community
figure was obtained with the assumption awareness not to depend on the role
that each person has produced 0.7 kg of government in waste management.
waste per day (Bisnis Indonesia, 2019). The research conducted by Setiadi
Although the waste volume in Indonesia (2015) in Yogyakarta reported that the
is not as much as that in Singapore community-based waste management
(3.72 kg per capita per day) and the in the city showed high community
global average (0.74 kg per capita per awareness to the waste problems and
day), waste management should be they were able to gather collective
well improved to anticipate from the actions for the mutual purposes.
environmental crisis and various diseases However, the studies discussing the
(liputan6, 2020). community-based waste management
In the environmental law perspective, in rural areas have not obtained
the quality of environment, natural serious attentions. In fact, the spirit of
resource and ecological sustainability togetherness of the village communities
should be well managed by the state is much stronger than that of the city
in controlling the interaction between residents. Thus, this study aims at
humans and their environments which analyzing the community-based waste
have the potential to result in the negative management in implementing the role
impact on the environment. However, of village communities as regulated in
in reality, the environmental regulations Law No. 8/2008 on Waste Management.
implemented by the government
institutions were not able to completely 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
answer the environmental problems.
The national organization of
The alternative was that the strengths
natural resource management has just
of communities or non-government
been made in the recent decades. In the
institutions come to answer the
natural resource utilization, the related
inefficiency of the traditional regulations
components are not only the natural
of law, such as the ineffectiveness of
ones but others, such as production
hierarchical government controls, rigid
factors covering capital, workforce,
environmental rules, and legal sanction
and management strategies, including
implementation (Holley & Lawson,
processing, market and transportation
2015).
availability. The environmental
In its development, the community-
pollutions or damages recently happen
based waste management practices
everywhere with a relatively fast speed.
in Indonesia cannot be separated
The environmental problems have

452 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
recently become the major attention of Year 2009 stating that the environmental
various parties since environment is the protection and management are a
source of humans’ needs to continue systematic and integrated effort to
their lives. If this continuously happens, preserve the environmental functions
the quality of environment will and to prevent from environmental
continuously decrease (Ariman, 2010). pollutions and/or damages covering
In the international society, the planning, utilization, control,
prevention against the environmental maintenance, supervision and law
decrease has been implemented in the enforcement.
1992 Rio declaration to implement According to Siti Sundari Rangkuti
sustainable developments. This principle quoted from Yuliandri (2010), law is the
may only improve the economic underlying base to implement all policies
development without causing the issued by the government known as
environmental damages or pollutions ”Legal Policy” implemented in law to
(Soemarwoto, 2009). As mentioned become the social engineering vehicle
in the provisions of Article 1 Number containing wisdom to be achieved by
(32) of Law No. 32 Year 2009 on the government directing the society to
Environmental Protection and accept the new values (Yuliandri, 2010).
Management as follows: Each person is One of government’s efforts to realize the
an individual or either corporated and good environmental management is by
incorporated business entity. For mineral enforcing law through supervision and
or mining businesses, the government implementation as well as the imposition
can implement it by themselves, and/ of sanctions both administrative, civil,
or appoints contractors, if needed, to and criminal sanctions to an individual
implement the jobs which have not or entity breaking the provisions of
or never been implemented by the environmental law.
government institutions themselves. The Indonesian government has
Environment is a unity of room issued the regulations of law, namely Law
with all things, powers, conditions, No. 32 Year 2009 on Environmental
and living things, including humans Protection and Management (known
and their attitudes which influence the as UUPPLH) and the implemented
nature itself, life sustainability, and the the sustainable development where
prosperity of humans and other living in its consideration mentioning that
creatures (Siahaan, 2008). the environmental management
Based on the provisions contained should be held based on the principles
in Article 1 Number (2) of Law No. 32 of government responsibility,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 453

sustainability, and benefits aiming at be no longer taken as the residue, yet
realizing the sustainable development can be processed into more beneficial
with the environmental insights for the products and have the economic values.
sake of the development of all Indonesia The community-based waste
communities who are faithful and pious management is one waste management
to the Almighty God (Manan, 2009). approach based on the communities’
In the context of waste problems, Law needs and demands, planned,
No.18 Year 2008 on Waste Management implemented (if possible), controlled
is intended to support the waste and evaluated together with the society.
management using the comprehensive It can be said based on communities
approach through the cooperation if: (i) the decision is entirely made by
between community, government, and the communities; (ii) the operational
other stakeholders. The purpose is to responsibility and maintenance are
enable the society obtain the benefits based on the communities’ agreements.
on health, economy, well maintained When simplified, the community-
environment and community based waste management is a system of
behavioral changes to be more aware of waste management which is planned,
the environmental problems. arranged, operated, managed and owned
One new paradigm in waste by the community. Thus, the main role
management is the community-based in waste management is the community.
waste management. According to Asteria The government and other institutions
and Haruman (2016), the community- are as the motivators and facilitators
based waste management emphasizes on (Wahyono, 2013).
the active participation of communities
as the important actors in waste 3 METHOD
management actions. The communities,
This research used two approaches:
in this case, have the role in providing
legal and qualitative approach. First,
education to the members related to the
the legal approach used was the statute
development of new waste management
approach and conceptual approach.
strategies, such as selecting, sorting, and
Second, qualitative research approach
appreciating the waste. Through the
was used to reveal the social-cultural
community-based waste management,
meanings and experiences of the
the people’s capability in recycling the
research subjects on community-based
waste to become more creative products
household waste management.
has also developed (Firmansyah et al.,
The research location in Kutasari
2016). Thus, the waste in the future will
Village, Baturraden District, Banyumas

454 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Regency. The research location was regulated in Article 31 paragraph 2 in the
purposively selected by considering that form: a. giving opinions, consideration,
Kutasari Village has been developing and/or recommendation to the regional
the community-based household waste government in waste management
management pattern. The informants activities; b. Giving recommendations
were purposively selected from the and opinions in the formulation of
village government elements and waste household and other household-
management communities. In depth like waste management policies
interview was conducted to answer the and strategies; c. Implementation
questions related to (i) how the regution of household and other household-
on waste management encourages the like waste management activities
communities’ active participations in independently or in partnership
waste management and (ii) how the performed with the Regional
community-based household waste Government; and/or d. the provision of
management was practiced. The data education and training, campaign, and
were then analyzed using an interactive mentoring provided by the community
model, that is, the data analysis process groups to the community members
starting from data collection, data in waste management to change the
reduction, data condensation and community members’ behaviors.
drawing conclusion. The data were To operate the regional regulations,
analyzed in each step that the obtained the Banyumas Regent has issued the
data were adequately feasible to draw Regent Regulation No. 54 Year 2018
the research conclusion. on General Guidance of the Duty
Assistance in Household and other
4 RESULT AND Household-like Waste Management to
DISCUSSION the villages in the areas of Banyumas
regency. In this Regent Regulation,
4.1 Environmental Law Analysis
the Village government based on the
To overcome the more complex administrative regional authorities is
waste problems, Banyumas Regency given the duties to:
government has arranged the Regional a. implement the household waste
Regulation No. 6 Year 2012 on Waste and other household-like waste
Management. The Article 31 paragraph reduction and management;
1 mentions that the communities have b. create the independent community
the role in waste management held by the groups;
regional government. The community c. determine the TPS3R locations;
participation in waste management is

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 455

d. coordinate with the Waste (known as RT/Rukun Tetangga, Waste
Management Working Unit in the Management coordinated by the
Regional areas; Independent Community Groups
e. allocate funds in APBDes [Village (known as KMS/kelompok swadaya),
Income and Expenditure Budget]. and “Inyong” Waste Bank (known as
The implementation of Regency BSI/Bank Sampah Inyong). Those three
Government Policies on Waste has waste management models are one of
been translated by the Kutasari Village success indicators to the regulations
Government in the form of Village related to the waste management. Thus,
Regulation. The policy made is the the waste management regulations have
Village Regulation No. 4 Year 2016 on encouraged the village government
Environmental Cleanliness. In general, and communities to develop the waste
the village government policy regulating management practices involving the
the Household Waste Management community participations.
covers two important things: Normative juridical analysis found
1. Coordination mechanism that regulation in the context of research
between stakeholders with Waste has encouraged the enforcement of
Management; environmental laws at the community
2. Stakeholders’ Rights and obligations level. These findings support the study
including the Rights and Obligations conducted by Candrakirana (2015)
of Village Government and Village which also highlights the important role
Government’s Commitment related of laws in encouraging the government
to the waste management policies to institutionalize good environmental
in the village. governance and environmental
However, those village government awareness at the community level.
policies have not completely regulated
each waste-related activity in Kutasari 4.2 Community-Based Waste
Village. The Kutasari Village government Management Practices
has given rooms for the village One community-based waste
communities to perform the household management model found in Kutasari
waste management practices. This is Village was Inyong Waste Bank (known
positively responded by some Kutasari as BSI/Bank Sampah Inyong). Although
village residents by making the household there were other household waste
waste management models into three management patterns, such as Waste
forms: Waste Management coordinated Management coordinated by the
by the Neighborhood Association Neighborhood Association (known as

456 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
RT/Rukun Tetangga) and Independent selected in the final waste disposal sites.
Community Groups (known as KMS/ The communities in cooperation with
kelompok swadaya), the methods of the Independent Community Groups
selecting, sorting, appreciating to the (known as KMS/kelompok swadaya) are
waste tend to be more practiced by the not required to select and sort the waste.
Inyong Waste Bank. Thus, the waste management practiced
The waste management in Kutasari by the Independent Community Groups
Village has uniquely developed. The (known as KMS/kelompok swadaya) has
awareness on waste management has been not reflected the community-based
related to the economic values. Waste waste management model as expected.
management practices coordinated by Dissimilar with the waste
the Neighborhood Association (known management model coordinated
as RT/Rukun Warga) have seen the waste by the Neighborhood Association
as products which have the economic (known as RT/Rukun Tetangga) and
values. Waste management in the level the Independent Community Groups
of Neighborhood Association (known as (known as KMS/kelompok swadaya),
RT/Rukun Warga) has utilized the waste the “Inyong” Waste Bank (known
taking services in the household level as BSI/Bank Sampah Inyong) has
to obtain incomes, such as retribution. provided education related to waste
The communities are provided with management to its customers. The
various benefits due to the availability surrounding residents who have become
of waste taking services although they the customers of “Inyong” Waste Bank
have to pay those services. Meanwhile, (known as BSI/Bank Sampah Inyong)
for the waste managers, they have also have been trained to select and sort the
earned their incomes from the waste waste since produced in the household
selling results. However, waste selecting level. At the beginning, it was not easy
and sorting practices have not been well to give the waste management education
implemented in the waste management to the surrounding residents. However,
model made by the Neighborhood the community awareness was the
Association (known as RT/Rukun created after some educational processes
Tetangga). and active participations of the waste
Similarly, waste management managers (BSI/Bank Sampah Inyong) in
coordinated by the Independent educating the surrounding residents as
Community Groups (known as KMS/ their customers.
kelompok swadaya), the already-taken The “Inyong” Waste Bank (known
waste from the surrounding residents was as BSI/Bank Sampah Inyong) was formed

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 457

and coordinated with the motivation sites at the hamlet level in response to the
to overcome the environmental implementation of the waste-selection
inconveniences due to the unmanaged based regional government policies,
accumulated-produced waste. To draw the “Inyong” Waste Bank’s (known
people’s attention to participate in and as BSI/Bank Sampah Inyong) services
become the costumers of the “Inyong” were developed to the hamlet level.
Waste Bank (known as BSI/Bank These services were given to improve
Sampah Inyong), the managers provide the community awareness on waste.
incentives in the form of waste saving With more extensive service areas, the
program and exchange their waste “Inyong” Waste Bank (known as BSI/
with their daily basic needs (known as Bank Sampah Inyong) has become one
sembako). This program encourages the community-based waste management
surrounding residents to sort their waste model in the village areas of Banyumas
based on organic and non-organic waste. Regency.
The Organic waste has been processed The findings of this study corroborate
into compost. Special for the non- previous studies which reported that
organic waste, The “Inyong” Waste Bank waste banks are a more effective model
(known as BSI/Bank Sampah Inyong) of waste management in encouraging
has highly appreciated the waste saving wider community participation (Asteria,
received from the surrounding residents. & Heruman, 2016; Setiadi, 2015).
Although the economic values of the Waste banks do not only provide added
non-organic waste are not high, this value economically, but also educate
strategy is relatively effective to motivate the public to care about protecting the
the surrounding residents not to easily surrounding environment.
throw their waste away. The perception
mentioning that waste still has its price 5 CONCLUSION
is once formed and implanted in the
This study has eventually drawn the
costumers’ mind; the household waste
following conclusions:
production can be then well managed.
1. From the environmental law
At the beginning, the “Inyong”
perspective, the community-
Waste Bank’s (known as BSI/Bank
based waste management has been
Sampah Inyong) service range was
strengthened with the regulation
only provided for the Residents of
in the central, regency, and village
Neighborhood Association (known as
government levels. The regulation
RT/Rukun Teteangga). However, due to
on waste management regulates the
the discontinuation of waste disposal
interaction between communities

