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Acapde Study Guide Module 2

The document provides information on the equivalent circuits of ideal and practical transformers. It discusses transformer parameters including turns ratio, voltage and current ratios, and impedance ratio for an ideal transformer. For a practical transformer, it describes the equivalent circuits at no load and full load conditions. It also covers shifting transformer parameters between the primary and secondary sides and determining per unit values.

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Rap Gonzales
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views

Acapde Study Guide Module 2

The document provides information on the equivalent circuits of ideal and practical transformers. It discusses transformer parameters including turns ratio, voltage and current ratios, and impedance ratio for an ideal transformer. For a practical transformer, it describes the equivalent circuits at no load and full load conditions. It also covers shifting transformer parameters between the primary and secondary sides and determining per unit values.

Uploaded by

Rap Gonzales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC APPARATUS AND DEVICES

STUDY GUIDE

MODULE 2
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER

𝐸1 𝑁1 𝐼1 𝑁2 1 𝑍1 𝑁1
= =𝑎 = = = [ }2=a2
𝐸2 𝑁2 𝐼2 𝑁1 𝑎 𝑍2 𝑁2
Where:

N1/N2 = a = turns ratio


E1/E2 = voltage ratio
I1/I2 = current ratio
Z1/Z2 = impedance ratio
E1 = voltage induced in the primary windings
E2 = voltage induced in the secondary windings

Note 1: k = 1/a
Note 2: A transformer is ideal if its core loss less, has no leakage flux and has no copper losses.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER

𝐸1 2 𝐸1 2
𝑆𝑚 = 𝐸1 𝐼𝑎 𝑄𝑚 = √𝑆𝑚2 − 𝑃𝑚2 𝑅𝑚 = 𝑃𝑚
𝑋𝑚 = 𝑄𝑚

Where:
R1=resistance of primary winding (ohm)
X1=reactance of primary winding (ohm)
R2=resistance of secondary winding
X2=reactance of secondary winding (ohm)
Xm=magnetizing reactance of primary winding (ohm)
AC APPARATUS AND DEVICES
STUDY GUIDE
Rm=resistance representing the iron losses (ohm)
Pm=iron losses (watt)
Sm=apparent power absorbed by the core (volt-ampere)
Qm=reactive power needed to set-up the mutual flux (var)
E1=induced emf of the primary winding (volt)
E2=supply voltage (volt)

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER @ NO LOAD

Note: At no load I2=0 and so is I1, Thus only the exciting current IO flows in R1 and X1 and
these impedances are so small that the voltage drop across them are negligible.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER @ FULL LOAD

Note: At full load Ig is at least 20 times bigger than Io, consequently Io can be neglected and the
corresponding magnetizing branch. This equivalent circuit can be used even if the loading is
only 10% of the rated capacity of the transformer.
AC APPARATUS AND DEVICES
STUDY GUIDE
SHIFTING TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS FROM PRIMARY TO SECONDARY OR VICE-
VERSA

Where:
Ra1 = equivalent resistance referred to the primary side.
Ra2 = equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side.
Xa1 = equivalent reactance referred to the primary side.
Xa2 = equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side.
Za1 = equivalent impedance referred to the primary side.
Za2 = equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER REFERRED TO THE SECONDARY SIDE

𝐸2 = √(𝑉2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒2 )2 + (𝑉2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 ± 𝐼2 𝑋𝑒2 )2


Where:
𝑉2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒)
𝛳 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
+(𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛) = 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
− (𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛) = 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

Using complex number format


𝐸2 ∠ ± 𝛿 = 𝑉2 ∠00 + (𝐼2 ∠𝜃)(𝑅𝑒2 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒2 )

Where:
+𝛳 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
−𝛳 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝛿 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐸2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2
AC APPARATUS AND DEVICES
STUDY GUIDE

PER UNIT VALUES

𝑃𝑆𝐶 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡


𝐸𝑆𝐶 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡

VOLTAGE REGULATION

❖ Voltage regulation – percentage rise in the terminal voltage of the transformer when the
transformer load is removed.

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