V-Sub B22 Capture

SUBSECTION B
Article 22 Radiographic Standards. ....................................................... 264
Article 23 Ultrasonic Standards .......................................................... 377
Article 24 Liquid Penetrant Standards. .................................................... 444
Article 25 Magnetic Particle Standards, ................................................... 492
Article 26 Eddy Current Standards........................................................ 536
Article 21 LeakTesting Standards........................................................ 548
Article 28 Visual Examination Standards.................................................. 559
Article 29 Acoustic Emission Standards................................................... 575
Article 30 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations Standard. ............................ 601
263
01 ARTICLE 22
RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS
SE-94 Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing 265

(ASTM E 94.93)
SE-747 Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping

(ASTM E 747.97) Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology., 285
SE-999 Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic

(ASTM E 999.95) Film Processing, 302
SE-1025 Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping

(ASTM E 1025.98) Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology 307
SE-1030 Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings.. 314
(ASTM E 1030.95)
SE-1079 Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers. 326

(ASTM E 1079.97)
SE-1114 Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-
[ASTM E 1114.92 192 Industrial Radiographic Sources, 328
(K1997)]
SE-1165 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial

[ASTM E 1165.92 X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging.. 334
(RlY96)]
SE-1255 Standard Practice for Radioscopy 342

(ASTM E 1255.96)
SE-1416 Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments 359

(ASTM E 1416-96)
SE-1647 Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radioscopy.. 365

(ASTM E 1647.9Ra)
SE-1815 Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial
(ASTM E 1X15-96) Radiography 370
264
STANDARD GUIDE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
SE-94
(Identical with ASTM Specification E 94-93)
1. Scope appropriate safety and health practices and determine

the applicability qf regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This guide covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-
ray radiographic testing as applied to industrial radio- 1.6 If an NDT agency is used, the agency shall be
graphic film recording. It includes statements about qualified in accordance with Practice E 543.
preferred practice without discussing the technical back-
ground which justifies the preference. A bibliography
of several textbooks and standard documents of other
societies is included for additional information on the
2. Referenced Documents
subject.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be in- E 142 Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic
spected; radiographic testing techniques and production Testing
methods; radiographic film section, processing, viewing,
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform
and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a Nondestructive Testing
list of available reference radiograph documents. E 746 Test Method for Determining the Relative Image
NOTE1 - Puther informationis containedin GuideE 999, Practice Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Film
E ,025, Test Method E ,030, and Method E ,032. E 747 Test Method for Controlling Quality of Radio-
graphic Testing Using Wire Penetratneters
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards - Inter- E 801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic
pretation and acceptance standards are not covered Testing of Electronic Devices
by this guide, beyond listing the available reference E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial
radiograph documents for casting and welds. Designa- Radiographic Film Processing
tion of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within E 1025 Practice for Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators
the cognizance of product specifications and generally Used for Radiography
a matter of contractual agreement between producer E 1030 Test Method for Radiographic Testing of Metallic
and purchaser. Castings
1.4 Safety Practices - Problems of personnel protec- E 1032 Method for Radiographic Examination of Weld-
tion against X-rays and gamma rays are not covered merits
by this document. For information on this important E 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densi-
aspect of radiography, reference should be made to tometers
the current document of the National Committee on E 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Regis- Industrial Radiographic Films
ter, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administra- E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
tion, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and
2.2 ANSI Standards:
local regulations, if such exist.
PHl.41 Specifications for Photographic Film for Archival
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all Records, Silver-Gelatin Type, on Polyester Base
of the safety problems associated with its use. It is PH2.22 Methods for Determining Safety Times of Photo-
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish graphic Darkroom Illumination
265
SIG94 2001 SECTION V
NOTE 2 - The lint number of the quality level designsdon refers

PH4.8 Methylene Blue Method for Measuring Thiosul-
to 101 thickness expressed as a percentage of specimen thickness;
fate and Silver Densitometric Method for Measuring the second number refers to the diameter of the IQ1 hole that musf
Residual Chemicals in Films, Plates, and Papers be visible on the radiograph, expressed as a multiple of penetrameter
thickness. T.
T9.1 Imaging Media (Film) - Silver-Gelatin Type Speci-
fications for Stability 5.2 If IQIs of material radiographically similar to
T9.2 Imaging Media - Photographic Processed Films, that being examined are not available, IQIs of the
Plates, and Papers - Filing Enclosures and Storage required dimensions but of a lower-absorption material
Containers may be used.
5.3 The quality level required using wire IdIs shall

3. Terminology be equivalent to the 2-2T level of Practice E 1025
unless a higher or lower quality level is agreed upon
3.1 Definitions - For definitions of terms used in between purchaser and supplier. Table 4 of Test Method
this guide, refer to Terminology E 1316. E 747 gives a list of various hole-type IQIs and the
diameter of the wires of corresponding EPS with the
applicable lT, 2T, and 4T holes in the plaque IQI.
4. Significance and Use Appendix XI of Test Method E 747 gives the equation
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, for calculating other equivalencies, if needed.
this guide is generally applicable to available materials,
processes, and techniques where industrial X-ray films
are used as the recording media.
6. Energy Selection
4.2 Limitations - This guide does not take into 6.1 X-ray energy affects image quality. In general,
consideration special benefits and limitations resulting the lower the energy of the source utilized the higher
from the use of nonfilm recording media or readouts the achievable radiographic contrast, however, other
such as paper, tapes, xeroradiography, fluoroscopy, and variables such as geometry and scatter conditions may
electronic image intensification devices. Although refer- override the potential advantage of higher contrast. For
ence is made to documents that may be used in a particular energy, a range of thicknesses, which are
the identification and grading, where applicable, of a multiple of the half value layer, may be radiographed
representative discontinnities in common metal castings to an acceptable quality level utilizing a particular X-
and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards ray machine or gamma ray source. In all cases the
of acceptance for any material or production process. specified IQ1 (penetrameter) quality level must be shown
Radiography will be consistent in sensitivity and resolu- on the radiograph. In general, satisfactory results can
tion only if the effect of all details of techniques, such normally be obtained for X-ray energies between 100
as geometry, tilm, filtration, viewing, etc., is obtained kV to 500 kV in a range between 2.5 to 10 half value
and maintained. layers (HVL) of material thickness (see Table 1). This
range may be extended by as much as a factor of 2
in some situations for X-ray energies in the l-25 MV
PART I - EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE range primarily because of reduced scatter.
5. Radiographic Quality Level
5.1 The quality level usually required for radiography
is 2% (2-2T when using hole type IQI) unless a higher I. Radiographic Equivalence Factors
or lower quality is agreed upon between the purchaser 7.1 The radiographic equivalence factor of a material
and the supplier. At the 2% subject contrast level, three is that factor by which the thickness of the material
quality levels of inspection, levels 2.lT, 2-2T, and 2. must be multiplied to give the thickness of a “standard”
4T, are available through the design and application material (often steel) which has the same absorption.
of the IQ1 Practice E 1025, Table 1. The level of Radiographic equivalence factors of several of the more
inspection specified should be based on the service common metals are given in Table 2, with steel arbi-
requirements of the product. Great care should be taken trarily assigned a factor of 1.0. The factors may be used:
in specifying quality levels 2-lT, 1-lT, and l-2T by
first determining that these quality levels can be main- 7.1.1 To determine the practical thickness limits
tained in production radiography. for radiation sources for materials other than steel, and
266
ARTICLE 22 RADlOGRAPHlC STANDARDS SE-94
TABLE 1
TYPICAL STEEL HVL THICKNESS IN INCHES (MM)
FOR COMMON ENERGIES
Energy Thickness, in. (mm)
120 kV 0.10 (2.5)
150 kV 0.14 (3.6)
200 kV 0.20 (5.1)
250 kV 0.25 (6.4)
400 kV (II 192) 0.35 (8.9)
1 Mv 0.57 (14.5)
2 Mv (Co 60) 0.80 (20.3)
4 Mv 1.00 (25.4)
6 Mv 1.15 (29.2)
10 Mv 1.25 (31.8)
16 Mv and higher 1.30 (33.0)
TABLE 2
APPROXIMATE RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIVALENCE FACTORS FOR SEVERAL METALS
(RELATIVE TO STEEL)
Energy Level
Metal 100 kV 150 kV 220 kV 250 kV 400 kV 1 MV 2 MV 4,025 MV 1% %I
0.05 0.05 0.08

Aluminum 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.35
Aluminum alloys 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.35 0.35
Titanium 0.54 0.54 0.71 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Iron/all steels 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Copper 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1
Zinc 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
Brass 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
1nconel x 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
MUleI 1.7 1.2
Zirconium 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0
Lead 14.0 14.0 12.0 5.0 2.5 2.7 4.0 2.3
Hafnium 14.0 12.0 9.0 3.0
Uranium 20.0 16.0 12.0 4.0 3.9 3.4
261
SE-94 2001 SECTION V
1.1.2 To determine exposure factors for one metal 9.4.3 Variation of thickness of the material radio-
from exposure techniques for other metals. graphed.
9.4.4 Energy spectrum of the radiation used.
8. Film 9.4.5 The improvement desired (increasing or de-

creasing contrast). Filter thickness and material can be
8.1 Various industrial X-ray fihn types are available calculated or determined empirically.
to meet the needs of production radiographic work.
However, definite rules on the selection of fdm are
difficult to formulate because the choice depends on 10. Masking
individual user requirements. Some user requirements
are as follows: radiographic quality levels, exposure 10.1 Masking or blocking (surrounding specimens
times, and various cost factors. Several methods are or covering thin sections with an absorptive material)
available for assessing image quality levels (see Method is helpful in reducing scattered radiation. Such a material
E 142, Test Methods E 746 and E 747, and Practice can also be used to equalize the absorption of different
E 801). Information about specific products can be sections, but the loss of detail may be high in the
obtained from the manufacturers. thinner sections.
9. Filters 11. Back-Scatter Protection
9.1 Definition-Filters
are uniform layers of material 11.1 Effects of back-scattered radiation can be re-
placed between the radiation source and the film. duced by confining the radiation beam to the smallest
practical cross section and by placing lead behind the
9.2 Purpose - The purpose of filters is to absorb film. In some cases either or both the back lead screen
the softer components of the primary radiation, thus and the lead contained in the back of the cassette or
resulting in one or several of the following practical film holder will furnish adequate protection against
advantages: back-scattered radiation. In other instances, this must
9.2.1 Decreasing scattered radiation, thus increasing be supplemented by additional lead shielding behind
contrast. the cassette or film holder.
9.2.2 Decreasing undercutting, thus increasing con- 11.2 If there is any question about the adequacy of
trast. protection from back-scattered radiation, a characteristic
symbol [frequently a ‘/& (3.2~mm) thick letter R]
9.2.3 Decreasing contrast of parts of varying should be attached to the back of the cassette or film
thickness. holder, and a radiograph made in the normal manner.
If the image of this symbol appears on the radiograph
9.3 Location - Usually the filter will be placed in
as a lighter density than background, it is an indication
one of the following two locations:
that protection against back-scattered radiation is insuf-
9.3.1 As close as possible to the radiation source, ficient and that additional precautions must be taken.
which minimizes the size of the filter and also the
contribution of the filter itself to scattered radiation to
the film. 12. Scrcem
9.3.2 Between the specimen and the film in order
to absorb preferentially the scattered radiation from the
specimen. It should be noted that lead foil and other 12.1.1 Lead foil screens are commonly used in
direct contact with the films, and, depending upon their
metallic screens (see 12.1) fulfil1 this function.
thickness, and composition of the specimen material,
9.4 Thickness and Filrer Material - The thickness will exhibit and intensifying action at as low as 90
and material of the filter will vary depending upon the kV. In addition, any screen used in front of the film
following: acts as a filter (Section 9) to preferentially absorb
scattered radiation arising from the specimen, thus
9.4.1 The material radiographed.
improving radiographic quality. The selection of lead
9.4.2 Thickness of the material radiographed. Screen thickness, or for that matter, any metallic screen
7.68
ARTICLE 22 RADIOGMPHlC STANDARDS SE-94
thickness, is subject to the same considerations as from lead screens with a solvent. Fluorescent screens
outlined in 9.4. Lead screens lessen the scatter reaching should be cleaned in accordance with the recommenda-
the film regardless of whether the screens permit n tions of the manufacturer. Screens showing evidence
decrease or necessitate an increase in the radiographic of physical damage should be discarded.
exposure. To avoid image unsharpness due to screens,
there should be intimate contact between the lead screen
and the film during exposure. 13. Radiographic Contrast
12.1.2 Lead foil screens of appropriate thickness 13.1 The various radiation intensities that penetrate
should be used whenever they improve radiographic an object are rendered as different photographic densities
quality or penetrameter sensitivity or both. The thickness in a radiograph. Using transmitted or reflected light to
of the front lead screens should be selected with care view a radiograph, an observed change in film density
to avoid excessive filtration in the radiography of over a background is defined as contrast. Radiographic
thin or light alloy materials, particularly at the lower contrast depends mostly upon subject contrast and film
kilovoltages. In general, there is no exposure advantage gradient.
to the use of 0.005 in. in front and back lead screens 13.2 Subject contrast is the ratio of radiation intensi-
below 125 kV in the radiography of ‘lcin. (6.35-mm) ties transmitted by two selected portions of a specimen.
or lesser thickness steel. As the kilovoltage is increased
to penetrate thicker sections of steel, however, there 13.3 The film gradient is the value of the slope of
is a significant exposure advantage. In addition to the tangent line drawn to a particular density point on
intensifying action, the back lead screens are used as the characteristic curve to the abscissa. Film mannfactnr-
protection against back-scattered radiation (see Section ers can furnish characteristic curves of their products.
II) and their thickness is only important for this 13.4 The quality of radiography is influenced by
function. As exposure energy is increased to penetrate many variables; the effects of changes in some of these
greater thicknesses of a given subject material, it is variables are illustrated in Fig. 1.
customary to increase lead screen thickness. For radiog-
raphy using radioactive sources, the minimum thickness
of the front lead screen should be 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) 14. Geometry
for iridium-192, and 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) for cobalt-60.
14.1 The focus-film distance necessary to reduce
12.2 Other Mefallic Screen Materials: geometric nnsharpness to a negligible amount depends
12.2.1 Lead oxide screens perform in a similar upon the film or film-screen combinations, focal-spot
manner to lead foil screens except that their equivalence size, and object-film distance. Geometric unsharpness
in lead foil thickness approximates 0.0005 in. (0.013 is given [see Fig. 2(a)] by the equation:
“IllI).
U, = R/d,
12.2.2 Copper screens have somewhat less absorp-
tion and intensification than lead screens, but may where:
provide somewhat better radiographic sensitivity with ug = geometric unsharpness,
higher energy above 1 MV. F= size of the radiation source,
f= specimen thickness, when in contact with the
12.2.3 Gold, tantalum, or other heavy metal screens
film, and
may be used in cases where lead cannot be used.
do = source+hject distance.
12.3 Fluorescent Screens - In general, for a given
NOTE 3
source of radiation, fluorescent screens should be used units of U,
only when the exposure necessary without them would NOTE 4 -
be prohibitively long. In any event, if fluorescent screens
must be used, they should be proven capable of achiev-
ing the required quality level. Good screen-film contact Example:
is essential for the successful use of fluorescent screens.
12.4 Screen Care - All screens should be handled
Sourcefilm distance (d,) = 40 in.,
carefully to avoid dents and scratches, dirt, or grease Source size (FJ = 500 mils, and
on active surfaces. Grease and lint may be removed Source side of specimen to film distance (1) = 1.5 in
269
SE-94 2001 SECIION V
Radiation Duality
.n
Soft - tend toward high contrast
Hard - tend toward low contrast
Scettered Rxlietion
Small proportion -tend toward high contrast
Large proportion -tend toward low contra81
s High average gredisnt -tend toward high contrast

Low average gradient - tend toward low contrast
Degree of Development
Adequate - tend toward high contmt
Under or over - tend to low contrsn
Density
Low - tend toward low contrast
High -tend toward high contrast
GENERAL NOTE: The maximum usable density on Class 1, 2, and 3 film depends on the illuminator available.
FIG. 1 EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN VARIABLES ON QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHY
270
ARTIC1.F. 22 RADlOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-94
Film
l---+--I
(a) Geometric Unsharpners (b) Radiographic Enlargement (cl Radiographic Distortion
LEGEND: LEGEND:
do = source-to-object distance Li = dimension of undistorted image
I = object-to-film distance L, = dimension of distorted image
L, = dimension of object L, - L[ = AL
L, = dimension of image Percentage distortion = (AL/L,) x 100
U, = R/do
Li - L, = AL
^ ^ = 2t x tan l/28
ALIL, x I”” = percentage enlargement
FIG. 2 EFFECTS OF OBJECT-FILM GEOMETRY
271
“1”
SDWX
Side
“I=” Pivot Line Specimen-
Focal
““i’
to.Film GeometrIcal
spot. Distance. Upaharpnsas,
mik in. mlls
- 1000 100 10-
- 800 s: - SO
- 600 6- - 60
- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20
1.0 - - 10
0.6 : - 8
0.6 - - 6
0.5 - - 5
0.4 : - 4
0.3 - - 3
0.2 - - 2
!2
40
- 10 0.10 - . 10
- 8 30 0.06 z . 06
- 6 0.06 - - 06
- 5 0.05 - . 05
- 4 20 0.04 - . 04
- 3 0.03 - . 03
FIG. 3
1 10
NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINING GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS

(Inch-Pound Units)
0.02
0.01
-
-
. 02
212
AKTICLE 22 - KADlOCKAPHlC STANDARDS SE-94
“I”
source
Pivot Line Specimen.
“‘F-
FOE?8
SP% Distance.
nlm cm
1 10 1 100 to-film
Side
100 7 - 1.0
900 8 : 0.6
600 6 - 0.6
500 5 - 0.5
400 4'. - 0.4
300 3 - 0.3
200 2 - 0.2
100 1.0 10 - 0.10

=!
SO 0.8 " j
: 0.09
60 0.6 - 60 64 - 0.06
50 0.5 5-j - 0.05
40 0.4 - 0.04
30 0.3 - 0.03
20 0.2 - 0.02
- 0.010
- 0.009
c 0.06 0.6-j - O.OOE

0.5; - 0.005
- 0.004
- 0.003
- 0.002
- 0.001
FIG. 4 NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINING GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS

(Metric Units)
213
SE.94 2001 SECTION V
15.2.8 Screen type and thickness,

15.2.9 Curies or milliamperes,
15.2.10 Time of exposure,
15.2.11 Filter (in the primary beam),
Inasmuch as the source size, F, is usually fixed for a 15.2.12 Time-temperature development for hand
given radiation source, the value of U, is essentially processing; access time for automatic processing; time-
controlled by the simple do/t ratio. temperature development for dry processing, and
14.2 Because X and gamma radiation is divergent, 15.2.13 Processing chemistry brand name, if appli-
the radiographic image of an object, or of a structure cable.
within an object, will be larger than the object or the
15.3 The essential elements listed in 15.2 will be
structure itself. The degree of enlargement will increase
accurate for isotopes of the same type, but will vary
with decreasing source-Object (structure) distance and
with X-ray equipment of the same kilovoltage and
with increasing object (structure)-film distance [Fig.
milliampere rating.
2b)l.
15.4 Exposure charts should be developed for each
14.3 If the film is not parallel to the object, the
X-ray machine and corrected each time a major cotnpo-
radiographic image will be distorted because different
nent is replaced, such as the X-ray tube or high-voltage
parts of the radiographic image will be enlarged by
transformer.
different amounts. A measure of the degree of distortion
is given by the ratio of the change in image size caused 15.5 The exposure chart should be corrected when
by distortion to the size of the undistorted image the processing chemicals are changed to a different
Fig. 7-M. manufacturer’s brand or the time-temperature relation-
ship of the processor may be adjusted to suit the
14.4 Final acceptance of radiographs should be based
exposure chart. The exposure chart, when using a dry
on the ability to see the prescribed penetrameter image
and the specified hole. The unsharpness formula is processing method, should be corrected based upon the
time-temperature changes of the processor.
included for information and guidance, and will operate
within practical limits, but is of less consequence as
do/t ratios increase.
16. Technique File
16.1 It is recommended that a radiographic technique
15. E:xposure Calculations or Charts log or record containing the essential elements he
maintained.
15.1 Development or procurement of an exposure
chart or calculator is the responsibility of the individual 16.2 The radiographic technique log or record should
laboratory. contain the following:
15.2 The essential elements of an exposure chart or 16.2.1 Description or sketch of the object,
calculator must relate the following:
16.2.2 Material type and thickness,
15.2.1 Source or machine,
16.2.3 Source or focus-film distance,
15.2.2 Material type,
16.2.4 Film type,
15.2.3 Material thickness,
16.2.5 Film density,
15.2.4 Film type (relative speed),
16.2.6 Screen type and thickness,
1.5.2.5 Film density (see Note 5),
16.2.7 Isotope or X-ray machine identification,
15.2.6 Source or focus-film distance,
16.2.8 Curie or milliampere minutes,
15.2.7 Kilovoltage or isotope type,
16.2.9 Film placement for nonstandard items,
NOTE 5 - For detailed information of film density and density
measurement calibration. see Practice E 1079. 16.2.10 Source position for nonstandard items,
274
ARTICLE 22 RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-94
162.11 Penetrameter and shim thickness, 18.1.2 The minimum identification should at least
include the following: the radiographic facility’s name,
16.2.12 Special masking or filters, the date, part number and serial number, if used,
16.2.13 Collimator or field limitation device, and for unmistakable identification of radiographs with the
specimen. The letter R should be used to designate a
16.2.14 Processing method. radiograph of a repair area, and may include -1 , -2,
16.3 The recommendations of 16.2 are not mandatory, etc., for the number of repair.
but are essential in reducing the overall cost of radiogra- 18.2 Location Markers:
phy, and serve as a communication link between the
radiographic interpreter and the radiographic operator. 18.2.1 Location markers (that is, lead or high-
atomic number metals or letters that are to appear as
images on the radiographic film) should be placed on
17. Penetrameters (Image Quality Indicators) the pm? being examined, whenever practical, and not
on the cassette. Their exact locations should also be
17.1 The selection and placement of penetrameters marked on the surface of the part being radiographed,
shall be in accordance with applicable standards Method thus permitting the area of interest to be located accu-
E 142, Test Method E 747, and Practices E 801 and rately on the part, and they should remain on the part
E 1025. during radiographic inspection. Their exact location
may be permanently marked in accordance with the
17.2 Another image quality indicator (IQI) may be
customer’s requirements.
found in Test Method E 746 for determining relative
image quality response of industrial X-ray films at 18.2.2 Location markers are also used in assisting
200 KEV. the radiographic interpreter in marking off defective
areas of components, castings, or defects in weldments;
17.2.1 However, the E 746 Equivalent Penetrame-
also, sorting good and rejectable items when more than
ter Sensitivity (EPS) plaque may be used to study the
one item is radiographed on the same film.
effects of various radiographic variables on radiographic
system EPS performance. 18.2.3 Sufficient markers most be used to provide
evidence on the radiograph that the required coverage
17.2.2 For example, multiple X-ray machines may
of the object being examined has been obtained, and
be observed for their effect on EPS by holding film
that overlap is evident, especially during radiography
and processing constant and taking image quality expo-
of weldments and casting.
sures with all the X-ray machines. The machines would
be set for the given exposure condition in Test Method 18.2.4 Parts that must be identified permanently
E 746 and film density equalized. By reading the may have the serial numbers or section numbers, or
resultant films, the relative EPS variations between both, stamped or written upon them with a marking
machines may be determined. pen with a special indelible ink, engraved, die stamped,
or etched. In any case, the part should be marked in
17.2.3 Exposure condition variables may also be
an area not to be removed in subsequent fabrication.
studied using this plaque.
If die stamps are used, caution is required to prevent
17.2.4 While Test Method E 746 plaque can be breakage or future fatigue failure. The lowest stressed
useful in quantifying relative radiographic image quality, surface of the part should be used for this stamping.
these other applications of the plaque may he useful. Where marking or stamping of the pars is not permitted
for some reason, a marked reference drawing or shooting
sketch is recommended.
18. Identification of and Location Markers on
Radiographs
PART II - PROTECTION AND’ CARE OF
18.1 Identification of Radiographs:
UNPROCESSED FILM
18.1.1 Each radiograph must he identified uniquely 19. Storage of Film
so that there is a permanent correlation between the
part radiographed and the film. The type of identification 19.1 Unexposed films should be stored in such a
and method by which identification is achieved shall manner that they are protected from the effects of light,
be as agreed upon between the customer and inspector. pressure, excessive heat, excessive humidity, damaging
215
SE-94 2001SECTlONV
fumesor vapors,or penetrating radiation.Film manufac- 23. Automatic Processing

turersshouldbeconsultedfor detailedrecommendations 23.1 Automatic Processing - The essenceof the
on film storage.Storageof film shouldbe on a “first automaticprocessingsystemis control. The processor
in,” “first out” basis. maintainsthe chemicalsolutionsat the propertempera-
19.2 More detailedinformationon film storageis ture,agitatesandreplenishes thesolutionsautomatically,
providedin GuideE 1254. and transportsthe films mechanicallyat a carefully
controlledspeedthroughoutthe processingcycle. Film
characteristics mustbe compatiblewith processingcon-
20. Safelight Test ditions. It is, therefore,
essentialthat the recommenda-
tionsof the film, processor,andchemicalmanufacturers
20.1 Films shouldbe handledundersafelightcondi- be followed.
tionsin accordance with the film manufacturer’srecom-
mendations.ANSI PH2.22can be used to determine 23.2 Automatic Processing, Dry - The essenceof
the adequacyof safelightconditionsin a darkroom. dry automatic processingis the precise control of
developmenttime and temperaturewhich results in
reproducibilityof radiographicdensity.Film characteris-
tics must be compatiblewith processingconditions.It
21. Cleanliness and Film Handling is, therefore,essentialthat the recommendations of the
21.1 Cleanlinessis oneof themostimportantrequire- film and processor manufacturers be followed.
mentsfor goodradiography. Cassettes andscreensmust
be kept clean,not only becausedirt retainedmay cause
exposureor processingartifactsin the radiographs,but 24. Manual Processing
becausesuchdirt may alsobe transferredto the loading 24.1 Film and chemical manufacturersshould be
bench,and subsequently to other film or screens. consultedfor detailedrecommendations on manualfilm
21.2 The surfaceof the loadingbenchmust be kept processing. This section outlines the steps for one
clean. Where manualprocessingis used,cleanliness acceptable method of manual processing.
will be promotedby arrangingthe darkroom with 24.2 Preparation - No more film should be pro-
processingfacilities on one side and film-handling cessedthan can be accommodatedwith a minimum
facilities on the other.The darkroomwill thenhave a separationof ‘/* in. (12.7 mm). Hangersare loaded
wet side and a dry side and the chanceof chemical and solutionsstirredbeforestartingdevelopment.
contaminationof the loading benchwill be relatively
slight. 24.3 Start of Development - Start the timer and
place the films into the developertank. Separateto a
21.3 Films shouldbe handledonly at their edges, minimum distanceof ‘/2 in. (12.7 mm) and agitatein
and with dry, clean handsto avoid finger marks on two directionsfor about 15 s.
film surfaces.
24.4 Development - Normal developmentis 5 to 8
21.4 Sharpbending,excessivepressure,and rough min at 68°F (20°C).Longerdevelopmenttime generally
handlingof any kind must be avoided. yields fasterfilm speedandslightly more contrast.The
manufacturer’srecommendation shouldbe followed in
choosinga developmenttime. When the temperature
PART III - PROCESSING FILMS AND is higheror lower, developmenttime must be changed.
Again,consultmanufacturer-recommended development
VIEWING AND STORING RADIOGRAPHS
time versustemperaturecharts.Otherrecommendations
22. Film Processing, General of the manufacturerto be followed are replenishment
22.1 To producea satisfactoryradiograph,the care rates,renewalof solutions,and other specific instruc-
used in making the exposuremust be followed by tions.
equalcarein processing. The most carefulradiographic 24.5 Agitation - Shakethe film horizontally and
techniquescan be nullified by incorrector improper vertically,ideally for a few secondseachminuteduring
darkroomprocedures. development.This will help film developevenly.
22.2 More detailedinformationon film processing 24.6 Stop Bath or Rinse - After developmentis
is providedin GuideE 999. complete,the activity of developerremainingin the
276
ARTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-94
emulsion should be neutralized by an acid stop bath humidity and temperature are likely to be excessive,
or, if this is not possible, by rinsing with vigorous as is the case in tropical and subtropical climates. The
agitation in clear water. Follow the tilm manufacturer’s method of determining residual fixer concentrations may
recommendation of stop bath composition (or length be ascertained by reference to ANSI PH4.8, PH1.28, and
of alternative rinse), time immersed, and life of bath. PHl.41.
24.7 Fixing - The films must not touch one another 24.12 Drying - Drying is a function of (I) film
in the fixer. Agitate the hangers vertically for about
(base and emulsion); (2) processing (hardness of emul-
10 s and again at the end of the first minute, to ensure sion after washing, use of wetting agent); and (3)
uniform and rapid fixation. Keep them in the fixer until drying air (temperature, humidity, flow). Manual drying
fixation is complete (that is, at least twice the clearing can vary from still air drying at ambient temperature
time), but not more than 15 min in relatively fresh
to as high as 140°F (60°C) with air circulated by a
fixer. Frequent agitation will shorten the time of fixation. fan. Film manufacturers should again be contacted for
24.8 Fixer Neutralizing - The use of a hypo elimina- recommended drying conditions. Take precaution to
tor or fixer neutralizer between fixation and washing may tighten film on hangers, so that it cannot touch in the
be advantageous. These materials permit a reduction of dryer. Too hot a drying temperature at low humidity
both time and amount of water necessary for adequate can result in uneven drying and should be avoided.
washing. The recommendations of the manufacturers
as to preparation, use, and useful life of the baths
should be observed rigorously.
24.9 Washing -The washing efficiency is a function 25. Testing Developer
of wash water, its temperature, and flow, and the film
being washed. Generally, washing is very slow below 25.1 It is desirable to monitor the activity of the
60°F (16°C). When washing at temperatures above radiographic developing solution. This can be done by
85°F (3o”C), care should be exercised not to leave periodic development of film strips exposed under
films in the water too long. The films should be washed carefully controlled conditions, to a graded series of
in batches without contamination from new film brought radiation intensities or time, or by using a commercially
over from the fixer. If pressed for capacity, as more available strip carefully controlled for film speed and
films are put in the wash, partially washed film should latent image fading.
he moved in the direction of the inlet.
24.9.1 The cascade method of washing uses less
water and gives better washing for the same length of
time. Divide the wash tank into two sections (may be 26. Viewing Radiographs
two tanks). Put the films from the fixer in the outlet
section, After partial washing, move the batch of film 26.1 Transmission - The illuminator must provide
to the inlet section. This completes the wash in fresh light of an intensity that will illuminate the average
water. density areas of the radiographs without glare and it
must diffuse the light evenly over the viewing area.
24.9.2 For specific washing recommendations, con- Commercial fluorescent illuminators are satisfactory for
sult the film manufacturer. radiographs of moderate density; however, high light
intensity illuminators are available for densities up to
24.10 Wefting Agem - Dip the film for approxi-
3.5 or 4.0. Masks should be available to exclude any
mately 30 s in a wetting agent. This makes water drain
extraneous light from the eyes of the viewer when
evenly off film, which facilitates quick, even drying.
viewing radiographs smaller than the viewing port or
24.11 Residual Fixer Concentrations - If the fixing to cover low-density areas.
chemicals are not removed adequately from the film,
they will in time cause staining or fading of the 26.2 Reflection - Radiographs on a translucent or
developed image. Residual fixer concentrations permis- opaque backing may be viewed by reflected light. It
sible depend upon whether the films are to be kept is recommended that the radiograph be viewed under
for commercial purposes (3 to 10 years) or must diffuse lighting conditions to prevent excess glare.
be of archival quality. Archival quality processing is Optical magnification can be used in certain instances
desirable for all radiographs whenever average relative to enhance the interpretation of the image.
211
27. Viewing Room sufficient detail so that any radiographic techniques

may be duplicated readily. If calibration data, or other
27.1 Subdued lighting, rather than total darkness, is
records such as card files or procedures, are used to
preferable in the viewing room. The brightness of the
determine the procedure, the log need refer only to
surroundings should be about the same as the area of
the appropriate data or other record. Subsequently, the
interest in the radiograph. Room illumination most be
interpreter’s findings and disposition (acceptance or
so arranged that there are no reflections from the surface
rejection), if any, and his initials, should he entered
of the film under examination.
for each job.
28. Storageof ProcessedRadiographs 30. Reports