458 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 with their environments without Asteria, D., & Heruman, H. (2016).
resulting in the negative impacts of Bank Sampah sebagai alternatif
waste to the environmental health strategi pengelolaan sampah
and convenience. The research berbasis masyarakat di Tasikmalaya
results show that the regulation on (Bank Sampah (Waste Banks) as an
waste management has encouraged Alternative of Community-Based
the waste management practices in Waste Management Strategy in
the community levels. Tasikmalaya).  Jurnal Manusia
2. This qualitative research indicated dan Lingkungan, 23(1), 136-141.
that public participation in waste doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/
management was found in the jml.18783*/ doi:https://doi.
waste bank model in which the org/10.22146/jml.18783
communities were educated to Bisnis Indonesia. (2019). Timbulan
select, sort, and appreciate the sampah nasional capai 64 juta
waste. The waste bank model has ton per tahun. Retrieved from
also provided positive impacts https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/
on the environmental health and r e a d / 2 0 1 9 0 2 2 1 / 9 9 / 8 9 1 6 11 /
convenience including the increase timbulan-sampah-nasional-capai-
of community income earned from 64-juta-ton-per-tahun
their waste saving results. Thus, Candrakirana, R. (2015) Penegakan
the waste bank model is one ideal hukum lingkungan dalam
model to improve the community- bidang pengelolaan sampah
based waste management practices. sebagai perwujudan prinsip good
environmental governance di Kota
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Surakarta. Yustisia. Vol. 4 No. 3 ,
581-601.
The authors thanks to Universitas
Firmansyah, A., W.N.A., &
Jenderal Soedirman that facilitated this
Mubarokah, U. (2016). Inovasi
research funding.
pengelolaan sampah berbasis
masyarakat (Innovation of
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ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 459

 and Collaborative Governance: Siahaan,  N.H.T. (2008). Hukum
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kapita di dunia. Retrieved from undangan Yang Baik, PT. Raja
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global/read/4278074/bloomberg- Wahyono,S. (2013). Jurnal Teknologi
singapura-penghasil-sampah- Lingkungan, Vol. 13, No. 1.
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Manan,  A. (2009). Aspek-Aspek
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27-38.

460 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 From National Resilience to Regional Resilience
the Acquisition of Regional normative Power in
Indonesia

Pu Pengfei
School of International Studies/Academy of Overseas Chinese Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou,
China
[email protected]

Abstract
Regional normative power refers to the ability to shape normative concepts in the
regional world. By proposing national resilience and raising it to regional resilience
so as to become the basis of regional security regulations, Indonesia has gained
regional normative power. Specifically, Indonesia puts forward the idea of national
resilience based on its own practical experience and according to the international and
domestic environment it faces, that is, it has carried out normative construction. On
this basis, a normative advocacy was carried out, actively raising national resilience
to regional resilience. This proposition has been actively responded to by regional
countries, and the idea of regional resilience has become the basis of ASEAN regional
security norms. At the same time, this idea of resilience is also facing the competition
of similar norms proposed by the inner country Malaysia and the extraterritorial
country the Soviet Union, but in the end, the regional resilience showed unique
advantages, and Indonesia gained regional normative power. It is worth noting that
at the regional level, regional countries need to focus on the normative competition
of countries in the region to obtain regional normative power.
Keywords: National Resilience; Regional Resilience; Normative Power; Indonesi

1 INTRODUCTION Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong said in

This article takes the ASEAN his evaluation of Kishore Mahbubani
regional security norms based on and Jeffery Sng’s new book “ASEAN
the idea of resilience as an example Miracle” that “ASEAN has successfully
to discuss the process of Indonesia’s maintained peace and security in
acquisition of regional normative Southeast Asia for 50 years.1 Indeed,
power. In 2017, Singapore’s former 1 “How do they rate this book”, in Kishore
Mahbubani and Jeffery Sng, ASEAN Miracle,
translated by Zhai Kun, Wang Lina, etc., Beijing:
Peking University Press, 2017, p. 2.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 461

as a regional organization, ASEAN has pioneered the concept of “normative
played an important role in promoting power” in his studies of the European
regional peace and stability. However, Union, which he defined as shaping the
this is inseparable from the efforts of “normative” in international relations
the ASEAN member states. It is the Normal Conceptual ability. On the
ASEAN member states’ construction basis of criticizing Hedley Bull for
and compliance with ASEAN regional calling the EU a “military force”, he
norms that enable ASEAN to play believes that the EU should be called a
such a big role. Among them, the “normative power”. After discussing the
performance of Indonesia (hereinafter basis of EU norms and the proliferation
referred to as “Indonesia”), a major of EU norms, he introduced the case of
country in the region, has attracted “the pursuit of abolition of the death
more attention. As a regional power, penalty” to verify this.2 That is to say,
Indonesia has significant advantages in he believes that an actor has norms
population, territory, economy, military, Sexual power needs to carry out two
etc. compared with other countries in stages of self-regulation construction
Southeast Asia. In the early days of the and specification dissemination.
Cold War, Indonesia had been seeking Emilian Kavalski further
regional hegemony. However, Indonesia supplements this concept, he believes
gradually abandoned this practice. A that normative power refers to those who
more modest way is adopted to realize its are so recognized by others. Based on the
own power position in Southeast Asia by comparison between normative Europe
playing a leading role in regional norms. and normative China, he believes that
This article refers to this process as the the definition of “normative” is not only
process of obtaining normative power. defined by normative forces, but also
So, how did Indonesia obtain such emerges in the context of its interaction
normative power? Why can Indonesia with others. 3For an international actor
obtain normative power? This article who wants to become a normative
attempts to answer these questions by power, it is not enough to rely solely
taking the ideology of “resilience” that on self-representation and claims. The
forms the basis of ASEAN regional reaction of external actors must also be
security norms as a case. considered.
2 Ian Manners, “Normative Power Europe: A
2 LITERATURE REVIEW Contradiction in Terms?”, Journal of Common
Market Studies, Vol.40, No.2 (2002), pp.235-
258.
The research on “normative power” 3 Emilian Kavalski, “The struggle for recognition
mainly focuses on the study of the of normative powers: Normative power Europe
and normative power China in context”,
European Union. In 2002, Ian Manners Cooperation and Conflict, Vol.48, No.2(June
2013), pp.247-267.

462 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Some scholars have also discussed Yan Xiaoxiao8 and others. These studies
the limitations of EU normative powers. are mainly the introduction and critical
Sibylle Scheipers and Daniela Sicurel reflection of the concept of “normative
pointed out that in the use of material power Europe”. Zeng Xianghong
resources, the EU does not publicly discussed the dilemma encountered by
recognize the use of compensation the European Union as a normative
measures, but uses conditional measures force in implementing its norms in
to decentralize Its norms indicate that Central Asia. He summarized it as the
there may be conflicts between how dilemma of normative performance,
the EU represents itself and what the normative competition and normative
EU does, and this will affect the EU’s resonance.9 In fact, on the basis of
international image.4 After Manus In his Manners and Kawarsky, he further
article, he also reflects on the factors that refined the “reaction of the ‘other’” as
weaken normative powers. He believes a way of evaluating normative power.
that if the EU’s militarization process is That is to say, this “other” includes not
characterized by critical reflection rather only the norm acceptor, but also the
than the pursuit of “big powers”, it will norm competitor.
not necessarily lead to the weakening of Except for “European normative
EU normative powers, but after 9/11, power”, this concept is still a relatively
the process of militarization beyond little research topic in international
the “European Security Strategy” has relations. Rok Zupancic and Miha
weakened the EU’s normative claims.5 Hribernik discuss how Japan strives
Chinese scholars have also discussed to strengthen its norms in ways that
the “normative power Europe”, and the do not directly challenge the strategic
more representative ones are the studies interests of other influential players in
conducted by Song Lilei,6 Zhang Ming,7 the international community Power.
They believe that Japan has made Japan
4 Sibylle Scheipers and Daniela Sicurell, a good international force through
“Empowering Africa: normative power in EU-
Africa relations”, Journal of European Public
investment in three areas: peacebuilding,
Policy, Vol.15,No.4(June 2008), pp.607-623. human security, and regional
5 Ian Manners, “Normative power Europe
reconsidered: beyond the crossroads1”,
Journal of European Public Policy, Vol.13, 8 Yan Xiaoxiao, “Rethinking ‘Normative Power
No.2(March 2006), pp.182-199. Europe’: Theory and Practice”, PhD thesis,
6 Song Lilei, “Research on the Characteristics of School of History, Nanjing University, 2016.
the European Union: The EU as a Normative 9 Zeng Xianghong, “The ‘Regulatory Forces’
Power”, International Forum, Issue 2, 2008. Encountered the ‘New Great Game’: The EU’s
7 Zhang Ming, “ Normative Power Europe: Triple Dilemma in Promoting Democracy in
Theory, Reality or ‘Otopia’?”, European Studies, Central Asia”, European Studies, Issue 2, 2020.
No. 5, 2008.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 463

initiatives.10 Pu Xiaoyu decomposes international level of normative power,
socialization into two processes in but lack the discussion at the regional
response to the normative hegemony level. As a regional power, Indonesia has
of Western countries, focusing on how made more efforts in regional norm,
emerging powers shape the evolution of and thus obtained regional normative
international rules.11 power. The academic community still
Chinese scholar Li Jing discussed lacks the discussion of the regional level
from the perspective of normative of normative power. Therefore, this
power that China has gained normative article intends to adopt the “The process
power in global economic governance of expanding ‘national resilience’ to
by promoting its norms in participating ‘regional resilience’ and then becoming
in the G20 economic governance the basis of ASEAN regional security
process. Specifically, she mainly focuses norms explores how Indonesia has
on the normative construction of obtained regional normative power.
international actors, The diplomatic
ability of spreading norms and the 3 THE CONNOTATION OF
external perception of normative power REGIONAL NORMATIVE
are analyzed in three aspects.12 POWER
In short, as a new concept describing
European identity, “normative power” As mentioned earlier, Ian Manners
is of great help to our understanding defines normative power as the ability
of the power role of international to shape the concept of “normal” in
political actors. Related scholars have international relations.13 It mainly
successively elucidated this concept, but includes three steps, principles, Action
the potential of this concept still needs and influence. First of all, among the
Excavation, for example, the scholars principles advocated, Manners believes
mentioned above mainly focus on the that normative power should first be
regarded as legal. If the normative
10 Zupancic Rok and Hribernik Miha, “Normative reasons are to be persuasive or attractive,
power Japan: the European Union’s ideational
successor or another ‘contradiction in terms’?” then the principles to be promoted must
Romanian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 13, be regarded as legitimate and promoted
No.2 (Winter 2013), pp.106-136.
11 Pu Xiaoyu, “Socialisation as a Two-way in a consistent manner. Second,
Process: Emerging Powers and the Diffusion of in actions taken to promote such
International Norms”, The Chinese Journal of
International Politics, Vol.5, 2012, pp.341-367. principles, normative powers should
12 Li Jing, “Research on China’s Participation in
G20 Global Economic Governance: Based on 13 Ian Manners, “Normative Power Europe: A
the Perspective of Normative Power”, Journal Contradiction in Terms?”, Journal of Common
of Changzhou University (Social Science Market Studies, Vol.40, No.2(2002), pp.235-
Edition), Issue 1, 2017. 258.

