3 & 4 Eurocodes and Design Process

Design of Concrete Structures
Eurocodes
The Eurocodes are a self contained collection of design advice,
often not giving complete rules for design.
Generic rules for loading and design philosophy are contained in

separate codes.
It is often therefore necessary to use many codes to design a

structure.
There will be a national annexe which details values of variables

specific to a particular country.
BREXIT will have no short term impact on the status of the

Eurocodes in the UK
Eurocode 0 Basis of Design

Eurocode 1 Actions on Structures
EN1991-1.1Densities, self weight and imposed loads
EN1991-1.3Snow loads
EN1991-1.4 Wind loads
EN1991-1.5 Thermal actions
EN1991-1.6 Actions during excavation
EN1991-1.7 Accidental actions due to impact and explosions
EN1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete Structures
EN1992-1.1 Common rules for buildings and civil
engineering structures
EN1992-1.2 Structural fire design
This Eurocode gives us a set of parameters to

ensure all engineers work to the same
standards.
It gives the required safety factors that we ALL
must work to
Structures must:
Perform adequately under all expected actions

Have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs
Not be damaged disproportionately by exceptional hazards
such as fire, explosion and impact.
Reliability is a complex subject in itself but is dealt with

using limit state philosophy.
A limit state is simply a condition that the structure must be

designed to satisfy.
Limit States
In general, two limit states must be considered:
Serviceability limit state (SLS) - Generally this is

limited to checking deflections are within a tolerable
level.
Ultimate limit state (ULS) - is concerned with the failure

of members. Note that loss of equilibrium (EQU) is
included in this limit state
For a single variable load, the load condition

to check is generally:
1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk (Factors from table below)
Favourable Unfavourable
Action
Permanent (dead, earth) 1.0 1.35
Variable (imposed, wind) 0 1.50
Accidental (earthquake, blast, impact) 1.00 1.00
For more than a single variable load, the least

important variable load is multiplied by a
reduction factor, :
1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk1+ 1.5 Qk2

Values of the reduction factor are:
combination
category specific use
0
A domestic and residential 0.7

B Office 0.7
C areas for congregation 0.7
D shopping 0.7
E Storage 1.0
F traffic < 30 kN vehicle 0.7
G traffic < 160 kN vehicle 0.7
H Roofs 0.7
snow, altitude < 1000 m 0.5
Wind 0.6
Eurocode 1 Actions
Permanent Actions Dead loads
material (kN/m3) material (kN/m3)
clay masonry facing brickwork 22 roof slates 29
medium density conc. blockwork 18 clay roof tiles 20
insulation board 3 water 10
soil (sand) 16-18 glass 25
soil (clay) 20-22 chipboard / plywood 7
steel 77 asphalt 22
softwood timber 5 plaster 17
hardwood timber 7 stone (medium density granite) 29
reinforced concrete 25 plastic 21
Eurocode 1 Actions
Eurocode 1 gives guidance/rules about what

loads a structure must resist.
Eurocode 1 Actions
Variable Actions Imposed loads
category specific use Floor action example qk
(kN/m2)
domestic individual dwellings, dormitories 1.5
A and hotels and hospital bedrooms 2.0
residential balconies 4.0
general 2.5
B office
ground floor or below 3.0
restaurant 2.0
reading rooms with no storage 2.5
classrooms, churches, narrow walkways 3.0
areas for assembly with fixed seating, museums, art
C 4.0
congregation galleries, hotel and hospital corridors and stairs
wide walkways, dance halls, gymnasiums,
5.0
assembly with no fixed seating
stages for public assembly, plant rooms 7.5
D shopping general retail, department stores 4.0
E storage areas for long term storage 7.5
F traffic and gross vehicle weight < 3T (30kN) 2.5
G parking 3T (30kN) > gross vehicle weight < 16T (160kN) 5.0
Eurocode 1 Actions
Other Variable Actions Snow

- Wind
Depends upon location, building size etc
Guidance on these loads are given in other

Eurocodes
Partial Safety factors to allow for possibly

under strength material.
Concrete: 1.5
Reinforcement: 1.15
(do not confuse with structural steel with a factor of 1.0)
There is often confusion regarding the partial

safety factor for reinforcement.
The yield strength (fy) of the reinforcement is
divided by this factor to give the DESIGN
STRENGTH (fd)
So fd = fy/ 1.15 which can be rewritten 0.87 x fy
Concrete Strength grade is given by two

figures, such as C25/30
25 is the cylinder strength, 30 the cube
strength.
Eurocode 2 uses CYLINDER STRENGTH in

design equations
Reinforcement strength - the yield stress of

the reinforcement is usually 500N/mm2
The design strength is therefore 500/1.15 or

