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Power System Protection Schemes

2 Fahim Dad
RE (Telecom), NTDC
Power Station Tarbela
 Overview
Power Protection Need, Functions & Objectives
Equipment's to protect, and used
Types of Relays
Transmission Line Protection
Direct Transfer Trip Scheme
PUTT & POTT
Auto Recloser
Breaker Failure Protection
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Cross Trip Schemes
Tele-Protection
Book Review
 Power System Protection
detecting problems with the power system
components and isolating these problematic
component to ensure stability of system and
avoid blackout
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 Need for Protection
• Reliable service

• Continuous operation without breakdown

• Maximum return on large investment

5 • Protect equipment therefore is very essential

 Functions of Protection
• To safeguard the entire system to maintain the
continuity of supply
• To detect the presence of fault
• To identify the faulty component
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• To initiate trip command to the concerned
circuit breaker.
 Functions of Protection
• To remove the defective component from the
system

• To minimize damage and repair costs

• To ensure safety of personnel

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 Objective of Protection
• Selectivity: maximum continuity of service
with minimum system disconnection.
• Stability: provide stability by isolating
unstable section from the system
• Speed: Detect and isolate the faulty section
8 from the power system as quickly as possible.
Minimizing the fault duration and consequent
equipment damage and system instability.
 Objective of Protection
• Sensitivity: Protection equipment must be
sufficiently sensitive to detect even the small
abnormalities and must discriminate normal
from abnormal conditions.
• Simplicity: Minimum and simple protective
equipment and associated circuitry to achieve
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the protection objectives
• Economics: should be economical
 Objective of Protection
• Reliability:

Dependability: It must trip when called upon

Security: It must not trip when not supposed to

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 Problems in Power System
Problems in power system mainly includes:

• Short circuits

• Abnormal Conditions

11 • Equipment failures

• Operators/Human Error
 Equipment: Do We Protect?
• Generators

• Transformers

• Reactors

12 • Transmission Lines

• Buses
 Protection Block Diagram

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 Equipment: For Protection
• CTs

• PTs

• Circuit Breakers

14 • Relays

• Communication Channel
 Current Transformer (CT)
• Transforms the current on the power system
from large primary values to safe secondary
values

• Secondary Value is acceptable to Relays,

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Control Equipment and Meters
 Potential Transformer (PT)
• Transforms the voltage on the power system
from large primary values to safe secondary
values

• Secondary Value is acceptable to Relays,

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Control Equipment and Meters
 Circuit Breakers
• From protection point of view CB receives trip
command initiated by Relay

• Used to make/break circuits carrying full load

and fault currents within few cycles
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 Protection Relays
• Monitors current and/or voltage of system

• Currents & voltages to relays are supplied via

CT’s & PT’s

• Detect/sense problems within system

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• Sends command to Faulty Equipment Breaker

 Relays: Types
• Electromagnetic Relays: These are based
on Electromagnetic Induction Principle,
Induction Coils are used for comparisons
• Static Relays: Contains Power Electronics
devices like transistors etc. for
calculations/comparisons
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• Numerical Relays: these are based on
Microprocessors
 Over Current & Earth Fault
Over-Current Protection:
• Relay picks up when the magnitude of current
exceeds the pick-up level
• The over current relays are connected to the
system by means of current transformer.
20 Earth Fault Protection
• When the fault current flows through earth
return path, the fault is called Earth Fault.
• Which do not involve earth are phase faults
 Types of Over Current Relays
Based on the relay operating characteristics,
overcurrent relays can be classified into three
groups
• Definite Current or Instantaneous
• Definite Time
21 • Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
 Types of Over Current Relays
Definite-Current /Instantaneous Relays:
• These relays operates instantaneously when the
current reaches a predetermined value.
Definite Time Current Relays:
• These relays operates after a definite time when
current reaches a pre-determined value.
22 Inverse Definite Minimum Time Relays (IDMT):
• These relays operate in a time that is inversely
proportional to the fault current.
 Types of Over Current Relays
Current Grading Scheme:
• Relies on difference in fault level at different
system locations.
• Choose current settings so that only the relay
nearest to fault operates
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 Types of Over Current Relays
Time Grading Scheme:
• Relay operating time is independent of current
magnitude
• Relay furthest away from source has shortest
operating time
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 Types of Over Current Relays
Time Grading Scheme:
• The main disadvantage of this method of grading
is that the longest fault clearance time occurs for
faults in the section closest to the power source,
where the fault level is highest.
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 Types of Over Current Relays
Current and Time Grading Scheme:
• Operating time depends on fault current level
• Can get faster clearance times than using
definite time delay relays

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 Differential Relays
• Operates according to the difference between
two parameter such as Current etc.

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 Differential Relays
• Low Accuracy due to Mismatch, this can be
amplified when fault current is high
• Difference in the C.T. characteristics due to ratio
error at high values of short circuit currents. This
causes an appreciable difference in the
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secondary currents which can operate the relay.
• Matching CT are required
 Generator Protection:

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 Generator Protection:
• Reverse Power
• Stator/Rotor Earth Fault Protection
• Differential Protection
• Over Voltage Protection
• Under Frequency Protection
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 Transformer Protection:

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 Transformer Protection:
• Main differential between HV & LV Bushing CT
• LV Connection between LV Bushing CT & LV
Breaker CT
• HV Connection between HV Bushing CT & HV
Breaker CT
32 • Rough Balance: LV Breaker CT and HV
Breaker CT
• REF: Restricted to Earth Fault
 Transmission Line Protection

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 Transmission Protection:
For 500kV transmission line network, we have
following protections