464 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
be considered persuasive. Promoting and advocacy of norms, but also
principled persuasion in world politics the reaction of normative diffusion
involves constructive participation, targets and the game with normative
institutionalization of relationships, and competitors.
encouragement of multilateral dialogue
among participants. Finally, in terms 4 INDONESIA PUTS
of influence, normative power mainly FORWARD AND
involves sociality, partnership and THE CONCEPT OF
ownership.14
“RESILIENCE”
In fact, Manners mainly focused on
the initiative of actors. Later, Kawarsky Resilience is the core of security
noticed the important role of external norms in the ASEAN region, and
actors, and he defined normative power security is the primary goal pursued
as those who are so recognized by by the country. Therefore, the safety
others. In other words, it is not only specification is the most representative
about the efforts of actors to become of the specifications. Through the
normative powers, but also the approval investigation of the proliferation process
of others.15 Zeng Xianghong went of resilience security norms, it can
further Distinguishing the other, he effectively reflect how Indonesia obtains
believes that the other not only includes normative power.
normative proliferation targets, but also
normative competitors.16 4.1 The concept of resilience
Based on the above scholars’ In the late 1960s, Indonesian
definitions of normative power, this national leaders put forward the concept
article believes that regional normative of “national resilience”. Regarding the
power is the ability to define normative proposal of this concept, some scholars
concepts in the regional world. It believe that it was mainly determined
includes not only the self-construction by the understanding of the leaders
at that time. Because Indonesia faced
14 Ian Manners, “The Concept of Normative
Power in World Politics,” http://www.files. various security issues at the beginning
ethz.ch/isn/100191/B09_maj__Concept_ of its establishment, but the Indonesian
Normative_Power_World_Politics.pdf.
15 Emilian Kavalski, “The struggle for recognition leaders at that time did not propose
of normative powers: Normative power Europe a comprehensive security strategy.
and normative power China in context”,
Cooperation and Conflict, Vol.48, No.2(June Therefore, a country’s security interests
2013), pp.247-267. are not established, but depend on the
16 Zeng Xianghong, “The ‘Regulatory Forces’
Encountered the ‘New Great Game’: The EU’s
Triple Dilemma in Promoting Democracy in
Central Asia”, European Studies, Issue 2, 2020.

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leaders’ views on national security.17 term difficulties of post-independence
However, I believe that changes in country construction; the fragility
the national security environment of Indonesia’s country shaped by
will strongly affect the changes that factors such as ethnicity, culture, and
leaders understand. Therefore, I still geography; Indonesia’s weak military
intend to briefly analyze the changes power makes it difficult to rely on
in the international and domestic its own strength to ensure National
environments faced by Indonesia when security; domestic opposition under
the concept of “resilience” was proposed. the military and authoritarian system;
During the Sukarno administration, possible external interference caused by
Indonesia pursued more radical policies. domestic politics and ethnic conflicts
For example, around the integration of are the main national security threats
East Malaysia into Malaysia, Indonesia facing Indonesia.18
adopted a policy of “confrontation” Judging from the background that it
that has lasted for several years against puts forward, “national resilience” is more
Malaysia. This policy has severely in response to domestic problems, so it
damaged the relations between is introverted. Its specific connotations
Indonesia and Malaysia, other countries are detailed in the “National Resilience”
in Southeast Asia, and even Western published by the Indonesian National
countries, which in turn makes Indonesia Defense Research Institute. The main
often face an insecure international connotation of national resilience
environment and cannot concentrate refers to a state of national functioning,
on nation-building. Therefore, after through its resilience to strengthen the
Suharto took office, he planned to country’s power to deal with challenges
change the deteriorating international from home and abroad; Contains the
environment facing Indonesia. organization and implementation of
In addition, Indonesia is also facing the general balance of national welfare
many security threats. First of all, for and security in the life of the country;
the Suharto regime, its primary task is it is introverted, or toward the country
how to consolidate the regime it has itself, the goal is to forge its own
obtained after the coup. Secondly, in
18 Muthiah Alagappa, Comprehensive Security:
terms of national security, the long- Interpretations in ASEAN Countries, in Robert
term nature of Indonesia’s anti-colonial A. Scalapino et al. Eds., Asian Security Issues:
Regional and Global, Berkeley: University of
struggle has brought about the long- California Press, 1988, p. 58, quoted from
Li Feng, “The EU’s ‘Resilience’ and ASEAN’s
17 Wang Zichang and Guo Youxin, National ‘Resilience’-A Comparative Study of Regional
Interest or Regional Interest: The Political Core Concepts”, European Studies, Issue 4,
Economy of ASEAN Cooperation, Beijing: World 2018.
Knowledge Press, 2005, p. 81.

466 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
national identity and national character conflicts involved in the Cold War. 21 In
through national self-reliance; it does other words, it mainly enhances national
not approve of power Politics or power security by enhancing national strength
confrontation, but use other resources internally and avoiding involvement in
of the country, such as moral power. conflict and confrontation externally.
Avoid confrontation and confrontation
in exchanges between countries.19 4.2 Indonesia advocated “regional
When Suharto visited Malaysia in resilience” at the regional
1970, he also elaborated on the specific level
connotation of “national resilience”. From the perspective of national
“National resilience includes ideological resilience, Indonesia wants to establish
resilience based on the country’s self- a sense of security at the regional level.
identity fully supported and able to According to Indonesia, “the stability
satisfy the country’s own basic-economic of ASEAN countries is a necessary
resilience that can meet the country’s prerequisite for regional security and
own basic needs, social resilience that cooperation”.22 Therefore, it actually
ensures unity and harmony among its presupposes the potential of spreading
people, and a suitable military resilience resilience to the regional level. As
in the face of external aggression.”20 Michael Leifer pointed out, Suharto
Therefore, on the whole, national presupposes that national resilience will
resilience is an introverted, nationalistic, be more widely recognized and applied
and overall security concept. It mainly among Southeast Asian countries, and
promotes national resilience through will form a path for regional or ASEAN
measures such as developing the resilience in regional cooperation. 23
national economy, maintaining military In 1972, the Indonesian Foreign
self-reliance, and avoiding ideological Minister formally proposed “Regional
Resilience” at the ASEAN Foreign
19 See Dewi Fortuna Anwar, National versus
Regional Resilience? An Indonesian Perspective, Ministers’ Annual Meeting held in
in Derek da Cunha (ed.), Southeast Asian
21 See Shee Poon-Kim, “A Decade of ASEAN,
Perspectives on Security, Singapore: Institute
1967-1977” Asian Survey, Vol. 17, No. 8, 1977,
of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000, p.83, quoted
p. 756.
from Wang Zichang and Guo Youxin, National
22 Amita Acharya, Building a Security Community:
Interest or Regional Interest: The Political
ASEAN and Regional Order, translated by Wang
Economy of ASEAN Cooperation, Beijing: World
Zhengyi and Feng Huaixin, Shanghai: Shanghai
Knowledge Press, 2005, pp. 82-83.
People’s Publishing House, 2004, p. 81.
20 Speech at an Official Functional in Kuala
23 Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of
Lumpur, 18 March 1970, International Bulletin,
South-East Asia, London and New York:
Indonesian Embassy, Singapore, No. 008/pen/
Routledge, 1989, p.4, quoted from Li Feng,
ind70, quoted from Zheng Xianwu, Security,
“The EU’s Resilience and ASEAN’s Resilience-A
Cooperation and Community, Nanjing: Nanjing
Comparative Study of Regional Core Concepts”,
University Press, 2009, p.285.
European Studies, Issue 4, 2018.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 467

Singapore. He noted that regional It can be seen from the above that
resilience can “enhance the capacity and Indonesia has put forward the concept of
wisdom of its member States and their “National Resilience” with Indonesian
nationals in every aspect of national or regional characteristics based on the
efforts to withstand and overcome international and domestic environment
external interference of various kinds it faces and the understanding of leaders.
and adverse effects on their healthy and Because of its introversion and non-
harmonious development”.24 Suharto confrontation at the external level, this
believes that “if each member state thought presupposes the potential to be
develops its own national resilience, promoted to the regional level. In the
a regional resilience may gradually follow-up practice, Indonesian leaders
emerge. In this way, all member states also actively advocated this thought
have the ability to collectively solve their through regional platforms.
common problems and work together
for their Responsible for the future and 5 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
welfare.” 25Indonesian scholar Jusuf INDONESIA’S RESILIENCE
Wanandi also expressed a similar view, THOUGHT
“If each member country can achieve
the overall development of the country After Indonesia put forward
and overcome internal threats, regional the idea of resilience, it received a
revival will automatically occur in the positive response from Southeast Asian
same way, just like The overall strength countries and became the core principle
of a chain comes from the same strength of ASEAN’s security norms. Moreover,
as its components.” 26 in comparison with other countries’
24 Dewi Fortuna Anwar, National versus Regional security visions in Southeast Asia, the
Resilience? An Indonesian Perspective, in Derek
da Cunha (ed.), Southeast Asian Perspectives
influence of the resilience ideas proposed
on Security, Singapore: Institute of Southeast by Indonesia is more prominent.
Asian Studies, 2000, p.88, quoted from Wang
Zichang and Guo Youxin, National Interest or
Regional Interest: The Political Economy of 5.1 “Resilience” has become the
ASEAN Cooperation, p. 84. basis of ASEAN security norms
25 Cited in Regionalism in Southeast Asia, Jakarta:
CSIS, 1975, pp. 2-8, quoted from Zheng After the idea of ”​​ resistance” was put
Xianwu, Security, Cooperation and Community, forward, it received positive responses
p. 285.
26 Jusuf Wanandi, “Security Issues in the ASEAN from other countries in Southeast Asia.
Region”, in Kad D. Jackson and M. Hadi
Soesastro(eds), ASEAN Security and Economic p. 305, quoted from Amita Acharya, Building
Development, Research Papers and Policy a Security Community: ASEAN and Regional
Studies, No. 11(Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Order, translated by Wang Zhengyi and
Asia Studies, University of California, 1984), Feng Huaixin, Shanghai: Shanghai People’s
Publishing House, 2004 , Page 81.

468 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
They affirmed the value of the ideology Lee Kuan Yew proposed to integrate
of ​​resilience and further enriched this regional resilience into the construction
idea based on their own experience and of a “Zone of Peace, Freedom and
demands. Neutrality”.
Malaysia is the most powerful Southeast Asian countries not only
country in Southeast Asia that can verbally expressed their willingness to
compete with Indonesia. However, accept “resilience”, but also included
Malaysia has expressed support for this it in a series of agreements signed by
idea, but believes that a commitment ASEAN, thus becoming the core of
to regional cohesion should be added. ASEAN’s security mechanisms and
Former Malaysian Foreign Minister norms. In February 1976, at the first
Shafie believes that regional resilience is ASEAN summit, national resilience
“a capability of every member country and regional resilience were written into
in a region, and this capability can all be the “Treaty of Amity and Cooperation
used to advance their foreign policy’s first in Southeast Asia” and the “The
priority: their organic interconnection Declaration of ASEAN Concord”
and interdependence.” . 27Thailand’s respectively. In fact, national resilience
Special Representative-Thanon Koman and regional resilience are both
believes that regional resilience is “a inward-looking concepts, emphasizing
functional condition of a group of the promotion of security through
countries in a region, which includes autonomy rather than through military
resilience, strength, and endurance. alliances or relying on the umbrella of
This situation can enable each country major powers. At the same time, the
to develop its national resilience in the Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore all
spirit of regional unity, cooperation and have military agreements with foreign
loyalty, and enable each country to deal powers. Therefore, the integration of
with internal and external threats and this idea of ​​resilience shows Indonesia’s
challenges, both direct and indirect.”28 shaping power at the regional normative
27 Dewi Fortuna Anwar, “National versus
Regional Resilience? An Indonesian
level. Since then, these two concepts
Perspective”, in Derek da Cunha (ed.), have continued to be written into other
Southeast Asian Perspectives on Security,
agreements, such as the “Declaration of
Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
2000, p.88. Quoted from Wang Zichang Guo ASEAN Concord II ” in 2003 and the
Youxin, National Interest or Regional Interest: “ASEAN-Political Security Community
The Political Economy of ASEAN Cooperation,
p. 84. Blueprint” in 2009. Through this series
28 Dewi Fortuna Anwar, “National versus Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
Regional Resilience? An Indonesian 2000, p.89. Quoted from Wang Zichang Guo
Perspective”, in Derek da Cunha (ed.), Youxin, National Interest or Regional Interest:
Southeast Asian Perspectives on Security, The Political Economy of ASEAN Cooperation,
p. 85.