0.87 x 500 = 435N/mm2
Reinforcement sizes are (mm diameter):

8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40
Eurocode 2 - Cover
Cnom, nominal cover is

minimum cover plus a
deviation, usually 10mm.
Cnom is the cover specified
in calculations etc.
Caxis is used in fire

resistance assessments
Design Process
The design process involves:

creating a concept for a structure
assessing the loads on the structure
idealising that concept into a structural
model
analysing that model
Design Process
The design process involves:
designing all the elements in the model to resist the
forces obtained in the analysis without undue
distress
failure
vibration
deflection
cracking etc)
throughout its design life.
Design Process
For most permanent structures, the design life

is taken as 50 years. Some temporary
structures may be designed for much shorter
lives, with associated reduction in partial
safety factors but this does not imply that
temporary structures are designed to be less
safe than permanent structures.
Load Arrangements
In any structure other than a very simple,

statically determinate one, the different
possible loading arrangements must be
considered. Note that Reinforced Concrete
structures are almost always continuous.
Load Arrangements
Consider a very simple continuous beam,

there are a very large number of possible
loading arrangements, but it is generally
accepted that the following three sets of
arrangements are sufficient to establish the
bending moment and shear force envelope on
a structure:
Load Arrangements
QQk
GG
k
Load Set 3 All Spans Loaded

Load Arrangements
QQk QQk
GG
k
QQk QQk
GG
k
Load Set 1 Alternate Spans

Loaded
Load Arrangements
QQk QQk
GG
k
QQk QQk
GG
k
QQk QQk
GG
k
Load Set 2 Adjacent Spans

Analysis Methods
There are many generally accepted methods

available to obtain design forces in concrete
structures.
At this level we will limit the analysis methods to

those taught at level 3 and 4, namely elastic
methods such as simple resolution of forces
(statically determinate structures) or moment
distribution, stiffness method, virtual work etc.
Analysis Methods
Whilst we will be continuing and extending our

Structural Analysis techniques throughout the
course, in practice there are, of course
compter programmes to assist us.
Analysis Methods
In the Integrated Design Exercise it is perfectly

acceptable to use these Analysis Programs.
LinPro
freely downloadable.
Analysis Methods
LinPro demonstration.
Redistribution
The best way to illustrate redistribution of

forces is with a simple example.
Consider a two span beam with equal spans

of 10m length, subject to a uniformly
distributed load 6 kN/m

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Design of Concrete Structures

Generic rules for loading and design philosophy are contained in

It is often therefore necessary to use many codes to design a

There will be a national annexe which details values of variables

BREXIT will have no short term impact on the status of the

Eurocode 0 Basis of Design

Eurocode 0 Basis of Design

This Eurocode gives us a set of parameters to

Eurocode 0 Basis of Design

Perform adequately under all expected actions

Reliability is a complex subject in itself but is dealt with

A limit state is simply a condition that the structure must be

Eurocode 0 Basis of Design

In general, two limit states must be considered:

Serviceability limit state (SLS) - Generally this is

Ultimate limit state (ULS) - is concerned with the failure

Eurocode 0 Basis of Design

For a single variable load, the load condition

Eurocode 0 Basis of Design

For more than a single variable load, the least

Eurocode 0 Basis of Design

A domestic and residential 0.7

Eurocode 1 gives guidance/rules about what

Other Variable Actions Snow

Depends upon location, building size etc

Guidance on these loads are given in other

Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete Structures

Partial Safety factors to allow for possibly

Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete Structures

There is often confusion regarding the partial

Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete Structures

Concrete Strength grade is given by two

Eurocode 2 uses CYLINDER STRENGTH in

Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete Structures

Reinforcement strength - the yield stress of

The design strength is therefore 500/1.15 or

Reinforcement sizes are (mm diameter):

Cnom, nominal cover is

Caxis is used in fire

The design process involves:

For most permanent structures, the design life

In any structure other than a very simple,

Consider a very simple continuous beam,

Load Set 3 All Spans Loaded

Load Set 1 Alternate Spans

Load Set 2 Adjacent Spans

There are many generally accepted methods

At this level we will limit the analysis methods to

Whilst we will be continuing and extending our

In the Integrated Design Exercise it is perfectly

The best way to illustrate redistribution of

Consider a two span beam with equal spans

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