• Main-I Distance Protection

• Main-II Distance Protection

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• Backup Over Current & Earth Fault Protection

 Transmission Protection:
• Reactor Protection

• Over Voltage Protection

High Set

35 Low Set

Inverse Type
 Transmission Line Protection:
For 220kV transmission line network, we have
following protections

• Main-I Distance Protection

• Main-II Distance Protection

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• Backup Over Current & Earth Fault Protection

 Distance Protection Relays
• Bi-Quantity Relay
• Requires Voltage & Current Input from CT &
PT respectively
• Works on Impedance based principle i.e.
Z=V/I
37 • Fault Locator works on Reactance Based
Feature i.e. X is directly proportional to L
(Length)
 Differential Protection Relays
• Current is measured by the Line Differential
Relays & transmits the measured values to
remote end
• Under Normal Conditions, the sum of Current
is Zero.
• When fault occurs, the sum of current is non-
38 zero, hence, fault is detected on the line.
• Both ends add their own measured current &
current of remote end.
 Direct Transfer Trip Scheme
• Fault Detection at One End Send the Tripping
Signal to the remote end over the PLC /
OPGW Link
• On the receiving end, on receipt of Trip Signal
from remote end, tripping command is issued
to both controlling CBs of T/Line.
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 Direct Transfer Trip (DTT)
• In NTDC’s Network, DTT is send on operation
of:
• Over Voltage Protection
• Breaker Failure Stage-II of Line Controlling
CBs
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 Direct Transfer Trip (DTT)

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 Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip (PUTT)

• Fault is detected in Zone-I (Under Reaching

Zone) of Distance Relay at One End of T/Line
& Transfer Trip Signal is sent to the remote
end
• On the receiving end, on receipt of Signal from
remote end, receive signal is ANDed with
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Zone-2 Pickup.
 Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip (PUTT)

• If the above condition is satisfied, trip

command is issued to both line controlling
CBs instantaneously.
• Thus for all Faults any where on T/Lines, both
ends clears the faults instantaneously.
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 Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip (PUTT)

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 Permissive Over Reach Transfer Trip (POTT)

• Fault is detected in Zone-II (Over Reaching

Zone) of Distance Relay at One End of T/Line
& Transfer Trip Signal is sent to the remote
end.
• On the receiving end, on receipt of Signal from
remote end, receive signal is ANDed with
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Zone-II Pickup.
 Permissive Over Reach Transfer Trip (POTT)

• Moreover, Zone-II Pickup also re-transmits the

trip signal to remote end. If the above
condition is satisfied, trip command is issued
to both line controlling CBs instantaneously.
• Thus for all Faults any where on T/Lines, both
ends clears the faults instantaneously.
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 Auto Recloser
• Auto Recloser Relays are used to give an
Automatic try to CB for closing following the
tripping.
• Auto Recloser can be Single Shot or Multi
Shot(2,3,…).
47 • On EHV T/Lines, Auto Recloser is normally
Single Shot.
 Auto Recloser
• Both Single Phase & 3-Phase Reclosing can
be done. NTDC adopt 3-Phase Tripping &
Reclosing
• For Closing on Live Line & Live Bus
Conditions, Synchronism Check is required.
48 • Δf = 0.1 Hz ΔV = 10% Δθ= 25 –30
• Closing Command is sent after fulfilling above
criteria
• Auto Recloser are a way to enhance system
 Breaker Failure Protection
• If the CB fails to open/lockout, on receipt of
Trip Command, this condition can lead to
dangerous condition for power system
equipment
• BF Protection is a 2 stage Protection
49 • BF Stage-I trips the failed CB. i e. Re-trip is
issued. Time Delay=150ms.
• BF Protection is initiated on issuance of trip
command from relay.
 Breaker Failure Protection
• BF Stage-II issues the trip command to all
feeding CBs at local end & sends to DTT
command to remote end to trip the line
controlling CBs at other end. Thus trip all the
fault feeding sources. Trip Delay=250ms.
• NTDC implements Breaker Failure Protection
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to cater for these conditions.
 Breaker Failure Protection

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 Breaker Failure Protection

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 Breaker Failure Protection

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 Breaker Failure Protection

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 Cross Trip Schemes
• Cross Trip Schemes are used to protect the
NTDC’s EHV system from tripping on
Overload, Under Voltage, Under Frequency or
Over Frequency etc. condition.
• This ensures safe, stable & reliable operation
of EHV System.
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 Cross Trip Schemes
• Normally the below mentioned Cross Trip
Schemes have been implemented
• Overloading Detection by OC & EF Relays.
• Under Voltage Detection by Under Voltage
Relays.
56 • Under/Over Frequency is detected by
Under/Over Frequency Relays respectively.
 Cross Trip Schemes
• Cross Trip Schemes ensures healthy
operation of EHV System by detecting the
Overload/Under Voltage etc. on EHV system &
tripping the 132kV T/Lines or Transformers.

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 Tele-Protection Scheme
Block Diagram

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 Book Review
Power System Protection and Switch Gear
Authors:
• Bhuvanesh A Oza
• Nirmal Kumar C Nair
• Rashesh P Mehta
59 • Vijhay H Makwana
Published by McGraw Hill Education
Available at TSG Library
 Book Review

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 Book Review
• Introduction
• EM Relays
• Static Relays
• u- Processor based Digital Protection Relays
• Generator Protection
• Transformer Protection
• T/L Protection
• Bus zone Protection
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• Testing, Commissioning & Maintenance of Relays
• Circuit Breakers
• Electrical Switchgear
• Lightening Over Voltage Protection
 THANK YOU
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