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of institutionalization processes, ASEAN manifestation of its resilience thinking,
security norms based on national because resilience refers to issues that
resilience and regional resilience have threaten domestic security.
gradually formed. In addition, in the 5.2 Resilience stands out in norm
development and evolution of ASEAN’s competition
security concept, that is, comprehensive
security-cooperative security-security 5.2.1 The “Zone of Peace, Freedom
community, resilience is also its basic and Neutrality” (abbreviated as
core. ZOPFAN) proposed by Malaysia,
The support of countries in a country in the region.
Southeast Asia for this idea is also In 1968, Malaysian Member
reflected in specific practices. For of Parliament Ismail proposed the
example, when East Timor declared “Peace, Freedom and Neutral Zone”
independence in 1975, it was strongly concept (hereinafter referred to as the
opposed by Indonesia. It believed that “Neutral Zone” ) to deal with security
East Timor’s independence meant challenges at home and abroad. In
social chaos, foreign subversion and a April 1970, Malaysia’s diplomatic
policy of confrontation with Indonesia. representative Goshali Shafi announced
Therefore, under the pretext of “restoring at the preparatory meeting of the Non-
law and stability”, Indonesia sent troops Aligned Conference that neutralization
to invade and occupy East Timor. The would become Malaysia’s official policy.
international community strongly He pointed out, “Under the premise of
condemned Indonesia’s behavior, but the observing the principles of national self-
ASEAN countries collectively remained determination and non-interference in
silent and believed that the East Timor other countries’ internal affairs, Malaysia
incident was Indonesia’s internal affair. hopes that non-aligned countries will
When Singapore abstained in the UN not only recognize the neutrality of
resolution for fear of becoming the Indochina, but also the neutralization
second East Timor, it was opposed by of the entire Southeast Asian region.
Indonesia, which eventually forced This neutralization is protected by the
Singapore to change its position. three major powers of China, the Soviet
29
This behavior of ASEAN countries is Union and the United States to prevent
not only a manifestation of ASEAN’s any external interference, threats or
principle of non-interference, but also a pressure.”30 In other words, the “Neutral
30 Foreign Affairs Malaysia, Vol.3, No.1 (June
29 See Wang Zichang and Guo Youxin, National
Interest or Regional Interest: The Political
Economy of ASEAN Cooperation, pp. 102-103.

470 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
Zone” concept mainly includes two Indonesia’s objections were adopted,
aspects, one is the guarantee of the which means that even the idea proposed
big powers, and the other is to avoid by Malaysia clearly reflects Indonesia’s
external interference. The ideology of position. It can be seen that Indonesia
this “neutral zone” has sparked fierce has played a greater role in the design
controversy in Southeast Asian countries. of the ASEAN regional security system.
Thailand doubts whether China can 5.2.2 The “Asian collective security”
act as a guarantor of the neutral zone. initiative proposed by the Soviet
Indonesia is angry at Malaysia’s proposal Union, a country outside the
of a neutral zone without consulting region
with it. It also believes that the neutrality
In the late 1960s and early 1970s,
guaranteed by the major powers will
during the Cold War between the
provide an excuse for major powers
United States and the Soviet Union,
to interfere. Therefore, it advocates
the Soviet Union was in a period of
that the Southeast Asian countries
attack and defense. Britain and the
themselves assume the responsibility
United States successively announced
for regional security, that is, strengthen
their withdrawal from Southeast Asia.
national resilience. Singapore is cautious
The Anglo-American retreat has left a
about this proposal and believes that
power vacuum in Southeast Asia. As a
neutralization cannot be achieved
result, the Soviet Union became more
without the full sincere consent of major
and more involved in the security affairs
powers. After intense discussions, the
of Southeast Asia, seeking a dominant
ASEAN countries revised this idea of
position in the security structure of
Malaysia. The revised draft, later known
Southeast Asia, so it proposed the “Asian
as the Kuala Lumpur Declaration,
Collective Security System” initiative.
adopted Indonesia’s objection that the
(Hereinafter referred to as Ya’an
neutral zone is no longer given legal
System). Brezhnev pointed out, “This
guarantees by major powers, but political
kind of system is the best replacement
commitments by major powers.
for the existing military and political
It can be seen from the above that
bloc and is a need for the progress of
Malaysia’s neutral zone has been widely
the situation”. 31 After this initiative was
questioned by ASEAN countries.
put forward, the Soviet Union actively
After intense discussions and revisions,
advocated it. For example, in late June
1970), p.37, quoted from Yu Changsen and
Fang Qianhua, “A Discussion on the Strategic 31 Gao Hongyin, “The Origin and Trend of the
Conception of ASEAN’s ‘Peace, Freedom, and Soviet Union’s Contending for Hegemony in
Neutral Zone’”, Nanyang Issues Research, Issue Southeast Asia”, Nanyang Issues Research,
2, 2005. Issue 3, 1978

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1973, Yeftushenko promoted the “Ya’an In fact, it was expected that the
System” in the name of “birthday” to the Soviet Union’s ‘Ya’an System’ initiative
wife of the President of the Philippines. was opposed. Against the background of
In November, the Soviet ambassador rising nationalist sentiment in Southeast
to Singapore pointed out that the Asia and unusual anti-colonialism, this
“Asian Security System” can benefit Soviet initiative naturally has no market.
the social and economic development Moreover, ASEAN has established the
of Asian people in the international principle of non-interference in internal
division of labor.32 However, the affairs, so even when the Soviet Union
Soviet Union’s initiative was generally wanted to associate its “Ya’an System”
opposed by Southeast Asian countries. with the “Zone of Peace, Freedom, and
On October 17, 1972, the Indonesian Neutrality” vision, it was still rejected by
“Jakarta Times” published an article Southeast Asian countries.
saying: “The Southeast Asian countries In short, from the different attitudes
have realized that this collective system of Southeast Asian countries towards
is just a trap for the Soviet Union to Indonesia’s “resilience”, Malaysia’s “Zone
push these countries into its influence.” of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality”
33
In April 1973, ASEAN held its sixth initiative, and the Soviet Union’s “Asian
ministerial meeting, which specifically Collective Security” initiative, we can see
discussed the issue of the ‘Asian Security their differences among Southeast Asian
System’. The ASEAN member states countries. The importance is decreasing
unanimously rejected the Soviet Union’s in order, and the idea of resilience gains
nominal ‘security’, but in fact it was a an advantage in the competition with
hegemonic attempt. They believe that the other two, which also demonstrates
the Asian security system does not meet Indonesia’s ability in shaping regional
ASEAN’s goal of political neutrality. In safety regulations.
the end, ASEAN countries unanimously
rejected the “Ya’an System” proposed by 6 CONCLUSION
the Soviet Union.34
This article uses the ASEAN regional
32 See “Soviet revisionist expansion activities in
Southeast Asia”, Research on Southeast Asian security norms based on the ideology
Issues, Issue 1, 1974. of ​​resilience as an case to explore how
33 Anti-Revision Writing Group, “The Struggle
of Southeast Asian Nations Against Soviet Indonesia obtained regional normative
Revision Hegemony”, Research on Southeast power. According to the definition
Asian Issues, Issue 1, 1974.
34 Yu Changsen and Fang Qianhua, “A Discussion
of regional normative power, this
on the Strategic Conception of ASEAN’s ‘Zone article discusses the self-construction
of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality’”, Nanyang
Issues Research, Issue 2, 2005.
of norms, the advocacy of norms, the

472 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
response of norm recipients, and the reformed the “Neutral Zone” concept,
game with normative competitors. The and reflected Indonesia’s position in the
research results show that Indonesia reform results. They directly rejected the
has put forward an introverted concept “Ya’an System”. Therefore, through this
of national resilience based on the series of processes, it can be seen that
international and domestic environment Indonesia has played a greater role in
it faces and the understanding of the formation of security norms in the
leaders. This concept is to deal with the ASEAN region and obtained normative
security threats faced by Indonesia, but power. Indonesia has also achieved its
the security problems encountered by status as a regional power through this
Indonesia at the time were also common leading role at the regulatory level.
problems faced by other countries in It needs to be pointed out that
Southeast Asia, and the idea of resilience Indonesia’s leading role at the regulatory
is inward, so it has the potential to level cannot be achieved without the
expand to the region. Indonesian leaders support of other Southeast Asian
have actively advocated in Southeast countries. And the support of other
Asia to develop national resilience countries in Southeast Asia also has the
into regional resilience. This move has consideration of regulating Indonesia,
received positive responses from other which means that it wants to restrain
countries in Southeast Asia. The idea of its pursuit of regional hegemony by
resilience has been included in a series of including Indonesia in the framework
agreements signed by ASEAN member of multilateralism. Indonesia also
states. Therefore, the idea of resilience recognizes this point, so it exercises
has become the foundation and core of restraint on many issues, does not use
ASEAN regional security regulations. its military and economic resources to
However, the idea of resilience proposed intensify conflicts, but adopts a “flexible”
by Indonesia has also encountered approach, that is, to achieve its goals by
competition from regulated competitors, playing a role in regulations or norms.
including the “Zone of Peace, Freedom, This low profile has won the respect and
and Neutrality” initiative proposed by support of countries in Southeast Asia.
Malaysia, a country in the region, and In short, this article applies the
the “Asian collective security system” concept of normative power proposed
initiative proposed by the Soviet Union, by Manners to the regional level, and
a country outside the region. However, makes a preliminary attempt. In the
the ASEAN member states have the future, this concept may be applied to
highest acceptance of resilience. They other regions. The research in this article

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 473

also shows that the regional level has a and normative power China in
certain degree of particularity, that is, context, Cooperation and Conflict,
the normative competition faced at the Vol.48, No.2, pp.247-267.
regional level includes not only foreign Foreign Affairs Malaysia, Vol.3, No.1,
powers, but also intraregional countries. June 1970.
In the context of the rise of regionalism, Gao Hongyin, (1978). The Origin
the normative competitiveness of the and Trend of the Soviet Union’s
countries in the region may be stronger. Contending for Hegemony in
Therefore, if the regional countries want Southeast Asia, Nanyang Issues
to obtain regional normative power, Research, Issue 3.
they need to focus on the normative Ian Manners, (2006). Normative power
competition of the countries in the Europe reconsidered: beyond the
region. crossroads1, Journal of European
Public Policy, Vol.13, No.2, pp.182-
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476 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 Think Globally, Act Locally: Village Response to
Covid-19 in Indonesia
Ardian Prabowo1, M. R. Khairul Muluk2, Ainul Hayat3
123
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Administration Science, Universitas Brawijaya,
Indonesia.
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
In the current global society, an outbreak of infectious disease such as coronavirus
2019 (COVID-19) can rapidly spread all over the world, including Indonesia.
Aside from spreading new infections, the outbreak also has an effect on poverty,
disparity and inequality. These factors are threatening the rural communities which
have a higher health disparity and poverty rate compared to urban communities.
Due to this problem, the government policies need to prioritize the management
of village funds to overcome and prevent the covid-19 outbreak. The objective of
this study is to analyze the management policy of the village fund 2020 that is
beneficial and effective for the rural communities. This study uses a qualitative
method and descriptive approach, using the Cost Effective Analysis and Sensitive
Analysis. The result of this study shows that the Village Fund 2020 Policy prioritized
the COVID-19 Response Village (Desa Tanggap COVID-19) and Cash For Work
(Padat Karya Tunai Desa) programs are effective and beneficial to achieve the goal of
strengthening the economy and health of rural communities, if the fund allocation
in each program are ideal.
Keywords: Village Funds 2020, Cost Effective analysis, Sensitive Analysis,
Covid-19, Program priorities

1. INTRODUCTION by the speed of our travel across borders

and continents. The COVID-19
On March 11, 2020 COVID-19 spreads to every country in the world.
was declared as a global pandemic by Citing data from The Johns Hopkins
the Director-General of the World University Center for Systems Science
Health Organization (WHO), which and Engineering (2020) on August
means the infectious outbreaks spread 23, 2020, there are 23,357,435 people
all over the world. The spread is driven with positive infection of COVID-19.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 477

Within these numbers, the United including the economic sector. Effects
States of America is the country with that can be observed in the real sector
the highest with 5,838,632 positive directly such as hotel employees,
cases, followed by Brazil with 3,582,632 manufacturing industry, and others,
positive cases. The world total death ended in termination of employment
toll is 807,677. Meanwhile in South (PHK: Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja) for
East Asia (ASEAN) the highest number the workers (Sugianto, 2020). Aside
of COVID-19 cases are Philippines from this, the pandemic also affects local
with 187,249 cases and Indonesia traders, especially since the restricted
with 153,535 cases. These numbers mobility orders. Shopping centers are
are increasing every day. Previously lacking visitors due to the concerns
in 2014, to prevent further pandemic regarding coronavirus spread. Traders
outbreaks, WHO creates a more flexible stated that their sales are plummeting
guidelines on pandemic influenza since COVID-19 cases spread in
preparedness and response, emphasizing Indonesia. Similar situations also affect
on the importance of action that can be laborers. Factory laborers are susceptible
improved and targeted according to the to the new coronavirus Covid-19
requirement (Fraser et al, 2004), this is (Purwanto, 2020; Aria, 2020). The
reflected in every country plan which effects are predicted to last until the
needs to be updated (Bauch, 2005; pandemic outbreak ends. The result of
World Health Organization, 2009ab). Mathematical Modeling and Simulation
But these aspects seem to be ignored by Bandung Institute of Technology
by some countries in responding to the predicts that the pandemic will reach its
current pandemic, causing it to spread peak in mid April 2020. Even with the
to 177 countries. dynamic existing data, the predictions
The impact of COVID-19 on are subject to change (CNN Indonesia,
the world economy is increasing. The 2020).
pandemic will cause a loss of more than Aside from economic impacts,
US$1 trillion and global economic the field of health among the people is
growth under 2%, far lower than previous directly affected. This matter is worsened
prediction at 2.5% (World Bank, by a disparity in access to health care in
2020). This affects the world economy, rural areas compared to the urban areas
including Indonesia. According to Sri (Balqis, 2015). Moreover, research study
Mulyani, the Republic of Indonesia’s by Mubasyiroh et al. (2018) titled Index
Minister of Finance, COVID-19 can of Healthcare Accessibility in Indonesia
affect the population’s daily activity, (Indeks Aksesibilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan

478 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
di Indonesia) shows that: 1) existing and response towards COVID-19.
disparity of supply in health workers But are these programmes effective to
and healthcare facility in urban and the rural communities? To answer this
rural areas; and 2) existing disparity of question the researcher tried to analyze
the supply, demand, and barrier factor the link between cost and effectiveness,
between urban and rural area, and and sensitive analysis in the priority of
between poor and non-poor areas. The the Village Fund 2020 programme.
research shows that the rural areas have
worse health care facilities compared to 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
the urban areas, therefore resulting in
2.1 Village Government
non optimal health care services.
Policy about Village Government
Based on these problems, the
are further specified in Government
government through the Ministry of
Regulation Number 47 Year 2015
Village, Development of Disadvantaged
regarding Change of Government
Regions and Transmigration (Kemendes
Regulation Number 43 Year 2014 about
PDTT) and Ministry of Finance
Policy of Constitution Act Number 6
reallocated funds focusing on response
year 2014 about Village. As stated in
to COVID-19. The fund reallocation in
Article 1 Paragraph (2) of Constitution
the form of Village Fund 2020 through
Number 30 Year 2014 regarding
Ministry of Village, Development
Government Administration, the
of Disadvantaged Regions and
function of government is the function
Transmigration regulation number 7 year
to run government administration
2020 on Second Revision of Ministry of
that includes duty of regulation,
Village, Development of Disadvantaged
service, development, empowerment,
Regions and Transmigration Regulation
and protection. Furthermore, in the
number 11 year 2019 regarding Priority
Constitution Number 6 Year 2014
of Village Fund Usage year 2020 and
about Village it is stated that Village
Circular number 8 year 2020 regarding
Government is carrying out government
COVID-19 Response Village and
business in the local public interest
Village Cash Labor Intensive Assertion
inside the governmental system of
(Republik Indonesia, 2020). The policy
The Republic of Indonesia. Within
of village fund 2020 prioritizes to
village governmental affairs there are
strengthen the economic gears through
several duties that must be carried out.
Village Cash for Work (PDKT: Padat
According to Purnomo (2016) the
Karya Tunai Desa) and strengthen the
village government has 4 (four) duties:
people’s health through the prevention
(1) Village Government Planning;

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 479

(2) Organizing village government study uses a data collection technique
organization; (3) procurement of based on library researches such as policy
village government resources; and (4) or regulation, policy paper, books, and
supervision of Village Government government reports that are relevant to
operation. examine and analyze. Library research
is a research activity done by collecting
2.2 Village Funds information and data with the help of
In order to support the task and various materials that can be found in
function of villages in governing and libraries such as reference books, result
developing villages in all its aspects, of similar previous researches, articles,
Constitution Number 6 Year 2014 notes, and various journals that help to
grants the Government authority to form the theoretical basis of the problem
allocate the Village Funds. The Village that will be studied (Mirzaqon &
Funds are allocated every year from the Purwoko, 2017; Khatibah, 2011). The
State Budget (APBN) given to every research is systematically done to collect,
village as one of the village’s source of process, and conclude data using certain
income. This policy also integrated and methods/techniques to find answers for
optimized all of the budget allocation the problem. (Danandjaja, 2014; Sari
scheme from the Government to & Asmendri, 2020). Library research
existing villages. The legal basis of is an investigation that aims to collect
Village Funds are specified in the data and information from the library
Presidential Decree (PP) 8 year 2016 resources such as books, magazines,
regarding Second Revision of PP 60 documents, historical notes, and other
year 2014 about Village Funds derived similar sources (Pasolong, 2013).
from State Budget. According to this The data obtained from this research
policy, the goals of Village Funds are: 1) will be interpreted with the steps of
improving the public service in villages; data collection, data assessment, data
2) eliminating poverty; 3) advancing interpretation, and data conclusion to
village’s economy; 4) resolving disparity the result of data interpretation and data
of development between villages; and 5) analysis. This technique is required to
empowering the rural communities as analyze the policy of Village Funds 2020
subjects of developments. management for the rural communities.

3. METHOD 4. RESULT AND

The researchers use the qualitative
DISCUSSION
method with a descriptive approach, this The government’s consistency in

480 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
attempts to improve villages welfare However, now through the
in Indonesia can be proven by the Circular Letter (SE: Surat Edaran) from
implementation of Village Funds (DD: the Ministry of Village, Development
Dana Desa). According to Coordinating of Disadvantaged Regions and
Ministry for Human Development and Transmigration Number 8 Year 2020
Culture (2020), the budget allocation for regarding COVID-19 Response Village
village funds from State Funds (APBN: and Cash For Work. This circular letter
Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja is published on March 24, 2020. The
Negara) of 2020 reaches Rp. 72 trillion circular letter will be used as a guideline
with each village receiving an average of to the implementation of COVID-19
Rp. 960 million. Following direction Response Village and Village Cash Labor
from President Joko Widodo through Intensive Assertion using the village
PMK Number 205/PMK.07/2019 fund. There are several important points
regarding Village Funds Management, in the circular letter, inlucing: First,
the mechanism of Village Funds 2020 creating COVID-19 Response Village
distribution are divided into three steps, and forming Volunteers of COVID-19
with the following proportion of 40% Response Village with the following
(step I), 40% (step II), 20% (step III). structure: Head of Village, BPD (Tuha
The distribution of step I is projected to Peut), Village Apparatus, Members of
be finished in January at the earliest and BPD, Village Chief, PKH Partners,
June at the latest. Next, step II will be Religion Figures, Local Custom Figures,
in March at the earliest and August at and more that will work together with
the lastest, while step III will be finished Babinkamtibmas, Babinsa, and Village
mid-year or around July at the earliest. Assistant. The task for these volunteers
Before COVID-19 massively spreads are to educate through socialization,
the government agrees to prioritize the registering the local resident who are
revitalization of BUMDes and agrees susceptible to disease, identifying village
to include BUMDes/BUMDesma in facility that can be transformed into
the target of RPJMN 2020-2024 by isolation ward, conducting disinfectant
including the target indicator of 1,670 spraying, providing hand sanitizer,
developed BUMDes/BUMDesma with providing health care equipment for
clear superior products and guidance for early detection, and preventing outbreak
every independent villages in Indonesia and transmission in the pandemic. Aside
to achieve BUMDes in developed from these, they also provide important
category as a form of best practices that information, recording data of visitors
can be replicated. to the village, recording data of village

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 481

resident’s mobility to other regions, village budget.
recording data of residents returning
from outside regions, making sure COVID-19 Response Village
there are no big social gatherings and
The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
activity within the community. Second,
(CEA) in health refers to an economic
Pattern of Cash For Work (PKTD:
evaluation where cost and consequences
Padat Karya Tunai Desa). In the effort
from alternative intervention are stated
to prevent pandemic outbreaks, the
in health (activity) price per unit (A.S
village funds will be used with PKTD
National Library of Medicine, 2016).
pattern through self management using
Currently, CEA is a tool commonly
natural resources and human resources
used to evaluate intervention of health
of the village. Jobs are prioritized for
activity (Kernick, 2003). According to
members of poor, unemployed families,
Noor Haslinda et al (2017) this analysis
and other marginal members of the
is focusing on evaluation of alternative
community. The wages are paid daily.
cost and involves the measuring of
The implementation of PKTD activities
benefits quantitatively or natural units
applies safe distancing between one
such as saved lives or prevented deaths,
worker and another, with two meters
which then will be compared to the
minimum, and masks are mandatory for
effectiveness of alternative options
workers with symptoms such as coughs.
to give the project or programme
Third, change of APBG. The circular
related to health. Analysis of cost
letter explicitly becomes the foundation
effectiveness is used to determine the
of APBG Changes or APBDesa, which
technical efficiency in comparison of
is shifting the expenditure of sectors and
cost and consequences from competing
sub-sectors into the disaster management
intervention for certain groups of
sector, pressing emergency matters
patients in certain budgets. CEA is used
sector, and sector of implementation
to identify the option that is most cost
for village development for PKTD
effective to achieve predetermined goals
activity. For villages classified as areas
or criteria, that cannot be measured in
with extraordinary circumstances
monetary terms such as health results.
(KLB: Keadaan Luar Biasa) regarding
This can also decide the most effective
COVID-19, the APBG can be directly
option for a fixed amount of pre
changed to adapt with the needs of
allocated budget to achieve the policy’s
Corona response. The criteria of KLB
goal. In an attempt to identify and
are specified in regent/mayor (regional)
evaluate the benefits, with the most cost
regulation regarding the management of
effective method to achieve the intended

482 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
goal. Health economic evaluation using regions, recording data of residents
CEA is suitable in situations where there returning from outside regions, making
are clear goals of health, which can be sure there are no big social gatherings
maintained and measured in suitable and activity within the community.
units. Therefore, the first priority of Among the activities mentioned above,
the programme of forming COVID-19 there are 5 (five) budgets that can be
Response Village can be measured with allocated, including buying disinfectant,
CEA in order to measure the benefits and providing hand sanitizer, procuring
compatibility with the goals, that is to masks, providing simple health care
overcome and prevent the Coronavirus equipment, and providing an isolation
Disease 2019. ward. These activities are adopted
COVID-19 Response Village on Ministerial Decree of Ministry of
overcome and prevent pandemic Village, Development of Disadvantaged
outbreak by forming: 1) Forming Regions and Transmigration Number
Volunteers of COVID-19 Response 63 Year 2020 on New Normal Protocols
Village which consist of Head of in Village. From figure 1, 8,3% of the
Village, BPD, Village Apparatus, BPD million budget is preallocated. Therefore
Members, Village Chief, PKH Partners, it can be assumed that 79,7 million is
Religion Figures, Local Custom Figures, the budget for the aforementioned 5
and others that are partnered with activities. The cost and effectiveness can
Babinkamtibmas, Babinsa, and Village be determined by calculating the cost-
Assistant; 2) Activity of COVID-19 effectiveness ratio (CER) (Haslinda et
Response Village includes education al., 2017) as the following:
through socialization, registering the
local resident who are susceptible to
disease, identifying village facility
that can be transformed into isolation
ward, conducting disinfectant spraying,
providing hand sanitizer, providing From the result of the calculation
health care equipment for early above, the available budget for 5 activities
detection, and preventing outbreak that require funds is Rp. 15.940.000, for
and transmission in the pandemic. the total amount of 7 (seven) units of
Aside from these, they also provide activity (including procuring masks for
important information, recording data sick patients and village volunteers). The
of visitors to the village, recording data result of the CER above can be modified
of village resident’s mobility to other to accommodate each village which