28.1 Radiographs should be stored using the same 30.1 When written reports of radiographic examina-
care as for any other valuable record. tions are required, they should include the following,
plus such other items as may be agreed upon:
28.2 Envelopes having an edge seam, rather than a
center seam, and joined with a nonhygroscopic adhesive, 30.1.1 Identification of parts, material, or area.
are preferred, since occasional staining and fading of 30.1.2 Radiographic job number.
the image is caused by certain adhesives used in the
manufacture of envelopes (see ANSI PH1.53). 30.1.3 Findings and disposition, if any. This infor-
mation can be obtained directly from the log.
PART IV - RECORDS, REPORTS, AND 31. Identification of Completed Work

IDENTIFICATION OF ACCEPTED
31.1 Whenever radiography is an inspective (rather
MATERIAL
than investigative) operation whereby material is ac-
29. Records cepted or rejected, all parts and material that have been
accepted should be marked permanently, if possible,
29.1 It is recommended that an X-ray log (a log
with a characteristic identifying symbol which will
may consist of a card file, punched card system, a
indicate to subsequent or final inspectors the fact of
book, or other record) constituting a record of each job
radiographic acceptance.
performed, be maintained. This record should comprise,
initially, a job number (which should appear also on 31.2 Whenever possible, the completed radiographs
the films), the identification of the parts, material or should be kept on file for reference. The custody of
area radiographed, the date the films are exposed, and radiographs and the length of time they are preserved
a complete record of the radiographic procedure, in should be agreed upon between the contracting parties.
278
AKTICLE 22 RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-94
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
Xl. USE OF FLUORESCENT SCREENS layer thickness, is minimized by using screens having
small, evenly spaced crystals in a thin crystalline layer.
X1.1 Description - Fluorescent intensifying screens
Fluorescent screens are highly sensitive to longer wave-
have a cardboard or plastic support coated with a
length scattered radiation. Consequently, to maxim&
uniform layer of inorganic phosphor (crystalline sub-
contrast when this non-image forming radiation is exces-
stance). The support and phosphor are held together by
sive, fluorometallic intensifying screens or fluorescent
a radiotransparent binding material. Fluorescent screens
screens backed by lead screens of appropriate thickness
derive their name from the fact that their phosphor are recommended. Screen technology has seen signifi-
crystals “fluoresce” (emit visible light) when struck by
cant advances in recent years, and today’s fluorescent
X or gamma radiation. Some phosphors like calcium
screens have smaller crystal size, more uniform crystal
tungstate (CaWOJ give off blue light while others
packing, and reduced phosphor thickness. This translates
known as rare earth emit light green.
into greater screen/film speed with reduced unsharpness
Xl.2 Purpose and Film Types - Fluorescent screen and mottle. These improvements can represent some
exposures are usually much shorter than those made meaningful benefits for industrial radiography, as indi-
without screens or with lead intensifying screens, be- cated by the three examples as follows:
cause radiographic films generally are more responsive
to visible light than to direct X-radiation, gamma radia- X1.3.1 Reduced Exposure (Increased Productiv-
tion, and electrons. ity) - There arc instances where prohibitively long
exposure times make conventional radiography impracti-
X1.2.1 Films fall into one of two categories: non- cal. An example is the inspection of thick, high atomic
screen type film having moderate light response, and
number materials with low curie isotopes. Depending
screen type film specifically sensitized to have a very on many variables, exposure time may be reduced by
high blue or green light response. Fluorescent screens factors ranging from 2x to 105x when the appropriate
can reduce conventional exposures by as much as 150
fluorescent screen/film combination is used.
times, depending on film type.
X1.3 Image Qua&y and Use - The image quality X1.3.2 Improved Safety Conditions (Field Sires) -
associated with fluorescent screen exposures is a func- Because fluorescent screens provide reduced exposure,
tion of sharpness, mottle, and contrast. Screen sharpness the length of time that non-radiation workers must
depends on phosphor crystal size, thickness of the evacuate a radiographic inspection site can be reduced
crystal layer, and the reflective base coating. Each significantly.
crystal emits light relative to its size and in all directions
thus producing a relative degree of image ansharpness. X1.3.3 Extended Equipment Capability - Utiliz-
To minimize this onsharpness, screen to film contact ing the speed advantage of fluorescent screens by
should be as intimate as possible. Mottle adversely translating it into reduced energy level. An example
affects image quality in two ways. First, a “quantum” is that a 150 kV X-ray tube may do the job of a 300
mottle is dependent upon the amount of X or gamma kV tube, or that iridium 192 may be used in applications
radiation actually absorbed by the fluorescent screen, normally requiring cobalt 60. It is possible for overall
that is, faster screen/film systems lead to greater mottle image quality to be better at the lower kV with fluores-
and poorer image quality. A “structural” mottle, which cent screens than at a higher energy level using lead
is a function of crystal size, crystal uniformity, and screens.
279
OI STANDARD METHOD FOR CONTROLLING QUALITY
OF RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
SE-142
DELETED
STANDARD REFERENCE RADIOGRAPHS 01
FOR HEAVY-WALLED [2 to 41/Z-in. (51 to 114-mm)]

STEEL CASTINGS
SE-186
(Identical with ASTM Specification E 1X6-93)
DELETED
7.81
01 STANDARD REFERENCE RADIOGRAPHS FOR
APPEARANCES OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGES
AS CERTAIN PARAMETERS ARE CHANGED
SE-242
DELETED
282
STANDARD REFERENCE RADIOGRAPHS FOR OI
HEAVY-WALLED [41/2 to 12-h (114 to 305mm)]

STEEL CASTINGS
SE-280
(Identical with ASTM Specification E 280.93)
DELETED
283
01 STANDARD REFERENCE RADIOGRAPHS
FOR STEEL CASTINGS UP TO 2 in. (51 mm)
IN THICKNESS
SE-446
DELETED
284
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DESIGN,
MANUFACTURE, AND MATERIAL GROUPING
CLASSIFICATION OF WIRE IMAGE QUALITY
INDICATORS (IQI) USED FOR RADIOLOGY
SE-141
(IdenticalwithASTM Specification
E 747-97)
1. SCOPE- B 166 Specificationfor Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloys

(UNS N06600,N06601,and N06690)and Nickel-
1.1 This practicecoversthedesign,materialgrouping
Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNSN06617)
classification,and manufactureof wire image quality Rod,Bar, andWire
indicators(IQI) usedto indicatethequalityof radiologic E 1025Practicefor Design,Manufacture,andMaterial
images. GroupingClassificationof Hole-TypeImageQuality
1.2 This practiceis applicableto X-ray and gamma- Indicators(IQI) Usedfor Radiography
ray radiology. E 1316Terminologyfor NondestructiveExaminations
1.3This practicecoverstheuseof wire penetiameters

asthecontrollingimagequalityindicatorfor thematerial
thicknessrangefrom 6.4 to 152mm (0.25to 6.0 in.). 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions - The definitionsof termsin Tenni-
1.4 The valuesstatedin inch-poundunits areto be nology E 1316,SectionD, relating to gammaand x-
regardedas standard. radiology,shallapplyto thetermsusedin this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
4. Wire IQ1 Requirements
establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations 4.1 The quality of all levels of examinationshall
prior to use. be determinedby a set of wires conformingto the
following requirements:
4.1.1 Wires shall be fabricatedfrom materialsor

alloysidentifiedor listed in accordancewith 7.2.Other
2.1 ASTM Standards: materialsmay be used in accordancewith 7.3.
B 139Specificationfor PhosphorBronzeRod,Bar, and
Shapes 4.1.2 The IQ1 consistsof setsof wires arranged
B 150Specificationfor AluminumBronzeRod,Bar,and in order of increasingdiameter.The diametersizes
Shapes specifiedin Table 1 areestablishedfrom a consecutive
B 161Specificationfor Nickel SeamlessPipe andTube seriesof numberstakenin generalfrom the ISO/R 10
B 164Specificationfor Nickel-CopperAlloy Rod,Bar, series.The IQ1 shall be fabricatedin accordancewith
andWire the requirementsspecifiedin Figs. 1 through8 and
285
TABLE 1 TABLE 2
WIRE IQ1 SIZES AND WIRE IDENTITY NUMBERS WIRE DIAMETER TOLERANCES (mm)
SET A SET B Wire Diameter cd), mm Tolevance,mm
Wire Diameter, Wire Diameter 0.000 < d10.125 f0.0025
in. (mm) Wire Identity in. (mm) Wire Identity 0.125 < di 0.25 f0.005
0.25 < di 0.5 f0.01
0.0032 (0.08)~ 1 0.010 (0.25) b
0.50 < d< 1.6 to.02
0.004 (0.1) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7
1.6 <d<4 to.03
0.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.4) 8
4.0 <di8 f0.05
0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 IO.51) 9
0.008 (0.2) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10
0.010 (0.25) b 0.032 (0.81) 11
SET C SET D
Wire Diameter, Wire Diameter, TABLE 3

in. (mm) Wire Identity in. (mm) Wire Identity WIRE DIAMETER TOLERANCES (in.)
0.032 (0.81) 11 0.10 (2.5) lb
Wire Diameter(al ill. Tolerance.in.
0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.2) 17
0.050 (1.271 13 0.160 (4.061 18 0.000 < dS0.005 sl.0001
0.063 (1.6) 14 0.20 (5.1) 19 0.005 < d< 0.010 f0.0002
0.080 (2.031 15 0.25 (6.4) 20 0.010 < d< 0.020 *0.0004
0.100 (2.5) I6 0.32 (8) 21 0.020 < d< 0.063 f0.0008
0.063 < dS 0.160 f0.0012
‘The 0.0032 wire may be usedto establisha specialquality levelas 0.160 < d< 0.320 f0.0020
agreedupon betweenthe purchaserand the supplier.
Tables 1, 2, and 3. IQIs previouslymanufacturedto 5.1.3 Selectthe applicableIQIs that representthe

the requirementsof Annex Al may be used as an requiredIQ1 thickness(s)and alloy(s).
alternateprovidedall otherrequirements
of this practice
m met. 6. Image Quality Levels
4.1.3 Image quality indicator(IQI) designsother 6.1 The quality level requiredusingwire penetrame-
than thoseshownin Figs. 1 through8 and Annex Al ters shall be equivalentto the 2-2T level of Practice
are permittedby contractualagreement.If an IQ1 set E 1025 for hole-typeIQIs unlessa higher or lower
as listed in Table 1 or Annex Al is modified in size, quality level is agreedupon betweenpurchaserand
it must contain the gradenumber,set identity, and supplier.Table4 providesa list of varioushole-typeIQIs
essentialwire. It mustalsocontaintwo additionalwires and the diameterof wires of corresponding equivalent
that are the next size largerand the next size smaller penetrametersensitivity(EPS)with the applicablelT,
as specifiedin the applicableset listed in Table 1. 2T, and 4T holes in the IQI. This table can be used
4.1.4Eachset must be identifiedusinglettersand for determininglT, 2T, and4T qualitylevels.Appendix
numbersmadeof industrialgradeleador of a material XI givestheequationfor calculatingotherequivalencies
of similar radiographicdensity.Identificationshall he if needed.
as shown in Figs. 1 through8 or Annex Al, unless 6.2In specifyingqualitylevels,thecontract,purchase
otherwisespecifiedby contractualagreement. order,productspecification,or drawingshouldclearly
indicatethe thicknessof materialto which the quality
5. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Procurement level applies.Carefulconsiderationof requiredquality
levels is particularlyimportant.
5.1WhenselectingIQIs for procurement,thefollow-
ing factorsshouldbe considered:
7. Material Groups
5.1.1 Determinethe alloy group(s)of the material
to be.examined. 7.1 General:
5.1.2 Determinethe thicknessor thicknessrange 7.1.1 Materials have been designatedin eight
of the material(s)to be examined. groupsbasedon theirradiographicabsorptioncharacter-
286
ARTICLE 22 RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS
SE-141
c-3
ii \
. SEE TABLE /
FIG. 2 SET A/ALTERNATE 2
281
FIG. 3 SET B/ALTERNATE 1
FIG. 4 SET B/ALTERNATE 2

ARTICLE 22 KAIXEItAPMIC STANI)ARIX SE-141
FIG. 5 SET C/ALTERNATE 1
FIG. 6 SET C/ALTERNATE 2
289
FIG. 7 SET D/ALTERNATE 1
istics: groups 03, 02, and 01 for light metals and groups 7.2 Materials Groups:
1 through 5 for heavy metals.
7.2.1 Mawids Group 01:
7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg),
7.2.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
aluminum (Al), and titanium (Ti), are identified 03,
made of titanium or titanium shall be the predominant
02, and 01 respectively, for their predominant alloying
alloying constituent.
constituent. The materials are listed in order of increas-
ing radiation absorption. 7.2.1.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is
7.1.3 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper-base, the predominant alloying constituent.
nickel-base, and kindred alloys, are identified 1 through
1.2.2 Materials Group 02:
5. The materials increase in radiation absorption with
increasing numerical designation. 7.2.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
made of aluminum or aluminum shall be the predomi-
7.1.4 Common trade names or alloy designations
nant alloying constituent.
have been used for clarification of the pertinent mate-
rials. 7.2.2.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum
7.1.5 The materials from which the IQ1 for the is the predominant alloying constituent.
group are to be made are designated in each case and
these IQIs are applicable for all materials listed in that
group. In addition, any group IQ1 may be used for 7.2.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQls) shall be
any material with a higher group number, provided the made of magnesium or magnesium shall be the predomi-
applicable quality level is maintained. nant alloying constituent.
290
AKTICLE 22 RADlOGKAPHlC STANDAKDS SE-747
FIG. 8 SET D/ALTERNATE 2
7.2.3.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium 7.2.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and
is the predominant alloying constituent. 18% nickel-maraging steel.
1.2.4 Materials Group 1: 7.2.7 Materials Group 4:

7.2.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be 7.2.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
made of carbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel. made of 70 to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel) (Class
A or B of Specification B 164) or equivalent, or 70
7.2.4.2 Use on all carbon steel, low-alloy steels, to 30 copper-nickel alloy (Alloy G of Specification B
stainless steels, and manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze
161) or equivalent.
(Superston).
7.2.7.2 Use on nickel, copper, all nickel-copper
7.2.5 Materials Group 2:~
series, or copper-nickel series of alloys, and all brasses
7.2.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be (copper-zinc alloys). Group 4 IQIs may include the
made of aluminnm bronze (Alloy No. 623 of Specifica- leaded brasses since leaded brass increases in attenuation
tion B 150) or equivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze with increase in lead content. This would be equivalent
(Alloy No. 630 of Specification B 150) or equivalent. to using a lower group IQI.
7.2.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all 7.2.8 Materials Group 5:
nickel-aluminum bronzes.
1.2.6 Materials Group 3: made of tin bronze (Alloy D of Specification B 139).
7.2.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be 7.2.8.2 Use on tin bronzes including gun-metal
made of nickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. N06600) and valve bronze, or leaded-tin bronze of higher lead
(Inconel). (See Specification B 166.) content than valve bronze. Group 5 IQIs may include
291
SE-747 2001 SECTlON V
TABLE 4
WIRE SIZES EQUIVALENT TO CORRESPONDING 1T. ZT, AND 4T HOLES IN VARIOUS HOLE TYPE PLAQUES
PlaqueThickness, PlaqueIQIIdentification Diameter of wire with EPS of hole in plaque, in. (mm)
in. (mm) Number 1T 2T 4T
0.005 (0.13) 5 0.0038 (0.09) 0.006 (0.15)
0.006 (0.161 6 0.004 (0.101 0.0067 (0.18)
0.008 (0.20) 8 0.0032 (0.08) 0.005 (0.13) 0.008 (0.20)
0.009 (0.23) 9 0.0035 (0.09) 0.0056 (0.14) 0.009 (0.23)
0.010 (0.25) 10 0.004 (0.10) 0.006 (0.151 0.010 (0.25)
0.012 (0.30) 12 0.005 (0.13) 0.008 (0.20) 0.012 (0.281
0.015 (0.381 15 0.0065 (0.161 0.010 (0.25) 0.016 (0.41)
0.017 (0.43) 17 0.0076 (0.191 0.012 10.28) 0.02d (0.51)
0.020 (0.51) 20 0.010 (0.25) 0.015 (0.38) 0.025 (0.63)
0.025 (O.b4) 25 0.013 (0.33) 0.020 (0.51) 0.032 (0.81)
0.030 (0.76) 30 0.016 (0.41) 0.025 (0.63) 0.040 (1.021
0.035 (0.891 35 0.020 (0.51) 0.032 (0.81) 0.050 (1.27)
0.040 (1.02) 40 0.024 (0.63) 0.040 (1.02) 0.063 (1.57)
0.050 (1.27) 50 0.032 (0.81) 0.050 (1.27) 0.080 (2.03)
0.060 (1.52) 60 0.040 (1.02) 0.063 (1.571 0.100 (2.54)
0.070 (1.78) 70 0.050 (1.27) 0.080 (2.03) 0.126 (3.20)
0.080 (2.03) 80 0.063 (1.57) 0.100 (2.54) 0.160 (4.06)
0.100 (2.5) 100 0.080 12.03) 0.126 (3.20) 0.200 (5.08)
0.120 (3.05) 120 0.100 (2.54) 0.160 (4.06) 0.250 (6.35)
0.140 (3.561 140 0.126 (3.20) 0.200 (5.08) 0.320 (8.131
0.160 (4.06) 160 0.160 (4.06) 0.250 (6.35)
0.200 (5.081 200 0.200 (5.081 0.320 03.13)
0.240 (6.10) 240 0.250 (6.35)
0.280 (7.11) 280 0.320 (8.13)
bronze of higher lead content since leadedbronze 1.3 Method for Other Materials:
increasesin attenuationwith increasein lead content. 7.3.1 For materialsnot herein covered,IQIs of
This would be equivalentto using a lower groupIQI. the samematerials,or any othermaterial,may be used
NOTE 1- Indeveloping
theeightlistedmaterials
groups.
anumber if the following requirementsare met. Two blocks of
of other trade names or other nominal alloy designations were equal thickness,one of the material to be examined
evaluated. For the purposeof makingthispractice asusefulas
possible, thesemaW’ialsarelisted and cakgorized, by group, as (productionmaterial)andoneof the IQ1material,shall
follows: be radiographedon one film by one exposureat the
lowestenergylevel to beusedfor production.Transmis-
(I) Group 2 - HaynesAlloy IN-100. sion densitometermeasurements of the radiographic
(2) Group 3 - HaynesAlloy No. 713C,Hastelloy image of eachmaterial shall be made.The densityof
D, G. E. Alloy SEL, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 21,
eachimage shall be between2.0 and4.0. If the image
GMR-235 Alloy, HaynesAlloy No. 93, Inconel X, densityof the IQ1 mater&lis within 1.00to 1.15times
Inconel 718, and HaynesStellite Alloy No. S-816. (-0% to +15%) the image densityof the production
(3) Group 4 - HastelloyAlloy F, HastelloyAlloy material,IQIs madeof thatIQ1materialmaybe usedin
X, and Multimeter Alloy Rene41.
radiographyof that productionmaterial.The percentage
(4) Group5 - Alloys in orderof increasingattenua-
figure is basedon the radiographicdensityof the IQ1
tion: HastelloyAlloy B, Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes
material.
Stellite Alloy No. 31, Thetaloy,HaynesStelliteNo. 3,
HaynesAlloy No. 25. Image quality indicators(IQIs) 7.3.2 It shall always be permissibleto use IQIs
of any of thesematerialsare consideredapplicablefor of similar compositionas the materialbeingexamined.
the materialsthat follow it.
NOTE 2 - The committee formulating these recommendations 8. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Certilication
recommends other materials may be added to the materials groups
listed as the need arisesor as more information is gained. or that 8.1 Documentsshallbe providedby theIQ1manufac-
additional
materials
groups
mayheadded. turer attestingto the following:
ARTICI>F: 22 RADIOGRAPI-IIC STANDARDS SE-747
X.1.1 IQ1 identification alternate, if used. 9. Precision and Bias
9.1 Precision and Bias - No statement is made

8.1.2 Material type. about the precision or bias for indicating the quality
of images since the results merely state whether there
8.1.3 Conformance to specified tolerances for di- is conformance to the criteria for success specified in
mensional values. this practice.
10. Keywords
8.1.4 ASTM standard designation, for example,
ASTM E 747 - (year designation) used for manufac- 10.1 density; image quality level; IQI; radiologic;
turing. radiology; x-ray and gamma radiation
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
Al. ALTERNATE IQ1 IDENTIFICATION

Al.1 The use of IQIs with identifications as shown
in Figs. Al.1 through AI.9 and as listed in Table Al.1
is permitted as an acceptable alternate provided all
other requirements of Practice E 747 are satisfied.
FIG. Al.1 SET A/ALTERNATE 1
293
FIG. Al.2 SET A/ALTERNATE 2
ASTM z
P-----b
\
: /
FIG. Al.3 SET B/ALTERNATE 1
294
FIG. Al.4 SET B/ALTERNATE 2
FIG. Al.5 SET C/ALTERNATE 1
295
.n c 1
/
tl
L t J
B WIRES EO”NLY SPACED--I . SEE TABLE I
FIG. Al.6 SET C/ALTERNATE 2
FIG. Al.7 SET D/ALTERNATE 1
296
ASTM-
1
/
/
-ID 32’
I,
i:
Ll
I
J
FIG. Al.8 SET D/ALTERNATE 2
FIG. Al.9 ALTERNATE IDENTlFICATION LOCATIONS AND LETTER, NUI,lBER SIZE-TYPICAL ALL SETS (A,
B, c, D)
297
TABLE Al.1
PENETRAMETER SIZES WIRE DIAMETER, in. hm)
SET A SFT B
0.0032 m.08)” 0.010 (0.25)

0.004 (0.1) 0.013 (0.33)
0.005 (0.13) 0.016 (0.411
0.0063 (0.16) 0.020 (0.51)
0.008 (0.2) 0.025 (0.64)
0.010 (0.25) 0.032 (0.81)
SETC SETD
0.032 (0.81) 0.100 (2.5)

0.040 (1.02) 0.126 (3.2)
0.050 (1.27) 0.160 (4.06)
0.063 (1.61 0.20 (5.1)
0.080 (2.03) 0.25 (6.41
0.100 (2.5) 0.32 (0.81)
A The 0.0032 wire may be used to establish a special quality level as

agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
298
ARTICLE 22 RADlOGRAPHlC STANDARDS SE-747
APPENDIX
Xl. CALCULATING OTHER EQUIVALENTS T = plaquethickness,in. (mm), and

X1.1 The equationto determinethe equivalencies N = diameterof hole,in. (mm).
betweenwire and (hole type) IQIs is as follows: X1.2 It shouldbe noted that the wire and plaque
(hole type) IQ1 sensitivitiescannot be relatedby a
i+d31 = T2H2(7r/4) fixed constant.
where: Xl.3 FiguresX1.1 and X1.2 are conversioncharts
F = form factorfor wire, 0.79, for hole type IQI’s containing1T and 2T holes to
d = wire diameter,in. (mm), wires. The sensitivitiesare given as a percentageof
1 = effectivelengthof wire, 0.3in. (7.6mm), the specimenthickness.
299
SE-747 2001 SECYION V
Specimen thickness
l/2 in.
I in.
2 in.
4 in.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Percentage Sensitivity for Wire 101
CONVERSION CHART FOR 2-T QUALITY LEVEL HOLES TO PERCENTAGE WIRE SENSITIVITY
300
ARTICLE 22 RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-747
Specimen thickness
l/2 in. 1 in. 2 in.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Percentage Sensitivity for Wire IQI
FIG. Xl.2 CONVERSION CHART FOR 1-T QUALITY LEVEL HOLES TO PERCENTAGE WIRE SENSITIVITY
301
STANDARD GUIDE FOR
CONTROLLING THE QUALITY OF INDUSTRIAL
RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
PROCESSING
SE-999
(Identicalwith ASTM Specification

E 999-95)
1. SCOpe 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This guide establishesguidelinesthat may be 2.1 ASTM Standard:
used for the control and maintenanceof industrial E 94 Guidefor RadiographicTesting
radiographicfilm processingequipmentand materials. E 543Practicefor DeterminingtheQualificationof Non-
Effective useof theseguidelinesaid in controllingthe destructiveTestingAgencies
consistencyand quality of industrialradiographicfilm E 1316Terminologyfor Nondestructive Examinations
processing. 2.2 ANSI Standard:
ANSI PH 4.8 MethyleneBlue Method for Measuring
1.2 Use of this guide is limited to the processing ThiosulfateandSilverDcnsitometricMethodfor Mea-
of films for industrialradiography.This guideincludes suringResidualChemicalsin Films, Plates,andPapers
proceduresfor wet-chemicalprocessesand dry pro-
cessingtechniques.
3. Terminology
1.3 The necessityof applyingspecificcontrolproce- 3.1 Definitions - For definitionsof terms usedin
duressuchasthosedescribedin this guideis dependent, this guide,see TerminologyE 1316.
to a certainextent,on the degreeto which a facility
adheresto good processingpracticesas a mattesof 4. Significance and Use
routineprocedure.
4.1 The provisionsin this guide are intendedto
controlthe reliability or quality of the imagedevelop-
1.4 If a nondestructive
testingagency,as described ment processonly and arenot intendedfor controlling
in PracticeE 543,is usedto performthe examination, the acceptabilityor quality of industrial radiographic
the testingagencyshall meetthe requirementsof Prac- films or of the materialsor productsradiographed.It
tice E 543. is furtherintendedthatthis guidebe usedas an adjunct
to and not a replacementfor Guide E 94.
5. Chemical Mixing for Manual and Automatic
Processes
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations 5.1 Any equipmentthat comesin contactwith pro-
prior to use. For more specific safety precautionary cessingsolutionsshouldbe madeof glass,hardmbber,
statements,see42.3, 4.3.1, 6.1.2,and 6.1.9. polyethylene,PVC, enameledsteel, stainlesssteel, or
302
ARTICLE 22 - RADlOGRAPl~lIC STANDARDS SE-999
other chemically inert materials. This includes materials 5.4.2 In addition to cleaning equipment immedi-
such as plumbing, mixing impellers, and the cores of ately after use, wash any mixing apparatus that has
filter cartridges. Do not allow materials such as tin, been idle for a long period of time to eliminate dust
copper, steel, brass, aluminum, or zinc to come into and dirt that may have accumulated.
contact with processing solutions. These materials can
cause solution contamination that may result in film 5.4.3 Processing hangers and tanks should be free
fogging or rapid oxidation. of corrosion and chemical deposits. Encrusted deposits
that accumulate in tanks, trays, and processing equip-
5.2 Mixing Chemicals: ment and that are difficult to remove by conventional
5.2.1 Do not mix powdered chemicals in processor cleaning can be removed by using the specially formn-
tanks, since undissolved particles may be left in the lated cleaning agents recommended by the chemical or
square corners of the tank. Mix solutions in separate equipment manufacturer.
containers made from materials specified in 4.1.
5.2.2 Carefully follow the manufacturer’s package

directions or formulas for mixing the chemicals. Start 6. Storage of Solutions
with the correct volume of water at the temperature.
specified in the instructions, and add chemicals in the 6.1 In Original Containers-Follow the mannfactur-
order listed. er’s storage and capacity recommendations packaged
with the chemicals. Do not use chemicals that have
5.2.3 Caution - During the mixing and use of been stored longer than recommended.
photographic processing chemicals, be sure to observe
all precautionary information on chemical containers 6.2 In Replenisher or Process Tanks - Wherever
and in instructions. possible, protect solutions in tanks with floating lids
and dust covers. In addition to preventing contaminants
5.3 Contamination of Solutions:
from entering solutions, floating lids and dust covers
5.3.1 Thoroughly clean all mixing equipment im- help to minimize oxidation and evaporation from the
mediately after use to avoid contamination when the surface of the solutions. Evaporation can concentrate
next solution is mixed. When mixing fixer from powder, solutions and reduce temperatures causing precipitation
make sure to add the powder carefully to the water of some of the solution constituents.
in the mixing tank so that fixer dust does not get into
other processing solutions. When mixing any chemical, 6.2.1 Store replenisher solutions for small volume
protect nearby tank solutions with floating lids and operations in airtight containers. The caps of these
dust covers. The use of a vent hood is recommended containers should be free of corrosion and foreign
as a safety precaution. particles that could prevent a tight fit.
5.3.2 The water supply should either be distilled 6.3 Temperature - Store all solutions at normal
or filtered so that it is clean and sediment-free.
room temperature, between 40 to 80°F (4 to 27°C).
5.3.3 If large tanks are used for mixing, carefully Storing solutions, particularly developer, at elevated
mark the volume levels to be certain that volumes are temperatures can produce rapid oxidation resulting in
correct. loss of activity and a tendency to stain the film. Storage
at too low a temperature can cause some solution to
5.3.4 Use of impeller-type mixers provides rapid, crystallize, and the crystals may not redissolve even
thorough mixing but take care to position the impeller with heating and stirring.
at such an angle and depth that the minimum amount
of air will be drawn into the solution. Over-mixing 6.4 Deterioration - Photographic chemicals can’
of the solutions can cause oxidation, especially with deteriorate either with age or with usage. Carefully
developers, and should be avoided. Rinse the shaft, follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for storage
impeller, and mounting clamp with water after use. life and useful capacity. Discard processing solutions
when the recommended number of films have been
5.4 Maintaining Equipment:
processed or the recommended storage life of the
5.4.1 Immediately clean all mixing equipment prepared solution has been reached, whichever oc-
after use. curs first.
303
SE-999 2001 SECTlON \i
6.5 Contamination: order to compensate for these reductions in solution

