CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 3: Word Problems

Logical Statements
►converse
►inverse
►contrapositive

SET OPERATIONS
Union

Bernhard Placidus Johann Gonzal Nepomuk Bolzanoe

SET THEORY
A set is any well-defined collection of symbols or objects. The
objects comprising the set are called its elements or
members. The union of sets A and B, denoted by A  B , is the set of
elements which belong to A or to B or to both A and B.
REPRESENTATION OF A SET Intersection

Tabular Form or Roster Method

If set A is a set of counting numbers, then it

can be written as
A = {1,2,3,4,5,...}
The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A  B , is the
Set Builder Form set of elements which belong to both A and B. If A and B do
not have any element in common, that is; then, A and B are
If set A is a set of natural numbers less said to be disjoint.
than 10, then: Complement
A={x|x is a natural number <10}

Types of Set
►Universal Set ► Infinite Set
►Finite Set ► Null Set
►Singleton Set ► Subset C
The complement of a set A, denoted by A' or A , is the set
►Proper Subset ►Superset
of elements, which belong to the universal set but not to the
►Equal Set ►Equivalent Set
set A.
Laws of Set Difference
►Idempotent ►Commutative
►Associative ►Distributive
►Complement ►Involutory
►De Morgan ►Absorption
►Identity ►Domination

Unitary Operations The difference of sets A and B, denoted by A  B or A \ B ,

►Logical true ►Logical false is the set of elements, which belong to A but not to B.
►Logical identity ►Logical negation Symmetric Difference

BASIC OPERATIONS

►Conjunction
►Logical NAND
►Disjunction
►Logical NOR
►Logical implication/Conditional
• conditional "then-if"
• conditional " if- then " The Symmetric difference of sets A and B, denoted by
►Exclusive disjunction/ XOR A  B or AB , is the set of elements, which belong to both
►Logical equality/XNOR/Biconditional A or B but not the intersection of A and B.

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 3: Word Problems

Venn – Diagram COMBINATION

An arrangement of a set of objects or things where order does
A Venn diagram is an illustration of the relationships between
not count. Combination of n different objects taken r at a time:
and among sets, groups of objects that share something in
common. Usually, Venn diagrams are used to depict set
intersections (denoted by an upsidedown letter U). n! nPr
n Cr  n  r !r !  r !
 
Venn diagrams were introduced in 1880 by John
Venn (1834–1923) in a paper entitled "On the Diagrammatic Combination of n different objects taken all at a time:
and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and
Reasonings" in the "Philosophical Magazine and Journal of
n Cn  1
Science", about the different ways to represent propositions by
diagrams.
Combination of n different things taken 1,2,3…n at a time:
Venn himself didn't use the term "Venn diagram" but kept
speaking of "Eulerian Circles". The first to use the term "Venn C  nC1  nC2  nC3  ...n Cn
diagram" was Clarence Irving Lewis in 1918, in his book "A
Survey of Symbolic Logic"

C  2n  1
Counting TechnIques

PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING BINOMIAL EXPANSION

If a first event can be performed in “ n ” different ways and
BINOMIAL THEOREM: Expansion of  x  y 
n
after this has happened, a second event can be performed in “
m ” different ways, then the two events can happen in n ×m
ways.”  x  y 0  1
N = n1  n2  n3  n4    nm  x  y 1  x  y
 x  y 2  x2  2xy  y 2
where: N is the total number of ways the events can happen.
 x  y 3  x3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
PERMUTATION
 x  y 4  x 4  4x 3 y  6x 2 y 2  4xy 3  y 4
An arrangement of a set of objects or things in a specific or
definite order.
 x  y 5  x5  5x 4 y  10x 3 y 2  10x 2 y 3  5xy 4  y 5
Note: The coefficients appearing in the binomial expansion
Permutation of “n different” objects taken “r” at a time: are known as binomial coefficients.

n!
nPr  n  r ! y th term  n Cr xn r yr
 
Permutation of n objects “not all” distinct taken all at a
time:
r th term  n Cr 1x   yr 1
n r  1
n!
P
p!q!r !... PASCAL’S TRIANGLE: (BLAISE PASCAL)

Permutation of n objects “not all” distinct Pascal’s Triangle is an array of numbers, in the shape of an
taken “r” at a time: isosceles triangle, having a 1 at the top and also at the ends of
each line. All the other numbers are made by adding the pair of
numbers closest to them in the line above.
n!
P
 n  r  !p!q!...

Circular or Cyclic Permutation:

P   n  1 !