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 483

has different field specifications, such the use of personal protection gears
as geographic and social confidence, to avoid confusion which can risk the
different number of village volunteers, health and safety of high priority health
and the number of suspected COVID-19 care providers (Chughtai et al, 2020).
positive cases. Unit of activity refers to
any measurable output that aligns with Cash For Work
the goal of the programme. (Haslinda et
According to the Coordinating
al., 2017). Therefore the effectiveness of
Ministry for Human Development and
the COVID-19 Response Village can be
Culture (2020), budget allocation for
seen, which aims to maintain the rural
village fund from State Funds (APBN:
community health from the current
Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja
pandemic outbreak. As an example,
Negara) of 2020 reaches Rp. 72 trillion,
there are 3,547 people in the rural
with an average of Rp. 960 million per
community of Mane Village in Aceh
village. One of the priorities for this
Province (BPS Nasional, 2010). With
village fund is the Cash for Work (PKTD:
average funds of Rp. 15.940.000 for
Padat Karya Tunai Desa). PKTD is a
3.547 people, this can be classified as
form of labor intensive activity that
effective. The calculation basically is an
is expected to absorb a large labor, by
average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER)
giving direct cash wage to the laborer
in which the denominator represents
involved in daily or weekly works, in
the positive result of intervention and
order to strengthen the community’s
the quantifier represents the cost to
purchasing power, increasing the
achieve output. An intervention with
economic growth, and the welfare of the
lower ACER is relatively more efficient
community. The PKTD programme is
(Gift, et al, 2007).
a part of the village fund management
Furthermore a vigilant principle
principles: first is self-managed, which
must be applied by village volunteers
means the planning and implementation
that fight in the front line. Wearing a
of the activities are done independently
mask is obligatory for village volunteers.
by the villages, not contracted to a third
Due to the high risk and possibility of
party/private contractors, or contractors
self contamination, it must be avoided.
from other regions. Second, using labor-
As for drawbacks, the long term use
intensive principles, so the programme
must be balanced between infection
can absorb as much local labor as
risk and the wearer must not take off
possible and provide an income for the
the mask during meetings with patients.
laborers. Third, using local resources and
There must be a regular policy regarding
materials, in order to grow and develop

484 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
the village’s productive economic analysis in the 58,3% priority of PKTD,
activity, which can provide a new income divided by 8,3% of Covid-19 Response
for the people that possess material such Village, and 33,3% of other programs.
as rocks, sand, and more. The specific analysis can be are the
To measure the cost and benefits following:
of PKTD it can be compared to the
face value. The researcher uses sensitive

Figure 1: Sensitive Analysis of Cash For Work (PKTD)

Based on Figure 1, it can be observed with a total worker in Indonesia of 14,99

that the researcher creates 3 simulations million people. The second simulation
of the number of labor with wage/day. with 130 people/village are employed,
The first simulation uses Rp. 100,000 with a total worker in Indonesia of
of wage/day, second uses Rp. 80,000 of 9,74 million people. Lastly the third
wage/day, and third uses Rp 50,000 of simulation with a total of 23,98 million
wage/day. The three simulations are used people with 320 people/village; 2) The
in 4 construction activities, including increase of income in the first simulation
road, irrigation, retention basin, and with Rp. 100,000 is Rp. 400 million
market construction. The research finds per village with the national income
that the impact for each village and of Rp. 29,98 trillion. On the second
national impact are the following: 1) simulation, daily wage is Rp. 80,000 the
Labor Absorption in the first simulation impact of income is Rp. 54,6 million per
with 200 people/village are employed,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 485

village and Rp. 40,9 trillion on national 8 Year 2020 regarding COVID-19
income. Meanwhile the third simulation Response Village and Village Cash
of Rp. 50,000 resulted in Rp. 80 million Labor Intensive Assertion. The goals
increase of income per village, and Rp. of these programmes are to overcome
6 trillion national income; and 3) The and prevent Coronavirus Disease 2019.
first simulation resulted in an increase of Aside from that, the programmes also
purchasing power in rural communities facilitate more income for residents that
of Rp. 280 million and Rp. 21 trillion are affected by poverty or work severance
nationally. Second simulation resulted during the pandemic outbreaks. The
in Rp. 38,2 million per village and 28,6 result of this study shows that: first, in
trillion nationally. The third simulation the programme of COVID-19 Response
resulted in Rp. 56 million per village Village priority with an average cost
and Rp 4,2 trillion nationally. From of Rp. 16,000,000 for 3,547 people
the sensitive analysis simulation, the (example), it can be considered as
amount can be modified to the number effective. The calculation is based on
of poor residents that must be involved average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER)
and the amount of budget from Village in which the denomination represents
Funds 2020. Furthermore, 24 T is used positive results from the intervention,
for the existing programs to support the while the quantifier represents the cost
Village Development Index (includes to achieve output. Intervention with
cash handout to small entrepreneurs and lower ACER is relatively more efficient.
developing village-owned enterprises Second, in the programme of Cash For
in the village), which aims to act as an Work (PKTD) the researcher creates 3
incentive/aid to help them manage the simulation of labor amount with wage/
business. day, the result shows that every village
can use one of the three calculation
5. CONCLUSION from this sensitive analysis result, and it
can be modified to the number of poor
The government’s consistency in the
residents that must be involved and the
attempt to strengthen the economy and
amount of budget from Village Funds
health of rural communities in Indonesia
2020.
in the fight against COVID-19 can be
proven through the implementation
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 The Securitization of Global Health Issue: The
WHO’s Failure in Pandemic Mitigation of COVID-19

Sukma Sushanti1, Putu Titah Kawitri Resen2, I Gusti Ngurah Gede Agung Pradipta3
1
Department of International Relations, Udayana University, Bali, 80232
2
Department of International Relations, Udayana University, Bali, 80232
3
School of Environmental Science, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10440
{sukmasushanti, kawitri resen}@unud.ac.id, [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Health related issues in diplomacy have become an inherent topic in the international
community recently. The rise of COVID-19 pandemic has brought a new horizon
in the way state actor played their role within the globalized world. Never before
we witness a flu pandemic dispersed so rapidly and covered by all mainstream
news outlets causing panic and instil fear to almost every citizen of the world. It
sparks questions and challenges for not only governments but also multilateral
organization. This paper observes the way COVID-19 pandemic challenged the
resilience of the global order in all aspects namely economic, social and political,
and brought tensions between the East (China) and the West (the United States and
its allies). Such order disruption reflects the malfunction of WHO in dealing with
global health problems proportionally, especially when it comes to using its IO’s
strength in managing and maintaining COVID-19 updates. The paper concludes
that the failure of the WHO-mandated global health management will lead to the
securitization of the world, which benefits the media, pharmaceutical companies
and state branding as well.
Keywords: health issue, diplomacy, COVID-19 pandemic, global health
management, securitization

1 INTRODUCTION correlates with the unresponsiveness of

the World Health Organization (WHO)
Since the first quarter of 2020, as the global health management since
the world is facing a global pandemic the COVID-19 outbreak. The world
COVID-19. This pandemic has believes that WHO in its capacity as an
disrupted all aspects of life and no state International Protection Regime (IPR)
is ready to deal with it. This situation

490 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
should be able to address this common takes… beyond the established rules of
problem (Cronin, 2003), a global health the game and frames the issue as either
issue, to create collective action globally. a special kind of politics or as above
It is normally not rational for states to politics (Buzan et al. 1998, 23). In this
protect the population of other countries regard, the term securitization is simply
because it should be under domestic understood as a process in which an issue
affair. However, the significance of is understood as a security problem. In
transnational issues of the pandemic essence, securitization is a perspective
inevitably affects the power relations that covers both understanding
between actors in the international and treating a particular issue as an
system and their perception of threats. extraordinary danger accompanied by
The health issue has become an a high-level threat beyond the existing
integral part of transnational problems, normal limits.
especially since WHO was created as Belongs to the Copenhagen Schools,
one vital organ of the United Nations this theory assumed that actors transform
to address these health issues in a regular domestic-level political problems
multilateral context. Alertness to the into high-level political issues affecting
emergence of this pandemic at the early states at the national level. Security as
stage supposed to be the main concern a socially constructed phenomenon is
of WHO. Unfortunately, the WHO very subjective. This view held by the
appears to have failed providing proper Copenhagen School is a guiding aspect
direction to member states in terms towards security and issues related to
of health protocols and specific health security. Securitization process consists
procedures. of three distinct phases: 1) creation
of existential threats (ie, problems or
2 THEORETICAL events such as climate change) before
FRAMEWORK the reference object (ie, a state or group
of states) (this phase is called “speech
The traditional security theory act”), 2) commencement of special/
focusing on the issue of military threats emergency/extraordinary measures in
has expanded within the explanation security and protection of the object of
of the Securitization theory. The reference from existential threats and
theory views state security issue covers 3) Acceptance of speech acts by one or
a broader aspect than military threats more audiences (Romaniuk, 2018).
and problems. According to Barry According to Buzan, Waever and
Buzan, Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde, de Wilde (1998 as cited in Hidayat,
securitization is “… the move that

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 491

2017) in theory, every issue developed to collective action based on member
in the public sphere can be put on a concerts through structures and rules
non-politicized spectrum, thus not (Abbott and Snidal, 1998). The UN
related to state security and does not as the largest IGO ensures the world
require public debate and public policy. that its action will refer to the mandate
It becomes politicized when it enters the in maintaining relations among states
public space that requires state decisions based on the principle of independence.
and allocation of government resources UN does not have a special preference
to resolve it. It can also, although very for certain member states, especially
rarely, requires the involvement of a strong countries, which will limit
group of individuals representing the UN’s autonomy (Abbott and Snidal,
state so that it raises a security issue that 1998). Based on this principle, IGOs
is interpreted as an existential threat. will establish policies and regulations
to resolve international problems,
3 RESULTS AND which leads to the characteristics of
DISCUSSION the contemporary international system
apparatus defined as regime (Little in
WHO AS AN INTERNATIONAL Baylis and Smith, 2005).
PROTECTION REGIME To ensure all aspects in the
We cannot ignore the bias factor international sphere are in well order,
in the role of intergovernmental states establish a regime to maintain,
organizations (IGOs) relative to the regulate and control international
position of dominant member states relations in accordance with their place.
within the organization. Certain groups The regime will provide an opportunity
of states will use IGOs for pursuing to express collaboration in promoting
interests and expanding power capacity. the common good and world order
The Realists view the role of IGOs as (Little in Baylis and Smith, 2005).
a form of unilateral action by the state The basic principle offered by the
upon the use of rational calculations as regime is reciprocity among actors, not
part of the organization and to minimize power. A regime has mandate to ensure
costs for other expenses. To challenge the harmonious interaction among states,
sceptical view of the existence of IGOs, including to deal with transnational
Institutionalism builds a paradigm issues, such as global pandemic. The
that there are transnational issues as a idea of regime is protecting
​​ human
common public interest that need to survival. At least, this is what liberal
be addressed collectively. This leads institutionalist believes.