activity and volume, add replenishment solution. The
6.5.1 Liquid chemicals are provided in containers volume of replenishment necessary is governed primar-
with tighl-fitting tops. To avoid contamination, never ily by the number, size, and density of films processed.
interchange the top of one container with another. Manufacturer’s recommendations for replenishment are
6.5.2 Clearly label replenisher storage tanks with based on these criteria and will generally provide
the solution that they contain and use that container suitable results for the expected life of the solution.
only with that solution. If more than one developer or In any case, maintain solution levels to ensure complete
one fixer formulation are being used, a separate replen- immersion of the film.
isher tank should be dedicated to each chemical. Differ-
ences in developer or fixer formulations from one 7.1.6 The functional constituents in a freshly mixed
manufactorer to another may contaminate similar solu- developer solution tend to overreact on the initial films
tions. processed and may develop unexposed areas on the
films. For this reason, measures should be taken to
stabilise the activity of the solution and thus season
7. Processing the developer. This can be accomplished by the use
1.1 Manual Processing: of developer starter solution or by processing a series
of seasoning films (see Note 1) in the freshly mixed
7.1.1 Follow the temperature recommendations solution. When using developer starter solution follow
from the film or solution manufacturer and check the manufacturer’s recommendations for the product.
thermometers. Check thermometers and temperature- When using seasoning films expose the films with
controlling devices periodically to be sure that the visible light and then develop these films in the solution
process temperatures are correct. Process temperatures to be seasoned. Use three 14 by 17.in. (35 by 43.cm)
should be checked at least once per shift. Keep the films, or equivalent, per gallon (3.8 L) of developer.
temperature of the stop (if used), fixer, and wash water
within *5”F (*3”C!) of the developer temperature. NOTE 1 - Seasoningfilms may be new films or films lhat may
not be genemlly suitable for production purposes due ta excessive
7.1.2 Caution - An unprotected mercury-filled gross fog (base plus fog) density, expiration of shelf life, or other
thermometer should never be used for photographic reawms.
processing applications because accidental breakage
could result in serious mercury contamination of the
process. 7.1.7 Handle all films carefully during the pro-
7.1.3 Control of processing solution temperature cessing cycle and allow adequate time for the film to
and immersion time relationships are instrumental con- sufficiently drain before transferring it to the next
siderations when establishing a processing procedure solution. The use of a stop bath or clear water rinse
that will consistently produce radiographs of desired between developing and fixing may also be appropriate.
density and quality. The actual time and temperature The stop bath or clear water rinse serves to arrest
relationships established are governed largely by the development and also aids in minimizing the amount of
industrial radiographic films and chemicals used and developer canied over into the fixer solution. Insufficient
should be within the limits of the manufacturer’s recom- bath-to-bath drain time may cause excessive solution
mendations for those materials. When determining the carry-over which can contaminate and shorten the life
immersion time for each solution, assure that the drain- of solutions in addition to causing undesirable effects
ing time is included. Draining time should be consistent on processed radiographs.
from solution to solution. The darkroom timers used
should be periodically checked for accuracy. 7.1.8 When washing films, a wettening agent may
be appropriate to use to prevent water spots and streak-
7.1.4 Agitate at specified intervals for the times ing during drying.
recommended by the film or solution manufacturer.
7.1.5 During film processing certain constituents 7.1.9 Caution - Prior to placing films in the
within the solutions undergo chemical transformations dryer, ensure that the dryer is clean and that adequate
that render them useless for farther processing functions. heat and ventilation are provided. During drying, visu-
In addition, some solution adheres to the film and is ally examine the films to determine the length of time
carried on into the next solution during processing. In required for sufficient drying.
304
ARTICIB 22 - RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-999
1.2 Automated Processing: 7.2.7 Drying:
7.2.1 Immersion time and solution temperature 7.2.7.1Make sure the dryer is clean and that
relationshipscan be morecloselycontrolledwith auto- no foreignmaterialhassettledon the rollers.Routinely
matic processingsincethe equipmentprovidesexternal examinethe ventilationsystemto ensurethat air paths
gagesfor monitoringpurposes.As a generalguideline, are not blocked and that films are uniformly dried.
follow the manufacturer’srecommendations for indus- The heat setting usedfor air temperatureshouldbe
trial processingmaterials.However,theactualprocedure compatiblewith the film manufacturer’srecommenda-
used should be basedon the variablesencountered tions.
by the user and his particularneeds.Check solution
temperatures daily with a thermometerto ensurethatthe 7.2.7.2The dryer efficiency can be testedby
processor’sthermometersare accurate[*l”F (0.X)]. processingsix consecutive14 by 17-in.(35 by 43-cm)
productionfilms, or equivalent,and examining them
7.2.2Checkthe machinespeedby measuringthe immediately after the drying cycle is complete.If
time it takes for a given length of film to pass a dampor undriedareasareobserved,increasethe dryer
specificpoint. (For example,if the indicatedmachine temperature. Shouldan increasein temperaturenot dry
speedis 2 ft/min, placetwo markson a lengthof film the film, retestthe fixer activity.
1 ft apart.The secondmark should passa specific
location,suchas the entranceto the processor,exactly 7.3 Dry Processing:
30 s after the first mark has passedthe samepoint.) 7.3.1 Follow manufacturer’srecommendations
for
An optionalmethodfor measuringprocessorspeedis thermalprocessorwarm-uprequirements.
to install a tachometeron the main drive motor and
determinedesiredRPM/processingspeedrelationships. 7.3.2 Follow time-temperaturerecommendations
from the manufacturer.
7.2.3 Agitation is providedby the action of the
processorrollers,recirculationpumps,washwaterflow,
and no externalagitationis needed. 8. Activity Testing of Solutions for Manual and
7.2.4For processorswith replenishmentsystems, Automatic Processing
use the replenishmentratesrecommendedby the film 8.1 Developer - A suggestedmethod of testing
or solution manufacturer. developeractivity is by processinga productionradio-
7.2.4.1Accuratereplenishment
increases
theuse- graphywith a knownaim densityin the areaof interest,
andthenmeasuringthe actualdensityin thatarea.The
ful life of solutionsto a great extent by replacing
ingredientsthat aredepletedandmaintainsthe process actual densityshouldbe within kO.15log E units of
at a constant,efficient level. the expectedaim density.
NOTE 2 - The term known aim density refers to an area on a
7.2.4.2 Check replenishmentsystemsat least routinely radiographed part (such as a flange or a step wedge) whose
daily to ensurethat correctvolumesarebeinginjected thickness or composition is consistent. This area,provides a benchmark
into the solutions.For installationsprocessingvery density for the process, and can verve the function nomally associated
with a process control strip.
largeamountsof film (in excessof two tank turnovers
of replenisherper week),checkson replenishmentrates 8.2 Fixer:
shouldbemademorefrequently.Processormanufactur-
er’s recommendations will generallyprovide an ade- 8.2.1 Fixer solution activity can be tested by
quateprocedurefor checkingreplenishmentvolumes. determiningthetime requiredto removethesilverfrom
an unexposedfilm. The film should be periodically
7.2.5For seasoningfreshly mixed developersolu- agitatedduring processing.An active fixer solution
tion, refer to the provisionsin 7.1S. shouldremovethe silver (thecloudy appearance in the
fixer bath shoulddisappear)in approximatelyone-half
7.2.6 Always fill the fixer tank first, following of the time recommendedfor tbe process.
the manufacturer’sinstructions,then rinse and fill the
developertank. This minimizesthe possibilityof fixer 8.2.2If physicalexaminationshowsunfixedspots
accidentallysplashinginto thedevelopersolution.When or areas,the fixer shouldbe discarded.Unfixed areas
replacing or removing processorracks, always use may appearas dull, nonreflectiveareasthat may be
a splash guard to further reduce the possibility of yellowish in color dependingon the actual lack of
contamination. fixer activity.
305
SE-999 ‘2001 SECTION V
8.3 Wash: 9. Records

9.1 Accurate records should be kept of the following
items:
8.3.1 Proper washing is necessary to remove resid-
ual fixer from the film. If not removed from the film, 9.1.1 Brand name and model of processor, if used.
these chemicals will cause subsequent damage (staining) 9.1.2 Brand names and batch number of chemi-
and deterioration of the radiographic image, especially cals used.
in low density areas.
9.1.3 Time of development.
9.1.4 Temperature of processing chemicals.
8.3.2 The effectiveness of washing may be checked 9.1.5 Date new chemicals were placed in use.
using the residual processing chemicals test described
in Guide E 94 or ANSI PH 4.8. 9.1.6 Replenishment rates.
10. Mainlenance
8.3.3 If physical examination of the films after 10.1 Maintenance schedules provided by the manufac-
washing shows dirt or scum that was not present before turer for preventive maintenance should be adhered to
washing, the wash tanks should be drained and cleaned. in order to assure consistent chemical and mechanical
Drain wash tanks whenever they are not being used. operation as set forth by the manufacturer.
In order to minimize washing artifacts it is recommended
that scavenger jlms be processed at start up to clear
11. Keywords
out scum and foreign material; the use of algaecides
is also recommended to retard the growth of organisms 11.1 automatic processing; film; manual processing;
within the wash bath. processing; radiographic; solutions
306
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DESIGN,
MANUFACTURE, AND MATERIAL GROUPING
CLASSIFICATION OF HOLE-TYPE IMAGE QUALITY
INDICATORS (IQI) USED FOR RADIOLOGY
SE-1025
(Identical
withASTM Specification
E 1025.98)
1. scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practicecoversthedesign,materialgrouping 3.1 Definitions - The definitionsof terms relating
classification,andmanufactureof hole-typeimagequal- to gamma and x-radiologyin TerminologyE 1316,
ity indicators(IQI) used to indicate the quality of SectionD, shall applyto thetermsusedin thispractice.
radiologicimages.
1.2 This practiceis applicableto X-ray andgamma- 4. Hole-Type IQ1 Requirements
ray radiology.
4.1 Imagequality indicators(IQIs) usedto determine
1.3 The valuesstatedin inch-poundunits are to be radiologic-imagequality levels shall conform to the
regardedas standard. following requirements.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all 4.1.1 Standard Hole-Type IQls:
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to 4.1.1.1Imagequality indicators(IQIs) shall be
establish appropriate safety and health practices and fabricatedfrom materialsor alloys identifiedor listed
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations in accordancewith 7.3. Other materialsmay be used
prior to use. in accordancewith 7.4.
4.1.1.2 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall
2. Referenced Documents dimensionallyconform to the requirementsof Fig. 1.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1.1.3Both the rectangularandthecircularIQ1
B 139Specificationfor PhosphorBronzeRod,Bar, and shall be identifiedwith number(s)madeof lead or a
Shapes materialof similar radiationopacity.The numbershall
B 150Specificationfor AluminumBronzeRod,Bar,and be bondedto the rectangularIQIs andshall be placed
Shapes adjacentto circular IQIs to provide identificationof
B 161Specificationfor Nickel SeamlessPipe andTube the IQ1 on the image.The identificationnumbersshall
B 164 Specificationfor Nickel-CopperAlloy Rod,Bar, indicatethe thicknessof the IQ1 in thousandths of an
andWire inch, that is, a number 10 IQ1 is 0.010 in. thick, a
B 166 Specificationfor Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloys number 100 IQ1 is 0.100 in. thick, etc. Additional
(UNS N06600,NO6601,and NO6690)and Nickel- identificationrequirementsare providedin 7.2.
Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNSN06617)
Rod,Bar, andWire 4.1.1.4 Alloy-group identificationshall be in
E 1316Terminologyfor Nondestructive Examinations accordancewith Fig. 2. RectangularIQls shall be
307
4Tdia (minimum size 0.040)
Tdia (minimum size 0.010)
PTdia (minimum size 0.020)
Place identification
numbers here -
-
f F i- + 101 thickness
I+ Ad
(a) Design for it% to and Including 160
+- IO1 thickness
lb) Design for IDIs Over 160
Note 1 - All dimensions in inches (Note 6).

Note 2 -Tolerances for IQI thickness and hole diameter.
Note 3 - XX identification number equals Tin 0.001 inches.
Note 4 - IQls No. 1 through 9 are not 1 T, 2T. and 4T.
Note 5 - Holes shall be true and normal to the IQI. Do not chamfer
Note 6 -To convert inch dimensions to metric. multiply by 25.4.
Identification
Number T Tolerances
(Note 3) A B C D E F (Note 2)
l-4 1.500 0.750 0.438 0.250 0.500 0.250 * 10%

* 0.015 i 0.015 f 0.015 * 0.015 * 0.015 * 0.030
5-20 1.500 0.750 0.438 0.250 0.500 0.250 * 0.0005
i 0.015 + 0.015 * 0.015 * 0.015 f 0.015 * 0.030
21-50 .., f 0.0025
Over 50-160 2.250 1.375 0.750 0.375 1.000 0.375 * 0.005
* 0.030 * 0.030 * 0.030 * 0.030 * 0.030 * 0.030
Over 160 1.3301 0.830T f 0.010
* 0.005 f 0.005
FIG. 1 IQ1 DESIGN
308
AR’l’lCl>E 22 RAUIOC?RAPHIC STANDARDS SE-1025
notched. Image quality indicators (1QIs) shall be vibro-

tooled or etched as specified.
4.1.2 Modified Hole-Type IQI:
4.1.2.1 The rectangular IQ1 may be modified in

length and width as necessary for special applications,
provided the hole size(s) and IQ1 thickness conform
to Fig. 1.
4.1.2.2 The IQIs shall be identified as specified

in 4.1.1.3, except that the identification numbers may
be placed adjacent to the IQ1 if placement on the IQ1
is impractical.
4.1.2.3 When modified IQIs are used, details of

the modification shall be documented in the records
accompanying the examination results.
5. IQ1 Procurement
5.1 When selecting IQIs for procurement, the follow-
ing factors should be considered:
5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of the material

to be examined.
5.1.2 Determine the thickness or thickness range

of the material(s) to be examined.
5.1.3 Select the applicable IQIs that represent the

required IQ1 thickness and alloy(s).
NOTE I - This practicedoes not recomnvxd 01 suggest specific

IQ1 sets to be procured. Section 5 is an aid in selecdng IQ18 based
on specific needs.
6. Image Quality Levels

6.1 Image quality levels are designated by a two
part expression X-YT. The first part of the expression
X refers to the IQ1 thickness expressed as a percentage
FIG. 2 RECTANGULAR IQ1 NOTCH of the specimen thickness. The second part of the
IDENTIFICATION AND MATERIAL GROUPING expression IT refers to the diameter of the hole and
is expressed as a multiple of the IQ1 thickness, T. The
image quality level 2-2T means that the IQ1 thickness
T is 2% of the specimen thickness and that the diameter
of the IQ1 imaged hole is 2 x the IQ1 thickness.
NOTE 2 - Image Quality Indicators (IQls) less than number IO

have hale sizes 0.010. 0.020, and 0.040 in. diameter regardless of
the IQ1 thickness. Therefore, IQls less than number 10 do not
309
TABLE 1
TYPICAL IMAGE QUALITY LEVELS
FIG. 3 CIRCULAR IQ1 IDENTIFICATION

Special Image Quality Levels
“Far Level 2.2T Radiologic - The 2 r hole in an 141, & (2%) of 5. The materials increase in radiation absorption with
the specimen thickness, is visible. increasing numerical designation.
‘Equivalent IQI sensitivity is that thickness of the IQ,, expressed as
a percentage of the part thickness, in which the 2 T hole would be NOTE 3 - Thesegroups were establishedexperimentallyat 180
visible under the wrw conditions. kV on ‘/,-in. (19.mm) thick specimens.They apply from 125 kV
to the multivolt range.
7.1.4 Common trade names or alloy designations

representthe qualitylevelsspeciiicdin 6.1 andTableI. Theequivalent have been used for clarification of the pertinent mate-
sensitivitycan be computedfrom data furnishedin AppendixX1.
IidS.
6.2 Typical image quality level designations are
7.1.5 The materials from which the IQ1 for the
shown in Table 1. The level of inspection specified
group are to be made are designated in each case, and
should be based on service requirements of the product.
these IQIs are applicable for all materials listed in that
Care should be taken in specifying image quality levels
group. In addition, any group IQ1 may be used for
2-1x l-lx and l-2T by first determining that these
any material with a higher group number, provided the
levels can be maintained in production.
applicable quality level is maintained.
6.3 In specifying image quality levels, the contract,
7.2 Identijication System:
purchase order, product specification, or drawing should
state the proper two-part expression and clearly indicate 7.2.1 A notching system has been designated for
the thickness of the metal to which the level refers. the eight groups of IQIs and is shown in Fig. 2.
In place of a designated two-part expression, the IQ1
7.2.2 For circular IQIs, a group designation shall
number and minimum discernible hole size shall be
be vibrotooled or chemically etched on the IQ1 to
specified.
identify it by using the letter “G” followed by the
group number, that is, G4 for a Group 4 IQI. For
I. Material Groups identification of the group on the image, corresponding
lead characters shall be placed adjacent to the circular
7.1 General:
IQI. just as is done with the lead numbers identifying
7.1.1 Materials have been designated in eight the thickness. The identification is shown in Fig. 3.
groups based on their radiation absorption characteris-
1.3 Materials Groups:
tics: Groups 03, 02, and 01 for light metals and Groups
1 through 5 for heavy metals. 7.3.1 Materials Group 03:
7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), 7.3.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall he
aluminum (Al), and titanium (Ti), are identified 03, made of magnesium or magnesium shall be the predomi-
02, and 01 respectively for their predominant alloying nant alloying constituent.
constituent. The materials are listed in order of increas-
ing radiation absorption. 7.3.1.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium
is the predominant alloying constituent.
7.1.3 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper base,
nickel base, and kindred alloys, are identified 1 through 1.3.2 Materials Group 02:
310
ARTICLE 22 RADIOGRAPI-IIC STANDARDS SE-1025
7.3.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be 7.3.8 Materials Group 5:

made of aluminnm or aluminum shall be the predomi-
nant alloying constituent.
made of tin bronze (Alloy D of Specification B 139).
7.3.2.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum
7.3.8.2 Use on tin bronzes including gun-metal
is the predominant alloying constituent.
and valve bronze, leaded-tin bronze of higher lead
1.3.3 Materials Group 01: content than valve bronze. Group 5 IQIs may be used
on bronze of higher lead content since leaded bronze
7.3.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be increases in attenuation with increase in lead content.
made of titanium or titanium shall be the predominant This would be equivalent to using a lower group IQI.
alloying constituent.
NOTE 4 - In developing the eight listed materials groups. a number
7.3.3.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is of other trade names or other nominal alloy designations were
evaluated. For the purpose of making this practice as useful as
the predominant alloying constituent. possible, these materials are listed and categorized, by group, as
f”llowa:
7.3.4 Materials Group 1: (I, Group 2 - Haynes Alloy IN-100.
12, Grow 3 - Havnes Allov No. 713C. HastelIov D, G.E. Allov
7.3.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be SEL; Hay& Stcllite~Alloy Nd. 21, GMR:235 Allo;. Haynes Alloy
No. 93, hand X, Incod 718, and Haynes Stellite Alloy No. S-016.
made of carbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel.
(3) Gmip 4 - Hastelloy Alloy F. Hastelloy Alloy X. and Multime-
ter Alloy Rene 41.
7.3.4.2 Use on all carbon steel, all low-alloy (4) Group 5 -Alloys in order of increasing attenuation: Hastelloy
steels, all stainless steels, manganese-nickel-alnminum Alloy B, Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes Stellife Alloy No. 31, Tbetaloy,
bronze (Superston). Haynes Stellite No. 3. Haynes Alloy No. 25. IQIs of any of these
materials are considered applicable for the materials that follow it.
7.3.5 Materials Group 2: NOTE 5 - The committee formulating these recommendations

recommended other materials may be added to the materials groups
7.3.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be listed as tbc need arises or as more information is gained. or that
made of alnminum bronze (Alloy No. 623, of Specifica- additional materials groups may be added.
tion B 150) or equivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze
(Alloy No. 630 of Specification B 150) or equivalent.
7.4 Radiographic Method for Other Materials:
7.4.1 For materials not herein covered, IQIs of

7.3.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all the same materials, or any other material, may be used
nickel-aluminnm bronzes. if the following requirements are met. Two blocks of
equal thickness, one of the material to be examined
(production material) and one of the IQ1 material, shall
7.3.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be be radiographed on one film by one exposure at the
made of nickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. N06600) lowest energy level to be used for production. Transmis-
(Inconel). (See Specification B 166.) sion densitometer readings for both materials shall be
read from the film and shall be between 2.0 and
7.3.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 4.0 (radiographic) density for both materials. If the
18% nickel-maraging steel. radiographic image density of the material from which
the IQIs are to be fabricated is within t15 to -0% of
the radiographic image density of the production mate-
7.3.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be rial, the IQ1 material may be used to fabricate IQIs for
made of 70 to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel) (Class examination of the production material. The percentage
A or B of Specification B 164) or equivalent, or 70 figure is based on the radiographic density of the IQ1
to 30 copper-nickel alloy (Alloy G of Specification B material.
161) or equivalent.
7.4.2 It shall always be permissible to use IQIs
7.3.7.2 Use on nickel, copper, all nickel-copper of similar composition as the material being examined.
series, or copper-nickel series of alloys, and all brasses
(copper-zinc alloys). Group 4 IQIs may be used on 8. IQ1 Certification
the leaded brasses, since leaded brass increases in
attenuation with increase in lead content. This would 8.1 Records shall be available that attest to the
be equivalent to using a lower group IQI. conformance of the material type, grouping (notches),
311
and dimensional tolerances of the IQls specified by of radiographs since the results merely state whether
this practice. there is confonnancc to the criteria for success specified
in this practice.
9. Precision and Bias 10. Keywords
9.1 Precision and Bias - No statement is made 10.1 density; image quality level; IQI; radiologic;
about the precision or bias for indicating the quality radiology; X-ray and gamma radiation
APPENDIX
Xl. EQUIVALENT IQ1 (PENETRAMETER) Given:

SENSITIVITY (EPS) X=0.5 in.
T=0.005 in., and
X1.1 To find the equivalent IQ1 sensitivity (percent),
H=0.0625 in.
the hole size (diameter in inches), of the IQ1 thickness
(inches), for a section thickness (inches), the following Solution:
computations may be used:
1OOT 100 x 0.005
= 1.0%
A=X= 0.5
B = ‘OOff = 100 x 0.0625 = ,2,50/0

where: X 0.5
(Y= equivalent IQ1 sensitivity, %,
X= section thickness to be examined, in.,
T= IQ1 thickness, in., and Xl.3 Proceed to the nomograph (Fig. X1.1) and
H= hole diameter, in. draw a line joining the 1.0% Value A and the 12.5%
Value B and look on the center percent scale where
X1.2 Alternate method for determining EPS using the line crosses it and read the answer - 2.5%. Thus
Fig. Xl .l Nomograph: under the given conditions, equivalent IQ1 (penetrame-
Example: ter) sensitivity (EPS) is 2.5%.
312
ARTICLE 22 RADIOGRAPbIIC STANDARDS SF,-1025
FIG. X1.1 EQUIVALENT IQ1 (PENETRAMETER) SENSITIVITY NOMOGRAPH
313
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION OF METALLIC CASTINGS
SE-1030
(Identical
withASTM Specification
E 1030-95)
1. SCOPC It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to

1.1 This test methodprovidesa uniform procedure
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
for radiographicexaminationof metallic castingsusing prior to use.
radiographicfilm as the recordingmedium.
1.2 Due to the many complex geometriesand part
configurationsinherentwith castproducts,it is necessary
to recognizepotentiallimitations associatedwith ob-
taining completeradiographiccoverageon castings. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
Radiographyof areaswheregeometryor partconfigura- E 94 Guidefor RadiographicTesting
tion doesnot allow achievementof completecoverage E 142Methodfor ControllingQuality of Radiographic
with practicalradiographicmethodsshall be subjectto Testing
mutualagreements betweenpurchaserandsupplier.The E 155ReferenceRadiographs for Inspectionof Alumi-
use of alternativenondestructivemethodsfor areasthat num andMagnesiumCastings
are not conduciveto practicalradiographyshall also E 186 ReferenceRadiographsfor Heavy-Walled[2 to
be specifically agreedupon betweenpurchaserand 41/2-in.(51 to 114.mm)]SteelCastings
supplier. E 192ReferenceRadiographs of InvestmentSteelCast-
ings for AerospaceApplications
1.3 The radiographicmethod is highly sensitiveto E 272ReferenceRadiographs for High-StrengthCopper-
volumetric discontinuitiesthat displacea detectable BaseandNickel-CopperAlloy Castings
volume of cast material. Discontinuitiesthat do not E 280ReferenceRadiographs for Heavy-Walled[41/2to
displacean appreciablevolume of material,however, 12-i”. (114to 305-mm)]SteelCastings
such as cracksor other planar-typeindications,may E 310 ReferenceRadiographs for Tin BronzeCastings
not be detectedwith radiographyunlessthe radiation E 446 ReferenceRadiographsfor SteelCastingsUp to
beamis coincidentallyalignedwith the planarorienta- 2 in. (51 mm) in Thickness
tion of the discontinuity.In view of this limitation, it E 505 ReferenceRadiographsfor Inspectionof Alumi-
may be consideredappropriateto usethe radiographic num andMagnesiumDie Castings
methodin conjunctionwith additionalnondeshuctive E 543 Practicefor EvaluatingAgenciesthat Perform
methodsthat maintainreliabledetectioncapabilitiesfor Nondestructive Testing
these types of discontinuities.The use of additional E 689 ReferenceRadiographs for Ductile Iron Castings
methodsshall be specificallyagreeduponbetweenthe E 746TestMethodfor DeterminingRelativeImageQual-
purchaserand supplier. ity Responseof IndustrialRadiographicFilm
1.4 The valuesstatedin inch-poundunits are to be E 747Practicefor theDesign,ManufactureandMaterial
regardedas standard. GroupingClassificationof Wire ImageQualityIndica-
tors (IQI) UsedFor Radiology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all E 802ReferenceRadiographs for GrayIron CastingsUp
of the safetyconcerns,$ any, associatedwith its use. to 4% in. (114 mm) in Thickness
314
ARTICLE 22 ~ RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE.1030
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of industrial 5.1.4 Procedure Requirements (see 9.1, 9.1.1, 9.3,
Radiographic Film Processing and 9.7.7) shall be specified.
E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
5.1.5 Records - Record retention (see 12.1) shall
Grouping Classitication of Hole-Type Image Quality
be specified.
Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
E 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
Industrial Radiographic Film 6. Apparatus
E 13 16 Terminology for Nondestructive Examination
6.1 Radiation Sources:
2.2 ASNT/ANSI Standards:
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-IA “Personnel 6.1.1 X Radiation Sources - Selection of appro-
Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive priate X-ray voltage and current levels is dependent
Testing” upon variables regarding the specimen being examined
CP-189 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive (material type and thickness) and economically permissi-
Testing Personnel ble exposure time. The suitability of these X-ray parame-
ters shall be demonstrated by attainment of required
2.3 Military Standard: penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and compliance with all
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Quali- other requirements stipulated herein. Guide E 94 con-
fication and Certification tains provisions concerning exposure calculations and
charts for the use of X-ray som’ces.
3. Terminology 6.1.2 Gamma Radiation Sources - Isotope
3.1 neJinitions - For definitions of terms used in sources, when used, shall be capable of demonstrating
this test method, see Terminology E 1316. the required radiographic sensitivity.
6.2 Film Holders and Cassettes - Film holders and
4. Significance and Use cassettes shall be light-tight and shall be handled prop-
erly to reduce the likelihood that they may be damaged.
4.1 The requirements expressed in this test method They may be flexible vinyl, plastic, or any durable
are intended to control the quality of the radiographic material; or, they may be made from metallic materials.
images, to produce satisfactory and consistent results, In the event that light leaks into the film holder and
and are not intended for controlling the acceptability produces images on the film extending into the area
or quality of materials or products. of interest, the film shall be rejected. If the film holder
exhibits light leaks, it shall be repaired before reuse
or discarded. Film holders and cassettes should he
5. Basis of Application
routinely examined to minimize the likelihood of
5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon by light leaks.
the purchaser and supplier:
6.3 Intensifying Screens:
5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency Evaluation -
If specified in the contractual agreement, nondestructive 6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:
testing (NDT) agencies shall be qualified and evaluated 6.3.1.1 Intensifying screens of the lead-foil type
in accordance with Practice E 543. The applicable are generally used for all production radiography. Lead-
version of Practice E 543 shall be specified in the foil screens shall be of the same approximate area
contractual agreement. dimensions as the film being used and they shall be
5.1.2 Personnel Qualijcation - NDT personnel in direct contact with the film during exposure.
shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recog-
6.3.1.2 For X-ray voltages between 200 kV and
nized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard
1 MeV, front and rear screen thicknesses shall be a
such as ANSIIASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-lA, MIL-STD-
minimum of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) thick. Below 200
410 or a similar document. The practice or standard
kV, front screen thicknesses up to 0.005 in. (0.13 mm)
used and its applicable revision shall be specified in and rear screen thicknesses of at least 0.005 in.
the contractual agreement between the using parties.
(0.13 mm) should be used if they improve radiographic
5.1.3 Requirements -- General requirements (see quality. For isotope and high-voltage X-radiography
8.1, 8.2, 8.5, and 8.7.4) shall be specified. (greater than 1 MeV) increased thicknesses may be
315
appropriate for improvements in radiographic quality energy radiography it may be necessary to use markers
and should be used accordingly. Intermediate screens that are l/s in. (3.17 mm) or more thick.
(between multiloaded film) may be used if desired.
6.9 Radiographic Density A4easurement Apparatus -
6.3.1.3 Sheet lead, with or without backing, Either a transmission densitometer or a step-wedge
used for screens should be visually examined for dust, comparison film shall be used for judging film density
dirt, oxidation, cracking or creasing, foreign material requirements. Step wedge comparison films or densitom-
or other conditions that could render undesirable nonrel- eter calibration, or both, shall be verified by comparison
evant images on the film. with a calibrated step-wedge film traceable to the
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
6.3.1 Fluorescent or Fluorometallic Screens:
6.3.2.1 Fluorescent or fluorometallic screen may 7. Reagents and Materials