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 3: Word Problems

17. In how many ways can 3 boys and 2 girls sit in a row if the
girls are to sit together?
18. Three persons rode a minibus with 6 vacant seats on each
side. In how many ways can they be seated if one insists
on seating at the right side?
19. Calculate the number of ways eight swimmers can place
first, second or third in a race.
20. Determine the number of permutations of the letters in the
word BANANA.
21. In how many different orders can 7 books be arranged on
a shelf if a certain 3-volume book is not to be separated?
Number Patterns for Pascal’s Triangle
22. In how many ways can 4 married couples seat themselves
around a circular table if:
Sample Problems a) spouses sit opposite each other
b) men and women alternate
1. If A and B are two subsets of a universal set then A\B= 23. Given 10 differently colored beads. How many different
2. Given that Set A and Set B are non empty sets. Simplify bracelets can be formed?
24. In how many ways can you invite one or more of your five

the expression:  A  B   A  B
C
 friends in a party?
25. In how many ways can a committee of 3 men and 2
3. Suppose A and B are non empty sets and A  B . Which
women be chosen from 7 men and 5 women?
of the following statement is false? 26. In how many ways can a committee of 5 be chosen from 7
4. Using Absorption Law, Simply the statement: men and 5 women
A   A  B there is atleast 3 men on each committee
5. Determine AΔB of the given sets A={1,2,3,4} and there is atmost 4 women on each committee
B={1,4,5}. 27. What is the coefficient of the 4th term of the expansion
6. If n(A)=115, n(B)=326, n(A\B)=47, then n(AUB) is equal to (x+y)12 ?
7. Write the dual U  A   B  A  28. What is the coefficient of the term involving y 5 in the
expansion (2x+ y)8?
8. Write the dual 29. What is the term involving x5 in the expansion (x2 +2x-1)10?
 x' y 1  y    y' 00  y  30. What is the sum of the coefficients of the expansion
9. In a class of 40 students, 27 like Calculus and 25 like (x+3y)8?
Chemistry. How many like both Calculus and Chemistry? 31. What is the sum of the coefficients of the expansion
10. A class of 40 students took examination in Electronics and (2x1)4?
Communications. If 30 passed in Electronics, 36 passed in 1

Communication and 2 failed in both subjects, how many  2 2 2

students passed in both subjects? 32. Determine the fifth term of the expansion  x  x 4 
11. In a survey of 100 ECE reviewees regarding on what
board subject they liked, revealed the following results:
30 like both MATH and Comm; 35 like MATH and Elec; 35 Take Home Exam
like Elec and Comm; 70 like MATH; 60 like Elec; and 20
like all three board subjects. How many like Comm? 1. The set A   is
12. In a survey of 30 freshmen students on what course they
like, sixteen students say they want to take Engineering, A. Null set C. Singleton*
16 want to take Nursing, and 11 want to take Business. B. Infinite D. Empty
Five say they want to take both Engineering and 2. Suppose that the number of elements in the set S is 105
Business, and of these, 3 wanted to take Nursing as well. and that S is split into n subsets of 11m+ 2 elements each.
Five want only Business, and 8 want only nursing. How If m is an integer, then m is
many students want Engineering only? A. 2 C. 3 *
13. In a survey of 120 students, it was found that 65 read B. 4 D. 5
Newsweek, 45 read Time, 42 read Fortune, 20 read both 25
Newsweek and Time, 25 read both Newsweek and 3. Find the coefficient of the term involving x 6 of the
Fortune, 15 read both Time and Fortune and 8 read all 5
 3  
2
three magazines. How may read at least one of the three binomial  2x 2  2x 3 
magazines?  
14. How many 3-digit integers? How many 3 digit positive odd A. -258048* C. -122880
integers are there? If repetition is allowed? If repetition is B. 215040 D. 46080
not allowed?
15. How many 4 - digit numbers less than 4000 can be formed 4. Find the sum of the coefficients of
5
from the digits 2,3,5,6,7 and 9 if each digit must be used 3 2  
2
only once?  x  2x 3

16. In how many ways can 3 Americans, 4 Frenchmen, 4 2 
Danes and 2 Italians be seated in a row so that those of A. 210* C. 230
the same nationality sit together? B. 220 D. 240