492 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 The term protection has been and economic activities spurred
interpreted in a broader sense in massive growth resulting a significant
international relations recently. Since increase in the world’s population.
the formation of the UN, there has been Huge population translates into higher
a shift in terms of protection mechanism implications to health conditions as
in the context of transnational relations the basic human rights required to
in responding common problems. The be protected by the state. In addition,
responsibility to protect is no longer in health is also an integral part of foreign
the scope of domestic state alone due policy. If it is left unregulated, it will
to the interpretation that transnational cause tensions and disputes among
issues are issues that must be addressed actors. This is where the role of WHO’s
through collective action. Assuming that as a global leader in maintaining health
the state operates in an anarchic system comes into play. Unfortunately, such
competitively (Little in Baylis and role has been downplayed by rising state
Smith, 2005), the need for structures tensions recently.
and rules to maintain international The spirit of global health
order is essential. State behavior must be management carried out by WHO did
guided by certain rule of law established not materialize when the pandemic first
by regime. struck. WHO has a responsibility to urge
The regime will ensure that the its members to implement public health
preservation and welfare of humanity emergencies that receive international
distributed fairly based on mutual concern. This is to prevent the worse
benefits. This will cement solidarity impact of the pandemic. Unfortunately,
through collective action which is what happens next is a mixed of
institutionalized into the regime. UN uncertainty and dubious decision by
operational reforms have over the years the WHO in addressing the global
sought the best mechanisms to protect pandemic. The lack of transparency of
the world from threats. Operations will data and weak procedures are putting the
be carried out by UN agencies such trust to WHO away. This phenomenon
as WHO with a mandate to improve questions the existence of WHO,
global health (Lee, 2009) and establish whether it is still relevant in the current
public health policies. This is due to situation. A critical perspective emerges
the consensus of states that put health in looking at the role and function of
issues into the main global concern. this health regime.
Global health becomes essential issue In contrast with the liberal-realist
in the post-war era when industrial view, IPR only establishes a clear positive

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 493

relationship between hegemonic interests protect their people. In fact, US as the
in protecting certain populations and most influential actor in WHO chose to
the formation of multilateral regimes leave the organization in response to its
to do so (Cronin, 2003). The IPR relationship with China (Sachs, 2020).
mechanism with the existence of WHO This leads to degrading trust of IPR.
established a set of rules and regulations And when it occurred to states, they
to bring order in the international arena, return to conventional security politics
especially in dealing with transnational powerplay.
diseases that have led to the global The tension between the US and
pandemic, COVID-19. As mentioned China has become increasingly visible in
earlier, the regime will ensure smooth the COVID-19 pandemic. China was
relations between states. Because the accused to be failed in implementing
regime will identify common interests health protocols at their laboratory
and problems that will be resolved by project in Wuhan Province. Not to
collective action through cooperation. mention the weak regulations in Chinese
Political leaders are willing to be bound animal market (Verma, 2020) was
under the same framework to defend believed to be the source of the biggest
their interests without unitary action world crisis after the great depression.
to pursue them. The priority scale in The pandemic spreads throughout
IPR will be set based on the agreement the world. US suffer from the highest
of member states rather than voting death toll. The virus claims the lives of
arrangements, then the output that is more than 100,000 US citizens (Sachs,
embodied in the policy will have strong 2020). The situation is increasingly
implications for members. The process fuzzy when the multilateral mechanism
itself will require a strong or core states through WHO does not fully support
role to influence the rest of the regime. proper mitigation. Initially, US used
Only then the distribution mechanism to use WHO as a vehicle to maximize
will be more strategical to do (Cronin, their advantage as a dominant force,
2003). The degree of solidarity will be but recently they have become active
even more intense because institutions opposition to the multilateral order
will address regulations that will reflect (Sachs, 2020). US developed a negative
the goals of each member states. feeling because WHO was too lenient
This IPR paradigm cannot be fully in dealing with China’s failure in
applied in the current situation during implementing health protocols during
COVID-19 as member states choose the early stage of the outbreak. At the
to implement unilateral measures to same time, China realized its position in

494 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
this situation, so they managed to shift COVID-19 update. Major headlines
its position from troublemaker to hero. show increased deaths, the failing
China has provided a lot of aids and healthcare services worldwide, major
assistance in dealing with the situation economic recession, and other negative
through mask diplomacy (Verma, updates. This leads to even more health
2020). This situation makes WHO securitization.
emphasizes more on the distribution of
power rather than relying on absolute
power to powerful states, such as the US. HEALTH SECURITIZATION AS A
This background is what encourages US RESPONSE OF REGIME FAILURE
to blame China and WHO. The IPR The COVID-19 Pandemic is
mechanism, then, plunged into a very putting the world in insecurity.
problematic situation. Disruption in all aspects of life,
The regime’s mandate will be especially in the economic sector,
formulated based on the consensus brings serious problems throughout the
of member states. In the process, world. The combination of daily news
hegemonic power will control the updates with state behaviour makes
pattern, in this case US as the founder the situation even more problematic.
of the organization will take advantage The news update brings high tension
of the multilateral order to exercise its to the business sector. Well-established
power. Hence, its withdrawal from companies in the US are not immune
WHO stimulates a global response to to it as JC Penney, Gold’s Gym, Hertz,
the organization. Many scholars view and many other companies have
the decision to withdraw from the gone bankrupt. The remaining others
WHO as the consequence of President (Boeing, GE, IBM, Chevron, etc) are
Trump administration’s failure to still surviving due to implementing
deal with the pandemic. At the same massive layoffs and furloughs (Perloff,
time, the US plays the role of victim 2020). The same doom is also
blaming the Chinese government for happening in many countries due to the
the source of the problem. On the governments’ lockdown policy. Even
other hand, the phenomenon also worse, The situation also raise the issue
reflects to the diminishing global trust. of racism and xenophobia mainly target
People prefer the national order to the Chinese citizens and Asians (Verma,
multilateral or IPR mechanism. The 2020). China responded with an official
media also exacerbate the situation with statement stating that COVID-19
their intense daily coverage of global may not have originated from China.

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 495

It could also be originated from other mechanism as a health management
places because they (major power) had plays huge role to improve global
just played a military world game before health conditions. Nonetheless, power
the outbreak occurred (Verma, 2020). relations between health actors is clearly
Statesmen also utilized social media defined. States (multilateral groups/
to frame international views on the WHO), pharmaceutical companies,
pandemic situation, rather than taking health infrastructure, as well as the
concrete action to address the issue. media will interact in striking clarity
The situation is getting worse, when when addressing the health issue. This
the health regime through the existence is done with the aim of improving
of WHO does not build any health the world health awareness which has
initiatives. implications for certain mechanisms to
The issue has brought fear and address international health problems.
the world population feel devastated. Davies in his writing states that global
The pandemic destroys people’s life health is a form of smart power that is
and also disrupt relations between run by the state and in collaboration
states. The state chooses to build its with other non-state actors (Davies, et
own mechanism to protect its citizens al, 2020). As mentioned earlier, global
because WHO as the IPR cannot fulfil health management will determine the
its mandate in protecting the global existence of IPR. If IPR cannot manage
population in the first phase of a the situation, states will shift its focus to
pandemic outbreak. Henceforth, we can health securitization.
understand that health is one integral The negative sentiment toward
aspect in international relations. Global IPR emerged during the COVID-19
health problems will determine the high pandemic will challenge the the state
and low of political domains inherent in to reclaim power in tackling the issue.
relations between states. Usually, global health problems will
Global health defines global be more effectively resolved through
governance, in terms of security. multilateral mechanisms, such as
Health care mechanisms will determine WHO as a global health institution
medical measures intended to defend that establishes standard procedure
populations from a pandemic or protocols in public health emergency
bio-terrorism (Davies, et all, 2020). action. Another actor who can bring
The correlation between health and more optimism in a global pandemic
security issues is a major concern in situation is the media. The role of the
the international community. The IPR media is very significant in providing

496 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
daily updates about the world situation concern that pose a threat to the world’s
during the pandemic. Unfortunately, population. Thus, the problem itself
the current media framing only helps will retain the power (health initiatives
spreading scepticism on the issue through mitigation measures) attached
of COVID-19 which leads to the to WHO as a global health regime. The
implementation of misleading policies failure of the WHO will benefit the
and brings more threats and fear to the media in mobilizing the issue to make
public. As Buzan said, the situation is urgent headlines in its daily publication.
not only a matter of efficiency, in which When referring to economic motives,
the state performs internal (social order) this situation brings more benefits to
and external (group defense) functions, the media business through increasing
but also the country’s problems which ratings with the release of updates about
are a source of controversy and threats COVID-19. This situation is also the
(Buzan, 1991). Media containment of right momentum for pharmaceutical
its negative cover will be more effective and other health companies to innovate
if international regimes, such as WHO, drugs to overcome the problem of the
can establish good health initiatives in COVID-19 disease. Vaccine pioneers
the early phases of a pandemic outbreak. will reap bigger profits for market share.
It matches with the mandate given to The pandemic situation has a
the organization in managing the issues. negative impact on various aspects of life
The failure of WHO mitigation and is directly correlated with human
effort to develop good health initiatives rights. Thus, it will trigger emergency
leads to a process of securitization in the measure taken by states. Such measures
next phase of the pandemic situation. vary from implementing health
Securitization is the successful process of protocols, mass testing, travel ban, to
labeling a problem as a security problem lock down policy. Consequently, The
and resulting in a transformative state world’s population will live in a frame
reaction on how to deal with it (Adiong, of anxiety and fear. Then, the people
2009). Securitization will define issues will prefer state mechanisms to the
that are labelled as security issues, guidelines of the international regime.
securitization actors, objects of reference, Securitization phenomenon
audiences and speech acts (Buzan, supports realist view on the existence of
Waever,Wilde, 1998). In relation to the international regime. Realists emphasize
pandemic situation, a clear difference the scepticism to see international
between these factors is visible. Global regimes. They see international regimes
health issues become international more as coordination than collaboration,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 497

because power is seen to play a very Baylis, John, Steve Smith. The
important role (Baylis, Smith, 2001). Globalization in World Politic.
This means that countries from the United States: Oxford University
north will form regime policies (Baylis, Press, 2005
Smith, 2001), as long as the regime is Buzan, Barry. People, States, and Fear: An
beneficial to its national interests, the Agenda for International Security in
state will acknowledge the regime as Post-Cold War Era. Colorado: Lynne
the best mechanism to ensure world Rienner Publisher. Inc., 1991
protection. Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, Jaap de
Wilde. Security: A New Framework
4 CONCLUSION for Analysis. United States of
America: Lynne Rienner Publisher
This study focuses on the failure of
Inc., 1998
the WHO as an international protection
Cronin, Bruce. Institution for The
regime in tackling the outbreak of the
Common Goods: International
COVID 19 pandemic. The absence of
Protection Regime in International
an initial response, data and procedures
Society. United Kingdom:
issued by WHO as an international body
Cambridge University Press, 2003
gave rise to international scepticism on
Davies, Sarah E., Stefan Elbe, et all.
the existence of WHO. As a result, a
Global Health in International
process of securitization of health issues
Relations. Cambridge University
emerged by each country as a unitary
Press. Download from https://
actor. The securitization of the health
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Sachs, Jeffrey D. Perspective COVID-19 login 1 October 2020
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ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 499

 Communications Pattern of Government Natuna
Againts Pandemic

Ade Putranto Prasetyo Wijiharto Tunggali1, Komarudin2

Faculty of economics, social sciences and humanities
Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstarct
Natuna, Riau an area that is currently also facing a complicated pandemic.
Information management for the public still relies on new media which can only
be accessed by some of the public. Unconfirmed information began to circulate
through media channels that could potentially cause new problems, especially in
terms of mental health. The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe the
communication practices carried out by the government in an effort to campaign
for clean and healthy behavior against the pandemic. This type of research is a
qualitative study using a descriptive approach. The method used in this study is a
communication ethnographic approach by observing the communication activities
of the subject under study. The data collection method used in this research is the
interview technique. Apart from interviews, this study also uses the observation
method. The results showed that uneducated literacy culture causes communication
patterns that are not dynamic and information twisted, therefore a communication
message orchestration strategy is needed as a recommendation of this study.
Keywords: Information literacy for healthy during pandemic, Communication
Pattern of Government, Organization Communication

1. INTRODUCTION achieving the goals of an organization,

because all the needs in the organization
Organizational communication are carried out on the basis of
is a set of behaviors in an organization communication which can simply be
in which each individual and group described by exchanging information
is involved in interaction and gives for the benefit of the organization.
meaning to something that happens The intended interests are clearly
(Romli 2011). Communication is related directly to the main objectives
an important aspect in the process of of the organization, one of which is

500 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
public services which are the goals announced to the public that there were
of government organizations. Public two cases of patients infected with the
services are defined as service activities corona virus which was followed by the
carried out by public service providers delivery of general information from the
in order to meet the needs of service two Indonesian citizens regarding their
recipients as well as the implementation travel history ( kompas.com March 03,
of provisions already regulated by law 2020). After the official information
(Ratminto and Winarsih, 2008). From is submitted nationally, the central
this statement, it can be said that the government implements several policies
public has access to use services from which are forwarded to each region to
the government regarding efforts to be implemented and monitored. No
fulfill needs that are already based exception, namely the Natuna Regency
on applicable regulations, including Government, Riau Islands Province.
to meet information needs related Considered an area that has easy
to preventive efforts and handling of access to foreign countries, the Riau
Covid-19 infections. Islands certainly must have high-
Covid-19 is the name of the infection level anticipatory efforts related to the
caused by the coronavirus and the case Covid-19 pandemic conditions. This
was first discovered in Wuhan, China needs to be paid attention to considering
at the end of December 2019, which that the coronavirus is suspected to be
then quickly spread to several Asian imported case, because from the first
countries, Europe and even now has case and six other cases as of date March
spread in America. Officially, the World 10, 2020, people who are confirmed
Health Organization (WHO) on March positive for Covid-19 have a history of
11, 2020 announced The incidence of foreign travel. In this case, of course
Covid-19 infection, which attacks many the Natuna Regency Government,
people across continents, is designated Riau Islands Province has an important
as a pandemic (the scale of the spread of role in determining good steps to deal
disease that occurs globally throughout with pandemic conditions that cannot
the world), which at that time reached be separated from the organizational
126,063 cases (cnbcindonesia.com communication process that occurs
on March 12, 2020). Indonesia for in it. As reported on kompas.com
the first time announced a case of that in relation to Covid-19, Natuna
Covid-19 infection through President residents held demonstrations at the
Joko Widodo on March 02, 2020 at the local government in order to reject the
Presidential Palace, Jakarta where it was decision to make the Natuna region

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 501

 As a quarantine area. Many factors potential to result in death. Since the
related to the communication process announcement of the Covid-19 case,
influenced the occurrence of this conflict, the Central Government confirmed in a
especially those related to the role of the press statement published on March 16,
government, because currently only the 2020 that policies related to Covid-19
government has full power in seeking at the regional level must first be
to handle and prevent Covid-19. discussed with the central government
This shows that communication in through communication with relevant
government organizations does not only ministries and the Covid-19 Task Force.
concern internal organizations, but also This is done to find the efficiency of the
external organizations which are no less proposed solution so as not to make
important. matters worse. Apart from that, the press
As is well known, Covid-19 is a new statement also explained the central
virus specimen, which has not yet been government’s appeal as a preventive
officially found for a preventive vaccine measure which includes techniques for
and treatment drug (bbc.com on April maintaining cleanliness and increasing
1, 2020). This fact is certainly something personal immunity.
new and risky in the world of health, and But before that, the Covid-19
for the government it certainly requires phenomenon had caused people
a process of review that is not playing in several areas in Natuna to hold
games before making public policies. demonstrations with various kinds of
Therefore, this article aims to examine demands. This incident is inseparable
the communication patterns of the from information circulating in the mass
communication management system media that Covid-19 is imported case
in the Natuna Regency Government, originating from Wuhan, China. The
Riau Islands Province in the context of demonstration case was carried out by
handling and preventing Covid-19. residents of Natuna, Riau Islands, who
refused to have their territory used as an
LITERATURE REVIEW observation site for Indonesian citizens
who were evacuated from Wuhan. On
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
the basis of this, the Natuna community
coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-2) or
also conveyed several demands to the
better known as the Corona virus is a
local government which were conveyed
new type of coronavirus that can be
by the Chairman of the Indonesian
transmitted to humans through the
National Youth Committee (KNPI)
respiratory system, resulting in disorders
Natuna. Of course this incident cannot
such as acute pneumonia and its fatal

502 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
be separated from the organizational preventive actions or handling Covid-19
communication management system to the public.
implemented by the Natuna Regency There are several dimensions of
Government (Natuna Regency organizational communication related
Government) in managing information to the Natuna Regency communication
related to Covid-19. management system related to
Many opinions formulate Covid-19. Based on the communication
organizational communication based dimension according to Effendy (2007),
on its dimensions, such as internal it is suspected that there was an error in
and external communication (Effendy, the external communication dimension
2007) or superior to subordinate of the Natuna Regency Government
communication, subordinate to superior, which resulted in demonstration
horizontal communication, and cross- conflicts. This is due to information
channel communication (Faules and from the government regarding the
Pace, 1993). Communication within policy of using the Natuna area as a
government can indeed be said to be part quarantine point for Indonesian citizens
of organizational communication, as this who will be repatriated from Wuhan.
statement is supported by the opinion From this explanation, it can be said
of Silalahi (2004) that communication that information related to Covid-19
in government there is a flow of delivery was not conveyed in accordance with
and reception of messages that depend the proper communication model as in
on each other, and communicants who Figure 1. (Silalahi, 2004), especially the
act as recipients of information are government-public-government model.
divided into many parties like internal
organization, private sector, community
and other external non-governmental
organizations. Organizational
communication can be said to be one of
the bureaucratic reform activities in the
field of good public relations in order
to improve service quality and public
welfare (Kemenpan RB, 2011). This is
the basis that should be applied in the
communication management system Figure 1. Communication model in
of the Natuna Regency Government perspective good governance
in conveying information related to

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 503

 The demonstration that was Covid-19 were obtained through cross-
carried out by Natuna residents was a channel communication. According to
clear manifestation of the inadequate Faules and Pace (1993), cross-channel
communication model from a good communication is communication to
governance perspective. There are exchange information that has crossed
many things that affect the occurrence functional boundaries. This means that
of conflict, which in essence is in the technically, there needs to be a role for
process of communication. One of communicators from experts on the
the key factors in the communication development of coronavirus to convey
process is message (Effendy, 2011). the urgency of facing the pandemic.
As is well known, the demonstration This role is important as a contributor
against the rejection of the Natuna area to ideas for the government to formulate
as a quarantine area occurred before the public policies that do not cause conflict.
official announcement regarding central However, what happened was that the
government policies, one of which message received by the community was
contained information about preventive deemed incomplete and the arguments
measures. In fact, this demonstration proposed in the demonstration were
took place before the announcement of deemed unrealistic. This is what
the first case of Covid-19 in Indonesia, at underlies the implementation of cross-
which time Indonesia was still opening channel organizational communication
tourist visits from abroad. Therefore, it in the form of pressure made by the
can be said that regarding Covid-19, at Deputy Regent of Natuna, Riau Islands,
that time the government was not wise in Ngesti Yuni Suprapti to ask Minister
making decisions, while news from the of Health Terawan Agus Putranto to
media was enough to cause panic in the provide a direct explanation to Natuna
community. The Natuna community residents. More or less communication
is no exception, who, in fact, have easy patterns like this are depicted in Figure
access to and from abroad. 2 (Silalahi, 2004). Due to the role of
Regarding information that will communicators from across channels,
later become material for messages in the in this case the central government,
organizational communication process the decision of the Natuna region as
by the Natuna Regency Government, it an observation point for Indonesian
needs to be seen from several dimensions. citizens returning from Wuhan was
In this case, messages related to finally realized.

504 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 a conclusion. Meanwhile, time
triangulation is a periodic comparison
of data through the local government.
Two-stage data analysis, namely
data analysis carried out in the field and
carried out after leaving the field. The
analysis is carried out in the field first
to sharpen the research focus. Second,
Figure 2. Model of communication create studies and develop analytical
between central and regional autonomous questions. Third, write the researchers’
regions comments as reflective notes. The fourth
discusses the relationship between the
subject and the focus of the study. Fifth,
reread the literature to develop ideas.
METHOD While the analysis carried out when
This research is a qualitative leaving the field was reducing data,
research using a descriptive approach. presenting data and drawing research
The method used in this study is a conclusions
communication ethnographic approach
by observing the communication RESULT AND DISCUSSION
activities of the subject under study. The communication management
The subjects in this study were the system implemented by the Natuna
government and the Riau Islands Regency Government has begun to
Covid-19 Task Force. Data collection improve since the demonstration ended
methods using interview techniques and and the Indonesian citizen returned
observation methods. Observation is from quarantine in a healthy condition.
used to identify problems in the research This was proven by April 14 that there
process. To test the validity of the data, were no positive cases of Covid-19 in
this study used source triangulation, the Natuna region (natunakab.go.id
time triangulation, trangulation on 14 April 2020). As is well known,
researchers and trangulation techniques. the demonstration that was carried out
The triangulation technique is done by by the Natuna community in order to
comparing the results of interviews and reject the decision for their territory
observations. Research triangulation to be made a quarantine point, one
by comparing the results of field data of which was demanding that the
by each researcher so that it becomes regional government be the mouthpiece

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 505

of the central government. This is conveyed by the Natuna Regent via
certainly a real impetus in creating a video conference.
communication model between the This clearly shows that the
center and the regions so that it can dimensions of internal communication
run better. This was further encouraged according to Effendy (2007) are running
by a press statement from the center properly. Communication between the
which stated that all regional policies Bupati and his staff can be represented by
regarding Covid-19 were discussed validity and the timeliness of information
first with the central government. Of that is presented periodically through
course this answers the reason for the the official website of the Natuna
demonstration conflict. Regency Government, because this is
The efforts to implement central related to the delivery of information
policies related to the handling and regarding the applicable regulations as
prevention of Covid-19 carried out by the well as the agency’s work standards that
Natuna Regency Government through have been announced. In addition, the
several activities constitute a form of appearance of a website that can attract
cross-channel communication that is internet visitors is also inseparable
in accordance with the communication from the communication of the Head
model as in Figure 2. While the of Information and Communication
mismatch of the communication Staff to his staff through providing
model from the perspective of good clear work instructions. This means
governance as in Figure 1 has been that in the dimension of downward
successfully avoided. Of course this communication stated by Fules and
cannot be separated from the role of Pace (1993), the Natuna Regency
the public and the private sector. It can Government succeeded in carrying
be seen on the official website of the out a communication process that was
Natuna Regency government which oriented towards organizational goals,
informs about the participation of the namely the public interest.
community from various groups such as
daily cooperative activists, small traders,
medical personnel, religious leaders
and so on in efforts to prevent and
handle Covid-19. Apart from visiting,
information related to the handling
and prevention of Covid-19 was also Figure 3.Projection Ready for Covid-19

506 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda
 As explained by Goni (2016), that the data is through communication that
organized pattern communication can has crossed the functional boundaries
be formed well if there is a cooperative of the government apparatus. There are
connection between superiors and possible reasons related to the delivery
subordinates in delivering messages and of this information, namely because of
efficient communication channels. This the geographical location of Natuna
does not rule out the possibility that which allows traffic between countries,
formal and informal communication so that the reach of communicants will
channels have an equally important be wider and national scale information
role within the Natuna Regency needs to be conveyed by the Natuna
Government. According to Effendy Regency Government.
(2007), formal communication systems
generally follow power lines that have CONCLUSSION
been formally stated in an organization,
Based on some of the explanations
while informal communication systems
above, it can be concluded that the
are characterized by the formation
communication management system
of social relationships as the power
related to the handling and prevention
to determine authority transmitted
of Covid-19 implemented by the
through formal system. This means that
Natuna Regency Government did
there is a possibility that the cooperative
not run well, even without a pattern.
relationship that occurs within the
However, after feedback from the
Natuna Regency Government forms
external communication process
social relationships that have a positive
from the government to the public,
impact on the communication process
the government communication
in it. Of course, this is a separate
management system related to the
motivation outside the functional
handling and prevention of Covid-19
positions of the organization for people
has become more neat and targeted.
in it to improve their performance in
This cannot be separated from
serving the public. The Natuna Regency
the role of the central government
Government has also re-implemented
which has begun to realize the need for
cross-channel communication through
national policies to be implemented
the dissemination of information on
in the regions. But more than that,
the number of confirmed cases at the
it needs further studies for the central
national level. Of course, the information
government in making national
in it is obtained from the Ministry of
policies considering that Indonesia has
Health, where the process of obtaining
many regions with high geographical,

ICPSH 2020 - Navigating Global Society in the Disruptive Era | 507

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508 | Dr. Slamet Rosyadi, Prof. Dr. Rozasman Hussin & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanawat Primoljinda