be used. However, they must be capable of demonstra-
7.1 Films - Definite rules on selection of films
ting the required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity.
cannot be given since choice depends on such factors as
6.3.2.2 Screen Care - All screens should be the required radiographic quality level and the maximum
handled carefully to avoid dents, scratches, grease, or economically permissible exposure time. In any case,
dirt on active surfaces. Screens that render false indica- the films selected must be capable of demonstrating
tions on radiographs shall be discarded or reworked to the required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity.
eliminate the artifact. NOTE - Test Method E 746 provides B method for determining
the relative image quality response of industrial radiographic film
6.4 Filters - Filters shall be used whenever the and may be used as the basis for film &ction.
contrast reductions caused by low-energy scattered radi-
ation or the extent of undercut and edge bum-off
occurring on production radiographs is of significant 8. Requirements
magnitude so as to cause failure to meet the quality 8.1 Procedure Requirement - Unless otherwise spec-
level or radiographic coverage requirements stipulated ified by the applicable job order or contract, radiographic
by the job order or contract (see Guide E 94). examination shall be performed in accordance with a
6.5 Masking - Masking material may be used, as written procedure. Specific requirements regarding the
necessary, to help reduce image degradation due to preparation and approval of written procedures shall
undercutting (see Guide E 94). be dictated by a purchaser and supplier agreement. The
procedure details should include at least those items
6.6 Penetrameters (IQI) - Unless otherwise specified stipulated in Appendix Xl. In addition, a radiographic
by the applicable job order or contract, only those standard shooting sketch (RSS), Fig. X1.1, shall be
penetrameters that comply with the design and identiti- prepared similar to that shown in Appendix Xl and
cation requirements specified in Practice E 141 or shall be available for review during interpretation of
Practice E 1025 shall be used. the film.
6.7 Shims and Separate Blocks - Shims or separate 8.2 Radiographic Coverage -Unless otherwise spec-
blocks made of the same or radiographically similar ified by a purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent
materials (as defined in Method E 142) may be used of radiographic coverage shall be the maximum practical
to facilitate penetrameter positioning. There is no restric- volume of the casting. Areas that require radiography
tion on shim or separate block thickness provided shall be designated as illustrated in Fig. X1.2(a) and
the penetrameter and area-of-interest density tolerance (b) of Appendix Xl. When the shape or configuration
requirements of 9.1.6.2 are met. of the casting is such that radiography is impractical,
these areas shall be so designated on drawings or
6.8 Radiographic Location and Ident$ication Mark-
sketches that accompany the radiographs. Examples
ers - Lead numbers and letters are used to designate
of casting geometries and configurations that may be
the part number and location number. The size and considered impractical to radiograph are illustrated in
thickness of the markers shall depend on the ability
Appendix X2.
of the radiographic technique to image the markers on
the radiograph. As a general rule, markers ?I16in. (1.58 8.3 Radiographic Film Quality -All radiographs
mm) thick will suffice for most low energy (less than shall be free of mechanical, chemical, handling-related,
1 MeV) X-ray and Iridium-192 radiography; for higher or other blemishes which could mask or be confused
316
with the image of any discontinuityin the area of may be performedprior to heattreatmentandin theas-
intereston the radiograph.If any doubt exists as to cast, rough-machined,
or finished-machined condition.
the true natureof an indicationexhibitedby the film,
9.1.1Penerrameter (@I) Selection -Unless other-
the radiographshall be retakenor rejected.
wise specifiedin the applicablejob order or contract,
8.4 Radiographic @aliry Level - The applicable penetrameter(IQI) selectionshall be basedon the
job orderor contractshall dictatethe requirementsfor following: if the thicknessto be radiographed exceeds
radiographicquality level. (See PracticeE 1025 or thedesignthicknessof thefinishedpiece,thepenetrame-
PracticeE 747 for guidancein selectionof quality ter (IQI) sizeshall be basedon a thicknesswhich does
level.) not exceedthe designthicknessof the finishedpiece
by more than 20% or ‘/4 in. (6.35mm), whicheveris
8.5 Acceptance Level .- Radiographicacceptance
greater.In no caseshall the penetrameter(IQI) size
levelsandassociatedseve:ritylevels shall be stipulated
be basedon a thicknessgreaterthan the thicknessto
by the applicablecontract,job order,drawing,or other
be radiographed.
purchaserand supplieragreement.
9.2 Suface Preparation - The castingsurfacesshall
8.6 Radiographic - Radio-
Density Limitations
graphicdensityin the areaof interestshall be within be preparedas necessaryto remove any conditions
1.5 to 4.0 for either single or superimposed
viewing. that could mask or be confusedwith internal casting
discontinuities.
8.7 Film Handling:
9.3 Source-to-FilmDistance - Unless otherwise
8.7.1 Darkroom Facilities -
Darkroomfacilities specifiedin theapplicablejob orderor contract,geomet-
should be kept clean and as dust-freeas practical. ric onsharpness(Up) shall not be greaterthan one
Safelightsshouldbe thoserecommended by film mam- percentof themaximumpartthicknessbeinginterpreted
facturersfor the radiographicmaterialsusedandshould on the radiograph,or 0.070 in. (1.8 mm), whichever
be positionedin accordancewith the manufacturer’s is less. Geometriconsharpness valuesshall be deter-
recommendations. All darkroomequipmentandmateri- mined as specifiedin Guide E 94.
als shouldbe capableof producingradiographsthat
are suitablefor interpretat,ion. 9.4 Direction of Radiation -The directionof radia-
tion shall be governedby the geometryof the casting
8.7.2 Film Processing - Radiographicfilm pro- andthe radiographiccoverageandqualityrequirements
cessingshall be controlledin accordancewith Guide stipulatedby the applicablejob order or contract.
E 999. Wheneverpracticable,place the central beam of the
8.7.3Film Viewing Facilities - Viewing facilities radiationperpendicular
to thesurfaceof thefilm. Appen-
shallprovidesubduedbackgroundlighting of an inten- dix X2 providesexamplesof preferredsourceandfilm
sity thatwill not causetroublesome reflections,shadows, orientationsand examplesof casting geometriesand
or glareon the radiograph.The viewing light shall be configurationson which radiographyis impracticalor
of sufficientintensityto reviewdensitiesup to 4.0 and very difficult.
beappropriately controlledsothattheoptimumintensity 9.5 Back-Scattered Radiation Protection:
for singleor superimposed viewing of radiographsmay
be selected. 9.5.1 Back-Scattered Radiation - (secondary
radi-
ation emanatingfrom surfacesbehindthe film, that is,
8.7.4 Storage of Radiographs - Whenstorageis walls,floors,etc.)servesto reduceradiographiccontrast
requiredby the applicablejob order or contract,the and may produceundesirableeffects on radiographic
radiographsshouldbe storedin an areawith sufficient quality. A I/s-in. (3.17mm) lead sheetplacedbehind
environmentalcontrol to precludeimage deterioration the film generallyfurnishesadequateprotectionagainst
or otherdamage.The radiographstoragedurationand back-scattered radiation.
locationafter castingdeliveryshall be as agreedupon
betweenpurchaserand supplier.(See Guide E 1254 9.5.2 To detectback-scattered radiation,position
for storageinformation.) a leadletter‘5” [approximately‘/8in. (3.17mm) thick
by ‘/z in. (12.7mm) high] on the rear sideof the film
holder. If a light image (lower density) of the lead
9. Procedure letter “B” appearson the radiograph,it indicatesthat
9.1 Time of Examination - Unlessotherwisespeci- moreback-scatterprotectionis necessary.The appear-
fied by the applicablejob orderor contract,radiography anceof a dark imageof the lead letter “B” shouldbe
317
disregarded unless the dark image could mask or he block conforming to the requirements of 6.7 may
confused with rejectablc casting defects. be used.
9.6 Penerrameter (IQIJ Placement - Place all pene- Y.7.6.1 The penetrameter (IQI) shall be no closer
trameters (IQI) being radiographed on the source side to the film than the source side of that part of the
of the casting. Place penetrameters (IQIs) in the radio- casting being radiographed in the current view.
graphic area of interest, unless the use of a shim or
9.7.6.2 The radiographic density measured adja-
separate block is necessary, as specified in 9.7.6.
cent to the penetrameter (IQI) through the body of the
9.1 Number of Penammeters (IQls): shim or separate block shall not exceed the density
measured in the area of interest by more than 15%.
9.7.1 One penetrameter (IQI) shall represent an The density may be lighter than the area of interest
area within which radiographic densities do not vary density, provided acceptable quality level is obtained
more than +30% to -15% from the density measured and the density requirements of 8.6 are met.
through the body of the penetrameter (IQI),
9.7.6.3 The shim or separate block shall be
9.7.2 When the film density varies more than
placed at the corner of the film holder or close to that
-15% to +30%, two penetrameters (IQIs) used as part of the area of interest that is furthest from the
follows will be acceptable: if one penetrameter (IQI) central beam. This is the worst case position from a
shows acceptable sensitivity representing the most dense
beam angle standpoint that a discontinuity would be in.
portion of the exposure, and the second penetrameter
(IQI) shows acceptable sensitivity representing the least 9.7.6.4 The shim or separate block dimensions
dense portion of the exposure, then these two penetrame- shall exceed the penetrameter (IQI) dimensions such
ters (IQIs) shall qualify the exposure location within that the outline of at least three sides of the penetrameter
these densities, provided the density requirements stipu- (IQI) image shall be visible on the radiograph.
lated in 8.6 are met.
9.7.7 Film Side Penetrameter (IQIJ - In the case
9.7.3 For cylindrical or flat castings where more where the penetrameter (IQI) cannot be physically
than one film holder is used for an exposure, at least placed on the source side and the use of a separate
one penetrameter (IQI) image shall appear on each block technique is not practical, penetrameters (IQIs)
radiograph. For cylindrical shapes, where a panoramic placed on the film side may be used. The applicable
type source of radiation is placed in the center of the job order or contract shall dictate the requirements for
cylinder and a complete or partial circumference is film side radiographic quality level (see 8.4).
radiographed using at least four overlapped film holders,
at least three penetrameters (IQIs) shall be used. On 9.8 Location Markers - The radiographic image of
partial circumference exposures, a penetrameter (IQI) the location markers for the coordination of the casting
shall be placed at each end of the length of the image with the film shall appear on the film, without interfering
to be evaluated on the radiograph with the intermediate with the interpretation, in such an arrangement that it
penetrameters (IQIs) placed at equal divisions of the is evident that the required coverage was obtained.
length covered. For full circumferential coverage, three These marker positions shall be marked on the casting
penetrameters (IQIs) spaced 120” apart shall be used, and the position of the markers shall be maintained
even when using a single length of roll film, on the part during the complete radiographic cycle.
The RSS shall show all marker locations.
9.7.4 When an array of individual castings in a
circle is radiographed, the requirements of 9.7.1 or 9.9 Radiographic Identification - A system of posi-
9.7.2, or both, shall prevail for each casting. tive identification of the film shall be provided. As a
minimum, the following shall appear on the radiograph:
9.7.5 If the required pettetrameter (IQI) sensitivity the name or symbol of the inspecting laboratory, the
does not show on any one film in a multiple film date, the casting identification number, and whether it
technique (see 9.11), but does show in composite is an original or subsequent exposure.
(superimposed) film viewing, interpretation shall be
9.10 Subsequent Exposure Identijication - All repair
permitted only by composite film viewing for the
radiographs after the original (initial) shall have an
respective area.
inspection status designation that indicates the reason.
9.7.6 When it is not practicable to place the Subsequent radiographs made by reason of a repaired
penetrameter(s) (IQI) on the casting, a shim or separate area shall be identified with the letter “R” followed
318
ARTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-IO30
by the respective repair cycle (that is, R-1 for the first 11. ReferenceRadiographs
repair, R-2 for the second repair, etc.). Subsequent 11.1 Reference Radiographs E 155, E 186, E 192,
radiographs that are necessary as a result of additional E 272, E 280, E 310, E 446, E 505, E 689, and E
surface preparation should be identified by the letters 802 are graded radiographic illustrations of various
“REG.” casting discontinuities. These reference radiographs may
be used to help establish acceptance criteria and may
9.11Multiple Film Techniques - Two or more films also be useful as radiographic interpretation training
of equal or different speeds in the same cassette are aids.
allowed, provided prescribed quality level and density
requirements are met (see 9.7.2 and 9.7.5). 12. Report
9.12 Radiographic Techniques: 12.1 The following radiographic records shall be

maintained as agreed upon between purchaser and
supplier:
9.12.1Single Wall Technique - Except as pro-
vided in 9.12.2, radiography shall be performed using 12.1.1Radiographic standard shooting sketch,
a technique in which the radiation passes through only 12.1.2 Weld repair documentation,
one wall.
12.1.3 Film,
9.12.2 Double Wall Technique - For castings 12.1.4Film interpretation record containing as a
with an inside diameter of 4 in. or less, a technique minimum:
may be used in which the radiation passes through 12.1.4.1 Disposition of each radiograph (accept-
both walls and both walls are viewed for acceptance able or rejectable),
on the same film. An adequate number of exposures
shall be taken to ensure that required coverage has 12.1.4.2 If rejectable, cause for rejection (shrink,
been obtained. gas, etc.),
12.1.4.3 Surface indication verified by visual
9.13 Safety-Radiographic procedures shall comply examination (meld, marks, etc.), and
with applicable city, state:, and federal regulations.
12.1.4.4 Signature of the film interpreter.
13. Precision and Bias

10. RadiographEvaluation 13.1 No statement has been made about either the
precision or bias of this test method since the result
10.1 Film Quality - Verify that the radiograph merely states whether there is conformance to the
meets the quality requirements specified in 8.3, 8.4, criteria for success specified in the procedure.
8.6, 9.5.2 and 9.7.
14. Keywords
10.2 Film Evaluation .- Determine the acceptance
or rejection of the casting by comparing the radiographic 14.1 castings; gamma-ray; nondestructive testing; ra-
image to the. agreed upon acceptance criteria (see 8.5). diographic; radiography; x-ray
319
APPENDICES
Xl. RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTING niquesfor inspectionof any particularone.The RSS

SKETCH (RSS) providesa mapof locationmarkerplacement,directions
for sourceand film arrangement,and instructionsfor
X1.1 Theradiographic standardshootingsketch(RSS)
all other parametersassociatedwith radiographyof a
providesthe radiographicoperatorandthe radiographic
casting.This information servesto providethe most
interpreterwith pertinentinformationregardingthe ex-
aminationof a casting.The RSSis designedto standard- efficientmethodfor controllingthe qualityand consist-
ize radiographicmethodologiesassociated with casting ency of the resultantradiographicrepresentations.
inspection;it may alsoprovidea meansof a purchaser
andsupplieragreement, prior to initiation of theinspec- X1.2 The RSS usually consistsof an instruction
tion on a productionbasis. The use of a RSS is sheetandsketch(es)of the casting:theinstructionsheet
advantageous dueto themanyconfigurationsassociated specifiesthe radiographicequipment,materials,and
with castingsandthe corresponding variationsin tech- technique-acceptance
parametersfor eachlocation;the
es No. xxx-“W-22 yam Pm ( OF s
FIG. X1.1 Sample Radiogrsphlc Standard Shooting Sketch (RSS)
FIG. X1.1 SAMPLE RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTING SKETCH (RSS)
320
ARTICLE22 - RADIOGRAPHIC
STANDARDS SE.1030
FIG. Xl.2 SAMPLESOF RADIOGRAPHICSTANDARDSHOOTING SKETCHES(RSS)

(a) VIEWS ILLUSTRATINGLAYOUTAND SOURCEAND FILM PLACEMENT
sketch(es)illustrate(s)the location,orientation,andthe X1.2.1.2 Castingidentificationincluding:

sourceand film arrangement for eachlocation.Figures (a) Drawing number,
X1.1 and X1.2@)and (b) of this appendixprovide a (b) Castingidentificationnumber,
typical instmctionsheetand sketchsheets.As a mini- (c) Descriptivename (for example,pomp casting,
mom,theRSSshouldprovidethefollowinginformation. valve body, etc.),
All spacesshall be filled in unlessnot applicable;in (d) Material type and materialspecification,
thosecases,the spaceshall be markedNA. (ej Heat number,and
X1.2.1 The instructionsheetshouldprovide the If) Patternnumber.
following:
X1.2.1.1 CompanypreparingRSS and activity X1.2.1.3Surfaceconditionat time of radiogra-
performingradiography. phy (as cast, roughmachined,finishedmachined).
321
REVElON PP.GE 3 OF J
is No. xxx-WY-22 A
FIG. X1.2(b)
(bl VIEWS ILLUSTRATING LAYOUT AND EXTENT OF COVERAGE
X1.2.1.4 Spaces for approval (as applicable). (ij Required penetrameter (IQI) quality level,
(jj Radiographic acceptance standard, and
X1.2.1.5 Radiographic Technique Parameters
(k) Applicable radiographic severity level.
for Each Location:
(a) Radiographic location designation,
X1.2.2 The sketch(es) should provide the fol-
(bj Source type and size,
lowing:
(c) Finished thickness,
(dj Thickness when radiographed,
(e) Penetrameters, X1.2.2.1 Location marker placement.
(f) Source to film distance,
(6) Film type and quantity, X1.2.2.2 Location of foundry’s identification pad
(hj Film size, or symbol on the casting.
322
X1.2.2.3 Designation of areas that require radiog- pilot radiographs to the purchaser for review. Purchaser
raphy (as applicable). approval of the technique shall be addressed in the
applicable job order or contract.
X1.2.2.4 Designation of areas that are considered
impractical or very difficult to radiograph (see 1.2
and 8.2). x2. PREFERRED SOURCE AND FILM
X1.2.2.5 Radiographic source and film arrange- ALIGNMENT FOR FLANGE
RADIOGRAPHY AND EXAMPLES OF
ment and radiation beam direction for each location.
AREAS THAT ARE CONSIDERED
NOTE XI.1 - The RSS should designate the involved locations IMPRACTICAL TO RADIOGRAPH
and stipulate that the technique for those locations is typical, for
sections of the casting on which a continuing series of locations are X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment for Flange
to be radiographed with the fame basic source and film arrangement
for each location. Radiography - The effective use of radiography for
assessing material soundness in casting areas where a
flange joins a body is somewhat limited by the source
X1.2.3 Figure X1.1 of this appendix provides a
and film alignment that the geometric configuration of
sample RSS that has been developed for a typical
these areas requires. The following figures describe
production application, and Fig. Xl .2(a) and (b) provide
source and film alignments that can be employed and
sample RSS sketches that have been developed for a discusses the limits and benefits of each.
typical production application.
X1.2.4 The RSS may not provide what is consid-
ered to be the most effective means of technique control X3. EXAMPLES OF AREAS THAT ARE
for all radiographic activities, but, in any event, some CONSIDERED TO BE IMPRACTICAL TO
means of technique standardization should be employed. RADIOGRAPH
As a general rule, it is a beneficial practice for the X3.1 Certain casting geometry configuration are inac-
supplier to solicit purchaser approval of the radiographic
cessible for conventional source and film arrangements
methodology prior to performing production radiogra-
that will provide meaningful radiographic results. These
phy. This generally entails the demonstration of the
areas generally involve the juncture of two casting
adequacy of the methodology by submitting the pro- sections. The following illustrations provide typical
posed technique parameters and a corresponding set of
examples of such areas.
FIG. X2.1 PREFERRED SOURCE AND FILM ALIGNMENT
323
RT OOVERAOE NOT OBTAINEO IN
FIG. X2.2 PERMISSIBLE SOURCE AND FILM ALIGNMENT WHEN FIG. X2.1 CANNOT BE APPLIED DUE TO
CASTING GEOMETRY
FIG. X2.3 ALLOWABLE SOURCE FILM ALIGNMENT AS GOVERNED BY

SOURCE ENERGY AND MULTI-FILM LOAD ACCEPTANCE DENSITY LATITUDE
324
ARTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAI’I~IIC STANDARDS SE-1030
FIG.X3.1 AREAS INVOLVING FLANGES
FIG.X3.2 AREAS INVOLVING OTHER JUNCTURES

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR
CALIBRATION OF TRANSMISSION DENSITOMETERS
SE-1079
(IdenticalwithASTM Specification
E 1079.97)
1. scope 4. Significanceand Use

1.1This practicecoversthecalibrationof transmission 4.1 This practiceprovides a meansfor calibrating
densitometersusedto performradiographicfilm density transmissiondensitometersusedfor themeasurement of
measurements (seeNote). radiographicfilm density.A transmissiondensitometer
calibratedin accordancewith this practiceprovidesthe
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all assurancethat accuratedensity valuesof radiographs
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. are obtained.
It is the responsibility of the usu of this standard to
establishappropriate safetyand health practicesand
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations 5. Apparatus
prior to use.
5.1 Apparatusshouldconsistof the following:
NOTE - For further information on the design and use of densitome-
ters. the following literature is suggested as additional background 5.1.1 A calibratedstep tablet shall be used.The
information: Guide E 94 and ANSI documents PH2.19 and PH2.36. steptabletmay be a NIST X-ray StepTablet(Standard
ReferenceMaterial SRM 1001) or alternatelya step
tabletfrom anothersupplier,which is traceableto the
NIST SRM 1001 X-ray Step Tablet. The step tablet
2. ReferencedDocuments shall haveat least five stepdensitiesrangingfrom 0.3
through3.9. The step tablet may haveadditionalstep
2.1 ASTM Standards: densitieslessthan0.3 andgreaterthan3.9.A calibration
E 94 Guidefor RadiographicTesting certificateshallbe providedwith the steptabletindicat-
E 1316Terminologyfor Nondestructive
Examinations ing the tablet ID and recordedvaluesfor each step
density.For suppliersof steptabletsotherthan NIST,
2.2 ANSI Documents: the certificateshall indicateconformanceof traceability
ANWNAPM tT2.19-1994,Photography- Density to NIST instrumentation usedin thecalibrationprocess,
Measurements - Part 2: GeometricConditionsfor appltcableANSI standards used,verificationof measure-
TransmissionDensity ment on a NIST SRM tOOI steptablet,the ID number
ANWNAPM IT2.16-1996,Photography- Density of the SRM 1001step tablet,and calibrationdate of
Measurements - Part 1: Terms,Symbols,andNota- the step tablet. Precautionsshould be taken in the
tions storage,handling,and use of the step tablet. In the
event it becomesscratched,blemished,or exhibits
other signs of deleteriouswear,it shouldbe replaced
immediately.The step tablet shall be replacedfour
3. Terminology yearsfrom date of first use.
3.1 Dejnitions - For definitionsof terms usedin 5.1.2 Transmission Densitometm, with either
this practice,seeTerminologyE 1316. direct-scalereadoutor digital readoutdisplaysspecifi-
326
ARTICLE 22 - KADlOGRAPNlC STANDARDS SE-1079
tally manufactured for the purpose of measuring the tion was performed, and the identification of the individ-
range of tilm densities described in 5.1.1 may be used. ual performing the calibration, may be applied to the
densitometer to verify the calibration reference check
5.1.3 Manufacturer’s Operating Instructions for recorded in the calibration log.
Appropriate Transmission Densitometer.
7.2 An alternative calibration documentation system
may be used provided the calibration traceability re-
6. Calibration quirements identified in 7.1 can be satisfied and docu-
mented properly,
6.1 Full-scale linearity calibration should be per-
formed at least every 90 days during use as follows:
8. Periodic Verification
6.1.1 Allow a minimum of 30.min “warmup”
time (or the manufacturer’s recommended warm-up 8.1 Periodic calibration verification checks using the
time) to stabilize circuitry before starting the calibration procedure described in Section 6 should be performed
procedure or the periodic verification checks described at the beginning of each shift, after 8 h of continuous
in Section 8. Adjust the “0” reading of the densitometer operation, or change of apertures, whichever occurs first.
after the warm-up period.
8.1.1 If the verification reading is within ~~0.05
6.1.2 Select and position for reading the neutral of the density values recorded in the calibration log
density closest to 0.3, 3.0, and 3.9 on the calibrated required by 7.1, the densitometer is ready for continued
step tablet. Read and record the density for each step. use. It is not necessary to record density values when
they are within the acceptable tolerance. If the density
6.1.3 Compare the densities recorded with the
values are not within the tolerance, recalibration is
actual density values on the calibrated step tablet or required and it shall be performed in accordance with
the density values listed on the calibration certificate.
Section 6.
If the densitometer has been calibrated properly, the
densities at 0.3, 3.0, and 3.9 steps should not vary 8.1.2 If the calibration verification check shows a
more than iO.05 density units. If any of the recorded variation greater than -tO.O5, then all radiographs exam-
density values vary more than kO.05 density units from ined since the last acceptable daily density check should
the density values on the calibrated step tablet, the be subject to a reverification for density after the
linearity of the densitometer is out of tolerance and densitometer has been recalibrated.
should be corrected. 8.2 Consult the Manufacturer’s Technical Manual
for troubleshooting information.
I. Records and Associated Documentation

9. Keywords
7.1 Note and record the calibrated readings, required
by 6.1.2 in an appropriate calibration log. A pressure- 9.1 calibration; densitometer; density; periodic verifi-
sensitive label or tag that indicates the date the calibra- cation; radiographic film
327
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING
THE FOCAL SIZE OF IRIDIUM-192 INDUSTRIAL
RADIOGRAPHIC SOURCES
SE-1114
[Identical with ASTM Specification E 1114.92 (R1997)]
1. Sc0pe focal size of the sonme, the distance between the source
and the object to be radiographed, and the distance
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the between the object to be radiographed and the film.
focal size of an iridium-192 radiographic source. The
This test method allows the user to determine the focal
determination is based upon measurement of the image size of the sonme and to use this result to establish
of the iridium metal sonme in a projection radiograph source to object and object to film distances appropriate
of the sonme assembly and comparison to the measure- for maintaining the desired degree of geometric un-
ment of the image of a reference sample in the same sharpness.
radiograph.
It is the responsibility of the user qf this standard to 5. Apparatus
5.1 Subject Iridium-192 Source, the focal size of
which is to be determined. The appropriate apparatus
prior to use.
and equipment for the safe storage, handling, and
manipulation of the subject source, such as a radio-
graphic exposure device (also referred to as a gamma
2. ReferencedDocuments ray projector or camera), remote control, source guide
2.1 ASTM Standards: tube, and source stop am also required.
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial
5.2 Reference Sample (see Figs. 1,2, and 3) - The
Radiographic Film Processing
reference sample shall be of material which is not
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Testing
radioactive. The recommended material is iridium. How-
ever, substitutes such as platinum, tungsten, or other
material of similar radiopacity may be used. The sample
3. Terminology should be of the same geometric shape as the subject
3.1 For definitions of terms relating to this test sonme, should he approximately the same size as the
method, refer to Terminology E 1316. subject soume, and should be positioned on or within
a shim or envelope to simulate the soume capsule wall.
The resulting radiographic contrast, with reference to
adjacent background density of the image of the refer-
4. Significanceand Use ence sample, should be approximately the same as that
4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a of the subject sonme. The actual dimensions of the
radiographic image is geometric nnsharpness. The de- reference sample should be determined to the nearest
gree of geometric nnsharpness is dependent upon the 0.025 mm (0.001 in.).
328
ARTICLE 22 - KAI~IOGRAPHIC STANDAKIX SE-1114
TYPICAL SOURCE CAPSULE EFERENCE SAMPLE

(IRIDIUM. PLATINUM
TUNGSTEN OR SIMILAR MAT’L)
FIG. 1 REFERENCE SAMPLE IN STANDARD SOURCE ENCAPSULATION
MAT’L EQUIVALENT TO SOURCE ENCAPSULATION

USUALLY STAINLESS STEEL
1
3
DIAMETER OF
SOURCE ENCAPSULATION
t
REFERENCE SAMPLE
IRIDIUM, PLATINUM, TUNGSTEN
OR SIMILAR MAT’L (DIAMETERS APROX
THE SAME SIZE AS TYPICAL SOURCES)
MAT’L EQUIVALENT TO SOURCE REFERENCE SAMPLE
I ENCAPSULATION
(USUALLY ST. STL.)
I
IRIDIUM, PLATINUM. TUNGSTEN
OR SIMILAR MAT’L
FIG. 2 ALTERNATE REFERENCE SAMPLE ARRANGEMENT
FIG. 3 ALTERNATE REFERENCE SAMPLE ARRANGEMENT
329
TABLE 1
EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL X-RAY GENERATOR
OUTPUT REQUIREMENTS FOR RELATED IRIDIUM’92
SOURCE ACTIVITIES
Subject Ividium’g2 Source Typical X-ray Generator
Radiation Output Requirements
Activity Output
(Curie) (Rh at 1 m) Potential Curvent
30 14.4 160 kV 5 rnA

01 200 kV 3 mA
100 48.0 160 kV 10 mA
or 250 kV 4 mA
200 96.0 160 kV 20 mA
01 250 kV 8 mA
or 300 kV 6 mA
FIG. 4 TYPICAL EXPOSURE ARRANGEMENT

5.3 X-ray Generaror, capable of producing a radiation
intensity (roentgen per hour at one metre) at least ten
times greater than that produced by the subject source.
Examples of typical X-ray generator output requirements
FITTING, THREADED TO SUIT
that satisfy this criterion are presented in Table 1. RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEM
5.4 Film, industrial type fine grain, extra fine grain, DRIVE CABLE
or ultra fine grain as defined by the film manufacturer i-SUBJECT SOURCE
shall be used. Selection of film type should be deter- SOURCE STOP
mined by such factors as the required radiographic
quality level, equipment capability, materials, and so
fo$h. The films selected must be capable of demonstra-
ting the required image quality. No intensifying screens
should be used. The film should be processed in accord-
ance with Guide E 999.
5.5 Image Measurement Apparatus - This apparatas f SPECIAL GUIDE LAEFERENCE
is used to measure the size of the image of the focal TUBE & STOP SAMPLE
(SEE FIG 1)
spot. The apparatus shall be an optical comparator with
built-in graticule with 0.1 mm divisions or 0.001 in.
divisions and magnification of 5x to 10x. FIG. 5 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT USING A
SPECIALLY DESIGNED GUIDE TUBE
6. Procedure
6.1 Set up the exposure arrangement as shown in
ray of the X-ray beam. The source stop and reference
Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7. Position the X-ray tube directly
sample should be 0.15 m (6 in.) from the film. The
over the center of the film. The film plane must be
source stop should be connected to the radiographic
normal to the central ray of the X-ray beam. The X-
exposure device by the shortest source guide tube
ray focal spot should be 0.90 m (36 in.) from the film,
practicable in order to mini&e fogging of the film
Position the reference sample and apparatus used to
during source transit.
locate the subject source (source stop) as close together
as possible and directly over the center of the film. 6.2 Place identification markers to be imaged on the
The plane of the source stop and reference sample film to identify, as a minimum, the identification (serial
must be parallel to the film and normal to the central number) of the subject source, the size of the reference
330
ARTICLE 22 ~ RADlOGRAl’HlC STANDAKOS s1s-1114
,-DRIVE CABLE r POSITIONING source and the reference sample. Take measurements
FIXTURE from the perceptible edges of the image. When per-
REFERENCE forming the physical measurements with the optical
SAMPLE comparator, the actual measured values shall be to the
(SEE FIG 1) nearest graduation on the graticule scale being used.
I
7.2 The focal size for a given technique is the
maximum projected dimension of the source in the
plane perpendicular to a line drawn from the source
to the object being radiographed. Therefore, sufficient
measurements of the image of the iridium must be
made to determine the focal size of the source in
any orientation. Sections 7.2.1 through 7.2.4 serve as
FIG. 6 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT USING A
examples.
STANDARD GUIDE TUBE AND SPECIAL
POSITIONING FIXTURE 7.2.1 UnifomzRight Circular Cylinder (seeFig.
8) - Determine the focal size of a uniform right
circular cylindrical source by measuring the diameter,
d, the height, h, and the diagonal, m, as illustrated in
sample, the identification of the organ&ion performing Fig. 8 and computing the actual dimensions as described
in 8.1.
the determination, and the date of the determination.
Care should be taken to ensure that the images of 7.2.2 Sphere (see Fig. 9) - Determine the focal
the subject source and reference sample will not be size of a spherical source by measuring the diameter,
superimposed on the image of the identification markers. d, as illustrated in Fig. 9 and computing the actual
6.3 Exposure - Select the X-ray tube potential (kV), dimension as described in 8.1.
X-ray tube current (mA), and exposure time such that
7.2.3 Nonuniform Stack of Right Circular Cylinders
the density in the image of the envelope surrounding
(see Fig. 10) - Determine the focal size of a nonuni-
the reference sample does not exceed 3.0 and that the
form stack of right circular cylindrical components of
density difference between the image of the reference
a source by measuring the intrinsic diameter, d, the
sample and the image of the envelope surrounding the
height, h, and the effective maximum dimension, m,
reference sample is at least 0.10.
as illustrated in Fig. IO and computing the actual
NOTE - The actual parameters that will produce acceptable results dimensions as described in 8.1.
may vary between X-ray units. and trial exposures may be necessary.
7.2.4 Separated Stack of Right Circular Cylinders
6.3.1 Energize the X-ray generator and, at the (see Fig. 11) - Determine the focal size of a separated
same time, manipulate the subject source into the stack of right circular cylindrical components of a
exposure position in the source stop. It is important source by measuring the intrinsic diameter, d, the
that this be performed as quickly as possible to minimize effective height, h, and the effective maximum dimen-
fogging of the film. sion, m, as illustrated in Fig. 11 and computing the
actual dimensions as described in 8.1.
6.3.2 At the conclusion of the exposure time,
deenergize the X-ray generator and, at the same time,
return the subject source to the proper shielded storage
position. 8. Calculation and Evaluation
6.3.3 Process the film 8.1 Measure the linear dimension of interest in the
subject source image and measure the same linear
dimension in the reference sample image (that is, the
I. Measurementof Focal Dimensions diameter of each). The actual dimension of the subject
7.1 View the radiograph with sufficient light intensity source is computed from the following:
for adequate viewing. Using an optical comparator with
built-in graticule as described in 5.5, measure the linear
dimensions of the image of the focal spot of the subject
331
SUBJECT SOURCE
REFERENCE SAMPLE
POSITIONING DEVICE
STANDARD SOURCE STOP
SAMPLE ARRANGEMENT
(SEE FIG. 1)
FIG. 7 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT USING REFERENCE SAMPLE POSITIONING DEVICE
FIG. 8 UNIFORM RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER FIG. 9 SPHERE
CYLINDRICAL DISC
CYilNDRlCAL
DlSC
FIG. 10 NONUNIFORM CYLINDRICAL STACK FIG. 11 SEPARATED CYLINDRICAL STACK
332
AI(I‘IC1.B 22 ~ KADIOGRAPI-IIC S’l‘ANDARIX SE-1114
where: number of the sottrce, the name of the organization

u = actual dimension of the subject sowcc, making the determination, the date the determination
b = actual dimension of the reference sample, was made, a description of the shape of the source
c= measured dimension of the subject source im- (or an appropriate sketch), and the calculated actual
age, and dimensions. The actual radiograph should accompany
d= measured dimension of the reference sample the report.
image.
9. Report 10. Keywords
9.1 A report of the focal size of an iridium-192 10.1 cylinder(s); focal size; iridium 192; radiographic
source should indicate the model number and serial source; reference sample; sphere
333
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF
FOCAL SPOTS OF INDUSTRIAL X-RAY TUBES BY
PINHOLE IMAGING
SE-1165
[Identical with ASTM Specification E 1165-92 (R1996)]
1. Scope 2. Referenced Document