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 3: Word Problems

5. In the Venn Diagram below, identify . 15. A school has 63 students studying Physics, Chemistry and
Biology. 33 study Physics, 25 Chemistry and 26 Biology.
10 study Physics and Chemistry, 9 study Biology and
Chemistry while 8 study both Physics and Biology. Equal
numbers study all three subjects as those who learn none
A. * C. of the three. How many study all the three subjects?
A. 6 C. 3*
B. 12 D. 7
B D. 16. A total of 1232 students have taken a course in Spanish,
879 have taken a course in French, and 114 have taken a
6. What is the power set of the set { }? course in Russian. Further, 103 have taken courses in
A. 0 C. 2 * both Spanish and French, 23 have taken courses in both
B. 3 D. 1 Spanish and Russian, and 14 have taken courses in both
French and Russian. If 2092 students have taken at least
7. Find the sum of all the 4-digit positive numbers with no
one of Spanish, French, and Russian, how many students
zero digit.
have taken a course in all three languages?
A. 36644635 C. 36445335
A. 6 C. 9
B. 36644645 D. 36446355 *
B. 8 D. 7*
8. Write the dual of the set equation
17. A survey of a group’s viewing habits over the last year
revealed the following information:
A. * i. 28% watched gymnastics.
B. ii. 29% watched baseball.
C. iii. 19% watched soccer
D. iv. 14% watched gymnastics and baseball.
v. 12% watched baseball and soccer
9. A teacher has a class of 9 students: 3 girls and 6 boys. vi. 10% watched gymnastics and soccer
How many ways can she seat her students in a line of 9 vii. 8% watched all three sports.
chairs if between any 2 girls there are exactly 2 boys?
Calculate the percentage of the group that watched none
A. 504 C. 84 of the three sports during the last year.
B. 12,960 * D. 362,880
A. 24% C. 36
B. 52%* D. 43%
10. Compute
18. How many 4-digit positive numbers, whose digits are from
A. 60 * C. 36 the set {1,2,3,4} are divisible by 4?
B. 1 D. 6 A. 64 * C. 32
11. Simplify the Venn diagram shown below. B. 48 D. 16
19. Find the conjunction of the propositions p and q where p is
the proposition ‘Today is Sunday’ and q is the proposition
‘It is raining today’.
A. ‘It is raining today and today is Sunday’.
B. ‘Today is Sunday and it is not raining today’.
C. ‘Today is Sunday or it is raining today’
D. ‘Today is Sunday and it is raining today’ *
A. C.
B. * D. 20. In how many ways can 12 students be partitioned into 3
teams A1, A2, & A3 so that each team contains 4 students?
12. How many four digit numbers less than 4321 and made of A. 34650 C. 495
digits 1, 2, 3, 4 are there? B. 5775 * D. 11880
A. 4320 C. 228 * 21. Which of the following numbers is a derangement of the
B. 1920 D. 311 number 12345?
13. Let U={a,b,c,d,e,f,g}, A={a,b,c,d,e}, B={a,c,e,g} and A. 14325 C. 21453 *
C={b,e,f,g}. Find B. 13254 D. 21543

22. A candidate is required to answer six out of ten questions

A. {a,c,e} C. {b,e,f,g} divided into two groups of five questions each. He cannot
B. {a,c,d} D. {b,d,f,g} * answer more than four questions from either group.
Determine the number of ways in which he can choose
14. In how many ways can a police lineup be made of 6 the six questions.
suspects if 2 of the suspects cannot stand together? A. 250 C. 200*
A. 720 C. 480* B. 150 D. 350
B. 30 D. 15

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 3: Word Problems

23. Five different MATH books, 4 different GEAS books and 2

different EST books are to be placed on a shelf with books
of each subject together. Find the number of ways in
which the books can be placed.
A. 34,560* C. 30,240
B. 32,520 D. 35,420
24. There are 120 five-digit numbers that can be formed by
permuting 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, such as 12345, 12354, 21435,
…. 54321.The sum of all these numbers is
A. 3,999,960 * C. 2,876,540
B. 5,600,610 D. 6,975,640
25. The statement, “If a triangle is equilateral, then it is not
scalene,” is logically equivalent to which of the following?
I. If a triangle is not scalene, then it is equilateral.
II. If a triangle is not equilateral, then it is scalene.
III. If a triangle is scalene, then it is not equilateral.
A. I only C. III only*
B. II only D. I and II only
26. Let the universal set U  whole numbers 10 ,
A  x  U | x is odd , B  x  U | x is prime . Find
A B .
A. {3,5,7}* C. {2,3,5,7}
B. {1,2,3,5,7} D. {1,2,3,5,7,9}

27. If X and Y are two sets such that n(X) =17, n(Y)=23 and
n(XUY)=38, find n( X∩Y)
A. 25 C. 40
B. 1 D. 2 *

28. Two teams A and B play in a tournament. The first team to

win three games wins the tournament. In how many ways
can the tournament occur?
A. 8 C. 20*
B. 31 D. 12
29. Which of the following symbolic form represents the
statement ‘Jeff speaks French but not English’, if p be
‘Jeff speaks French’ and let q be ‘Jeff speaks English’.

A. ~p ∧ ~q C. p ∧ ~q *
B. p ∧ q D. ~(~q)
30. Let p denote ‘He is poor’ and let q denote ‘He is unhappy’.
What is the symbolic form using p and q of the statement
‘Being rich is a necessary and sufficient condition to being
happy’?
A. p ↔ q C. ~p ↔ q *
B. ~p ↔ ∼q D. p ↔ ∼q

“It is not the strongest of the species that

survives, nor the most intelligent that survives.
It is the one that is the most adaptable to
change.”

GOD BLESS CERTCIANS!

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE