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How Do I Report The Statistical Procedures Used in The (APA) Guidelines? Mean M Standard Deviation SD

This document provides examples of how to report various statistical procedures in APA style, including measures of central tendency (mean, percentage), measures of variability (standard deviation), correlations, regression analyses, t-tests, ANOVA, non-parametric tests (Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H), reliability analyses (Cronbach's alpha), and factor analysis. For each statistical procedure, an example is shown highlighting how to present key values such as test statistics, degrees of freedom, p-values and effect sizes within parentheses in the text. Tables are demonstrated for reporting factor analysis, showing factor loadings, communalities, descriptive statistics of derived factors.

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JV Laforteza
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21 views3 pages

How Do I Report The Statistical Procedures Used in The (APA) Guidelines? Mean M Standard Deviation SD

This document provides examples of how to report various statistical procedures in APA style, including measures of central tendency (mean, percentage), measures of variability (standard deviation), correlations, regression analyses, t-tests, ANOVA, non-parametric tests (Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H), reliability analyses (Cronbach's alpha), and factor analysis. For each statistical procedure, an example is shown highlighting how to present key values such as test statistics, degrees of freedom, p-values and effect sizes within parentheses in the text. Tables are demonstrated for reporting factor analysis, showing factor loadings, communalities, descriptive statistics of derived factors.

Uploaded by

JV Laforteza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How

do I report the statistical procedures used in the American Psychological Association


(APA) guidelines?

Mean = M; Standard Deviation=SD
For example: The mean score on the empathy scale was 130 (SD = 10.12).

Percentage
For example: Approximately half (51%) of the sample were female students.

Correlations
For example: The results show that there is a strong correlation between the Ebel ratings and
student ability (r=0.88, p=0.03).

Multiple Linear Regression
For example: A multiple linear regression was used to predict student performance based on
UKCAT and interview scores. The UKCAT and interview scores did not predict student
performance (β = .12, t (445) = 0.1.81, p =0.34). The UKCAT and the interview scores explain a
non-significant of the variance in student scores (R2 = 0.01, F (2, 334) = 0.99, p=0.56).

T-Tests
For example: There is a statistically significant difference between the empathy scores and
gender (t (345) = 3.2, p =0.01), with female students receiving higher scores than male
students.

There is no a significant difference in the empathy scores between female (M= 110, SD=11.3)
and male (M=110.5, SD=10.5) students (t (345) = 1.66, p =0.11).

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
For example: There is a statistically significant difference between the empathy scores and
years of medical school (F (14, 775) = 4.98, p = 0.04). A Tukey post-hoc test indicates that there
is a statistically significant difference between the empty scores and year 1 (M= 125,
p=0.041) and year 2 (M= 120, p=0.00) compared to year 5 (M= 90). There is no a significant
difference in the empathy scores for year 3 and year 4 of medical education (p=0.21).

Chi-Square Test
For example: There is no a statistically significant association between gender and the
pass/fail decision (χ2 (1, N = 220) = 0.44, p = 0.21).

Mann-Whitney U Test
For example: A Mann-Whitney U test shows that female students (Mdn= 110) outperform
male students (Mdn= 92) on the empathy scale (U= 44.3, p=0.01).

Kruskal-Wallis H Test

For example: A Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed to explore the empathy scores as
students progress through medical education, i.e. year 1 to year 5. There is a statistically
significant difference between the empathy scores and years of medical school training (χ 2 (2,
N = 24) = 4.21, p = 0.02) with a mean rank empathy score of 20 for year 1, 14 for year 2, 12 for
year 3, 10 for year 4 and 9 for year 5. The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test show a
significant difference between the empathy score and year 5 of medical school.

Cronbach's Alpha (Reliability of test scores)
The Jefferson Scale of Empathy consisted of 20 items with three subscales. The Perspective
Taking subscale consisted of 10 items (Alpha = 0.74), the Compassionate Care subscale
consisted of 8 items (Alpha = 0. 70), and the Waking in the Patient’s Shoes subscale consisted
of 2 items (Alpha= 0.58).

Factor analysis

For example, say you have developed a scale with 22 items to measure a specific construct.
These items have been subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA), assuming the factor
analysis approach is suitable with all 22 items. Considering three factors/components have
been emerged from the EFA method, the following tables need to be reported:

Table 1. Principle component analysis of the X scale with communalities of each item (N=xx)

Item Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 h2 Mean SD
1 0.65 0.85 4.8 1.2
2 0.63 0.80 4.3 1.1
3 0.62 0.78 4.6 1.0
4 0.60 0.76 4.9 0.5
5 0.59 0.73 4.7 0.2
6 0.58 0.72 4.6 0.3
7 0.54 0.70 4.2 0.7
8 0.50 0.69 4.1 0.6
9 0.48 0.60 4.0 0.4
10 0.44 0.64 4.8 0.4
11 0.60 0.71 4.9 0.9
12 0.56 0.70 4.7 1.3
13 0.52 0.69 4.1 1.5
14 0.51 0.58 4.0 1.1
15 0.44 0.52 3.9 1.9
16 0.40 0.51 3.0 1.0
17 0.33 0.52 4.1 0.9
18 0.51 0.45 4.9 1.7
19 0.50 0.44 4.0 1.4
20 0.44 0.42 4.8 1.3
21 0.32 0.40 4.7 1.2
22 0.30 0.64 3.9 1.2
% Variance 44.1 17.1 11.2

Note: Factor loading less than 0.30 were removed


Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the three X factors (N = xx)

No. Items Cronbach’s alpha M (SD) Skewness Kurtosis
Factor 1 10 0.80 4.1 (1.1) 0.45 0.39
Factor 2 7 0.75 4.0 (0.8) 0.44 0.44
Factor 3 5 0.69 4.5 (1.2) 0.61 0.11

Note: Factors should be named/ labelled. For example, the items that have been loaded in
Factor 1 cab be named/labelled as xxx.


Note: All values provided are dummy.

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