1.1 This test method provides instructions for de- 2.1 ASTM Standard:
termining the length and width dimensions of line focal E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial
spots in industrial X-ray tubes (see Note 1). This Radiographic Film Processing
determination is based on the measurement of an image
of a focal spot that has been radiographically recorded
with a “pinhole” projection/imaging technique. 3. Terminology
NOTE I - Line focal spots are associated with vacuum X-ray 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard
lubes whose maXimum voltage rating does not generally exceed
500 LV. 3.1.1 actual focal spot - the X-ray producing area
of the target as viewed from a position perpendicular to
1.2 This test method may not yield meaningful results the target surface (see Fig. 1).
on focal spots whose nominal size is less than 0.3 mm
(0.011 in.). (See Note 2.) 3.1.2 effective focal spot - the X-ray producing
area of the target as viewed from a position perpendicu-
NOTE 2 - The X-ray tube manufacturer may he contacted for lar to the tube axis in the center of the X-ray beam
nominal focal spot dimensions. (see Fig. 1).
1.3 This test method may also be used to determine 3.1.3 linefocal spot-a focal spot whose projected
the presence or extent of focal spot damage or deteriora- pinehole image consists primarily of two curved lines
tion that may have occurred due to tube age, tube (see Fig. 2).
overloading, and the like. This would entail the produc-
tion of a focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole method)
and an evaluation of the resultant image for pitting, 4. Significance and Use
cracking, and the like.
4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a
1.4 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded radiographic image is geometric ansharpness. The de-
as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for gree of geometric ansharpness is dependent upon the
information only. focal size of the radiation source, the distance between
the source and the object to be radiographed, and the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all distance between the object to be radiographed and the
of the safety concerns. if any, associated with its use. film. This test method allows the user to determine
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to the focal size of the X-ray source and to use this result
establish appropriate safetyand health practices and to establish source to object and object to film distances
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of geo-
prior to use. metric ansharpness.
334
FIG. 1 ACTUAL/EFFECTIVE FOCAL SPOl
SKETCH 2
FIG. 2 LINE FOCAL SPOT
335
TABLE 1
PINHOLE DIAPHRAGM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (DIMENSION)’
NOTE - The pinhole diaphragm shall be made from one of the following materials:
(1) An alloy of 90% gold and 10% platinum,
(21 Tungsten,
(3) Tungsten carbide,
(4) Tungsten alloy,
(5) Platinum and 10% Iridium alloy, or
(6) Tantalum.
Required “D” and “L” Dimensions, mm tin.1
Nominal Dimension of Focal Nominal Diameter of Diaphragm
Spot, mm ti0.Y Opening, mm (in.1 0 L
>0.3 to 1.2 (0.011 to 0.0461 inch 0.030 (0.00111 0.030 * 0.005 0.075 * 0.010
(0.0011 * 0.00021 (0.0029 * 0.00041
>1.2 to 2.5 (0.046 to 0.097) inch 0.075 (0.0029) 0.075 * 0.005 0.350 * 0.010
(0.0029 f 0.0002) to.014 * 0.0004)
>2.5 to.0971 0.100 (0.0039) 0.100 * 0.005 0.500 * 0.010
(0.0039 * 0.0002) to.02 * 0.0004)
‘See Fig. 3.
’ Nominal focal spot dimensions may be obtained from the X-ray tube manufacturer.
built-in graticulewith 0.1 mm or 0.001 in., or both

divisionsandmagnificationof 5x to 10x(or equivalent).
rl.Jmm(.059 IN.)
6. Procedure
6.1 If possible,use a standard91.44 cm (36 in.)
focal spotto film planedistance(FFD) for all exposures.
If machinegeometryor accessibilitylimitations will
FIG. 3 PINHOLE DIAPHRAGM DESIGN not permit the use of a 91.44 cm (36 in.) FFD, use
the maximumattainableFFD (in theseinstancesadjust
the relativedistancesbetweenfocal spot,pinhole,and
film accordinglyto suit the imageenlargementfactors
specifiedin Table 2). The distancebetweenthe focal
5. Apparatus spot and the pinholeis basedon the nominal size of
the focal spotbeing measuredand the desireddegree
5.1 Pinhole Diaphragm- The pinhole diaphragm of imageenlargement(seeFig. 5). The specifiedfocal
shall conformto the designand materialrequirements spotto pinholedistance(FHD) for the differentnominal
of Table 1 and Fig. 3. focal spot sizerangesis providedin Table 2. Position
5.2 Camera-The pinholecameraassemblyconsists the pinhole such that it is within +l” of the central
of the pinhole diaphragm,the shielding material to axis of the X-ray beam. Fig. 6 illustrates a typical
which it is affixed, and any mechanismthat is used focal spot exposurearrangement.
to hold the shield/diaphragmin position(jigs, fixtures,
NOTE 3 - The accuracy of the pinhole system is highly dependent
brackets,and the like; seeFig. 4). upon the relative dista.nces between (and alignment ofI the focal
spot. the pinhole. and the film. Accordingly, specially designed
5.3 Film - Industrial type extra fine grain. No apparatus may be necessary in order to assure
compliance
withthe
intensifyingscreensare to be used.The film shall be above requirements. Figure 7 provides an example of a special
collimator that can he used to ensue conformance with the al”
processedin accordancewith GuideE 999. alignment tolerance. Some other standards imposeverystringent
alignment requirements and express these requirements in terms of
5.4ImageMeasurement Apparatus- This apparatus radial tolerances. These documents do not, however. address any
is usedto measurethe size of the image of the focal means for assuring compliance with such tolerances. In order to
spot.The apparatus
shallbe an opticalcomparatorwith simplify the focal spot radiography technique and to improve the
336
SE-1165
IMAGE
TABLE 2
ENLARGEMENT
I:
FIG. 4 PINHOLE
FACTORS
CAMERA
U
(TYPICAL)
graphic imaging) should be X-ray machine identity

(that is, make and serial number), organization making
the radiograph, and date of exposure.
Distance Between
Nominal Focal Spot Enlargement Focal Spot and Pinhole
Size, mm (in.) F.XlOV (FHD), cm (in.)” 6.3 Adjust the kilovoltage and milliamperage settings
on the X-ray machine to that specified in Table 3.
0.3 to 1.2 3x 22.9 (9)
(0.011 to 0.046) incl
>1.2 to 2.5 2x 30.5 (121 6.4 Expose the film such that the density of the
(0.046 ta 0.0971 incl darkest portion of the focal spot image conforms to
>2.5 (0.097) 1x 45.7 (18) the limits specified in Table 4. Density measurement
shall be as illustrated in Fig. 8. Density shall be
ii When using a technique that entails the use of enlargement factors
controlled by exposure time only.
and a 91.44 cm (36 in.) focal spot to film distance (FFDI is not
possible (see6.11, thedistance betweenthefacal spotand the pinhole
(FHD) shall be adjusted to suit the actual focal spot to film distance 6.5 Process the film in accordance with Guide E 999.
IFFD) usedCforexample, ifablcm (24 in.1 FFD isused,the FHD
shall be 15.25 cm (6 in.1 for 3x enlargement, 20.32 cm (8 in.) for 6.6 Focal Spot Measurement:
2x enlargement, and the like,.
6.6.1 Back Lighting - Back lighting shall be such

that the focal spot image can be easily and comfortably
viewed.
overall practicalityof the procedure, it is considered that a workable
alignment tolerance, and a means of assuring conformance with
that tolerance, is approprkate. Accordingly. this standard addresses 6.6.2 Place the magnification graticule (handheld
lolerances in angular terms and provides a method for assuring optical comparator) in intimate contact with the film for
compliance with these tolerances. This provides a practical meam the measurement determination. Determine an imaginary
of meeting the precision and bias requirements of Section 9.
“box” that represents the perceptible edges of the
6.2 Position the film as illustrated in Fig. 6. The focal spot image [see Fig. 9(a)] for the extremities
exposure identification appearing on the film (by radio- measurement.
331
X-RAY IUEE HEAD
POSlllON OF FOCAL SP
PINHOLE POSITION '
PINHOLE CAMERA
FIG. 5 SCHEMATIC OF FHDlFFD RELATIONSHIP
6.6.3 Measure the focal spot image in two direc- 7.2 If an image enlargement technique was used,
tions [see Fig. 9(b)]: divide the “A” and “B” direction measurements by the
pertinent enlargement factor to obtain actual focal spot
6.6.3.1 Direction A - Parallel to the axis of
size (see Fig. 5 and Table 2).
the tube.
6.6.3.2 Direction B - Perpendicular to the axis

of the tube.
7. Calculation of Results
7.1 Multiply the measured “A” direction dimension

8. Report
by a correction factor of 0.7 to determine the actinl
“A” dimension (see Note 4). The measured “B” direction 8.1 A report documenting the focal spot size determ-
dimension is representative of actual size. nation should include the machine model number and
serial number, the X-ray tube serial number, the focal
NOTE 4 - The need far the 0.7 fractional multiplier for correction
of the measured image length arises from the fact that the lengthwise spot(s) that was measured (some machines have dual
distribution of energy in the focal spots of line-focus tubes tends focal spots), the set-up and exposure parameters (for
to be peaked in the cenfer and diminishes gradually to zero at the ends.
example, kilovoltage, milliamps, enlargement factor,
Hence. the effective length, (that is, resultant effect an radiographic
definition and film density distribution) cannot be stated as equal to and the like) date, name of organization, and estimated
the measured length. beam time hours (if available).
338
ARTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE.1165
r X-RAY,“BE HEADASS” TABLE 3

TESTVOLTAGEANDCURRENT
Cuvrent To Be
kVp Rating of X- Voltage To Be Used for Used for Focal
Rav Machine Focal Spot Radiography Spat Radiography
S75 kV maximum rated voltage
>75 kV to 150 kV 75 kV 50% of maximum

permissible cur-
rent at the test
voltage utilized
,150 kV 50% of maximum rated

voltaae
9.1 Conformance to the requirements specified herein

will produce results that are within the following toler-
BIWS.3:
F’LM
\ I , 9.1.1 Technique - The technique requirements
specified herein will produce a focal spot image whose
size is *5% of the actual effective focal spot size.
FIG. 6 EXPOSURE SET-UP SCHEMATIC
9.12 Measurement - The measurement require-
ments specified herein will produce results that arc
within the tolerances:
Nominal Focal Spot Size, mm (in.) Measurement Tolerances
0.3 to 1.2 (0.011 to 0.046) incl k30%
>I.2 to 2.5 (0.046 to 0.097) incl **WC
>2.5 (0.097) 520%
10. Keywords
10.1 focal spots; pinhole camera; pinhole imaging;
x-ray; x-ray tube
FIG. 7 ALIGNMENT COLLlMATOR
339
iOCAl SPOT IMAGE

7
TABLE 4
DENSITY RANGE FORDARKESTAREAOFFOCAL
SPOT IMAGE (See Fig. 7)
Densitometer For images whose For images whose

Aperture minimum dimension minimum dimension
Diameter, is less than 2 mm is greater than 2 mm
mm (in.) (0.078 in.) (0.078 in.)
1 (0.039) 0.8 to 2.0 density 1.0 to 3.0 density
2 (0.078) 0.5 to 1.8 density 1.0 to 3.6 density
340
ARTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS
FIG. 9 FOCAL SPOT IMAGE
341
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR RADIOSCOPY
SE-1255
1. Scope E 1000 Guide for Radioscopy

1.1 This practice provides application details for
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality
radioscopic examination using penetrating radiation.
This includes dynamic radioscopy and for the purposes
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
of this practice, radioscopy where there is no motion
of the test object during exposure (referred to as static 2.2 ASNT Standard:
radioscopic imaging). Since the techniques involved SNT-TC-IA Recommended Practice for Personnel Qnali-
and the applications for radioscopic examination are fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
diverse, this practice is not intended to be limiting or ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Cer-
restrictive, but rather to address the general applications tification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
of the technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer
to Guides E 94 and E 1000, Terminology E 1316, 2.3 Federal Standards:
Practice E 747, Practice E 1025, and Fed. Std. Nos. 21 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements of Cabinet X-Ray
21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 for a list Systems
of documents that provide additional information and 29 CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation
guidance. 2.4 National Council on Radiation Protection and
1.2 The general principles discussed in this practice Measurement (NCRP) Standard:
apply broadly to penetrating radiation radioscopic sys- NCRP 49 Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for
tems. However, this document is written specifically Medical Use of X-Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies
for use with X-ray and gamma-ray systems. Other up to 10 MeV
radioscopic systems, such as those employing neutrons,
will involve equipment and application details unique
to such systems. Summary of Practice
3.
3.1 Manual evaluation as well as computer-aided
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with ifs use.
automated radioscopic examination systems are used
It is the responsibility of the uw of this standard to
in a wide variety of penetrating radiation examination
applications. A simple manual evaluation radioscopic
examination system might consist of a radiation source
prior to use. For specific safety statements, see Section
and a directly viewed fluorescent screen, suitably en-
8 and Fed. Std. Nos. 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR
1910.96. closed in a radiation protective enclosure. At the other
extreme, a complex automated radioscopic examination
system might consist of an X-ray source, a robotic test
2. Referenced Documents part manipulator, a radiation protective enclosure, an
2.1 ASTM Standards: electronic image detection system, a closed-circuit tele-
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing vision image transmission system, a digital image proc-
E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material essor, a video display, and a digital image archiving
Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indica- system. All system components are supervised by the
tors (IQI) Used for Radiology host computer, which incorporates the software neces-
342
ARTICLE 22 ~ RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-1255
sary to not only operate the system components, but 5.1.1 The minimum radioscopic examination sys-
to make accept/reject decisions as well. Systems having tem configuration will include an appropriate source
a wide range of capabilities between these extremes of penetrating radiation, a means for positioning the
can be assembled using available components. Guide test object within the radiation beam, in the case of
E 1000 lists many different system configurations. dynamic radioscopy, and a detection system. The system
may be as simple as a directly viewed fluorescent
3.2 This practice provides details for applying radio- screen with suitable radiation shielding for personnel
scopic examination techniques, however, supplemental protection that meets applicable radiation safety codes.
requirements are necessary to address areas that are
application and performance specific. Annexes Al and 5.1.2 A more complex system might include the
A2 provide the detailed supplemental requirements for following components:
government contracts (Annex Al) and nongovernment
5.1.2.1 A microfocus X-ray system to facilitate
contracts (Annex A2).
high-resolution projection imaging;
5.1.2.2 A multiple axis test part manipulation

system to provide dynamic, full volumetric test part
4. Significance and Use
manipulation under operator joystick or automated pro-
4.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic gram control, for dynamic radioscopy;
examination is broadly applicable to any material or
test object through which a beam of penetrating radiation 5.1.2.3 An electronic imaging system to display
may be passed and detected including metals, plastics, a bright, two-dimensional gray-scale image of the test
ceramics, composite, and other nonmetallic materials. part at the operator’s control console;
In addition to the benefits normally associated with
5.1.2.4 A digital image processing system to
radiography, radioscopic examination may be either a
perform image enhancement and image evaluation func-
dynamic, filmless technique allowing the test part to
tions;
be manipulated and imaging parameters optimized while
the test object is undergoing examination, or a static, 5.1.2.5 An archival quality image recording sys-
filmless technique wherein the test part is stationary tem; and
with respect to the X-ray beam. Recent technology
advances in the area of projection imaging, detectors, 5.1.2.6 A radiation protective enclosure with
and digital image processing provide acceptable sensitiv- appropriate safety interlocks and a radiation warning
ity for a wide range of applications. system.
5.1.3 Whether a simple or a complex system is

used, the system components and configuration utilized
5. Equipment and Procedure to achieve the prescribed test results must be carefully
selected.
5.1 System Con&~arion - Many different radio-
scopic examination system configurations are possible, 5.2 Practice:
and it is important to understand the advantages and
limitations of each. It is important that the optimum 5.2.1 The purchaser and supplier for radioscopic
radioscopic examination system be selected for each examination services shall mutually agree upon a written
examination requirement through a careful analysis of procedure using the applicable annex of supplemental
the benefits and limitations of the available system requirements and also consider the following general
components and the chosen system configuration. The requirements.
provider as well as the user of the radioscopic examina- 5.2.1.1 Equipment Qualijkztions - A listing
tion services should be fully aware of the capabilities of the system features that must be qualified to ensure
and limitations of the radioscopic examination system that the system is capable of performing the desired
that is proposed for examination of the test object. radioscopic examination task.
The provider and the user of radioscopic examination
services shall agree upon the system configuration to 5.2.1.2 Test Objecf Scan Plan - A listing
be used for each radioscopic examination application of test object orientations, ranges of motions, and
under consideration, and how its performance is to be manipulation speeds through which the test object must
evaluated. be manipulated to ensure satisfactory examination.
343
5.2.1.3 Radioscopic Parameters - A listing of 6. Kadioscopic Examination System

all the radiationsource+related variablesthat canaffect Performance Considerations and
tbe examinationoutcomefor the selected systemcon- Measurement
figurationsuchas: sourceenergy,intensity,focal spot
6.1 FactorsAffecting System Performance - Total
size,rangeof sourceto objectdistances,rangeof object radioscopicexaminationsystemperformanceis deter-
to image plane distances,and sourceto image plane mined by the combinedperformanceof the system
distances. components,which includethe radiationsource,manip-
ulation system(for dynamicradioscopy),detectionsys-
5.2.1.4ImageProcessing Parameters - A list- tem, information processingsystem, image display,
ing of all the image processingvariablesnecessaryto automaticevaluationsystem,and examinationrecord
enhancefine detail detectabilityin the test object and archivingsystem.
to achievethe requiredsensitivitylevel. Thesewould
include,but arenot limited to, techniquessuchasnoise 6.1.1 Radiation Sources- While the radioscopic
reduction,contrastenhancement, and spatial filtering. examinationsystemsmay utilize eitherradioisotopeor
Great care should be exercisedin the selectionof X-ray sources,X-radiation,is usedfor most radioscopic
directionalimageprocessingparameterssuchas spatial examinationapplications.This is due to the energy
filtering,whichmayemphasizefeaturesin certainorien- spectrumof the X-radiation,which containsa blend
tationsandsuppressthem in others.The listing should of contrast-enhancinglonger wavelengths,as well as
indicate the means for qualifying image processing the more penetrating,shorterwavelengths.X-radiation
parameters. is adjustablein energyandintensityto meetthe radio-
scopicexaminationtestrequirements, andhasthe added
5.2.1.5Image Display Parameter.s - A listing safetyfeatureof discontinuedradiationproductionwhen
of the techniquesand the intervalsat which they are switchedoff. A radioisotopesourcehasthe advantages
to be appliedfor standardizingthevideo imagedisplay of small physicalsize, portability,simplicity, and uni-
as to brightness,contrast,focus, and linearity. formity of output.
6.1.1.1 X-ray machinesproducea more intense
5.2.1.6 Accept/Reject Crireria -
A listing of X-ray beamemanatingfrom a smallerfocal spot than
the expectedkindsof testobjectimperfectionsand the do radioisotopesources.X-ray focal spot sizes range
rejectionlevel for each. from a few millimeters down to a few micrometers.
Reducingthesourcesizereducesgeometricunsharpness,
5.2.1.7 Perfobmtance Evaluarion - A listing of therebyenhancingdetailsensitivity.X-ray sourcesmay
the qualificationtestsandtheintervalsat whichtheyare offer multiple or variablefocal spotsizes.Smallerfocal
to be appliedto ensurethattheradioscopicexamination spots producehigher resolutionand provide reduced
systemis suitablefor its intendedpurpose. X-ray beamintensity,while largerfocal spotsprovide
higher X-ray intensity and producelower resolution.
Microfocus X-ray tubesare availablewith focal spots
5.2.1.8 Image Archiving Requirements - A that may be adjustedto as small as a few micrometers
listing of the requirements,if any, for preservinga in diameter,while still producingan X-ray beam of
historicalrecordof the examinationresults.The listing sufficientintensityso asto beusefulfor the radioscopic
may includeexaminationimagesalongwith written or examinationof finely detailedtest objects.
electronicallyrecordedalpha-numeric or audionarrative
information, or both, sufficient to allow subsequent 6.1.1.2 Conventionalfocal spotsof 1.Omm and
reevaluationor repetition of the radioscopicexami- largerareusefulat low geometricmagnificationvalues
nation. close to lx. Fractionalfocal spotsranging from 0.4
mm up to 1.Omm areusefulat geometricmagnifications
5.2.1.9 Operator Qualijications - Nondestmc- of up to approximately2x. Minifocus spots in the
tive testing(NDT) personnelshallbequalifiedin accord- rangefrom 0.1mm upto 0.4mm areusefulat geometric
ancewith a nationallyrecognizedNDT personnelquali- magnificationsup to about6x. Greatermagnifications
fication practice or a standardsuch as ANWASNT suggestthe use of a microfocusspot size of less than
CP-189, SNT-TC-IA, MIL-STD-410,or a similardocu- 0.1 mm in orderto minimize the effectsof geometric
ment, to the level appropriatefor the peformanceof unsharpness. Microfocus X-ray tubes are capableof
the listed radioscopicexamination. focal spot sizes of less than 10 micrometers(IO-’
344
AR’I’ICLI: 22 ~ RADIOGRAPI-IIC STANDARDS SC-1255
meters) and are useful for geometric magnifications of as certain feature orientations are emphasized while
more than 100x. others are suppressed. While many digital image pro-
cessing operations occur sufficiently fast to follow time-
61.2 Manipularion System for Dynamic Radios- dependent radioscopic system variables, others do not.
copy - The test part manipulation system has the Some image processing operations require significant
function of holding the test object and providing the image acquisition and processing time, so as to limit
necessary degrees of freedom, ranges of motion, and the dynamic response of the radioscopic exam, in
speeds of travel to position the test object areas of dynamic radioscopic systems.
interest in the radiation beam in such a way so as to
maximize the radioscopic examination system’s re- 6.1.5 Automatic Evaluation System - Some radio-
sponse. In some applications it may he desirable to scopic examination applications can be fully automated
manipulate the radiation source and detection system including the accept/reject decision through computer
instead of, or in addition to, the test object. The techniques. The automatic evaluation system’s response
manipulation system must be capable of smooth well- to various test object conditions must be carefully
controlled motion, especially so for high-magnification determined under actual operating conditions. The po-
microfocus techniques, to take full advantage of the tential for rejecting good test objects and accepting
dynamic aspects of the radioscopic examination. defective test objects must he considered. Automatic
evaluation system performance criteria should be mutu-
6.1.3 Detection System - The detection system
ally determined by the provider and user of radioscopic
is a key element. It has the function of converting the
examination services.
radiation input signal containing test part information,
into a corresponding optical or electronic output signal 6.1.6 Image Display:
while preserving the maximum amount of test object
information. The detector may be of one-dimensional 6.1.6.1 The function of the image display is to
design, providing test part information one line at a time, convey radioscopic information about the test object
or may be a two-dimensional area detector providing an to the system operator. For manual evaluation systems,
area field of view. the displayed image is used as the basis for accepting
or rejecting the test object, subject to the operator’s
6.1.4 Informakm Processing of System: interpretation of the radioscopic image. The image
6.1.4.1 The function of the information pro- display performance, size, and placement are important
cessing system is to take the output of the detection radioscopic system considerations.
system and present a useful image for display and
operator interpretation, or for automatic evaluation. The 6.1.6.2 When employing a television image pre-
sentation, vertical and horizontal resolution are often
information processing system may take many different
forms, and may process analog or digital information, not the same. Therefore, the effect of raster orientation
or a combination of the two. upon the radioscopic examination system’s ability to
detect line detail, regardless of orientation, must he
6.1.4.2 The information processing system in- taken into account.
cludes all of the optics, electronics, and interfaces after
the detection system to and including the image display 6.1.1 Radioscopic Examinarion Record Archiving
and automatic evaluation system. Information system System - Many radioscopic examination applications
components include such devices as lenses, fiber optic require an archival quality examination record of the
couplings, light amplifiers, video cameras, image proces- radioscopic examination. The archiving system may
sors, and in general any device that processes radio- take many forms, a few of which are listed in 6.1.7.1
scopic examination information after the detection through 6.1.7.1 I. Each archiving system has its own
system. peculiarities as to image quality, archival storage proper-
ties, equipment, and media cost. The examination record
6.1.4.3 The digital image processing system archiving system should be chosen on the basis of
warrants special attention, since it is the means by these and other pertinent parameters, as agreed upon
which radioscopic examination information may he by the provider and user of radioscopic examination
enhanced. Great care must be exercised in determining services. The reproduction quality of the archival method
which image processing techniques are most beneficial should be sufficient to demonstrate the same image
for the particular application. Directional spatial filtering quality as was used to qualify the radioscopic examina-
operations, for example, must he given special attention tion system.
345
SE-1255 ‘2,001SECTION V
6.1.7.1Film or paperradiographof thetestobject tion image,andmay be in writing or a voice narrative,

made under the same conditionsas the radioscopic providing the following minimum data:
examinationimage; 6.1.8.1Radioscopicexaminationsystemdesigna-
6.1.7.2 Spot film cameraused to photograph tion, test date,operatoridentification,operatingturn or
the examinationimagedirectly from the outputof an shift, and other pertinenttest and customerdata;
X-ray imageintensifierwithout the interveningtelevi- 6.1.8.2Specifictestpart dataas to part number,
sion chain limitations; batch, serial number,etc. (as applicable);
6.1.7.3Photographof the actualimagedisplay; 6.1.8.3 Test part orientationand examination
6.1.7.4 Multiformat cameraused to make a siteinformationby manipulationsystemcoordinatedata
photographof the examinationimage from the video or by referenceto uniquetest part featureswithin the
signal; field of view; and
6.1.8.4 Systemperformancemonitoring by re-
6.1.7.5Video hard copy deviceusedto create
a paperfacsimile imagefrom the video signal: cordingtheresultsof the prescribedradioscopicexami-
nationsystemperformancemonitoringtests,assetforth
6.1.7.6 Laser print hard copy device used to in Section5, at the beginningand end of a seriesof
createa film image from the scanneddetectoroutput; radioscopicexaminations,not to exceedthe interval
set forth in 6.2.1 for systemperformancemonitoring.
6.1.7.7Video taperecorderusedto recordthe
video signal on magnetictape; characterized by long 6.2Performance Measurement - Radioscopicexami-
recordingtime at videoframerates;usefulfor capturing nation systemperformanceparametersmust be deter-
test part motion; mined initially and monitoredregularlyto ensurecon-
sistentresults.The best measureof total radioscopic
6.1.7.8Digital recordingon magneticdisk or examinationsystemperformancecan be madewith the
tapeusedto storetheimageof the testobjectdigitally, systemin operation,utilizing a test object similar to
characterizedby limited storagecapacityat videoframe the test part under actual operatingconditions.This
rates,thereforelimiting the ability to capturetest part indicatesthe use of an actualor simulatedtest object
motion in dynamicradioscopicsystems; or calibration block containing actual or simulated
featuresthatmustbereliablydetected.Sucha calibration
6.1.7.9Digital recordingon optical disk used blockwill providea reliableindicationof theradioscopic
to storethe image of the test object digitally; offers examinationsystem’scapabilities.Conventionalwire-
larger storagecapacity than magneticdisk or tape; or plaque-typeIQIs may be usedin place of, or in
considerationshouldbe given to the type of optical addition to, the simulatedtest object or calibration
storagebecausethere are fundamentallytwo different block. Performancemeasurement methodsare a matter
types:magneto-opticalwhereradiologicaldatacan be of agreementbetweenthe providerand userof radio-
erasedor altered,and write once read many times scopic examinationservices.
(WORM) where a common format is CD-ROM and
the radiologicaldata cannotbe erasedor alteredafter 6.2.1 Performance Measurement lntetvals - Sys-
the disk is created. tem performancemeasurementtechniquesshould be
standardized sothatperformance measurement testsmay
6.1.7.10Electronicdigital memorysuchasROM be readily duplicatedat specifiedintervals.Radioscopic
(readonly memory)or EPROM(erasableprogrammable examinationsystemperformanceshouldbe evaluated
readonly memory),character&dby relativelylimited at sufficiently frequentintervals,as may be agreed
capacity;and uponby thesupplieranduserof radioscopicexamination
services,to minimize the possibilityof time-dependent
6.1.7.11 Hologram used to store high-density performance.variations.
digital imagedataon film at high-informationdensity.
6.2.2 Measurement With IQIs - Radioscopicex-
6.1.8ExaminationRecord Data - The examina- aminationsystemperformancemeasurement using IQIs
tion record should contain sufficient information to shall be in accordancewith acceptedindustrystandards
allow theradioscopicexaminationtestto bereevaluated describingthe use of IQIs. The IQIs shouldbe placed
or duplicated.Examinationrecorddatashouldbe ret- on the test object as close as possibleto the region
ordedcontemporaneously with theradioscopicexamina- of interest.The useof wire-typeIQIs shouldalso take
346
into account the fact that the radioscopic examination 6.2.4.1 A calibrated line pair test pattern and
system may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, in which step wedge may be used, if so desired, to determine
case the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the and track radioscopic system performance in terms of
system’s axis of least sensitivity. Selection of IQ1 spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity. The line pair
thickness should be consistent with the test part radiation test pattern is used without an additional absorber to
path length thickness. evaluate system spatial resolution. The step wedge is
used to evaluate system contrast sensitivity.
6.2.3 Measurement With a Calibration Block -
The calibration block may be an actual test object with 6.2.4.2 The step wedge must be made of the
known features that are representative of the range of same material as the test part with steps representing
features to be detected, or may be fabricated to simulate lOO%, 99%, 98%, and 97% of both the thickest and
the test object with a suitable range of representative the thinnest material sections to be examined. The
features. Alternatively, the calibration block may be a thinner steps shall be contiguous to their respective
one-of-a-kind or few-of-a-kind reference test object 100% section thicknesses in order to facilitate discerning
containing known imperfections that have been verified the minimum visible thickness step. Other thickness
independently. Calibration blocks containing known, steps are permissible upon agreement between the pro-
natural defects are useful on a single-task basis, but vider and the user of radioscopic services.
are not universally applicable. Where standardization
among two or more radioscopic examination systems 6.2.4.3 The line pair test pattern and the step
is required, a duplicate manufactured calibration block wedge tests shall be conducted in a manner similar
should be used. The calibration blocks should approxi- to the performance measurements for the IQ1 or the
mate the test object as closely as is practical, being calibration block set forth in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3. It is
made of the same material with similar dimensions permissible to adjust the X-ray energy and intensity to
and features in the radioscopic examination region of obtain a usable line pair test pattern image brightness.
interest. Manufactured calibration blocks should include In the case of a radioisotope or X-ray generating system
features at least as small as those that must be reliably where the energy or intensity may not be adjusted,
detected in the actual test objects in locations where additional filtration may be added at the radiation source
they are expected to occur in the actual test object. to reduce the brightness to a useful level. Contrast
Where features are internal to the test object, it is sensitivity shall be evaluated at the same energy and
permissible to produce the calibration block in sections. intensity levels as are used for the radioscopic technique.
Calibration block details are a matter of agreement
6.2.4.4 A system that exhibits a spatial resolution
between the user and supplier of radioscopic examina-
of 3 line pairs/mm, a thin section contrast sensitivity
tion services.
of 3%, and a thick section contrast sensitivity of 2%
may be said to have an equivalent performance level
6.2.3.1 Use of a Calibration Block - The
of 3%-2%-3 lplmm.
calibration block should be placed into the radioscopic
examination system in the same position as the actual 6.2.4.5 The line pair test pattern and the step
test object and may be manipulated through the same wedge may be used to make more frequent periodic
range of motions through a given exposure for dynamic system performance checks than required in accordance
radioscopic systems as are available for the actual test with 6.2.1. Resolution and contrast sensitivity checks
object, so as to maximize the radioscopic examination must be correlated with IQ1 or calibration block perform-
system’s response to the simulated imperfection. ance measurements. This may be done by first evaluating
system measurement in accordance with 6.2.2 or 6.2.3
6.2.3.2 Radioscopic Examination Techniques - and immediately thereafter determining the equivalent
(radiation beam energy, intensity, focal spot size, en- spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity values.
largement, digital image processing parameters, manipu-
lation scan plan for dynamic radioscopic systems, scan- 6.2.5 Importance of Proper Environmental Condi-
ning speed, and other system variables) utilized for the tions - Environmental conditions conducive to human
calibration block shall be identical to those used for comfort and concentration will promote examination
the actual examination of the test object. efficiency and reliability, and must be considered in
the performance of manual evaluation radioscopic exam-
6.2.4 Use of Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern ination systems. A proper examination environment will
and Step Wedge: take into account temperature, humidity, dust, lighting,
341
access, and noise level factors. Proper reduced lighting provider and the user of radioscopic examination ser-
intensity is extremely important to provide for high- vices.
contrast glare-free viewing of radioscopic examination
Images.
8. Records, Reports, and Identification of
Accepted Material
8.1 Records and reports are a matter of agreement
I. Radioscopic Examination Interpretation and
between the supplier and the user. If an examination
Acceptance Criteria
record archiving requirement exists, refer to 6.1.8, which
7.1 Interpretation - Interpretation may be done outlines the necessary information that should be a part
either by an operator in a manual evaluation radioscopic of an archival examination record.
environment, or by means of a computer and appropriate
software in the case of an automated radioscopic exami-
nation system. A hybrid environment may also be 9. Safety Conditions
utilized whereby the computer and software present to 9.1 Radioscopic examination procedures shall be
the operator a recommended interpretation, which is carried out under protective conditions so that personnel
then subject to the operator’s final disposition. will not receive radiation dose levels exceeding that
permitted by company, city, state, or national regula-
7.2 Operator - The supplier and user should reach
tions. The recommendations of the National Committee
an agreement as to operator qualifications including
on Radiation Protection should he the guide to radiation
duty and rest periods. Recommended Practice SNT- safety.
TC-IA sets forth three levels of nondestructive testing
personnel qualifications that the radioscopic examination
practitioner may find useful. 10. Keywords
7.3 Accept/Reject Criteria - Accept/reject criteria 10.1 analog; detector: digital; display; examination;
are a matter of contractual agreement between the image; manipulator; processor; radioscopy; source
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1.1.2 Application - This annex provides guide-

Al. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE lines for a written practice as required in 3.2 and 5.2.1
CONTRACTS, SUPPLEMENTAL of Practice E 1255. Should the requirements in this
REQUIREMENTS annex conflict with any other requirements of Practice
E 1255, then Annex Al takes precedence. The require-
Al.1 Scope
ments of this annex ll~e intended to control the quality
A1.1.1 Purpose - This annex is to be used in of the radioscopic examination and not to specify the
conjunction with Practice E 1255 and MIL-STD-453. accept/reject criteria for the test object. Accept/reject
It permits the use of and gives guidance on the imple- criteria are provided in other contract documents.
mentation of radioscopic examination for materials,
components, and assemblies, when specified in the Al.2 Referenced Documents
contract documents. The radioscopic requirements de-
scribed herein allow the use of radioscopy for new A1.2.1 In addition to those documents referenced
applications as well as to replace radiography when in Practice E 1255, the following standards are applica-
inspection coverage, greater throughput, or improved ble to the extent specified herein.
inspection economics can be obtained, provided a satis-
factory level of image quality can be demonstrated. Al.2.2 ASTM Standards:
348
ARTICLE 22 ~ RADIOGRAPI-IIC STANDARDS SE-1255
E 1411 Practice for Qualification of Radiographic A1.3.7 prime contractor - a contractor having
Systems responsibility for the design control and delivery to
E 1453 Guide for Storage of Media That Contains Analog the department of defense for system/equipment such
or Digital Radiographic Data as aircraft, engines, ships, tanks, vehicles, guns and
missiles, ground communications and electronic sys-
A1.2.3 Military Standards: tems, ground support, and test equipment.
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel QuaIi-
fication and Certification A1.3.8 ted object - the material, component
MIL-STD-453 Inspection, Radiographic or assembly that is the subject of the radioscopic
DOD-STD-2167 Defense System Software Development examination.
A1.2.4 American Welding Society Standard: A1.3.9 written procedure - in radioscopy, a series
ANSIlAWS 3.0 Welding Terms and Definitions of steps that are to be followed in a regular definite
order. The radioscopic system operator follows the
A1.2.5 Government Standards - Unless otherwise written procedure to consistently obtain the desired
stated, the issues of these documents are those listed results and image quality level when performing radio-
in the Defense Index of Specifications and Standards scopic examination. The development of a radioscopic
(DODISS) and supplement thereto, cited in the contract technique usually precedes the preparation of a written
document. procedure.
A1.2.6 Order of Preference - In the event of A1.3.10 Other definitions not given herein shall
conflict between the text of this document and the be as specified in Terminology E 13 16.
references listed in A1.2.2, this document shall take Al.4 General Requirements
precedence. However, nothing in this document shall
supersede applicable laws and regulations unless a A1.4.1 Equipment Qualification - Radioscopic
specific exemption has been obtained from the cognizant system qualification shall be in accordance with Practice
authorities. E 1411 and can best be evaluated with IQIs similar
to the flaw type being investigated. A common IQ1 is
Al.3 Terminology described in MIL-STD-453.
A1.3.1 component - the test part or parts de- A1.4.2 Personnel Quali$cation - Radioscopic
scribed, assembled, or processed to the extent specified personnel shall be qualified and certified in accordance
by the drawing. with the general requirements of MII-STD-410, until
specific requirements for radioscopy are included. Ra-
A1.3.2 contracting agency - a prime contractor,
dioscopic system qualification, the development of M-
subcontractor, or government agency that procures ra-
dioscopic examination test techniques, scan plans, and
dioscopic examination services.
the overall implementation of radioscopic examination
A1.3.3 contract documents - the procuring con- in accordance with this annex, shall be under the control
tract and all drawings, specifications, standards, and and supervision of a qualified MIL-STD-410 Level III
other information included with or referred to by the with additional radioscopy training and experience or
procuring contract. in conjunction with an individual having the necessary
training and experience in radioscopic examination.
A1.3.4 mandatory radioscopic examination -
those radioscopic examinations which are a part of A1.4.3 Safety - The performance or radioscopic
the required radiographic examinations specified in the examination shall present no hazards to the safety of
contract documents. personnel or property. Applicable Federal, state, and
local radiation safety codes shall be adhered to. All
A1.3.5 NDT facility - the organization that is radioscopic procedures shall be performed in a safe
responsible for the providing of nondestructive examina- manner, such that personnel in that area are not exposed
tion services. to any radiation dosage and shall in no case exceed
Federal, state, and local limits.
A1.3.6 optional radioscopic examination - those
radioscopic examinations which are conducted for pro- Al.4.4 Archival Recording of Mandatory Radio-
cess verification or information only and are not a part scopic Emmination - When required by contractual
of the required radiographic examination specified in agreement, the radioscopic examination record shall
the contract documents. contain the results of mandatory radioscopic examina-
349
SE-1255 2001SECTIONV
tions. The radioscopicexaminationrecord shall be tion block may not be required for the following
suitably archivedfor a period of time not less than radioscopicexaminations:
live yearsfrom theexaminationdateor asmayotherwise A1.4.5.1When conductingradioscopyto check
be requiredin the contractdocuments.Efficientradio- for adequatedefect removal or grind-out, the final
scopicexaminationrecordrecallshallbeavailableat any
acceptance
radioscopicexaminationshallincludeanIQI;
time over the recordretentionperiod.The radioscopic
examinationrecordshallbe traceableto the testobject A1.4.5.2Examinationsto show materialdetails
(by serial numberor othermeans)or to the batchor or contrastbetweentwo or more dissimilar materials,
lot number,if testedin groups.Mandatoryradioscopic in componentpartsor assemblies,includinghoneycomb
examinationsshall be specifiedin the contractdocu- areasfor the detectionof fabricationirregularitiesor
ments.The optionalradioscopicexaminationsare not the presenceor absenceof material;
specifiedin the contractdocuments.
A1.4.5.3 Examinationsof electroniccomponents
A1.4.4.1 Radioscopic Examination Record - for contamination,loose or missing elements,solder
Therecordedradioscopicexaminationrecordfor manda- balls, broken or misplacedwires or connectors,and
tory examinationsshall include the written resultsof potted assembliesfor brokeninternal componentsor
theradioscopicexaminationandthe radioscopicimage, missing potting compound;
if an image is utilized in the accept/rejectdecision-
makingprocess.The recordedradioscopicimage shall A1.4.5.4Optionalradioscopicexaminations;and
be providedwith such additionalinformationas may
A1.4.5.5 Wherethe useof an IQ1is impractical
be requiredto allow the subsequent off-line review of
the radioscopicexaminationresultsand,if necessary, or ineffective,an alternatemethodmay he used,subject
the repeatingof the radioscopicexamination. to the approvalof the contractingagency.
A1.4.6 ClassiJcation of Test Object Zones for
A1.4.4.2 Image Recording Media - The radio- Radioscopy - The classificationof test objectsinto
scopic image shall be recordedon a media that is zonesfor variousaccept/rejectcriteria shall be deter-
appropriateto the radioscopicexaminationrequirement.
mined from the contractdocuments.
The recordedimage shall referencethe examination
zonesin such a way that the reviewercan confirm Al.5 Detailed Requirements
that all zoneshavebeencovered.The recordedradio-
Al.51 Application Qualijication:
scopic image shall provide an image quality at least
equal to that for which the radioscopicsystem is A1.5.1.1 New Applications - Radioscopymay
qualified. The recording media shall be capableof be usedwhereappropriatefor newexaminationrequire-
maintainingthe requiredimagequalityfor the required ments, provided the requiredperformance,including
recordstorageperiodor not less than five yearsfrom image quality, can be met.
the recordingdate.The radioscopicimagerecordshall
be maintainedin an operableconditionfor the duration A1.5.1.2 Replacement of Existing Radiographic
of the recordstorageperiod,measuredfrom the date Applications - When agreedto by the contracting
when the last radioscopicimage was recorded. officer, radioscopymay be usedto replaceor augment
existing radiographicapplications,provided that the
A1.4.4.3 Recording Media Storage Condi- radioscopicresultscorrelatefavorablywith the results
tions - Media storageandhandlingshallbe in accord- obtainedwith X-ray film producedin accordancewith
ancewith GuideE 1453. MIL-STD-453. Favorablecorrelationmeansthat the
radioscopicand film imagesshow similar sensitivity
A1.4.5 Image Quality Indicators - Imagequality to test object featuresthat are of interest.
indicatorsmust be chosenwith careto demonstrate the
radioscopicsystem’sability to detectdiscontinuitiesor A1.5.2 Written Procedure-It shallbetherespon-
otherfeaturesthat areof interest.MIL-STD-453,Prac- sibility of the NDE facility to developa written radio-
tice E 1025plaque-type,andPracticeE 747 wire-type scopicexaminationprocedureto ensuretheeffectiveand
IQIs and calibration blocks with real or simulated repeatableradioscopicexaminationof the testobject.A
defects,to match the application,are all acceptable test objectscanplan for dynamicradioscopicsystems,
unless a particular IQ1 is specifiedin the contract meeting the requirementsof Practice E 1255 (see
documents.The selectedIQ1 or calibrationblock shall 5.2.1.2), shall be included in the written procedure.
be detailedin the written procedure.An IQ1or calibra- Those portionsof the contractdocumentthat specify
350
ARTICLE 22 ~ RADIOGRAI'HIC STANDARDS SE-125s
and detail radioscopic examination shall become an Al.53 Test Object Examination - The number
appendix to the written procedure. The written procedure of test objects to be examined and the coverage required
must be approved by the Level III of the NDE facility. for each test object shall be specified in the contract
Where required, the written procedure shall be approved documents. If not specified, all test objects shall receive
by the contracting agency prior to use. The written 100% radioscopic coverage as detailed in the written
procedure shall include as a minimum the following procedure.
information:
A1.5.4 Image Quality-Unless otherwise specified
A1.5.2.1 A drawing, sketch, or photograph of in the contract documents, the required image quality
the component that shows the radiation beam axis, level is 2.2T. Image quality assessment shall be per-
positions(s) of the detector, and applicable IQ1 for each formed using the same system parameters as in the
and all variations of the test object orientation and inspection and as documented in the written procedure.
beam energy. This requirement may be expressed in
coordinates for automated systems having calibrated A1.5.4.1 The IQ1 may be placed on the test
manipulation systems; object or on a mounting block, at or near the test
object location, following the requirements of MlL-
A1.5.2.2 A physical description of the test object, STD-453. In the case of small radioscopic fields of
including size, thickness, weight, and composition; view or other situations where it is not practical to
place the IQ1 in the field of view with the test object
A1.5.2.3 Classification of the test object into and maintain it normal to the X-ray beam, the IQ1
zones for radioscopy; may be imaged immediately before and after the test
object examination. Batch quantities of similar parts
A1.5.2.4 Test part masking, if used, for each
need not have IQ1 images made between each part, at the
required view;
discretion of the Level III. The radioscopic examination
Al.S.2.5 Added radiation source collimation, results shall be invalid, if the before and after IQ1
expressed in terms of the radiation field dimensions at images fail to demonstrate the required sensitivity. The
the test object source side, for each required view; before and after IQ1 images shall be considered a
part of the test object image for radioscopic image
A1.5.2.6 Detector field of view for each re- interpretation and archiving purposes.
quired view;
A1.5.4.2 With written permission from the con-
A1.5.2.7 Detector diaphragm settings, expressed tracting agency, other IQIs or a calibration block with
in terms of field of view at the detector, for each natural or artificial flaws may be used instead of the
required view; specified IQI.
A1.5.2.8 The allowable range of radiation energy A1.5.S Radioscopic System Qualification - The
and beam current or source intensity and the focal spot radioscopic system, including mandatory radioscopic
or source size for each required view; image archiving devices, shall be qualified to the image
quality level required for test object examination. Radio-
A1.5.2.9 Added beam filtration, if used, for each
scopic system initial qualification shall be in accordance
required view:
with Practice E 1411.
A1.5.2.10 The inspection geometry and coverage
A1.5.6 Radioscopic System Requal$cation - The
for each required view;
radioscopic system, including mandatory image archiv-
A1.5.2.11 Type of IQ1 or calibration block used ing devices, shall be periodically requalified at intervals
and the required quality level; frequent enough to ensure the required level of radio-
scopic system performance. Each requalification shall
A1.5.2.12 All hardware and software settings be carried out in accordance with Practice E 1411.
that can be changed by the operator to affect the
outcome of the radioscopic examination. Such settings A1.5.7 hpecfion Image Control - The radio-
include, but are not limited to, video camera and display scopic system shall be checked for performance before
settings and image processor variables; and each day’s production usage using the method and
devices that were initially used to qualify the written
A.1.5.2.13 The recording media and storage procedure. A log shall be maintained to document any
image format for mandatory radioscopic image storage. changes in system performance requiring changes in
351
operating parameters and listing all equipment mainte- A1.5.10.2 Feature Measurement by Conzpari-
nance. System requalification shall be required whenever son - A second method involves comparing the test
image quality requirements can no longer be met. obiect feature with a known, observable dimension
which must be wholly within the radioscopic field of
A1.5.8 Repair of Radioscopic System - Repair view. Many digital image processors facilitate this type
or replacement of key radioscopic system components of measurement by counting pixels over the feature
including, but not limited to, the radiation source, image length. The pixel number is often converted to engi-
forming, image transmission, image processing, and neering units by comparison with a known length.
image display subsystems shall be cause for system However, the orientation and position along the X-
requalification. In no case shall the interval between ray beam (magnification) of both the feature and the
qualification tests exceed one year. The qualification calibrating reference length affect the accuracy of such
statement shall be posted on the radioscopic system. measurements.
The results of the qualification tests shall be maintained
in the radioscopic system equipment file until the Al.511 Gray Scale Range - The gray scale
completion of the next qualification procedure or the range required to meet initial qualification contrast
expiration of the archival image retention period, which- sensitivity requirements for image quality shall be rec-
ever is longer. orded and monitored. For systems using human image
assessment, it is particularly important that the gray
A1.5.9 Image Interpretation: scale range and the number of gray scale steps be
closely matched to the response of the human eye.
A1.5.9.1 Static Imaging - Radioscopic system The written procedure shall include a means for monitor-
qualification in accordance with Practice E 1411 applies ing the required gray scale range using a contrast
to static imaging conditions only where the test part sensitivity gage, step wedge, or similar device made
is stationary with respect to the X-ray beam. Therefore, of the test object or IQ1 material.
all performance measurements are based upon static
image quality. All mandatory radioscopic examination A1.5.12 Timing of Radioscopic Examination -
accept/reject decisions shall be based upon the assess- Radioscopic examination shall be performed at the time
ment of static images. of manufacturing, assembly, or rework as required by
the contract documents.
A1.5.9.2 Dynamic Imaging - Dynamic or in-
Al.513 Identification - A means shall be pro-
motion imaging may be used to gain useful information
vided for the positive identification of the test object
about the test object. However, unless dynamic imaging
to the archival radioscopic inspection record. Archived
is specified, the final assessment of image formation
radioscopic images shall be annotated to agree with
for mandatory radioscopic examinations shall be made in
the test object identification.
the static mode. When the contracting agency specifies
dynamic inspection, all aspects of the procedure must A1.5.14 Locating the Radioscopic Examination
be approved by MIL-STD-410 Level III personnel. For Areas - Whenever more than one image is required
dynamic inspection, the image quality shall be measured for a weldment or other test object, location markers
under the same procedure as the inspection. shall be placed on the test object in order that the
orientation of the test object and the location of test
Al.510 Feature Size Determination - Where object features relative to the radioscopic field of view
feature measurement from the radioscopic image is may be established. This requirement shall not apply
required, the written procedure shall include methodol- to automated systems having programmed radioscopic
ogy for determining and maintaining the accuracy of examination sequences where coverage has been proven
the selected measurement method. during the development of the scan plan. Also, this
requirement does not apply to the radioscopic examina-
A1.5.10.1 Feature Measurement by Test Object tion of simple or small shapes where the test part
Displacement - For those radioscopic systems with orientation is obvious and coverage is not in question.
calibrated manipulation systems, the more accurate,
and therefore preferred, method of measurement is to A1.5.15 Surface Preparation - Test objects may
manipulate the extremities of the feature to be measured be inspected without surface preparation, except when
to a common central reference point within the radio- required to remove surface conditions that may interfere
scopic image field of view. The dimension may then with proper interpretation of the radioscopic image or
be read from the manipulation system position display. that may create a safety hazard.
3.52
Al.516 Detailed Data - The provider of radio- Al.521 Test Object Marking - The marking of
scopic examination services shall keep the written proce- test objects shall be as specified in MIL-STD-453.
dure, qualification documentation, and the signed inspec-
tion reports or tabulated results, or both, for five years Al.6 Notes
from the radioscopic examination date, unless otherwise
specified in the contract documents. For software-based A1.6.1 This section contains information of a
automated radioscopic systems using custom software, general or explanatory nature and is not mandatory.
a copy of the sonrce code and the related inspection
parameters shall also be maintained on file for a like A1.6.1.1 Caution - Active electronic compo-
period of time. This requirement shall not apply to nents and some materials, such as tetrafluoroethylene,
standard commercially available software packages or ax subject to radiation damage if exposed to large
to traceable software documentation which complies doses of radiation. While normal radioscopic examina-
with DOD-STD-2167 where a separate copy of the tions should cause no problem, extended periods of
software is maintained. radiation exposure should be avoided.
Al.517 Radioscopic Reexamination of Repairs - A1.6.1.2 Human Factors - The success of

When repair has been performed as the result of radioscopic examinations which involve human image
radioscopic examination, the repaired areas shall be interpretation are, like radiography, subject to human
reexamined using the same radioscopic technique to factors. Careful attention should be given to the human
evaluate the effectiveness of the repair. Each repaired environment where image interpretation takes place, to
area shall be identified with Rl, RZ, R3, and so forth, make it as conducive to correct, consistent image
to indicate the number of times repair was performed. interpretation as possible. Measures should also be
implemented to ensure that fatigue does not interfere
A1.5.18 Retention of Radioscopic Examination with correct and consistent radioscopic image interpre-
Records - Mandatory radioscopic examination records tation.
and associated radioscopic images shall be stored in a
proper repository at the contractor’s plant for five years A1.6.1.3 Use of ZQZ(s) - As with radiography,
from the date from which they were made. Special
the achievement of the required IQ1 sensitivity does
instructions, such as storage for other periods of time,
not guarantee the ability to find all defects down to
making backup copies, copying the records to other the minimum defect size. This is due to the fact that
media, or having the records destroyed shall be specified many defects, especially those of a planar nature,
in the contract documents.
are very orientation sensitive. When using dynamic
A1.5.19 Rejection of Test Objects - Test objects radioscopic systems, care must be taken to see that
containing defects exceeding the permissible limits spec- the scan plan includes sufficient manipulations to max-
ified in the contract documents shall be separated imize the possibility that orientation-sensitive defects
from acceptable material, appropriately identified as will be found. It is for this reason that the use of
discrepant, and submitted for material review when calibration blocks with real or simulated defects may
required by the contract documents. more accurately character&e the ability of the radio-
scopic system to find orientation-sensitive defects when
Al.520 Reexamination -When there is a reason- using dynamic radioscopic systems.
able doubt as to the ability to interpret the radioscopic
results because of improper execution or equipment A1.6.1.4 Use of Image-Processing Techniques -
malfunction, the test object shall be reexamined using Care should be exercised in applying digital image
the correct procedure. If the problem is not resolved processing techniques to evaluate the overall effect
by reexamination, the procedure shall be reviewed by upon image quality. For example, contrast enhancement
the Level III of the NDE facility and adjusted, if techniques may emphasize contrast in one brightness
necessary. Reference exposures may be made using range, while decreasing contrast in other brightness
radiography if necessary. If the reexamination was ranges. Some spatial filters have directional aspects,
caused by equipment malfunction, the equipment may whereby features in one direction are emphasized while
not be returned to service until the malfunction is those in the orthogonal direction are deemphasized. Such
repaired and the equipment is requalified to the current cautions are intended to cause the careful evaluation of
qualification requirements in accordance with Practice digital image-processing techniques and not to discour-
E 1411. age their use.
353
SIS-1255 2001 SECTION v
A1.6.1.5 Feature Size Determination - As with the required radiographic examinations specified in the
radiography, great care must be exercised in trying to contract documents.
assess test part feature dimensions from a two-dimen-
A2.2.1 provider of radioscopic services - a con-
sional projected view.
tractor, subcontractor, or other entity that provides
radioscopic examination services.
A2.2.8 test object - the material, component,
A2. NONGOVERNMENT CONTRACT
or assembly that is the subject of the radioscopic
SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS examination.
A2.1 Scope
A2.2.9 user of radioscopic services - a contractor,
A2.1.1 Purpose - This annex is to be used in subcontractor, or other entity that procures radioscopic
conjunction with Practice E 1255. This annex includes examination services. The provider and user of radio-
application-specific details as may be agreed upon by the scopic examination services may be a part of the same
purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination organization or different organizations.
services. A2.2.10 written procedure - in radioscopy, a
A2.1.2 Application - This document satisfies the series of steps that are to be followed in a regular
requirements of 3.2 and 5.2.1 of Practice E 1255. definite order. The radioscopic system operator follows
Should this annex conflict with any other requirements the written procedure to consistently obtain the desired
of Practice E 1255, this annex shall prevail. The results and image quality level when performing radio-
requirements of this annex are intended to control the scopic examination. The development of a radioscopic
quality of the radioscopic examination and not to specify technique usually precedes the preparation of a written
the accept/reject criteria for the test object. procedure.
Accept/reject criteria are provided in other contract A2.2.11 Other definitions not given herein shall
documents. be as specified in Terminology E 1316.
A2.2 Terminology A2.3 General Requirements
A2.2.1 component - the test part or parts de- A2.3.1 Equipment Qualijcation - Radioscopic
scribed, assembled, or processed to the extent specified system qualification shall be in accordance with Practice
by the drawing. E 1411, using Practice E 747 and Practice E 1025
image quality indicators or a calibration block containing
A2.2.2 contract documents - the procuring con-
actual or simulated defects.
tract and all drawings, specifications, standards, and
other information included with or referred to by the A2.3.2 Personnel Qualijication - Radioscopic
procuring contract. personnel shall be qualified and certified in accordance
with the requirements of SNT-TC-1A or ANSYASNT
A2.2.3 contractor - a contractor having first level CP-189. Radioscopic system qualification, the develop-
responsibility for the design, manufacture, and delivery ment of radioscopic examination test techniques, scan
of an end item. When radioscopic examination is re- plans, and the overall implementation of radioscopic
quired, the contractor is the user of radioscopic examina- examination in accordance with this annex shall be
tion services. under the control and supervision of a qualified Level
A2.2.4 mandatory radioscopic examination - III with additional radioscopy training and experience,
those radioscopic examinations which are a part of or in conjunction with an individual having the necessary
the required radiographic examinations specified in the training and experience in radioscopic examination.
contract documents. Operation of the radioscopic system, including interpre-
tation of the radioscopic image, shall be made by
A2.2.5 NDE faciliry - the organization that is qualified Level II personnel.
responsible for providing nondestructive examination
services. A2.3.3 Safety- The performance of radioscopic
examination shall present no hazards to the safety of
A2.2.6 optional radioscopic examination - those personnel or property. Applicable Federal, state, and
radioscopic examinations that are conducted for process local radiation safety codes shall be adhered to. All
verification or information only and are not a part of radioscopic procedures shall be performed so that per-
354
sonnelshall receivethe minimum dosageand in no A2.3.5 Image Quality Indicators - An IQI must
caseexceedFederal,state,and local limits. be chosenwith care to demonstratethe radioscopic
system’sability to detectdiscontinuities,or otherfea-
A2.3.4 Archival Recording of Mandatory Radio- tures of interest. Practice E 1025 plaque-typeand
scopic Examinations - The radioscopicexamination PracticeE 747 wire-typeIQIs and calibrationblocks
recordshall containthe resultsfor mandatoryradio- with realor simulateddefectsthatmatchtheapplication
scopicexaminations.The radioscopicexaminationrec- are all acceptableunlessa specificIQ1 is specifiedin
ord shall be suitablyarchivedfor a periodof one year the contractdocuments.The selectedIQ1 or calibration
afterthedateof radioscopicexaminationor for a longer block shall be detailedin the written procedure.An
time if specifiedin the contractdocuments.Efficient IQ1 or calibrationblock may not be requiredfor the
radioscopicexaminationrecordrecall shall be available following radioscopicexaminations:
at any time over the record retention period. The
radioscopicexaminationrecord shall be traceableto A2.3.5.1 Examining assembliesfor debris or
the test objectby serial numberor other means.This foreign objects.
requirementwill not applyto optionalradioscopicexam- A2.3.5.2 Conductingradioscopyfor adequate
inationsthatarenot specifiedin the contractdocuments. defectremovalor grind-out.However,the final accept-
anceradioscopicexaminationshah includean IQI.
A2.3.4.1 Radioscopic Examination Record -
Therecordedradioscopicexaminationrecordfor manda- A2.3.5.3Examinationsto showmaterialdetails
tory examinationsshall include the written resultsof or contrastbetweentwo or more dissimilar materials
theradioscopicexaminationandtheradioscopicimage, in componentpartsor assembliesincludinghoneycomb
if an image is utilized in the accept/rejectdecision- areasfor the detectionof fabricationirregularitiesor
makingprocess.The recordedradioscopicimage shall the presenceor absenceof material.
be providedwith such additionalinformationas may
be requiredto allow the subsequent off-line review of A2.3.5.4Examining electroniccomponentsfor
the radioscopicexaminationresultsand, if necessary, contamination,looseor missingelements,solderballs,
the repeatingof the radioscopicexamination. brokenor misplacedwires, or connectorsand potted
assembliesfor brokeninternalcomponentsor missing
A2.3.4.2 Image Recording Media - The radio- potting compound.
scopic image shall be recordedon a media that is
appropriate to theradioscopicexaminationrequirement. A2.3.5.5Optionalradioscopicexaminations.
The recordedimage shall referencethe examination A2.3.5.6Wherethe useof anIQ1 is impractical
zonesin such a way that the reviewer can confirm or ineffective,an alternatemethodmay beused,subject
that all zcmeshavebeencovered.The recordedradio- to the approvalof the contractingagency.
scopic image shall providean image quality at least
equal to that for which the radioscopicsystem is A2.3.6 Classijicationof Test Object Zones for
qualified. The recordingmedia shall be capableof Radioscopy - The classificationof test objectsinto
maintainingthe requiredimagequality for the required zonesfor variousaccept/rejectcriteria shall be deter-
recordstorageperiodor not less than five yearsfrom mined from the contract documents.In caseswhere
the recordingdate. The recordedradioscopicimage no accept/rejectcriteria are specified,the Level III
playbackshall be maintainedin an operablecondition of the NDE facility shall documentthoseanomalies
for the durationof the recordstorageperiodmeasured consideredcritical andindicatein writing thatno formal
from the date when the last radioscopicimage was accept/rejectcriteria were provided.
recorded.
A2.4 Detailed Requirements
A2.3.4.3 Recording Media Storage Condi- A2.4.1 ApplicationQualification- Radioscopy
tions - Media storageandhandlingshall be in accord- may be used where appropriatefor new as well as
ancewith Guide E 1453. existing radiographicexaminationrequirementspro-
vided that the requiredperformance,including image
A2.3.4.4 Other Recording - Where the rec- quality,canbemet.Whereradioscopyis usedto replace
ordingof the radioscopicexaminationrecordis not in or augmentexistingradiographicapplications,theradio-
fulfillment of mandatoryarchival recordingrequire- scopicresultsshouldcorrelatefavorablywith theresults
ments,otherrecordingmethodsandmediamaybe used. obtainedwith radiographicfilm-producedtechniques.
Fevorablecorrelationmeansthat the radioscopicand A2.4.2.11Type of IQ1or calibrationblock used

film images show similar sensitivity to test object and the requiredquality level.
featureswhich are of interest.
A2.4.2.12 All hardwareand softwaresettings
A2.4.2Written Procedure - It shallbetherespon- which can be changedby the operatorto affect the
sibility of the NDE facility to developa written radio- outcomeof the radioscopicexamination.Such settings
scopic examinationprocedureto ensurethe effective include,but are not limited to, video camera,display
and repeatableradioscopicexaminationof the test ob- settings,and image processorvariables.
ject. Whena dynamicradioscopicsystemis used,a test
objectscanplan meetingtherequirementsof PracticeE A2.4.2.13Therecordingmediaandstoredimage
1255 (see 5.2.1.2) shall be included in the written format for mandatoryradioscopicimage storage.
procedure.Those portions of the contractdocument
that specify and detail radioscopicexaminationshall A2.4.3 Test Object Examination - The number
becomean appendixto the written procedure.The of testobjectsto be examinedandthecoveragerequired
written proceduremust be written or approvedby the for eachtest object shall be specifiedin the contract
documents.If not specified,all testobjectsshallreceive
Level III of the NDE facility. Where required,the
written procedureshall be approvedby the contracting 100% radioscopiccoverageas detailedin the written
agencyprior to use.The writtenprocedureshallinclude procedure.
as a minimum the following information: A2.4.4ImageQualiry- Unlessotherwisespecified
A2.4.2.1A drawing, sketch,or photographof in the contractdocuments,the requiredimage quality
the componentthat shows the radiation beam axis, level is 2-2T. Imagequality assessment
shall be made
position(s)of the detectorand applicableIQ1 for each in the samemode as that usedfor the inspection.
and all variationsof the test object orientation,and A2.4.4.1 The IQ1 may be placedon the test
beamenergy.This requirementmay be expressedin objector on a mountingblock at or nearthe testobject
coordinatesfor automatedsystemshaving calibrated location,In the caseof small radioscopicfields of view
manipulationsystems. or other situationswhere it is not practicalto place
the IQ1 in the field of view with the test object and
A2.4.2.2A physicaldescriptionof thetestobject
maintain it normal to the X-ray beam, the IQ1 may
including size, weight, and composition,
be imagedimmediatelybeforeand afterthe test object
A2.4.2.3Classificationof testobjectinto zones examinationor batchof test objectsif they aresimilar.
for radioscopy. The radioscopicexaminationresultsshall be invalid if
the before and after IQ1 imagesfail to demonstrate
A2.4.2.4Test part masking,if used,for each the requiredsensitivity. Before and after IQ1 images
requiredview. shall be considereda part of the testobject imagefor
radioscopicimageinterpretation andarchivingpurposes.
A2.4.2.5 Added radiation sourcecollimation,
expressed in termsof the radiationfield dimensionsat A2.4.5 Radioscopic System Qual@zion - The
the test object sourceside for eachrequiredview. radioscopicsystem including mandatoryradioscopic
imagearchivingdevicesshall be qualifiedto the image
A2.4.2.6 Detector field of view for eachre-
quality levelrequiredfor testobjectexamination.Radio-
quiredview.
scopicsysteminitial qualificationandperiodicrequali-
A2.4.2.7Detectordiaphragmsettings,expressed fication shall be in accordancewith PracticeE 1411.
in terms of field of view at the detectorfor each A2.4.6Radioscopic System Requalijication - The
requiredview. radioscopicsystem,includingmandatoryimagearchiv-
A2.4.2.8Theallowablerangeof radiationenergy ing devices,shall beperiodicallyrequalifiedat intervals
andbeamcurrentor sourceintensityandthe focal spot frequentenoughto ensurethe requiredlevel of radio-
or sourcesize for eachrequiredview. scopic systemperformance.
A2.4.2.9Addedbeamfiltration,if used,for each A2.4.7 Inspection Image Control - The radio-

requiredview. scopicsystemshall be checkedfor performance before
each day’s productionusageusing the method and
A2.4.2.10The inspectiongeometryandcoverage devicesthat were initially usedto qualify the written
for eachrequiredview. procedure.A log shall be maintainedto documentany
356
changes in system performance requiring changes in of measurement by counting pixels over the feature
operating parameters and listing all equipment mainte- length. The pixel number is often converted to engi-
nance. System requalification shall he required whenever neering units by comparison with a known length.
image quality requirements can no longer be met. However, the orientation and position along the X-
ray beam (magnification) of both the feature and the
A2.4.8 Repair of Radioscopic System - Repair
calibrating reference length affect the accuracy of such
or replacement of key radioscopic system components
measurements.
including but not limited to the radiation source, image
forming, image transmission, image processing, and A2.4.11 Gray Scale Range - The gray scale
image display subsystems shall be cause for system range required to meet initial qualification contrast
requalification. In no case shall the interval between sensitivity requirements for image quality shall be rec-
qualification tests exceed one year. The qualification orded and monitored. For systems using human image
statement shall be posted on the radioscopic system. assessment, it is particularly important that the gray
The results of the qualification tests shall be maintained scale range and the number of gray scale steps be
in the radioscopic system equipment file at least until closely matched to the response of the human eye.
completion of the next qualification procedure or the The written procedure shall include a means for monitor-
expiration of the archival image retention period, which- ing the required gray scale range using a contrast
ever is longer. sensitivity gage, step wedge, or similar device made
A2.4.9 Image Interpretation: of the test object or IQ1 material.
A2.4.9.1 Static Imaging - Radioscopic system A2.4.12 Timing of Radioscopic Examination -

qualification in accordance with Practice E 1411 applies Radioscopic examination shall be performed at the time
to static imaging conditions, only where the test part of manufacturing, assembly, or rework as required by
is stationary with respect to the X-ray beam. Therefore, the contract documents.
all performance measurements are based upon static
A2.4.13 Identijication - A means shall be pro-
image quality. All mandatory radioscopic examination
vided for the positive identification of the test object
accept/reject decisions shall be based upon the assess-
to the archival radioscopic inspection record. Archived
ment of static images.
radioscopic images shall be annotated to agree with
A2.4.9.2 Dynamic Imaging - Dynamic or in- the test object identification.
motion imaging may be used to gain useful information
A2.4.14 Locating the Radioscopic Examination
about the test object. However, the final assessment of
Areas - Whenever more than one image is required
image information for mandatory radioscopic examina-
for a weldment or other test object, location markers
tions shall be made in the static mode.
shall be placed on the test object in order that the
A2.4.10 Feature Size Determination - Where orientation of the test object and the location of test
feature measurement from the radioscopic image is object features relative to the radioscopic field of view
required, the written procedure shall include methodol- may be established. This requirement shall not apply
ogy for determining and maintaining the accuracy of to automated systems having programmed radioscopic
the selected measurement method. examination sequences where coverage has been proven
during the development of the scan plan. Also, this
A2.4.10.1 Feature Measurement by Test Object requirement does not apply to the radioscopic examina-
Displacement - For those radioscopic systems with tion of simple or small shapes where the test part
calibrated manipulation systems, the more accurate and orientation is obvious and coverage is not in question.
therefore preferred method of measurement is to manip-
ulate the extremities of the feature to be measured to A2.4.15 Surface Preparation - Test objects may
a common central reference point within the radioscopic be inspected without surface preparation except as may
image field of view. The dimension may then be read be required to remove surface conditions which may
from the manipulation system position display. interfere with proper interpretation of the radioscopic
image or create a safety hazard.
A2.4.10.2 Feature Measurement by Compari.
son - A second method involves comparing the test A2.4.16 Detailed Data - The provider of radio-
object feature with a known, observable dimension 1 scopic examination services shall keep the written proce-
which must be wholly within the radioscopic field of dure, qualification documentation, and the signed inspec-
view. Many digital image processors facilitate this type tion reports or tabulated results for five years from the
SE-1255 2001SECI’ION V
radioscopic examination date unless otherwise specified A2.5 Notes

in the contract documents. For software-based automated
A2.5.1 This section contains information of a
radioscopic systems using custom software, a copy of general or explanatory nature and is not mandatory.
the source code and the related inspection parameters
shall also be maintained on file for a like period of A2.5.1.1 Caution - Active electronic compo-
time. This requirement shall not apply to standard nents and some materials, such as tetrafluoroethylene,
commercially available software packages where a sepa- are subject to radiation damage if exposed to large
rate copy of the software is maintained. doses of radiation. While normal radioscopic examina-
tions should cause no problem, extended periods of
A2.4.17Radioscopic Reexamination of Repairs - radiation exposure should be avoided.
When repair has been performed as the result of
radioscopic examination, the repaired areas shall be A2.5.1.2 Human Factors - The success of
reexamined using the same radioscopic technique to radioscopic examinations which involve human image
evaluate the effectiveness of the repair. Each repaired interpretation are, like radiography, subject to human
area shall be identified with Rl, R2, R3, and so forth, factors. Careful attention should be given to the human
to indicate the number of times repair was performed. environment where image interpretation takes place, to
make it as conducive to correct, consistent image
A2.4.18 Retention of Radioscopic Examination interpretation as possible. Measures should also be
Record - Mandatory radioscopic examination records implemented to ensure that fatigue does not interfere
and associated radioscopic images shall be stored in a with correct and consistent radioscopic image interpre-
proper repository at the contractor’s plant for one year tation.
from the date from which they were made. Special
instructions, such as storage for other periods of time, A2.5.1.3 Use of 1QI - As with radiography,
making backup copies, copying the records to other the achievement of the required IQ1 sensitivity does
media, or having the records destroyed shall be specified not guarantee the ability to find all defects down to
in the contract documents. the minimum defect size. This is due to the fact that
many defects, especially those of a planar nature, are
A2.4.19Rejection of Test Objects - Test objects very orientation sensitive. When a dynamic radioscopic
containing defects exceeding the permissible limits spec- system is used, care must be taken to see that the scan
ified in the contract documents shall be separated plan includes sufficient manipulation to maximize the
from acceptable material, appropriately identified as possibility that orientation-sensitive defects will be
discrepant, and submitted for material review when found. It is for this reason that the use of calibration
required by the contract documents. blocks with real or simulated defects may more accu-
rately character& the ability of the radioscopic system
A2.4.20Reexamination - Where there is an inabil- to find orientation-sensitive defects.
ity to interpret the radioscopic results because of im-
proper execution or equipment malfunction, the test A2.5.1.4Use ofImage-Processing Techniques -
object shall be reexamined using the correct procedure. Care should be exercised in applying digital image-
If the problem is not resolved by reexamination, the processing techniques to evaluate the overall effect
procedure shall be reviewed by the Level III of the upon image quality. For example, contrast enhancement
NDE facility and adjusted, if necessary. Reference techniques may emphasize contrast in one brightness
exposures may be made using radiography if necessary. range while decreasing contrast in other brightness
If the reexamination was caused by equipment malfunc- ranges. Some spatial filters have directional aspects
tion, the equipment may not be returned to service whereby features in one direction are emphasized while
until the malfunction is repaired and the equipment is those in the orthogonal direction are deemphasized. Such
requalified to the current qualification requirements in cautions are intended to cause the careful evaluation of
accordance with Practice E 1411. digital image-processing techniques and not to discour-
age their use.
A2.4.21 Test Object Disposition - Test objects
that have undergone radioscopic examination shall be A2.5.1.5Feature Size Determination - As with
marked or physically separated in such a manner so radiography, great care must be exercised in trying to
as to minimize the possibility of rejected or questionable assess test part feature dimensions from a two-dimen-
test objects being confused with acceptable ones. sional projected view.
358
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR
RADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF WELDMENTS
SE-1416
1. Scope It is the responsibility of the tuer of this standard to

1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for
radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements
prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given
expressed in this test method are intended to control
in Section 7.
the quality of the radioscopic images and are not
intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.
1.2 This test method applies only to the use of
equipment for radioscopic examination in which the
image is finally presented on a television monitor for
operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded 2. Referenced Documents
for later review. It does not apply to fully automated
2.1 ASTM Standards:
systems where evaluation is automatically performed
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
by computer.
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and Testing
the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
in the contract, purchase order, product specification, Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indica-
or drawings. tors (IQI) Used for Radiology
E 1000 Guide for Radioscopy
1.4 This test method can be used for the detection
of discontinuities. This test method also facilitates the
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality
examination of a weld from several directions, such
as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both
E 1255 Practice for Radioscopy
weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
in this test method provide adequate assurance for
defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for
special applications, specific techniques using more 2.2 ASNT Standards:
stringent requirements may be needed to provide addi- ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-IA Person-
tional detection capability. The use of specific radio- nel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive
scopic techniques shall be agreed upon between pur- Testing
chaser and supplier. ANSVASNT CP-189-ASNT Standard for Qualification
and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parenthe-
2.3 Military Standard:
ses are for information only.
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Quali-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all fication and Certification (Eddy Current, Liquid Pene-
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. trant, Magnetic Particle, Radiographic, Ultrasonic)
359
SE-1416 ?OOl SECTION V
3. Terminology examined. It is generally useful to select collimation to

limit the primary radiation beam to the weld and the
3.1 Defnirions:
immediately adjacent base material in order to improve
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this test radioscopic image quality.
method may be found in Terminology E 1316.
5.6 Filters and Masking - Filters and masking
may he used to improve image quality from contrast
reductions caused by low-energy scattered radiation.
4. Materials
Guidance on the use of filters and masking can be
4.1 Recording Media - Recording media for storage found in Guide E 94.
of images shall he in a format agreed by the purchaser
5.7 Image Quality lndicafors (IQIj - Unless other-
and supplier. This may include either analog or digital
wise specified by the applicable job order or contract,
media.
image quality indicators shall comply with the design
and identification requirements specified in Practices E
747 or E 1025.
5. Apparatus
5.8 Shims, Sepnrare Blocks. or Like Sections -
5.1 Radiarion Source (X-Ray or Gamma-Ray) -
Shims, separate blocks, or like sections made of the
Selection of the appropriate source is dependent upon
same or radioscopically similar materials (as defined
variables regarding the weld being examined, such as in Practice E 1025) may he used to facilitate image
material composition and thickness. The suitability of
quality indicator positioning as described in 9.10.3. The
the somce shall be demonstrated by attainment of the
like section should be geometrically similar to the
required image quality and compliance with all other
object being examined.
requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on the selec-
tion of the radiation source may be found in Guide E 5.9 Locarion and Identijication Markers - Lead
1000 and Practice E 1255. numbers and letters should be used to designate the
part number and location number. The size and thickness
5.2 Manipularion System - Selection of the appro- of the markers shall depend on the ability of the
priate manipulation system (where applicable) is depen-
radioscopic technique to discern the markers on the
dent upon variables such as the size and orientation
images. As a general rule, markers from 0.06 to 0.12
of the object being examined and the range of motions,
in. (1.5 to 3 mm) thick will suffice for most low energy
speed of manipulation, and smoothness of motion.
(less than I MeV) X-ray and iridium-192 radioscopy.
The suitability of the manipulation system shall be
For higher energy (greater than 1 MeV and cobalt-60)
demonstrated by attainment of the required image qual-
radioscopy, it may be necessary to use markers that
ity and compliance with all other requirements stipulated are thicker LO.12 in. (3 mm) thick or more]. In cases
herein. Guidance on the selection of the manipulation
where the system being used provides a display of
system may be found in Practice E 1255.
object position within the image, this shall be acceptable
5.3 Imaging Sysrem - Selection of the appropriate as identification of object location.
imaging system is dependent upon variables such as
the size of the object being examined and the energy
and intensity of the radiation used for the examination. 6. Basis of Application
The suitability of the imaging system shall be demon-
6.1 Personnel Qualijication - NDT personnel shall
strated by attainment of the required image quality and
be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized
compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein.
NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such
Guidance on the selection of an imaging system may
as ANSUASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-lA, MIL STD 410,
be found in Guide E 1000 and Practice E 1255.
or a similar document. The practice or standard used
5.4 Image Processing System - Where agreed be- and its applicable revision shall be specified in the
tween purchaser and supplier, image processing systems contractual agreement between the using parties.
may be used for noise reduction through image integra-
6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agen-
tion or averaging, contrast enhancement and other image
cies - If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT
processing operations.
agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described
5.5 Collimarion - Selection of appropriate collima- in Practice E 543. The applicable edition of Practice
tion is dependent upon the geomehy of the object being E 543 shall he specified in the contractual agreement.
360
ARTICLE22 - RADIOGRAPHIC
STANDARDS SE-1416
6.3 Timeof Examination - Thetime of examination 8.1.4 Image quality indicator designationand
shall be in accordance with 9.1 unlessotherwisespec- placement,
ified. 8.1.5 Test-objectscan plan, indicatingthe range
6.4 Procedures and Techniques - The procedures of motionsandmanipulationspeedsthroughwhich the
and techniquesto be utilized shall be as describedin test object shall be manipulatedin order to ensure
this test methodunless otherwisespecified.Specific satisfactoryresults(seedescriptionin 5.2.1.2of Practice
techniques may be specified in the contractual E 1255),
agreement. 8.1.6Image-processing
parameters,
6.5 EnrentofExamination- The extentof examina- 8.1.7Image-displayparameters,and
tion shall be in accordancewilh 8.3 unlessotherwise
specified. 8.1.8Image storage.
6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Re-
Criteria - 8.2 Radioscopic Coverage- Unlessotherwisespeci-
porting criteriafor the examinationresultsshall be in fied by purchaserand supplieragreement,the extent
accordance with Section10 unlessotherwisespecified. of radioscopiccoverageshall include 100% of the
Acceptancecriteriashall be specifiedin the contractual volumeof the weld and the adjacentbasemetal.
agreement. 8.3 Examination Speed - For dynamicexamination,
6.7 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items - the speedof object motion relative to the radiation
Reexaminationof repaired/reworked items is not ad- sourceand detectorshall be controlledto ensurethat
dressedin this test methodand if requiredshall he the requiredradioscopicquality level is achieved.
specifiedin the contractualagreement. 8.4 Radioscopic Image Quality -
All imagesshall
be free of marks or otherblemishesthat could mask
or be confusedwith the imageof any discontinuityin
I. Safety the area of interest.It may be possible to prevent
blemishesfrom maskingdiscontinnitiesor being con-
7.1 Radioscopicproceduresshall comply with appli- fusedwith discontinuitiesby moving the object being
cable city, state,and federalsafetyregulations. examinedrelativeto the imaging device.If any doubt
existsas to the true natureof an indicationexhibited
in the image,the image shall be rejectedand a new
8. Requirements imageof the areashall be made.
8.1 Procedure Requirement -- Unlessotherwisespec- 8.5 Radioscopic QualityLevel- Radioscopicquality
ified by theapplicablejob orderor contract,radioscopic level shall he determinedupon agreementbetweenthe
examinationshall be performedin accordancewith a purchaserand supplier and shall he specifiedin the
written procedure.Specificrequirementsregardingthe applicablejob order or contract.Radioscopicquality
preparationandapprovalof the writtenproceduresshall shall be specifiedin terms of equivalentpenetrameter
be as agreedby purchaserandsupplier.The production (IQI) sensitivity and shall he measuredusing image
procedureshall addressall applicableportionsof this quality indicatorsconformingto PracticesE 747 or
test methodand shall be availablefor review during E 1025.
interpretationof theimages.The writtenprocedureshall
include the following: 8.6 Acceptance Level - Accept and reject levels
shallbe stipulatedby theapplicablecontract,job order,
8.1.1Materialandthicknessrangeto be examined, drawing,or other purchaserand supplieragreement.
8.1.2Equipmentto beused,includingspecifications 8.7 Image-Viewing Facilities - Viewing facilities
of sourceparameters(such as tube voltage, current, shall providesubduedbackgroundlighting of an inten-
focal spotsize)andimagingequipmentparameters (such sity thatwill not causetroublesomereflection,shadows,
as detectorsize,field of view, electronicmagnification, or glareon the image.
camerablack level, gain), 8.8 Storage of Images- When storageis required
8.1.3 Examinationgeometry,including source-to- by the applicablejob order or contract,the images
object distance,object-to-detector
distanceand orien- shouldbestoredin a formatstipulatedby the applicable
tation, contract,job order, drawing, or other purchaserand
361
supplier agreement.The image-storageduration and 9.1 Image Quality Indicator Selection -For selection
location shall be as agreedbetweenpurchaserand of the imagequality indicator,the thicknesson which
supplier. the imagequality indicatoris basedis the single-wall
thicknessplus the lesserof the actual or allowable
reinforcement.
Backingstripsor ringsarenotconsidered
9. Procedure as part of the weld or reinforcementthicknessfor
image quality indicator selection.For any thickness,
9.1 Time of Examination - Unlessotherwisespeci- an imagequality indicatoracceptablefor thinnermateri-
fied by the applicablejob order or contract, perform als may be used,providedall other requirementsfor
radioscopyprior to heat treatment. radioscopyare met.
9.2 Su$~cePreparation - Unlessotherwiseagreed 9.8 Number of Image Quality Indicators:
upon, removethe weld head ripple or weld-surface
irregularitieson both the inside and outside (where 9.8.1 Place at least one image quality indicator
accessible)by any suitableprocessso that the image (PracticesE 747 or E 1025)in the area of interest
of the irregularitiescannotmask,or be confusedwith, representingan areain whichthe brightnessis relatively
the image of any discontinuity.Interpretationcan be uniform. The degreeof brightnessuniformity shall he
optimized if surfaceirregularitiesare removedsuch agreedupon betweenpurchaserand supplier.If the
that the imageof the irregularitiesis not discernible. image brightnessin an area of interest differs by
more than the agreedamount,use two image quality
9.3Sourcefo Detecfor Distance - Unlessotherwise indicators.Use one imagequality indicatorto demon-
specifiedin theapplicablejob orderor contract,geomet- strateacceptableimage quality in the darkestportion
ric unsharpness (Us) shall not exceedthe following: of the image and use one image quality indicator to
Material Thickness Us max, in. (mm) demonstrateacceptableimage quality in the lightest
under 2 in. (50 nun) 0.020 (0.50) portion of the image.
2 through 3 in.@0 through 75 mm) 0.030 (0.75)
over 3 through 4 in. (75 through 0.040 (1.00) 9.8.2 When a seriesof imagesare made under
100 mm, identical conditions,it is permissiblefor the image
greater than 4 in. (100 mm) 0.070 (1.75) quality indicatorsto be usedonly on the first andlast
images in the series,provided this is agreedupon
Determinegeometricunsharpness
valuesas specifiedin betweenthe purchaserand supplier.In this case,it is
GuideE 94. not necessary for theimagequality indicatorsto appear
9.4 Examination Speed -
For dynamicexamination, in eachimage.
determinethe speedof object motion relative to the 9.8.3 Always retain qualifying images,on which
radiationsomceanddetectorupon agreementbetween one or more image quality indicatorswere imaged
the purchaserand supplier. Base this determination during exposure,as part of the record to validate
upontheachievement of therequiredradioscopicquality the required image quality indicator sensitivity and
level at that examinationspeed. placement.
- Direct the central
9.5 Direction of he Radiation 9.9 Image Quality Indicator Placement:
beamof radiationperpendicularlytowardthe centerof
the effectiveareaof the detectoror to a planetangent 9.9.1 Place the image quality indicator on the
to the centerof the image, to the maximum extent sourcesideadjacentto theweld beingexamined.Where
possible,exceptfor double-wallexposure-double-wall the weld metal is not radioscopicallysimilar to the
viewing elliptical projection techniques,as described basematerialor wheregeometryprecludesplacement
in 9.14.2. adjacentto the weld, placethe imagequality indicator
over the weld or on a separateblock, as described
9.6 Scattered Radiation - Scatteredradiation(radia- in 9.10.
tion scattered from thetestobjectandfrom surrounding
structures)reducesradioscopiccontrastand may pro- 9.9.2 Detector-Side Image Qua&y Indicators -
duce undesirableeffects on radioscopicquality. Use In those caseswhere the physical placementof the
precautionssuchas collimation of the source,collima- image quality indicators on the sourceside is not
tion of the detector,and additionalshieldingas appro- possible,place the image quality indicatorson the
priateto minimize the detrimentaleffectsof this scat- detectorside.The applicablejob orderor contractshall
teredradiation. specify the applicabledetector-sidequality level. The
362
accompanying documents shall clearly indicate that the location markers for the identification of the part location
image quality indicators were located on the detector with the image shall appear on the image without
side. interfering with the interpretation and with such an
arrangement that it is evident that complete coverage
9.10 Separate Block - When configuration or size
was obtained.
prevents placing the image quality indicators on the
object being examined, use a shim, separate block or 9.12.1 Double-Wall Technique - When using a
like section conforming to the requirements of 5.8 technique in which radiation passes through two walls
provided the following conditions are met: and the welds in both walls are simultaneously viewed
for acceptance, and the entire image of the object being
9.10.1 The image quality indicator is no closer to examined is displayed, only one location marker is
the detector than the sonrce side of the object being
required in the image.
examined (unless otherwise specified).
9.12.2 Series of Images - For welds that require
9.10.2 The radioscopic brightness in the area of
a series of images to cover the full length or circumfer-
the image quality indicator including the shim, separate
ence of the weld, apply the complete set of location
block, or like section and IQ1 where applicable are markers at one time, wherever possible. A reference
similar to the brightness in the area of interest.
or zero position for each series must be identified on
9.10.3 The shim, separate block, or like section the component. A known feature on the object (for
is placed as close as possible to the object being example, keyway, nozzle, and axis line) may also be
examined. used for establishment of a reference position. Indicate
this feature on the radioscopic record.
9.10.4 When bole-type image quality indicators
are used, the shim, separate block, or like section 9.12.3 Similar Welds - On similar type welds
dimensions shall exceed the image quality indicator on a single component, the sequence and spacing of
dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides the location markers must conform to a uniform system
of the image quality indicator image is visible on the that shall be positively identified in the radioscopic
image. procedure or interpretation records. In addition, refer-
ence points on the component will be shown on the
9.11 Shim Utilization - When a weld reinforcement sketch to indicate the direction of the numbering system.
or backing ring and strip is not removed, place a shim
of material that is radioscopically similar to the backing 9.13 Image ldentijication - Provide a system of
ring and strip under the image quality indicators to positive identification of the image. As a minimum,
provide approximately the same thickness of material the following shall appear on the image: the name or
under the image quality indicator as the average thick- symbol of the company performing radioscopy, the
ness of the weld reinforcement plus the wall thickness, date, and the weld identification number traceable to
backing ring and strip. part and contract. Identify subsequent images made of
a repaired area with the letter “R.”
9.11.1 Shim Dimensions and Location - When
hole-type image quality indicators are used, the shim 9.14 Radioscopic Techniques:
dimensions and location shall exceed the image quality
9.14.1 Single-Wall Technique - Except as pro-
indicator dimensions by at least 0.12 in. (3 mm) on
vided in 9.14.2, 9.14.3, and 9.14.4, perform radioscopy
at least three sides. At least three sides of the image
using a technique in which the radiation passes through
quality indicator shall be discernible in accordance with
only one wall.
9.10.4 except that only the two ends of the image
quality indicator need to be discernible when located 9.14.2 Double-Wall Technique for Circumferential
on piping less than 1 in. (25 mm) nominal pipe size. Welds - For circumferential welds 4 in. (100 mm)
Place the shim so as not to overlap the weld image outside diameter (3.5 in. nominal pipe size) or less,
including the backing strip or ring. use a technique in which the radiation passes through
both walls and both walls are viewed for acceptance
9.11.2 Shim Image Brightness - The image bright-
on the same image. Unless otherwise specified, either
ness of the shim image shall be similar to the image
elliptical or superimposed projections may be used. A
brightness of the area of interest.
sufficient number of views should be taken to examine
9.12 Location Markers - Place location markers the entire weld. Where design or access restricts a
outside the weld area. The radioscopic image of the practical technique from examining the entire weld,
363
SE-1416 2001 SKTION V
agreement between contracting parties must specify 10.1.4 Image quality indicator (and shim, il’ used)
necessary weld coverage. placement,
9.14.3 For circumferential welds greater than 4 10.1.5 Test-object scan plan, including ranges of
in. (100 mm) outside diameter (3.5 in. nominal pipe motion and manipulation speeds,
size), use a technique in which only single-wall viewing 10.1.6 Image processing parameters,
is performed. A sufficient number of views should be
taken to examine the entire weld. Where design or 10.1.7 Image-storage data,
access restricts a practical technique from examining 10.1.8 Weld repair documentation, and
the entire weld, agreement between contracting parties
10.1.9 Image - Interpretation record shall contain
must specify necessary weld coverage.
as a minimum the following information:
9.14.4 For radioscopic techniques that prevent sin-
10.1.9.1 Disposition of each image (acceptable
gle-wall exposures due to restricted access, such as
or rejectable),
jacketed pipe or ship hull, the technique should be
agreed upon in advance between the purchaser and 10.1.9.2 If [ejectable, cause for rejection (slag,
supplier. It should be cecognized that image quality crack, porosity, etc.),
indicator sensitivities based on single-wall thickness
may not be obtainable under some conditions. 10.1.9.3 Surface indication verified by visual
examination (grinding marks, weld ripple, spatter,
etc.), and
10. Records 10.1.9.4 Signature of the image interpreter, in-

cluding level.
10.1 Maintain the following radioscopic records as
agreed between purchaser and supplier:
10.1.1 Radioscopic standard shooting sketch, in-
cluding examination geometry, source-to-object dis- 11.1 No statement is made about either precision or
tance, object-to-detector distance and orientation, bias of this test method since the result merely states
whether there is conformance to the criteria of success
10.1.2 Material and thickness range examined, specified in the procedure.
10.1.3 Equipment used, including specification of
source parameters (such as tube voltage, current, focal
12. Keywords
spot size) and imaging equipment parameters (such as
detector size, field of view, electronic magnification, 12.1 gamma ray; nondestructive testing; radioscopic
camera blacklevel, gain, etc.) and display parameters, examination; radioscopy; weldments: x-ray
364
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING 01
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY IN RADIOSCOPY

SE-1647
(Identical with ASTM Specification E 1647-98a)
1. SCOPC E 747 Practice for the Design Manufacture and Material

Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indica-
1.1 This practice covers the design and material tors (IQI) Used For Radiology
selection of a contrast sensitivity measuring gage used
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examination
to determine the minimum material thickness or density
E 1025 Practice for Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators
that may be imaged without regard to spatial resolution
Used for Radiography
limitations.
E 1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam 2.2 Federal Standards:
radioscopic imaging systems ntilizing X-ray and gamma 21 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements for Cabinet X-ray
ray radiation sources. Systems
29 CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as standard. 2.3 NIST/ANSI Standards:
NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for
1.4 This standard does not purport to address nil
Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed
of the safety concerns, f any, associated with its use.
Gamma Ray Sources, Energies to 10 MeV
establish appropriate safety and health practices and 2.4 Other Standard:
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations EN 462-5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator
prior to use. For specific safety statements, see NIST/
ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of Federal Regula-
tions 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96. 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions -
Definitions of terms applicable to
this test method may be found in Terminology E 1316.
2. ReferencedDocuments
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Practice
B 139 Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and
Shapes 4.1 It is often useful to evaluate the contrast sensitivity
B 150 Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, and of a penetrating radiation imaging system separate and
Shapes apart from spatial resolution measurements. Conven-
B 161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube tional image quality indicators (IQIs), such as Test
B 164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, Method E 747 wire and Practice E 1025 plaque IQIs,
and Wire combine the contrast sensitivity and resolution measore-
B 166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys merits into an overall performance figure of merit. Such
(UNS N06600, N06601, and N06690) and Nickel- figures of merit are often not adequate to detect subtle
Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617) changes in imaging system performance. For example,
Rod, Bar, and Wire in a high contrast image, spatial resolution can degrade
365
with almost no noticeableeffect upon overall image TABLE 1

quality.Similarly,in anapplicationin whichtheimaging DESIGN OF THE CONTRAST SENSITIVITY GAGE
system provides a very sharp image,contrastcan fade Gage Thickness J Recess I( Recess L Recess M Recess
with little noticeableeffect upon the overall image T 1% of T 2%ofT 3% of T 4% of T
quality. These situationsoften developand may go
unnoticeduntil the system performancedeteriorates
below acceptableimagequality limits.
TABLE 2
5. Significanceand Use
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY GAGE DIMENSIONS
5.1 The contrastsensitivitygagemeasurescontrast Gage
sensitivityindependentof the imaging systemspatial Size. B DIM. C DIM. D DIM. E DIM. F,G DIM.
resolutionlimitations.The thicknessrecessdimensions 1 0.750 in. 3.000 in. 0.250 in. 0.625 in. 0.250 in.
of the contrastsensitivitygageare large with respect 19.05 mm 76.20 mm 6.35 mm 15.88 mm 6.35 mm
to the spatialresolutionlimitations of most imaging 2 1.500 in. 6.000 in. 0.500 in. 1.250 in. 0.500 in.
systems.Fourlevelsof contrastsensitivityaremeasured: 38.10 mm 152.40 mm 12.70 mm 31.75 mm 12.7 mm
4%, 3%, 2%, and 1%. 3 2.250 in. 9.000 in. 0.750 in. 1.875 in. 0.750 in.
57.15 mm 228.60 mm 19.05 mm 47.63 mm 19.05 mm
5.2 The contrastsensitivitygageis intendedfor use 4 3.000 in. 12.000 in. 1.000 in. 2.500 in. 1.000 in.
in conjunctionwith a high-contrast
resolutionmeasuring 76.20 mm 304.80 mm 25.40 mm 63.50 mm 25.4 mm
gage,suchastheEN 462-5DuplexWire ImageQuality
Indicator.Suchgagesmeasurespatialresolutionessen-
tially independentof the imaging system’s contrast
sensitivity.Such measurements are appropriatefor the
TABLE 3
qualification and performancemonitoring of radio-
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY GAGE APPLICATION
graphicand radioscopicimaging systems.
Gaue Sire Use on Thicknesses
5.3 Radioscopicsystemperformance maybe specified
1 Up to 1.5 in. (38.1 mm)
by combining the measuredcontrast sensitivity ex- 2 Over 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) to 3.0 in. (76.2 mm1
pressedas a percentagewith the spatial resolution 3 Over 3.0 in. (76.2 mm1 to 6.0 in. (152.4 mm)
expressedin millimeters of unsharpness. For the EN 4 Over 6.0 in. 1152.4 mm)
462-5spatialresolutiongage,the unsharpness is equal
to twice the wire diameter.For the line pair gage,the
unsharpness is equalto the reciprocalof the line-pair/
mm value. As an example,an imaging system that
exhibits2% contrastsensitivityandimagesthe 0.1 mm characteristics:groups03, 02, and 01 for light metals
EN 462-5pairedwires (equivalentto imaging 5 line- and groupsI through5 for heavy metals.
pairs/millimeterresolutionon a line-pairgage)performs 6.2.2 The light metal groups,magnesium(Mg),
at a 2%-0.2 mm sensitivitylevel. A standardmethod aluminnm (Al), and titanium (Ti), are identified03,
of evaluatingoverall radioscopicsystemperformance 02, and01, respectively,for their predominantconstit-
is given in PracticeE 1411. uent. The materialsare listed in order of increasing
radiationabsorption.
6. Contrast Sensitivity Gage Construction and 6.2.3The heavymetalsgroup,steel,copperbase,
Material Selection nickel base,and other alloys, are identified1 through
6.1 Contrastsensitivitygagesshall be fabricatedin 5. The materialsincreasein radiationabsorptionwith
accordance with Fig. 1, using the dimensionsgiven in increasingnumericaldesignation.
Tables 1, 2, and 3. 6.2.4 Common tradenamesor alloy designations
6.2 The gageshall preferablybe fabricatedfrom the have beenusedfor clarificationof pertinentmaterials.
test objectmaterial.Othenuise,the following material 6.3 The materialsfrom which the contrastsensitivity
selectionguidelinesare to be used: gage is to be made is designatedby groupnumber.
6.2.1 Materialsare designatedin eight groupings, The gageis applicableto all materialsin that group.
in accordancewith their penetratingradiationabsorption Material groupingsare as follows:
366
ARTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAPI-llC STANDARDS SE-1647
FIG. 1 GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE CONTRAST SENSITIVITY GAGE
6.3.1 Material Group 03: 6.3.5.1 The gage shall be made of aluminum
bronze (Alloy No. 623 of Specification B 150) or
6.3.1.1 The gage shall be made of magnesium
equivalent OT nickel-aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 630
or a magnesium alloy, provided it is no more radio-
of Specification B 150) or equivalent.
opaque than unalloyed magnesium, as determined by
the method outlined in 6.4. 6.3.5.2 Use for all aluminum bronzes and all
nickel aluminum bronzes.
6.3.1.2 Use for all alloys where magnesium is
the predominant alloying constituent. 6.3.6 Materials Group 3:
6.3.2 Materials Group 02: 6.3.6.1 The gage shall be made of nickel-chro-
6.3.2.1 The gage shall be made of aluminum mium-iron alloy (UNS No. N06600) (Inconel). See
or an aluminum alloy, provided it is no more radio- Specification B 166.
opaque than unalloyed aluminum, as determined by the 6.3.6.2 Use for nickel-chromium-iron alloy and
method outlined in 6.4. 18% nickel-maraging steel.
6.3.2.2 Use for all alloys where aluminum is
the predominant alloying constituent.
6.3.7.1 The gage shall be made of 70 to 30
6.3.3 Materials Group 01: nickel-copper alloy (Monel) (Class A or B of Specifica-
6.3.3.1 The gage shall be made of titanium or tion B 164) or equivalent, or 70 to 30 copper-nickel
a titanium alloy, provided it is no more radio-opaque alloy (Alloy G of Specification B 161) or equivalent.
than unalloyed titanium, as determined by the method
outlined in 6.4. 6.3.7.2 Use for nickel, copper, all nickel-copper
series or copper-nickel series of alloys and all brasses
6.3.3.2 Use for all alloys where titanium is the (copper-zinc alloys) and all leaded brasses.
predominant alloying constituent.
6.3.8.1 The gage shall be made of tin-bronze
6.3.4.1 The gage shall be made of carbon steel (Alloy D of Specification B 139).
or Type 300 series stainless steel.
6.3.8.2 Use for tin bronzes including gun-metal
6.3.4.2 Use for all carbon steel, low-alloy steels, and valve bronze and leaded-tin bronzes.
stainless steels, and magnesium-nickel-aluminum bronze
(Superston). 6.4 Where the material to be examined is a composite
ceramic, or other nonmetallic material, or for some
6.3.5 Materials Group 2: reason cannot be obtained to fabricate a gage, an
367
equivalent material may be utilized, provided it is no 8.3 The gage recess depth tolerance shall be within
more radio-opaque than the test object under comparable *IO% of the design value for the shallowest recess or
penetrating radiation energy conditions. To determine 0.001 in. (0.02 mm), whichever is greater.
the suitability of a substitute material, radiograph identi-
8.4 The gage recess inside and outside corner radius
cal thicknesses of both materials on one film using the
shall not exceed 0.062 in. (1.80 mm). To facilitate
lowest penetrating radiation energy to be used in the
fabrication, the gage may be assembled from three
actual examination. Transmission densitometer readings
individually machined components: (I) the machined
for both materials shall be in the range from 2.0 to
center section containing the 1% r, 2% K 3% i”, and
4.0. If the radiographic density of the substitute material
4% T milled slots; (2) the front rail, and (3) the rear
is within +15% to -0% of the test material, the substitute
rail. The assemblage of the three components forms
material is acceptable.
the complete gage similar to that shown in Appendix Xl.
6.4.1 All contrast sensitivity gages shall be suitably 8.5 The gage dimensional tolerances shall be held
marked by vibro-engraving or etching. The gage thick- to within *O.OlO in. (0.25 mm) of the dimensions
ness and material type shall be clearly marked. specified in Table 2.
7. Imaging System PerformanceLevels 9. AcceptablePerformanceLevels

7.1Imaging system performance levels are designated 9.1 Nothing in this test method implies a mandatory
by a two-part measurement expressed as C(%) - or an acceptable contrast sensitivity performance level.
U(mm). The iirst part of the expression C(%) refers That determination is to be agreed upon between the
to the depth of the shallowest flat-bottom hole that can supplier and user of penetrating radiation examination
be reliably and repeatably imaged. The second part of services.
the expression refers to the companion spatial resolution 9.2 The recess depths specified in Table 1 provide
measurement made with a resolution gage expressed measurement points at l%, 2%, 3%, and 4% that
in terms of millimeters unsharpness. Where contrast will accommodate many imaging system configurations.
sensitivity is measured for both thin and thick section Other contrast sensitivity measurement points may be
performance, the performance level is expressed as C,i, obtained by placing the gage on a shim made of
(%)-C,,,(%)-U(mm). the gage material. The resulting contrast sensitivity
measurement expressed as a percentage is given by
7.2 Each contrast sensitivity gage has four flat-bottom
recesses that represent l%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of the the following formula:
gage total thickness. The shallowest recess that can be
R
repeatably and reliably imaged shall determine the % Contrast = --x100
T+ s
limiting contrast sensitivity.
7.3 Contrast sensitivity measurements shall be made where:

under conditions as nearly identical to the actual exami- R = recess depth,
nation as possible. Penetrating radiation energy, image S= shim thickness, and
formation, processing, analysis, display, and viewing T= gage thickness.
variables shall accurately simulate the actual examina- If other recess depths are required to document radio-
tion environment. scopic system performance, special contrast sensitivity
gages may be fabricated by changing the recess depths
specified in Table 1 to suit the need.
8. Contrast Sensitivity Gage Measurement
Steps(seeTable 1)
10. PerformanceMeasurementRecords
8.1 The gage thickness T shall be within +5% of the
test object thickness value at which contrast sensitivity is 10.1The results of the contrast sensitivity measnre-
being determined. ment should be recorded and maintained as a part of
the initial qualification and performance monitoring
8.2 The gage thickness tolerance shall be within records for the imaging system. Changes in contrast
il% of the gage design thickness T or 0.001 in. sensitivity can be an early indicator of deteriorating
(0.0’2 mm), whichever is greater. imaging system performance.
368
ARTICLE 22 - KADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-1647
11. Precision and Bias 12. Keywords
11.1 No statementis made aboutthe precisionor contrastsensitivity gage: gamma ray; image
12.1
bias for indicatingthe contrastsensitivityof a radio- formation;image processing;image quality indicator;
scopic systemusing the contrastsensitivitygagede- line-pairsper millimeter; penetratingradiation;spatial
scribedby this test method. resolution;X-ray
APPENDIX
Xl. ASSEMBLING THE CONTRAST sensitivitygagefrom a milled ceatersectionwith front

SENSITIVITY GAGE and rear rails attachedto form the completecontrast
sensitivity gage.The exampleshown (seeFig. X1.1)
X1.1 Suggestedmethodof assemblingthe contrast is for use with a 0.500in. thick test object.
-‘IFICATION
I
I I \ I I LI ,y+,,
I I I I I I,, , I 3.‘75
1' 'i LI!!I!.

y1
F@ --’ ---IL--tI---’@&$q50
FIG. X1.1 CONTRAST SENSITIVITY GAGE
369
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CLASSIFICATION
OF FILM SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL
RADIOGRAPHY
SE-1815
(Identical with ASTM Specification E 1X15-96)
1. SCOPt! PH 2.19 Photography Density Measurements - Part 2:

Geometric Conditions for Transmission Density
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determina-
PH 2.40 Root Mean Square (rms) Granularity of Film
tion of the performance of film systems used for
(Images on One Side Only) Method of Measuring
industrial radiography. This test method establishes
minimum requirements that correspond to system 2.3 IS0 Standards:
classes. IS0 5-2 Photography Density Measurements - Part 2:
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct Geometric Conditions for Transmission Density
exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying IS0 5-3 Photography Density Measurements - Part 3:
screens. The performance of films exposed with fluores- Spectral Conditions
cent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be de- IS0 7004 Photography - Industrial Radiographic Film,
termined accurately by this test method. Determination of IS0 Speed and Average Gradient
When Exposed to X and Gamma Radiation
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
for information only. 3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all 3.1 Dejkitiuns - For definitions of terms used in
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. this test method, refer to Terminology SE-1316.
establish appropriate safety and health practices and 3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 film sysfem - the film and associated film-
prior to use.
processing requirements according to the criteria estab-
lished by the manufacturers of the film and processing
2. Referenced Documents chemicals.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.2.2 gradient G - the slope of the characteristic
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing curve at a certain density, D, and a measure of the
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial contrast of the film system.
Radiographic Film Processing
E 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densi- 3.2.3 granularity, crD - the stochastic density
tometers fluctuations in the radiograph that are superimposed to
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations the object image.
2.2 ANSI Standards: 3.2.4 IS0 speed S - determined by the dose K,?,
PH 2.18 Photography (Sensitometry) - Density Mea- measured in gray at a specified optical density, D, in
surements, Spectral Conditions the radiograph.
370
ARTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAPIIIC STANDAKDS SE-1815
TABLE 1
TYPICAL FILM SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION
Automatic Film Processing

Developer: Type A
Developer immersion time: XXX seconds
Developer temperature: XX”C/Yy”F
Maximum
Maximum Gradient Gat Gradient!
Granularity Ratio, Maximum
ASTM System D = 2.0 D = 4.0 G/q,> at D = 2.0 Granularity, ~0, at IS0 Speed Dose, KSm Gv,
Film Type” Class Above Do Above 0, Above Do D = 2.0 Above 0, S D = 2.0
A Special 5.4 9.1 360 0.015 32 29.0
B I 4.5 8.4 281 0.016 64 14.0
C I 4.4 7.6 232 0.019 100 8.7
D I 4.4 7.6 169 0.026 200 4.6
E II 4.4 7.6 142 0.031 320 3.2
F III 4.0 5.2 114 0.035 400 2.5
G W-A 4.2 6.5 225 0.019 100 8.6
H W-B 4.1 5.3 170 0.025 300 5.0
* Family of films ranging in speed and image quality
4. Significanceand Use film systems may also perform the tests and measure-
ments outlined in this test method, provided that the
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for
required test equipment is used and the methodology
classification of film systems used for industrial radiog-
is followed strictly.
raphy. The film system consists of the film and associ-
ated processing system (the type of processing and
processing chemistry). Section 6 describes specific pa- 4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiogra-
rameters used for this test method. In general, the phy film systems will enable specifying bodies and
classification for hard X rays, as described in Section contracting parties to agree to particular system classes,
6, can be transferred to other radiation energies and which are capable of providing known image qualities.
metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. See 1.2.
The usage of film system parameters outside the energy
ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system
performance classification.
4.1.1 The film performance is described by signal
and noise parameters. The signal is represented by 5. Sampling and Storage
gradient and the noise by granularity. 5.1 For determination of the gradient and granularity
4.1.2 A film is assigned a particular class if it of a film system, it is important that the samples
meets all four of the minimum performance parameters: evaluated yield the average results obtained by users.
for Gradient C at D = 2.0 and D = 4.0, granularity This will require evaluating several different batches
uD at D = 2.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D = 2.0. periodically, under the conditions specified in this test
method. Prior to evaluation, the samples shall he stored
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters according to the manufacturer’s recommendations for
shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification a length of time to simulate the average age at which
table can be constructed. the product is normally used. Several independent evalu-
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic iilm ations shall he made to ensure the proper calibration
systems will be the users of this test method. The of equipment and processes. The basic objective in
result is a classification table as shown by the example selecting and storing samples as described above is to
given in Table 1. This table also includes speed data ensure that the film characteristics are representative
for user information. Users of industrial radiographic of those obtained by a consumer at the time of use.
371
6. Procedure transmission of the cassette front or nonuniformities or

defects in the lead-foil screens could influence the
6.1 Principle:
granularity measurement. Therefore, exercise consider-
6.1.1 Film to be tested shall be exposed to X rays able care in selection and maintenance of the cassette
from tungsten target tubes. Inherent filtration of the and lead screens to minimize these effects.
tube, plus an additional copper filter located as close
6.3.4 Expose single-coated films with the emulsion-
to the target as possible, shall provide filtration equiva-
coated surface in contact with the front screen.
lent to 8.00 * 0.2 mm of copper.
6.4 Film Processing - The film image quality will
6.1.2 The film system includes a front and a back
vary with the processing variables, such as chemistry,
screen of 0.02 to 0.25~mm lead. If single-coated films
temperature, and method of processing (manual or
are used, the emulsion-coated surface must face the
automatic). The film processing and record requirements
X-ray tube. Vacuum or pressure cassettes may be used
shall be in accordance with Guide E 999.
to ensure sufficient contact between the film and screen,
6.5 Exposure Conditions:
6.2 X-ray Spectral Quality:
6.2.1 Use the same X-ray spectral quality for 6.5.1 The plane of the film shall be normal to
determining both the film gradient and its root mean the central ray of the X-ray beam. Use a diaphragm
square granularity. Make the film exposures with an at the tube to limit the field of radiation to the film
g-mm (0.32.in.) copper filter at the X-ray tube and the area. The X-ray utbe target to film distance shall be
kilovoltage set such that the half value layer in copper adequate to ensure that the exposure over the useful
is 3.5 mm (0.14 in.). The kilovoltage setting will be area of each exposure step is uniform to within 3%.
approximately 220 kV. 6.5.2 To minimize the effects of backscattered
6.2.2 Determine the required kilovoltage setting radiation, use a 6.3 ;t 0.8 mm (‘/4 f 1/3ain.) thick lead
by making an exposure (or exposure rate) measurement shielding behind the cassette. The shielding lead shall
with the detector placed at a distance of at least 750 extend at least 25 mm (1 in.) beyond each edge of
mm (29.5 in.) from the tube target and an g-mm (0.32- the cassette. Alternatively, the shielding lead may be
in.) copper filter at the tube. Then make a second omitted, provided that the cassette is supported such
measurement with a total of II.5 mm (0.45 in.) of that the X-ray beam strikes no scattering material, other
copper at the tube. These filters should be made of than air, for a distance of at least 2 m (78.7 in.) behind
99.9% pure copper. the cassette.
6.2.3 Calculate the ratio of the first and second 6.5.3 Modulation of the X-ray exposure may be
readings. If this ratio is not 2, adjust the kilovoltage accomplished by changing the exposure time or tube
up or down and repeat the measurements until a ratio target to film distance. Changing the tube current is
of 2 (within 5%) is obtained. Record the machine not recommended but may be done, provided it is
setting of the kilovoltage for use with the film tests. verified by measurement (see 6.2) that the X-ray spectral
quality does not change.
6.3 Film Cassette and Screens:
6.5.4 Measure exposures with an air-ionization
6.3.1 The film cassette (holder) shall provide a chamber, or other types of X-ray detectors, having
means of ensuring good film screen contact. A vacuum linear response over the range of X-ray intensities and
cassette may be used. exposure times used for the film exposures.
6.3.2 Lead-foil screens shall be used with the front 6.5.5 During and after exposure, prior to pro-
screen thickness being 0.130 f 0.013 mm (0.005 f cessing, keep the film at a temperature of 23 * 5°C
0.05 in.) and the back screen thickness being 0.250 f (5.97 f 5°F) and a relative humidity of 50 f 20%.
0.025 mm (0.010 * 0.001 in.). Start processing of the film between 30 min and 8 h
after exposure. Process an unexposed specimen of the
NOTE-These thicknessesreflectcommerciallyavailabletolerances film sample with the X-ray-exposed specimen in order
in lead foil for use as radiographicscreens.
to determine the base plus fog density.
6.3.3 It is especially important that the exposure 6.5.6 Measure the visual diffuse transmission den-
to the film specimen for the granularity measurements sity of the processed films with a densitometer comply-
be spatially uniform. Any nonuniformities in X-ray ing with the requirements of ANSI PH 2.19 and IS0
372
AKTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS SE-1815
5-2 and calibrated by the method of Practice E 1079. the range from 1.80 to 2.20, may be measured, and
Use a minimum aperture of 7 mm (0.275 in.). the granularity value at a diffuse density of 2.00, above
base plus fog, shall be taken from a smooth curve
6.6 Measurement of Gradient G:
drawn through a plot of the data points. The granularity
6.6.1 Gradient G relates to a D versus log K value shall be in terms of diffuse density.
curve. In the scope of this test method, G is calculated
6.7.4.1 The microdensitometer scanner output is
from the slope of a D versus K curve at density (D
measured as projection density. Thus to obtain the
- D,), as follows:
desired diffuse density, convert the data using the slope
of the curve of diffuse density versus projection density
G=&K=LXdD at the mean density value of the granularity film
log e dK
specimen. Determine this curve using a film having a
stepped series of densities, which is prepared using the
where: same type film, exposure, and processing techniques
K = dose required for density D - D, and as used for the granularity film specimen. Measure the
D, = fog and base density.
diffuse density of each step with a microdensitometer.
6.6.2 The D versus K cnrve is approximated by The specimen film shall be scanned using identical
a polynomial of the third order. To obtain a regular microdensitometer settings. A limited range of densities
and reliable shape of this curve, make a series of can typically be measured for a given microdensitometer
exposures to obtain at least 12 uniformly distributed gain setting. The stepped series of densities shall lie
measuring points between density 1.O and 5.0 above D,. within that range. Choose the number of steps such
that the slope of the curve, at the mean density of the
6.6.3 Average the Gradient G measurements, with granularity film specimen, is determined to an accuracy
a maximum inaccuracy of *5%. of *5%.
6.1 Root Mean Square (rms) Granularity, Q:
6.7.5 Determine the granularity of the film speci-
6.7.1 Determine the rms granularity of the film men by evaluating no fewer than three samples of the
in accordance with ANSI PH 2.40, with the following specimen and determining their mean so that a maximal
exceptions: uncertainty of 10% is achieved.
6.7.2 The procedure is limited to the measurement 6.7.6 Adjust the optical system of the microdensi-
of continuous tone black-and-white industrial X-ray tometer so that both emulsions, or the one emulsion
films viewed by transmitted light. The film may have in the case of a single-coated film, are in focus at all
emulsion coated on one side or both sides of the film points in the scan.
support.
6.7.7 Scan the film specimen along three different
6.7.3 Expose the film specimen with X rays having paths within the test area. Take the median of the
the spectral quality described in 6.2. The cassette and three granularity readings as the granularity of the film
lead-foil screens shall be as specified in 6.3. Expose specimen at the mean measured density.
the film specimen in accordance with the exposure
conditions of 6.5. Exercise care to ensure that the film 6.7.8 Microdensitometer Requirements:
specimen does not contain density variations arising
from the exposing equipment (such as nonuniform beam 6.7.8.1 The intlux aperture of the microdensitom-
filters or damaged or defective lead screens). During eter shall be approximately circular in shape, with a
and after exposure, prior to processing, maintain the diameter (referred to the plane of the specimen) not
film specimen at the temperature and relative humidity less than 1.2x or more than 2x the diameter of the
conditions specified in 6.5.5. The film processing chemi- efflux aperture.
cals and procedures shall be the same as those used
for determining gradient, and they shall be described 6.7.8.2 Both the influx objective and the efflux
completely as specified in 6.4. objective shall be a high-quality microscope objective
having a numerical aperture no greater than 0.10.
6.7.4 The film specimen for granularity measnre-
merit shall have a diffuse density of 2.00 * 0.05 above 6.7.8.3 The reduction of the influx aperture by
base plus fog. As an alternative, three or more samples the influx optics and the magnification of the specimen
of the tilm specimen at different density levels, within onto the efflux aperture by the efflux optics shall lie
313
SE-IRIS 2001 SECTION V
TABLE2 TABLE3
DETERMINATIONOF IS0 SPEEDSFROM DOSE,&, LIMITINGVALUES FORGRADIENT,GRADIENT/
NEEDED FOR A FILM DENS1TY.D = 2.0.ABOVE Dn GRANULARITY RATIO.ANDGRANULARlTY
Minimum
Minimum Gradient G at Gradient/
FK%l TO IS0 Speed S” Granularity Maximum
-3.05 -2.96 loll0 ASTM Ratio, G/v* Granularity,
-2.95 -2.86 800 System D = 2.0 D = 4.0 at D = 2.0 ~0, at D = 2.0
-2.85 -2.76 640 class Above DoA Above 0, Above Do Above 0,
-2.75 -2.66 500 Special 4.5 7.5 300 0.018
-2.65 -2.56 400 I 4.1 6.8 150 0.028
-2.55 -2.46 320
II 3.8 6.4 120 0.032
-2.45 -2.36 250 III 3.5 5.0 100 0.039
-2.35 -2.26 200 W-A 3.6 5.7 135 0.027
-2.25 -2.16 I60 W-B 3.5 5.0 110 0.032
-2.15 -2.06 125 w-c <3.5 6.0 80 0.039
-2.05 -1.96 100
-1.95 -1.86 SO A 0, = density of an unexposed and processed film including base
-1.85 -1.76 64 (fag and base density).
-1.75 -1.66 50
-1.65 -1.56 40
-1.55 -1.46 32
-1.45 -1.36 25
-1.35 -1.26 20
-1.25 -1.16 16 ponding to the first zero in the spatial frequency response
-1.15 -1.06 12 of the circular aperture. Mathematical procedures that
-1.05 -0.96 10 can be shown to produce equivalent reductions in the
-0.95 -0.86 8
effects of system artifacts arc acceptable alternatives
-0.85 -0.76 6
-0.75 -0.66 5
to the use of this filter.
-0.65 -0.56 4
6.8 Measurement of IS0 Speed S - The IS0 Speed
* see IS0 7004 S is evaluated for an optical density, D = 2.0, above
fog and base, D,. Use Table 2 for determination of
the IS0 speed.
in the range from 20 to 100x. The two magnifications 7. Range of Classificationand Limiting Values
need not be equal.
7.1 There are film system classes that differ by their
6.7.8.4 The efflux (or measuring aperture) shall gradients and granularities. The limiting values are
be circular in shape. Its effective diameter referred to assigned to the film classes whose observance must be
the specimen plane shall be 100 f 2 pm. proved by the measuring methods in 6.6 and 6.7.
6.7.8.5 The scan path of the microdensitometer 7.1.1 In order to assign a film system to a system
may he linear or circular. If circular, the radius of the class, it must meet all four limiting values of the
path shall not be less than 16 mm. In either case, the gradient (at D = 2.0 and D = 4.0), the granularity
total scan length shall not be less than 100 mm (3.94 in.). (at D = 2.0), and the gradient/granularity parameter
of the system class. The classification is valid only for
6.7.8.6 The spectral response of the microdensi-
the complete film system.
tometer system shall be visual, as specified by ANSI
PH 2.18 and IS0 5-3. 7.2 Film system manufacturers will provide their
classification table, upon request, with a classification
6.7.8.7 The electronic band-pass filter, used to table that contains full data on. the four parameters
reduce the unwanted signal caused by system artifacts, according to Table 3. In addition, the following two
shall have its low-frequency boundary set so the system parameters (see Table 2 for data) will be listed with
response is 3 dB down at a temporal frequency corres-
the classification table: IS0 speed S, and dose, K,.
ponding to a spatial frequency of 0.1 cycles/mm. Its
high-frequency boundary shall be set so that the system 7.2.1 The classification table will additionally con-
response is 3 dB down at a temporal frequency corres- tain the following information on the processing system:
374
ARTICLE 22 - RADIOGRAPHJC STANL)ARDS SE.1815
manual or automatic, type of chemistry, developer classification of industrial radiographic tihn since the
immersion time, and developer temperature. results state merely whether there is conformance to
the criteria for success specified in the procedure.
7.3 For examples of a classification table, see Table 1.
9. Keywords
9.1 ASTM system class; film system; film system
8.1 No statement is made about either the precision classification; gradient; gradient/noise; granularity; in-
or bias of this test method for measuring a film system dustrial radiographic film; speed.
APPENDIX
quality (contrast and graininess). Image quality was

Xl. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
optimized for a given speed.
CLASSIFICATION
X1.2.2 This test method has similar classes: Spe-
X1.1 The purpose of this test method is to classify
cial, I, II, and III (see Table 3). The film systems that
industrial radiographic film systems based on their
will generally fit this classification are of high-contrast
image quality performance over the practical working
technology. Image quality is optimised for every speed.
range of densities (for example, from 2.0 to 4.0). The
Granularity increases with speed, and gradient is a
classes are differentiated in image quality performance
maximum for the slower speed film systems.
based on limiting values for four measurable image
quality parameters, that is, gradient at density 2.0 and X1.2.3 The slower film systems give the highest
4.0 and granularity and gradient/granularity ratio at image quality, through a combination of low granularity
density 2.0. See Table 3. and high gradient for both Density 2.0 and 4.0 and a
corresponding high gradient/granularity ratio.
X1.1.1 The result of classification can be docu-
mented in a table with the following details: X1.2.4 Four classes of this test method were
selected to correspond to the former film classification
X1.1.1.1 Description of the film system (film
and processing), standard table of Guide E 94-83. See Table X1.1.
X1.2.5 Table Xl.2 provides classification of wide
X1.1.1.2 Values for four image quality parame-
latitude film systems, In comparison to traditional high-
ters and the corresponding system class, and
contrast technology, these him systems are generally
X1.1.1.3 Speed of the film system. characterized by a lower gradient for a given speed,
producing wider exposure latitude and correspondingly
X1.1.2 The optimal film system based on system lower image quality. The gradient will he lower at
classification (imaging performance) and speed (expo- density 2.0 and significantly lower at high densities.
sure time) can be selected with this information. See Limiting values for image quality parameters are as
Table 1 for an example. follows (classes of wide-latitude film systems do not
correspond directly to classes of former Guide E 94-83):
Xl.2 Signijicance of Classes
X1.2.6 The wide-latitude system classes are de-
X1.2.1 Various codes and specifications require scribed as follows:
film selection based on a class (Type 1, 2, or 3) from
a version of Guide E 94 dated before 1984. In Guide X1.2.6.1 W-A and W-B - Films with ASTM
E 94-83, speed, contrast, and graininess were specified System Class III or better image quality. In general,
as limiting values, hut only in a subjective way. Ac- these films use intermediate technology (between tradi-
cording to this guide, a range of films was classified tional high contrast and low contrast). Applications are
in order of increasing speed and decreasing image judged by comparing all four image quality parameters.
TABLE X1.1
CLASSIFICATION COMPARISON OF TEST METHOD E 1815 AND GUIDE E 94-83 FOR HIGH-CONTRAST FILM
SYSTEMS
Minimum
Gradient/
Test Method Minimum GradientG at Granularity Maximum Guide Description
SE-1815 Ratio at Granularityat E 94.83
system Class D = 2.0 D = 4.0 D = 2.0 D = 2.6 Film Type Speed Contrast Graininess
Special 4.5 7.5 300 0.018

I 4.1 6.8 150 0.028 1 LOW Very high very low
II 3.8 6.4 120 0.032 2 Medium High LOW
III 3.5 5.0 100 0.039 3 High Medium High
X1.2.6.2 W-C-Film systems with lower image TABLE X1.2

quality performance than ASTM System Class III. In TEST METHOD E 1815 CLASSIFICATION OF WIDE-
general, this is low-contrast (medical) film technology LATITUDE FILM SYSTEMS
in combination with direct exposure technique. Min.
GradientI
NOTE X1.1 - The combination of Tables XI.1 and XI .2 corresponds Test Method Min. Gradient Gat Granularity Max.
to Table 3.
SE-1815 Ratio, G/Q, Granularity,
NOT!? X1.2 - Fundamental differences between this test method
Film System D = 2.0 D = 4.0 at 4 = 2.0 cDat D = 2.0
and Guide E 94-83 are as follows: (I) with this test method, film CISS Above Do Above Do Above0, AboveDo
systems m classified instead of film types (as in Guide E 94-83); W-A 3.8 5.7 135 0.027
and (2) in this text method, classification is based only on imaging W-B 3.5 5.0 110 0.032
performance. Speed is not a classification parameter.
w-c d.5 <5.0 SO 0.039
376

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SUBSECTION B

Article 22 Radiographic Standards. ....................................................... 264

Article 23 Ultrasonic Standards .......................................................... 377

Article 24 Liquid Penetrant Standards. .................................................... 444

Article 25 Magnetic Particle Standards, ................................................... 492

Article 26 Eddy Current Standards........................................................ 536

Article 21 LeakTesting Standards........................................................ 548

Article 28 Visual Examination Standards.................................................. 559

Article 29 Acoustic Emission Standards................................................... 575

Article 30 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations Standard. ............................ 601

SE-94 Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing 265

SE-747 Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping

SE-999 Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic

SE-1025 Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping

SE-1079 Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers. 326

SE-1165 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial

SE-1255 Standard Practice for Radioscopy 342

SE-1416 Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments 359

SE-1647 Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radioscopy.. 365

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 94-93)

1. Scope appropriate safety and health practices and determine

NOTE 2 - The lint number of the quality level designsdon refers

5.3 The quality level required using wire IdIs shall

Metal 100 kV 150 kV 220 kV 250 kV 400 kV 1 MV 2 MV 4,025 MV 1% %I

0.05 0.05 0.08

8. Film 9.4.5 The improvement desired (increasing or de-

9. Filters 11. Back-Scatter Protection

s High average gredisnt -tend toward high contrast

FIG. 1 EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN VARIABLES ON QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHY

FIG. 2 EFFECTS OF OBJECT-FILM GEOMETRY

- 1000 100 10-

NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINING GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS

100 1.0 10 - 0.10

c 0.06 0.6-j - O.OOE

FIG. 4 NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINING GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS

15.2.8 Screen type and thickness,

fumesor vapors,or penetrating radiation.Film manufac- 23. Automatic Processing

27. Viewing Room sufficient detail so that any radiographic techniques

28. Storageof ProcessedRadiographs 30. Reports

PART IV - RECORDS, REPORTS, AND 31. Identification of Completed Work

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 142-92)

FOR HEAVY-WALLED [2 to 41/Z-in. (51 to 114-mm)]

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 1X6-93)

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 242-91)

HEAVY-WALLED [41/2 to 12-h (114 to 305mm)]

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 280.93)

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 446-93)

1. SCOPE- B 166 Specificationfor Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloys

1.3This practicecoverstheuseof wire penetiameters

4.1.1 Wires shall be fabricatedfrom materialsor

Wire Diameter, Wire Diameter, TABLE 3

Tables 1, 2, and 3. IQIs previouslymanufacturedto 5.1.3 Selectthe applicableIQIs that representthe

FIG. 2 SET A/ALTERNATE 2

FIG. 3 SET B/ALTERNATE 1

FIG. 4 SET B/ALTERNATE 2

FIG. 5 SET C/ALTERNATE 1

FIG. 6 SET C/ALTERNATE 2

FIG. 7 SET D/ALTERNATE 1

FIG. 8 SET D/ALTERNATE 2